CHEMISTRY THEORY

Date: .. 22 / 06… /2022

Period:…. 8H30-11H30…

END OF TERM III EXAMINATIONS

GRADE / LEVEL: S4
OPTION / Advanced level

DURATION: 3 HOURS

MARKS: …... /100…..

INSTRUCTIONS

1. There are 2 sections in this paper:

Section A (70 marks): Attempt all questions in this section

Section B (30 marks): Attempt all questions in this section.

2. Do not use periodic tables

3. Non-programmable calculators may be used

4. Answers should be written on blank papers provided

5. Use a blue or black pen only

Page 1 of 8
SECTION A: Attempt all questions in this section (70 marks)

1. Mark each of the following statements true or false. (3marks)

A. Electron shells are sometimes called energy levels.
B. The shell nearest to the nucleus can contain a maximum of two
electrons.
C. An orbital is a cloud of electricity formed by electrons around the
nucleus of an atom

2. Insert the following oxides in their appropriate position in the table

(5marks) below
a) carbon monoxide
b) aluminum oxide
c) phosphorus (V) oxide
d) Na2O2
e) copper (II) oxide

Classification acidic amphoteric basic Neutral peroxide

Oxide

3. Consider the following data:

Element Molar mass of atoms

A 12.00g

B 19.00g

A and B combine to form a new substance, X. If four moles of B combine with

one mole of A to give one mole of X then the mass of one mole of X is

Page 2 of 8
a) 31.0g.
b) 38.0g

C) 67.0g

c) 88.0g
d) 124.0g

Explain using a balanced chemical equation. (3marks)

4. Which of the properties listed below are characteristic of an ionic solid?

(2marks )
a) low melting point.
b) conducts electricity as a solid.
c) dissolves in water to form a solution containing mostly ions.
d) when fused, the melt conducts electricity

5. There are two common oxides of sulfur. One contains 32grams of sulfur for
each 32grams of oxygen. The other oxide contains32 grams of sulfur for
each 48grams of oxygen. What are the empirical formulas of these oxides?
(S=32 and O=16) (4marks)

6. Complete the missing part of each of the electron configurations below and
find the atomic number of the corresponding elements. (5marks). Assume
all lower energy levels are filled and the atom is in its lowest energy state.
a) …,..,3s2
b) …,,…,2p6
c) …,….,3p5
d) …,…,3d1
e) …,...,5p4

Page 3 of 8
 7. Electronegativity values can be used to predict the polarity of bonds.
(a) Explain the term electronegativity. (1mark)
(b) The electronegativity values for some atoms are given below:
H = 2.1, C = 2.5, F = 4.0, Cl = 3.0, I = 2.5
Use these values to predict the polarity of each of the following
bonds by copying the bonded atoms shown below and adding δ+ or
δ– above each.

(i) H- I (1 mark)
(ii) F- I (1 mark)
(iii) C –Cl (1 mark)

c) The bond C-Cl is polarized but the compound CCl4 is non- polar.
Explain why? (2marks)

8. The first three ionization energies for an element X are 176, 336 and
1847 kcal/mole respectively.
a) What is meant by “first ionization energy “ ? (1mark)
b) Write an equation showing the third ionization energy of X. (1mark)
c) In which group does X seem to belong? Explain. (2marks)

9. Given the following hypothetic equation

X2(g)+3Y2(g)=2XY3(g); ∆H=-92kJ.
State and explain four ways to increase the yield in XY3(g) i.e. to produce
more XY3(g) (8marks)

Page 4 of 8
10. The hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO3- ) is amphiprotic.
a) Define the term“amphiprotic” . (1mark)
b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of HSO3- with water in
which the ion acts as
i. an acid (1mark)
ii. a base. (1mark)

c) In both cases, identify the conjugate acid and base pairs. (2marks)

11. Complete the following table according to the missing (4marks)

Names(IUPAC ) Formula

Fe2O3

Ammonium nitrate

(CH3COO)2Ca

Potassium dichromate (VI)

