* m * 3 m d 8 R ; e - * m m - m ~ *

~ ~ ~ m y w 8 1 3 - w ~ f t m i m m ~ i l ~ ; r ~ w ~ ~ m m
~*mmmq*m&81 m a m r 3 6 w 3
*
5Wl: FbFFF M l T 5 (conjugate base) 8 F@WT m(coniugate kid) 8 I T4TTW
a h r n ~ m ~ ~ @ v f W r d ~ m m ~ m t i i ~
~ ~ ~ * ~ W T ? m g + F i t * * * 8 , d m *
Jcm$tm (ionic product) Jih W d ? -2
f$sh;r RT?& (dissociation
constants)+t$?d%+3~msar~&81 VT&~W&TCJ
~3t11~m+*~4t+fkyyla~vr~m+th
*I

V) NH3 + HCl + NH; + Cl-

m TI m:WWT (autoionisation) 8, g e ,m 3
&.i~~%+m?m9i
3 d%'fhT
m 8 8 1mdWtmr'3vymarnnm
*
m3
6 d;m m &
:;,
W , M m(equilibrium) d@' -
~ ~ * w ~ - m ~ m $ f m-2.2Ti:mv-w*
* % l
8 T#T W *h3
rnd8,*,
K = [HjO']. [OH-]
[Hz01 [HzO]

K [ H ~ O=
] ~[H30':I [OH-]

K, = K [ H ~ o =
] ~[H~o'][OH-]

T$b[H~o'][oH-]3Tm?CfTkFITTI~8, mK,*WTTfWFh
(ionic product constant) m
(dissociation constant) T d 8 1 298
mh8aprrmmm*m*w~-m$(m2.1
3'7 W K , 1.0 X 10-14 *
fh7k (ionisation constant) m

8@)1
m * m . m - ~ ~ m * ~ m m ~ + w * & 8 & 1 p
FFhFJr2.2Jihm*i:*mhRc;r*:
 H20 --' H' + OH-

[H'] = [OH] = J
- = 1 X lo-' ah M3

pOH = - loglo [OH-] ... (2.7)

h r n f $ ~ m ; l . ; f [ ~~' ] T [ O H ] ~ @ * ~ ~ ~ *3 h ~i p 0P ~ H ; p H ? d + f ~ W h ~ :
rffWMtnifBirA~~*bm~*(m2.5)*, *&fmT&j:*
'p'&* 3mmJif
loglo Kw = logio [H+I + loglo [OH-] -1
&fhy*!qwfS;mmmr
8 am mwf &m ''minus
( - ) log10of'* 8,
?xlF?d:
pKa = - log10Ka
pKb = - loglo Kb
h&p~dkhj:
~ P H P @ ~ *
8I
w ihh3, [H+]= [OH-] =
&hm PH = 7.9 &rr *
I
*
&
W3Jih
3 f 3 m [H+I, * *
pH = pOH = 7.0,

~ J i h ~ p ~T & ~7 ' $ W. ~ & ~0~ W W

~ ~ * [ H~lo-'*
+] ~ ~
~fl~-'*aja&p~7.0*3lf&fj&rrbl $Fld&bIf*~~affj;*hT
m * :

[H'] [OH-] pH pOH

&M > i ~ - ~ < i o -< ~7 >7

[H'] [CH3COO-]
K, =
[CH3COOH]
7 .
K. PK.

Kb PKb
,m 1.48 X 8.83
mm(*) 1.77 X lo-'
TFi-RZm
[co:-+ H20 ZZE HCO; + OH-] 2.1 X 3.83
HCOOH (1.8 x 10-~),NH; (5.7 x 10-10)
HCN (4.9 X lo-''), CH3COOH (1.8 X lo-')
 rn Q:
~ : * ~ ~ ~ f :
HIn 4
+ H' +In ... (2.15)
m w *wmd
wTJf
(* =)
In+H20 --C
+ InH'i-OH ...(2.16)
*-3;rilvf ~ m m d
(* -)