12. Boron forms only covalent compounds whereas aluminum and

other elements of group13 form even some ionic compounds.
a) Concentrated nitric acid reacts with boron to produce boric acid (but
no such an action is noticed with other group members) as shown in
the unbalanced following chemical equation:
B(s) +HNO3(l)→H3BO3(aq)+NO2(g).
i. Balanced this chemical equation using half reactions. (2marks)
ii. What is the reducing substance here? Explain.(2marks)
b) What is the cause of the abnormal behavior of boron (atomic number
=5)? (2marks)

Page 5 of 8
13. Match the uses to the elements (3marks)

Elements Uses

Aluminum Used in photographic industry (film

manufacture )

Argon Manufacture of saturated oil, such as

margarine

Beryllium Its vapor lamps are used for street lighting

Bromine It can be used in manufacture of aircrafts’

components

Hydrogen Used in making cooking utensils

Sodium Used mainly to provide an inert

atmosphere in high temperature
metallurgical atmosphere processes

14. Arrange the following salts from the least soluble in water to the
most soluble and justify your choice : KCl, NaCl, CsCl, LiCl, (2marks)

15. The table below shows the melting points ( in K ) of the period -3
elements except for silicon
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

M.P.(K) 371 923 933 317 392 172 84

a) Explain in terms of bonding why the M.P. of Mg is higher than that of

Na(2marks)
b) Explain why chlorine has a lower M.P. than Sulphur (2marks)

Page 6 of 8
16. Bleaching is the process of removing stains or colors in fabrics, especially
by the use of agents such as halogens ( chlorine and bromine).The bleaching
action of chlorine is an oxidizing action of hypochlorous acid, HClO, produced
via the following reaction equation :

Cl2(g)+H2O(l)→HCl(aq)+HOCl(aq).

a) Find the oxidation number of Cl in each Cl-containing substance.

(3marks)
b) What is
i. the oxidizing substance in this reaction? (1mark)
ii. the reducing agent in this reaction?(1mark)
c) How do you call such a reaction?(1mark)

Section B: attempt all questions from this section /30 Marks

17. Chlorine has 2 isotopes: Cl-35 and Cl-37. The mass spectrum of
chlorine shows 5 peaks.

Explain why there are two separate groups of peaks. (2marks)

a) State what causes each of the 5 lines. (2marks)
b) The height of the line in 35 is approximately 12mm and that in 37 is
3mm.

Page 7 of 8
 i. What is the approximate relative abundance of chlorine-35?
(4marks)
ii. What is the relative atomic mass of chlorine? (2marks)

18. The thermite reaction is spectacular and highly exothermic. It

involves the reaction between Fe2O3 , ferric oxide and metallic aluminum,
Al. The reaction produces white-hot, molten iron in a few seconds.
Given 2Al+1.5 O2→Al2O3 +400kcal and 2Fe+1.5 O2→Fe2O3 +200kcal ,
a) State Hess’s law (3marks )
b) determine the amount of heat liberated in the reaction of one mole of
Fe2O3 with Al (4marks ).
c) How much energy is released in the manufacture of 1.00kg of iron by the
thermite reaction. How many grams of water could be heated from 0OC to
100oC by the heat liberated per mole of aluminum oxide formed in the
thermite reaction. (Fe=56 ; Al=27 ) (3marks )

19. Compounds A, B and C are all white crystalline sodium salts.

a) A solution of A reacts with silver nitrate to give a yellow precipitate (D)
which is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. An aqueous solution of A
reacts with chlorine dissolved in tetra chloromethane (carbon
tetrachloride) to give a purple coloration.
b) B reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate a pungent –
smelling colourless gas (E), which turns acidified dichromate
(VI)solution from orange to green .
c) C reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate an unpleasant-
smelling gas (F) which blackens a filter paper soaked in a lead (II)
ethanoate (lead acetate) solution. .

Identify the sodium salts A, B and C and the products D, E and F whose
reactions are described above.

Page 8 of 8
S4 Chemistry marking scheme
1) Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of their (b )atomic
number.
2) Mark each of the following statements true(T)or false (F) (3marks)6
A. Electron shells are sometimes called energy levels. T
B. The shell nearest to the nucleus can contain a maximum of two
electrons. T
C. An orbital is a cloud of electricity formed by electrons around the
nucleus of an atom. T

3) Insert the following oxides in their appropriate position in the table

(3marks) below

Classification Acidic amphoteric basic Neutral peroxide

Oxide phosphorus aluminum copper carbon Na2O2
(V) oxide oxide (II) monoxide
oxide

4) A and B combine to form a new substance, X according to

A+4B→X or AB4 (1mark )
According to the law conservation of mass, the mass of X is
(1mark ) 12.0+4(19)=88.0g (d) (1mark )

5) There are two common oxides of sulfur. (4marks)

Symbol Molar 32g Oxide mass moles oxide

mass
Oxygen O 16 2moles SO2 48g 3 SO3
sulfur S 32 1mol 32g 1
6) Complete the missing of each of the electron configurations below and find
the atomic number of the corresponding elements. (5marks).

electron configurations Atomic number

A 1s22s22p63s2 12
B 1s22s22p6 10
C 1s22s22p63s23p5 17
D 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 21
E 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6 52
5s24d105p4

7 a) The ability of a bonded atom to draw/to attract the pair of electrons in a

covalent bond towards itself. (1 mark)

b)

(3 marks)

(c) This is because the bond polarity is cancelled out by the symmetry
tetrahedral shape or The sum of dipole moments cancel out (gives a null
vector.)(2marks)
 8. a) The first ionization energy of an element is the energy needed to
remove the outermost, or highest energy, electron from a neutral atom in
the gas phase. (1mark).
b) the 3rd ionization of X: X2+(g) +Energy → X3+(g) +e-(1mark).
c) The first three ionization energies for an element X are 176,336 and
1847 kcal/mole respectively. The most likely formula for the stable ion of
X is X2+(g) (1mark) because to extract the third electron needs a high
energy. X is a group-2 element. (1mark).

9. Given the following hypothetic equation

X2(g)+3Y2(g)=2XY3(g); ∆H=-92kJ.
Four ways to increase the yield in XY3(g) i.e. to produce more XY3(g) (8marks )
are

a. to increase the pressure (1mark) or to reduce the volume. An increase

of pressure on a gaseous system always favors a shift toward the side
with the lowest total number of gaseous(1mark) particles, here from left
to right.
b. to reduce the temperature (1mark) . Increasing the temperature causes
the equilibrium position of a reaction to shift in the direction that
absorbs the heat i. e. favors,here,the backward reaction which is
endothermic (1mark), reducing it favors the production of XY3(g)
c. to increase the concentrations of reactants (1mark) (both at the same
time or one of them) will favor the forward reaction to consume
additional (1mark) reagent (s)
d. to remove XY3(g) (1mark) it forms : the reaction will tend to restore the
equilibrium by producing more products (1mark) .
10. The hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO3-) is amphiprotic.
a. Molecules or ions which can either donate (0.5mark) (acidic behavior )
or accept(0.5mark) a proton (as base ), depending on their
circumstances, are called amphiprotic species.
b. Balanced equation for the reaction of HSO3-with water in which the
ion acts as
i. an acid: H2O+HSO3-⇌ H3O++SO32-(1mark) with (HSO3- ;SO32-
)(0.5mark) and (H3O+; H2O)(0.5mark) as (acid; base )
conjugated pairs .
ii. a base H2O+HSO3-⇌OH-+H2SO3(1mark) with (H2SO3-;HSO3-)
(0.5mark) and (H2O; OH- ) (0.5mark) as (acid; base )
conjugated pairs .