[~n
H'] [OH-]
Kb =
[In1
pH & d FWF TT d-dhh (interval) WT ;irmr f #
W
I'h-T
Jf
~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ T ~ R T " I - P T n "r ~ Ia f~b a&; mw ~ ~ ~ ~
m - m m & m n * w ~ d Q * w & ~ * * m
p ~ v
m 2 . 2 ~4 ~ ~ 1~ 7 ~ ~ ~ -
TT#h4ThmWTflT S p H & * m T V f f vwTJf*@d
.;f'#WhwIfm*l
~
pH
~
hm:
$
$XT
~ h
&8. *
p H = 8
'4%ii%T@d'7(pH
. 7
h,8.3-10) I
~ 6 j i h ~
 NaOH m afin anva;r (M3)

NaOH FI (m3)
 HCl Tf WZlT (M3)

COOH
. ,COONa
 F & F F T 2 . 1 9 * m h d $ b ~ ~ * * * ~
; mm ; r1 :~1 - i.8ifpJhiq~rnTBtr~,
MIVI- -
-- 1
M2V2 1

-SvY;Z9rrn*;f*~TIjr&*fl

* m W~ T -
w f f~t T j : * T ~ ~
' f i t R p~9 ~ ; 1:s s i c t t r 1 s ~ T i :
~~r;prm;rrf~@~~=8*10&iffa;rjrr~,~,s~ih\
rn*gtmy?r?yT*l
~ * ~ ~ * * R r n W f l
CH3COOH + NaOH -CH3COONa+ Hz0 ... (2.21)

~*8~mmx*mfS;mWf1
3
-- 1
--
M4V4 1

Td' M3=*FW$WEZ*m
M4=@#kS3Wf(kF$).iffh
v3= ~ ~ m m
v4=t3fmm(fftTj:)TIjrm

2.4.2 sTrnaWTTi$
mn&5m

3117idt~(looM~)- 1
WRF% F3lW (250 M3)
-1
***Ti:mq- 1

~ h : m ; 5 m ~ * * 5 0 0 M 3 y ~ . i f ~ a . p r r d 5 0 0 &
sR+t$whmq$
iimmdrnhmfS;mm-*r
YRWT~FTFT (filter) &~ I T T m RWT m 8 I
o . l ~ i ~ f h ~ ~ ~ t 1 t ~ + ih : tm ;f 4 m
k w1M
~ 3~~ i ~i m
-;fkmmQ~
2.4.3 d-f%
(i) W W ~ S - W Z W I + I * ~ W ~ Y
& V T l q q f Z m r * * * R j h f S ; m ~ r n ~ ~ * ~ l mw
5.4m m * * T i : m q * * * w d * M l R**
~ & d h m 1 p 2 5 o M ~ ~ m 3 m- i' ii h 1hdhM
J h r M ~ & J i m B , M ~ ~ ~ * m r r f t - r r f t ~ j r m
-31 s r r w d d ~ i m ~ m 4 o - ~ o M ~ 3 m m m 3 d h 3 , k b ; r
~ h d ~ m m r mT t4T l1w & @ m r n 4 a r ~ ; . ~
(homogenous) hYET ' 8 - q 1

(ii) &RWT3-, h? i ; ~WF&FTT

h 4 1 *

h d M m 2 0 M 3 h m 2 5 0 M 3 * m ~ 3m~p 4 ~
~ b-@ M m $ R m ~ * m ' i k e f t t - e f t t 4 - 8 ~ 3 *
a
P hmvm&3ih3~;~~qm;r&mTtTlwdm
&$'~drnm&*wmi~.h3vu;TrrnR~d
YET7'8q1 m;m&mhad?:sTFm*l k***diim
nnoR- 1 3 a ~ a ~ m & ~ R B 4 1 M ~ m ~
m 3 l g m r 3 5 d w ~ w m m 2srr3lgmrdm3m 1
?Gs&
.
S
(concordant readings) & ! 4 l T # 3 3 TJX@ 1