11. Names and formulas (4marks)

Names(IUPAC ) Formula

Iron (III) oxide Fe2O3

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

Calcium acetate or Calcium (CH3COO)2Ca

ethanoate

Potassium dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7

12. Boron forms only covalent compounds whereas aluminum and

other elements of group13form even some ionic compounds.
a) Concentrated nitric acid reacts with boron to produce boric acid (but no
such an action is noticed with other group members) as shown in the
unbalanced following chemical equation:
B(s) +HNO3(l)→H3BO3(aq)+NO2(g).
 I. Oxidation:B+3H2O→BO33- +6H+ +3e- (1mark) and Reduction
:NO3- +2H+ +1e- →NO2 +H2O or 3NO3- +6H+ +3e- →3NO2 +3H2O
(1mark) The overall equation is

B+3NO3- →BO3 3- +3NO2 i.e.B+3HNO3→H3BO3 +3NO2 (1mark)

II. B is the reducing substance here : it is oxidized (2mark)

b) Boron has 5 electrons and is the first member of group 13 differs from
other members of the group due to its smaller size, comparative high
ionization enthalpy and absence of the d orbital (2marks).

13. Match the uses to the elements (3mark)s

Elements Uses
Aluminum Used in making cooking utensils
Argon Used mainly to provide an inert
atmosphere in high temperature
metallurgical atmosphere processes
Beryllium It can be used in manufacture of aircrafts
’components
Bromine Used in photographic industry (film
manufacture )
Hydrogen Manufacture of saturated oil, such as
margarine
Sodium Its vapor lamps are used for street lighting

14. Arrange the following salts from the least soluble in water to the
most soluble and justify your choice : LiCl, KCl, NaCl, CsCl (3mark) All
of this group cations are combined with Chloride ion. They all have the
same charge +1. Li+ is the smallest and Cs+ , the biggest. Thus bond will
be more polarized in LiCl and to break the bond will be harder than in
CsCl. then the solubility of the chlorides of the alkali metal increases
down the group.
15. The table below shows melting points (in K ) of the period -3
elements except for silicon
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

M.P.(K) 371 923 933 317 392 172 84

Ions electrons protons charge

Na+ 10 11 +1

Mg2+ 10 12 +2

a) Both Mg and Na have metallic bond. Na+ ions and Mg2+ ions have the
same number of electrons(10) with different number of protons . As the
size of Mg2+ is smaller than that of Na+, the electrostatic attraction sea of
electrons and positive ions is greater in Mg than in Na ;
Mg have also more delocalized electrons, and then the melting point of
Mg will be higher than that of Na. (2marks)
b) Chlorine consists of divalent compound made of isolated molecules
linked together by weak intermolecular (Van der Waals) forces easy to be
broken . Sulphur (S8) has a bigger molecule with more electrons and
therefore stronger van der Waals forces and a higher melting point higher
melting point than Cl2.

16. Bleaching is the process of removing stains or colors in fabrics,

especially by the use of agents such as halogens ( chlorine and bromine).
The bleaching action of chlorine is an oxidizing action of hypochlorous
acid, HClO, produced via the following reaction equation :

Cl2(g)+H2O(l)→HCl(aq)+HOCl(aq) .

a) The oxidation numberof Cl in each Cl-containing substance.

 Cl2(g) HCl(aq) HOCl(aq)

Oxidation number 0 -1 +1

(3marks)
b) What is
I. the oxidizing substance in this reaction isCl2(g)(1mark
II. the reducing agent in this reaction Cl2(g)(1mark)
c) such a reaction t the same as where the same substance acts as the
oxidizing substance and the reducing agent , is a dismutation or
disproportionation (1mark)

Section B

17. There are five main peaks of isotopes of chlorine

a) There are two separate groups of peaks.A mass spectrometer ionizes

atoms and molecules with a high-energy electron beam and then
deflects the ions through a magnetic field based on their mass-to-
charge ratios .The first group is due to Cl+ ions and the second is due
to Cl2+(2marks)
b) State what causes each of the 5 lines.A mass spectrum will usually
be presented as a vertical bar graph, in which each bar represents an
ion having a specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and the intensity
(=abundance ) (2marks)
 c) The height of the line in 35 is approximately 12mm and that in 37 is
4mm.
i. the approximate relative abundance of chlorine-35is given by
(1mark)
Cl-35 Cl-37 total

height 12 4 16

Abundance 75 25 100

ii. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 0.75(35)+0.25(37)=35.5

a.m.u.(2marks)

18. The thermite reaction is spectacular and highly exothermic. It

involves the reaction between Fe2O3 , ferric oxideand metallic aluminum,
Al. The reaction produces white-hot, molten iron in a few seconds.
Given 2Al+1.5 O2→Al2O3 +400kcal and 2Fe+1.5 O2→Fe2O3 +200kcal ,
a) Statement of Hess’s law: The enthalpy change for any chemical change
is independent of the intermediate stages , provided the initial and final
conditions are the same .(3marks )
b) the amount of heat liberated in the reaction of one mole of Fe2O3 with Al
is x kcal such as x+200=400 or x=200. (4marks ).
c) Energy released in the manufacture of 1.00kg of iron by the thermite
reaction. (Fe=56 ; Al=27 ) Thus we writeFe2O3 +2Al→Al2O3 +2Fe
+200kcal. (3marks )

2x56g of iron is produced with release of 200kcal

1.000kg of iron are produced with release of (200x1000): (2x56) =

1785.7kcal
19. Compounds A, B and C are all white crystalline sodium salts.
a) A solution of A reacts with silver nitrate to give a yellow precipitate (D)
which is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. An aqueous solution of A reacts
with chlorine dissolved in tetra chloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) to
give a purple coloration. A is sodium iodide D is silver iodide
(2+1.5)marks
b) B reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate a pungent –
smelling colorless gas (E), which turns acidified dichromate (VI) solution
from orange to green. B is sodium sulphide and E is Sulphur
dioxide(2+1.5)marks
c) C reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate an unpleasant-smelling
gas (F) which blackens a filter paper soaked in a lead (II) ethanoate (lead
acetate )solution. C is sodium sulphide and F is hydrogen sulphide
(2+1)marks
 CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAM

Date: ... 28 / 06… /2022

Period:.. 8H30-10H00…

END OF TERM III EXAMINATIONS

GRADE / LEVEL: S4
OPTION / Advanced level

DURATION: 1 HOUR 30 minute

MARKS: …... /25…..

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Please read carefully before you start and make sure that you have all the
apparatus and chemicals that you may need.

2. This paper has one question.

3. Answer the questions in this paper and record your answers in the spaces
provided. If necessary ask for a paper.

Page 1 of 4
 Chemistry lab

A. You are provided with the followings:

a. FA1which is a solution prepared by dissolving. BA, a 0.1M sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution.
b. Phenolphthalein indicator solution
B. Procedure
a. Pipette 10.0cm3of FA1 into a conical flask and add 2 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator.
b. Titrate the resultant solution by 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution from the
burette.
a. Record your results in the table below. (5 marks)
The pipette of the volume used is ………… (0.5mark)

Experiment no 1 2 3
Final burette readings
(cm3 )
Initial al burette
readings(cm3 )
Volume of BA used

Page 2 of 4
The average volume of 0.1M NaOH used is
………………………………………………………………………………………….cm3

I. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between metal

carbonate and the hydrochloric acid, HCl
is……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………(3marks)
II. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and the hydrochloric acid, HCl
is……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………… (3marks)

III. The number of moles of sodium hydroxide present in 15.25cm3 0.1M

NaOH solutionis
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………….…(2marks)
IV. The number of mole of pure hydrogen chloride acid present in 10cm3that
have reacted with NaOHin (iii) is
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………(1mark)
V. The total number of HCl present in 200cm3is
……………………………………………………………. (1mark)
VI. The number of mole of pure hydrogen chloride acid that have reacted
effectively reacted with solid MCO3 is
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………… (2marks)
VII. The number of mole of pure solid MCO3 present in 7.12 g is
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………….……………(3marks)

Page 3 of 4
VIII. The molar mass of MCO3 is then
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………..………………….(3marks
IX. Therefore, atomic mass of M is
…………………………………………………………………(2marks)

Page 4 of 4
 MARKING SCHEME CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL, S4: PRACTICAL
(experiment) 2022

Use the teacher’s results of the experiment as a reference to mark observations as

well as drawing conclusions of the students work.

-If the results of the students show a wide difference in observations from the
teacher”s results, deduct a half of the marks to be awarded.