(iii) f % d j h*
fsT.rm J
"
h * ? n p ~ -
~ ~ R r r j i ~ 2 o M ~ r n ~ ' ~ & k ~ l o o M
wlFF3&1 m m m m m & r * m . m q m 4 1 *
~ 2 o M ' h ~ & b m ~ ~ ; ~ M ~ i f t . ~ m
mrnw4oM'qm~wi-2@Mm$Rm~3St&1 3433
W+Wmdiimm113Mlm3mqM&Pqryrsrm
m*iftifah " h & m ~ r n m m * m m h 3
TTrrnRwM%?Z'%qI * w d i i ~ r n ~ ~sit rm~
~ w & 2 o M 3 R r r j i & h % ~ m ? ~s ~ w ~ r s i
m m 2 1n r m d m * m b m d & m & n 2 m l
G t ~ d f k m ~ ~ s ~ i s t i m
~ ~m
s hd d
m~~ h M 2~3 k h 3
&ftTy*l

aSrFbSUT wmmR$%T% *- NaOH W WWFl ( M 3 )

(jfks-mihrs;)
) mihrs; 1
I
jfks
s m i ~ r r fm+tfmmin~rrm;r

1
2
(H3)
a3
20
-
*** I
NaOH W W4Ff ( M 3 )
(*-*)

3 20

m m ; T m m = v1=20Mr3
NaOH h w%3 bT TT M(Tmnff I .;f i f ) = V2 = .."'.*'
N~oH~VFT~*=M~=?
(iii) v w~ W $ W T $ ~ T ~ I
 - - -

& ~ ~ < T F T @ T T * Ip f3$rnwwi ( v , ) m 4 e ~ * * 3 p

~&a~tBT4brmmR;mwm81

b
a

mL
\
I
:
-
C

8
ru
G
a
a

v-v- v v
b 2 . 8 : ~ h 2 + R ~ + F s r F t r c i r ( v ; ) m d ( m ) n w ~
m m ~ ~ ~ R ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ . f $ s m ~ ~ * 8 ? ~ q a m s m r
mhf;F298$~,*$-mf$W$&~ff*-*:
(i) m.M&sff4FimrJitiftqhrnM~ywq~&
(ii) -3~~43dtdt9Sh*-1
~ m m l M w W m + ~ ~ 8 , a w h - h
mzifTj:mh~$~**~~ms.l.r~.1&mf$sm
M + R p ; m r m R $ ~f$smrnrcimj:arrrs*&&~-mH=d+
F&mTrnmJ;rn~lm~~
aA + bB -cC + d,D 4fkm~tll7
$ - 2 9 8 $ ' R M m ~ ~ ' 1 h * $ : Hg, Hg2C12

E = E O - - 00591 10glu -
[c]'[D]~ ~awbK
n [A] PI

J ; ~ ~ V % W ? J ~T ~, , 8 ~ ~ = i 7 ~ f ~ $~ , sW r n ; ~F - f, $ ~
*
~c~a;lPhs;r
8, Y & ~ ~ w T & i ~ m i m r ~ m * r n ~l a*t r n ~ n, m 3 j f T Y r ; r i a f t i r m ~ -
~
$1
~ ~
*dl a, b
~ * $ ~
, c 3 ~ d , ~ d % h 4 T $ ~ d 2 & f ? l
* V V A , B , C V -* V D * ~ ~ ~

*-mm3T;JfpEh,m*wq*&-&
* ~ ~ ~ * m i m * ~ r n p ~ T j : h ~ ~ ~ ~
+ f 4 w h
3 3 W W J h(reversible) ?i V V 3T k W i 4 TWT ?i f k W T pH

i
3Wd
~8~~h~-~nmr;m:i2.iihr*r-~htm~~rn
$3T ?i I $ i$h d h W"T-% (salt-br~dge)ZlT m h%l34T$3 @3p
h % m m d m i t *f ~% k ~ , * ~ ~ i ~ r n w q *
*
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ m ; m s h ~ ~ ~ m R ; m ~ -+a17
n a ; m d

I
f h ' d k h f % k * p ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ T $ i
T
~ d
~vh P T ~ ~ 8 g 1~f lt # h
A
& @ m 2 6 $ 8 ? 1 HCI kwm,
J;T
~ ~ ~ f t 2 . 6 : ~ J r r r n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' d ; f @ ~
m m w
h
kw
0.1 '$4 .,.>.-
' m**
w w
*-*

45
*TZ;T+f$x*3iiFi~W E = k - 0.0591 log [H'], m
mTZ;*&d +
E = k 0.0591 pH
m-m~~rnmf
fkd-~mhw dk MFSrfff & ?$iT$k&
TifeT hm (asymmetry junction potential) '$3
(junction potential) 'JlT $IT RpmTomyFR~rr;nm;*l
8*
hb**TZ;man
((asymmetric)

*&*a- E = 0.700 + 0.0591 log [H']

h y ~ ~ ~ ~ A , m m R sE f=i 0.700 - 0.0591 pH
mTf A1
$;I ?PhT$ * &VT (calibration) ZlT F&-?T& pH 3Tm FFll
m * k # & f t p ~ ~ * i f $ 7 T ' $ l ~&'&*,mTlRf
F h T I pH

p H & ~ ~ ~ e f t ( b u f f e r ) f $ i ; m ; T Z l T ~ ~3him+f+~
; ~ * ~ ~ ?
ITWhFi (adjustment) f$Tr W '8 I

~ ~ ~ b l $ % i ~ p ~ T @ ~ ~ 3FTmp~T'%+
~ & ~ F T ~ d j i
T ; T iiV
~ Jmt (operational parts) W 31Um;r &I

Wl7 b(power switch) :

m
.risr +
4 #W 8 3hi
f?I d% 3 220 V $$ T?4ldf U W (alternating current, AC)
**** *
~ a V b - 0 ~ * f f ' . T f t r * & $ i f ~ 4 R W m ~ * ( l i ~ h t
emitting diode, LED) # '$ I
 M 3 TBI FTdT b R;7 T p ~
(range selector) : W fhT iR* R ,
~ o o ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ Wv J R
' F NW% *Tp ~~ F T
h m~2 m
I mvm2~Fh*gftVg
(circuit) 'R TV b4T W bI

WIWf M T J T (set temperature) : 3l7T h M w pH 9Tdt W T l T V F i h

I
&&bJvrh*bl

*-* * & * * M a 3 m~
(cell-connection) :
vmm3~;rM&mf=r;rit&*5'*$,&amd*m
W p~ +i $Ht$ I

h * &ST b & *h b&T

(crocodile clips)
*ao~~mh$vwtf-h*&STjrmr81
W I pH T T T m ,
@mm%,+ij;f@m%
Wtf-h

w3**&.**w&&mv*mhb*
b&T*(m&m**)*M&mrnTT3v*
**bl

m-ims*rf~Pafa:mm3m ~ ~ 1 3 l h 0 . 3mm ( a g a r ) m t 10
~~m~~+mv~qw+%m wh *m
i ft v b e~ k i f
WV 7lTTF (steam bath) m TFf 3'W6V Wf fs;crr Tf7T 8 y 3 F F Sh ?PTT
*$I w ~ * W f & 8 ~ ~ * 3 w h ~ 8 3 h i w ~ m ; R j :
M a i r ~ i h m 8 W1 ~ W F * ( ~ ~ I > & W ~ W ~ ~ I
2. tf;it W *QV (saturate) d$ i; &-f * I
3. w m - m m m - % 3 M ~ ~ c i m h 8 & & t f ; i t ~
.;~XFT$I ~ ~ T * d~-W
T 2T 0 M (filter paper)*@* &
d * $ l V T @ * Q V K c ~ h * P i m r m m - % * ~ m
&
lm
fT
a?