-For the calculations; see the marking scheme of alternative o practical question
paper.
 ALTERNATIVE TO PRACTICAL EXAM

Date: ... 28 / 06… /2022

Period:.. 8H30-10H00…

END OF TERM III EXAMINATIONS

GRADE / LEVEL: S4
OPTION / Advanced level

DURATION: 1 HOUR 30 minute

MARKS: …... /20…..

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Please read carefully before you start answering.

2. This paper has ONE question. (20 marks)

3. Answer the questions in your answer booklet.

Page 1 of 2
 PRACTICAL EXAM-2022

7.12g of solid MCO3 were dissolved in 200cm3 of 1.0M hydrochloric solution. The
resultant solution was titrated against 0.1M NaOH solution in presence of
phenolphthalein to react with unreacted acid. The average of volume of sodium
hydroxide required for complete reaction with 10.00cm3 of the resultant solution is
15.25cm3.

I. Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between metal
carbonate and the hydrochloric acid, HCl. (3marks)
II. Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and the hydrochloric acid, HCl. (3marks)
III. Why do they write “average “volume? (1mark)
IV. How many moles of sodium hydroxide are in 15.25cm3? (2marks)
V. Calculate the number of mole of pure hydrogen chloride acid in 200cm3
(1mark).
VI. Calculate the number of mole of pure hydrogen chloride acid that have reacted
effectively with solid MCO3 .(2marks)
VII. Deduce the number of mole of pure solid MCO3 present in 7.12g. (3marks)
VIII. Calculate the molar mass of MCO3. (3marks)
I. Then deduce the atomic mass of M. (2marks)

Page 2 of 2
S4 Alternative to practical –Marking Scheme-Chemistry

i. 7.12g of solid MCO3 were dissolved in 200 cm3 of 1.0M hydrochloric solution i.e
200 cm3 x1.0M=2x10-1mole HCl .
ii. Solid MCO3 and HCl reacted according to
2HCl +MCO3→MCl2 +H2O +CO2
iii. NaOH and the hydrochloric acid, HCl reacted as follows
NaOH + HCl→H2O+ NaCl .
iv. We write average got after 2 or3 trials with consistent results .
v. 15.25cm3 of 0.1M NaOH contain
15.25cm3 x 0.1M=15.25x10-4mol NaOH .
vi. As NaOH and HCl reacted in the mole ratio1:1, the number of mole of pure
hydrogen chloride acid that have reacted with NaOH in (iii)is 15.25x10-4mol.
vii. Thus in 200 cm3 of resultant solution we have
15.25x10-4molx20=305x10-4mol of HCl
viii. The number of mole of pure hydrogen chloride acid that have reacted effectively
reacted with solid MCO3 is
2x10-1mole HCl - 305x10-4mol of HCl= 1695x10-4mol of HCl.
ix. As HCl and MCO3 in (ii) reacted in the mole ratio 2:1, the number of mole of
pure solid MCO3present in the
7.12 g is
(1695x10-4mol):2 = 847.5x10-4mol of MCO3
x. By the way, the molar mass of MCO3is
7.12g: 847.5x10-4mol =84.01g/mol.
xi. And the molar mass of M is such as
x+12+48=84 i.e. x=24
 CONFIDENTIAL AND PRACTICAL EXAMINATION, 2022

S4 END OF YEAR EXAM, 2022

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

ADVANCE INSTRUCTIONS

(A) CONFIDENTIAL
Great care should be taken that information given below does not reach
the candidates either directly or indirectly.

Candidates are not allowed to use reference books during the examination.

(B) MANAGEMENT OF CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

Section I:
The teacher must try the question and used his/her results as a reference to
mark students work.

PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY EXAMINATION S4, 20122

CONFIDENTIAL

Each student will require:

CONFIDENTIAL

a. Prepare FA1which is a solution prepared by dissolving 7.12g of solid

MCO3 in 200cm3 of 1.0M hydrochloric solution. BA, a 0.1M sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
b. Phenolphthalein indicator solution
Every candidate will need 35cm3of FA1 and 50cm3of BA, a conical flask, a
burette, 2 beakers, Retort sand, filter funnel, dropper, 3 labels to mark the
solutions, indicator.