8. .v
h(set zero control) M k 3 7.0 '47 @I

1 1. k-h(meter switch-bridge) d 7-2 R+ V MI k 4.0

zrR~;~8iif*&MW3Rm~@m~~4.0m
M~(resistance)d;v ~ & 3 & ~ * M * * l f f ~ & m - j r r n * ~ , ~
(reciprocal)d'TFfTZIT & ?TW&F f%kf 8 I 3fT T$T 3 if ((conductometry)ift 7Tf & lff
61 wd=pmjira(n-') d ~- & q m f % b ? ~ *me&&*
ama-r&m-jrrn~
*~rn*lf-+h 4mirmy;m~*~7*&v~j:mj:W3~hw
(seimens), S, W w b l ~ s r ; p r m ; r P a ~ W * ~ a ; i m & m m * 8 1
*Fhr*l ~ m d - ~ * ~ * m * i t ' , m ~ & ~ m
50 431
Mh
capacity) TT
* 888 I
TT&WT
VRT h*
*
& -WRIT (current carrying
SIP;ft T T k l T (ionic strength) TeTT
4VFh a
T k f h T i T (mobility) 5TT h W 8 I T T R l k h 3FFITW 3llZ&
~ g r g c h * - m m m * * m h m % & b
M - ~ ~ ~ i h B ~ m h s n R ~ * & $ l ~ ~ i f m ~
AC ih w T&FT TT$ ~mslm(electrolyte) b; M TFRTI
% T c
T F ~$ I
f3yqmb;i:~c ~ i k r w & ~ s ' i v ~ . ~ ~ b ; R h
(deposition)**b;mh~8l m h a * ~ * ? i i i * S r n m
~ 8 ; j i f ~ * * B ~ ~ ~ m b ; * ~ W 8 1 m
~ S i h m w m j ~ b ; m ~ 2 . 1 o * f i r m ~ ~ ~ ~ l

NaOH Tl gma;r (w3)

fS3 2.10 >mw a (HCI)-WRV W R T (NaOH) * fQV- JTTCrm W

H' + Cl- f Na' + OH- -Na' + Cl- + Hz0

(-)

~mm&**mm'il%Kitmm*m~~3;r
w m m , m - b ; i : ~ ~ ~ l ? p F * , mb;m
b h F T (dissociation) b; TlVT, h-rft WTFdT F J T $$ l &b; W Z
I FlTT
r n * m m - ~ + J h r w ~ 1 ~ r n M d e 1

CH3COOH + Na' + OH- -CH3COO- Na' + H20

(- -) (*)
maT h(power switch) : T$Jq$ 8a-r 8
f$F$*b%i 3k 3WFJTZf$
m p * ~ ~ a rWa W ~ W T V I - F ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ T W V T * ~ ~ O * T
m i f t ~ v m t ~ ~ i t ~ f i d i f R l m ~ ~
I
1 sPnir (range selector) : T B. 8k 6 Jih *
1
I
R M ~
*
~ d oB . 2 I . 2 6 2 o m ~ F ; m r w t ~ * & ~ m
a i f t (ms) rf @ f t r h (deflection) T:M8I
w MF h T 8 6
bra (mode selector) : W ih
*
(read mode) hifirm 8 I h;l
3 $?T??fkr rhi:(calibrating mode) V mp9
i
I
R M j : m 6 c ~4tT6~~~~9RFirwif~
v
!&dm(standard resistor) TTRlT &T d *
C A L + T ~ ~ F ~ ~4 i&x R r n
k FmW &IT 8 l

*
(stirrer) M& 8 d)4tT 3fl w $m *
5. * ~ * ' R E A D ' ~ ~ ~ J W F h~ @* I T F l T T * T k ( ~ ~ ~
I 3 Ra 3 I
 I 1
+ CO:- --' HCO; + OH-
~~0
 HCI + NH3 = NH; + C1-

2) 5) (i) WGh (ii) (H')=1X **w3

(OH-) = 1 X 10-lo w3
HCN < NH: < CH3COOH < HCOOH
HCOOH 3;r pK, = - log K,
= -log 1.8 x
= - (log 1.8 +
= - (0.2553 - 4)
= 3.7
HCN 3;r pK, = 9.31.
NH: TT pK, = 9.24
CHjCOOH 3jT pKa = 4.74.

iii) 3 T F i ; R 9 m ~ d & ~ v h ~ m 3 ~ ; ~ r s m ; r ~ R r s r ~ ; m - K J
8.1