DCC30122

FLUIDS MECHANIC

CHAPTER 1 : FLUID
CHARACTERISTICS

PREPARED:
AZMI BIN MOHAMMAD
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH
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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO):

CLO1
Explain the fundamental and principles in fluid mechanics
engineering. (C2, PLO1)

PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO):

PLO 1 :
Apply knowledge of applied mathematics, applied science,
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization as
specified in DK1 to DK4 respectively to wide practical procedures
and practices.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Introduction
This chapter consists of the definition of fluid mechanics, different
properties such as density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc.
and their units of measurement in SI units.

Hydraulics
• Is a branch of Engineering-science to study the fluid whether it is static
or flowing

Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid mechanics is the study of these fluids at rest or in motion.
• This study deals with the static, kinematic and dynamic aspects of
fluid. The study also takes into account the conservation of mass,
momentum, Newton’s law of motion, and laws of
thermodynamics.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

• It is studied by engineers, scientists, physicists,

chemists, mathematicians, geologists,
physiologists, meteorologists, and geophysicists
because the flow of fluid covers almost all the
fields of science and technology
• Fluid mechanics can be divided into two main
categories :
i) Hydrostatic
Is the branch of study about statically liquid.
ii) Hydrodynamic
Is the branch of study about flowing liquid.
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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Fluid
Is something that can flow. Fluid is a substance which
is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its
own but conforms to shape of the container.

For example: water, oil, mercury, gas / air and so on.

Fluids include : i. Liquid (Exp : water and oil)

ii. Gas (Exp : air)

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

1. General characteristics of Fluids :

• It does not have a definite shape.
• It changes shape according to container
which contains it.
• It will deform or flow when a small value
shear force acting on it .
• Fluid in rest can not bear the shear stress
and the contrary.
• It contains a molecules that are not close.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Differentiate Characteristis of Fluid and Gas

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID
• Fluid properties are intimately related to fluid behavior.
• It is obvious that different fluids can have grossly different
• characteristics. For example, gases are light and compressible,
whereas liquids are heavy and relatively incompressible

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Density ( ρ )
• The density of liquid may be defined as the mass per unit
volume at the standard temperature and pressure.
Or
• To measure the compacting of particles in matter. (General
defined)
• Unit, kg/m3 @ kgm-3
where
ρ = density (kg/m3)
m = mass (N/m/s2 = kg)
V = volume (m3)
ρwater = 1000 kg/m 3

The SI units for density are kg/m3

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Example: 1
Determine the density of an oil if 3 tonnes of
oil occupies a volume of 4 m3.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
Specific Gravity ( sg ) / Relative Density
• Specific gravity (Sg) or relative density may be defined is the
ratio of the weight of the substance to the weight of an equal
volume of water at standard temperature.
• For liquid is taken water and for gases,The standard fluid is
taken air.Specific gravity is also calledmrelatif density.
• No unit

Where :
Sg = Specific Gravity of the substance
ρsub stance = density of the fluid or substance (kg/m 3)
ρwater = density of water 1000 kg/m 3
ω w ater = specific weight of water 9810N/m 3
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Specific Weight
Specific Weight is defined as weight per unit volume of
material.

Specific weight = weight / volume .

ω = mg/v

ω =W @ ω=ρg
V
where
ω = specific weight (N/m 3)
ρ = density (kg/m 3)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
The SI units for specific weight are N/m 3

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 Specific Volume

● specific Volume is define as the reciprocal

of the mass density. example the volume
per unit mass.
● Unit = m3/kg.
● its commonly applied to gases
Vs = 1/ρ
where :

Vs = Specific volume (m3/kg) , ρ = density (kg/m3)

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Example: 2

A certain liquid, occupying a volume of 1.6 m3,

weighs 12.8kN. What is the specific weight of the
liquid?

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Example: 3
•

Specific weight (ω) = ?

Density(ρ) = ?
specific gravity (s)= ?

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Example: 4

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
EXERCISE 1:

1. A container of volume 3m3 has 25.5kN of an oil. Find the

specific weight and the density of the oil.

1. What is the specific gravity of a liquid, whose specific

weight is 7.36 kN/m3 ?

1. A drum of 1 m3 volume contains 8.5 an oil when full. Find

its specific weight and specific gravity.

4. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of one

liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7.
(ans:ρ=700kg/m3,ω=6867N/m3 and W=6.867N )
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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Viscosity
⮚ Viscosity means that when a fluid moves over a
surface, there is a thin layer near the surface which is
nearly at rest: a boundary layer.
⮚ Viscosity is the resistance of a substance to flow. For
example, water has a lower viscosity than molasses
and flows more easily.
⮚ Viscosity lies behind the skin friction component of
drag.
⮚ Viscosity of a fluid can either be given as dynamic
viscosity or kinematic viscosity

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

⮚ Viscosity is the most important among all properties, without

which the diverse field of fluid mechanics of today might not
have come into existence.

⮚ Viscosity is derived from the word viscous, which means

sticky, adhesive, or tenacious.

⮚ For example, coconut oil is thin and castor oil is thick; when
spilled over inclined surface the so-called thin oil flows down
faster compared to the thick oil.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
⮚ Obviously, the terms thin and thick do not refer to the density
of the liquid but to the easiness with which it flows.

⮚ Similar to solids, fluids also offer resistance to shearing

forces/stresses.

⮚ lt is primarily due to cohesion (attraction between similar

molecules) and the molecular momentum exchange between
fluid layers and as the flow occurs, these effects appear as
shearing stresses between the moving layers of a fluid.

⮚ viscosity is a property of a fluid that determines its resistance

to shearing stresses.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

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Properties of Liquids

Dynamic Viscosity ( µ )
• Dynamic viscosity is defined as the shear force per unit area (shear stress,
τ) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit velocity past another layer at a
unit distance away from it in the fluid.
• Dynamic viscosity is the natural characteristics of fluid to resistance shear
force.
• For example, the flow of thin liquids (such as alcohol or water) is much
easier than thick liquids (such as mercury or heavy oil)
• Unit, Nsm-2 @ kgm-1 s-1 or poise
• 1 poise = 0.1 Nsm-2

F = Force
A = Area
v = velocity
h = thickness of liquid
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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Kinematic viscosity
• Kinematic viscosity is a measure of the rate at
which momentum is transferred through a
fluid.
• It is measured in m2s-1 or stoke
• 1 stoke = 10-4 m2s-1

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Example 5:

The space between two parallel square

plates each of side 0.8m is filled with an oil
of specific gravity 0.8. If the space between
the plates is 12.5mm and the upper plate
which moves with velocity of 12.5m/s
requires a force of 51.2N, Determine:
a) Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poises
b) Kinematic viscosity of oil in stokes
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SOLUTION:
Given: F=51.2N , V=12.5m/s , ρ = 0.8x1000=800, h= 0.0125m,

a. Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poises

b. Kinematic viscosity of oil in stokes

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Example 6:

Two horizontal plates each size of

1.25m x 0.8m are placed 8mm apart
and are filled with an oil of viscosity
15 poises. Find the force required to
move the upper plate with a velocity
of 0.6m/s with respect to the lower
one.
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SOLUTION:

a. Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poises

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Classification of Fluids

• The fluids may be classified into the following

four types depending upon the presence of
viscosity:
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Ideal Fluid
3. Real Fluid
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid
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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
Ideal Fluid
An ideal fluid is one that is incompressible and has no viscosity.
Ideal fluids do not actually exist, but sometimes it is useful to
consider what would happened to an ideal fluid in a particular
fluid flow problem in order to simplify the problem.

Real Fluid
All types of fluids have viscosity and all fluids is a real fluid but real fluids
have different viscosity.So far we have considered ideal fluids: fluids which
have no internal friction (no viscous) and which flow in steady, laminar flow.
In real situations, these assumptions often cannot be made.
In liquids, viscosity is due to adhesion forces between the liquid molecules.
Viscosity is a dissipative effect.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Newtonian Fluid
• Fluids for which the viscosity is independent of
velocity gradient.
• fluids which obeys Newton law of viscosity

Non-Newtonian Fluid
• A Fluid, which does not obey Newton’s law of
viscosity.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
EXERCISE 1.2:
1. The space between two horizontal parallel plates 10mm
apart is filled with an oil of viscosity 8 poises. If the lower
plate is fixed and the upper plate is moving with a
velocity of 1.75m/s, what is the shear stress of the oil?

1. Two plates are 5 mm apart from each other and the space
between them is filled with an oil. If a force of 42N/m2 is
required to move one of these plates to maintain a speed
of 1.2 m/s, determine the viscosity of the oil in poises.

3. A liquid has a viscosity of 5 poises and a specific gravity of

0.8. Calculate the kinematic viscosity of the liquid in
stokes.

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FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
4. An oil has kinematic viscosity of 8 stokes and specific
gravity 0f 0.9. What is its absolute viscosity in poise?

5. Glycerin has a density of 1260 kg/m3 and kinematic

viscosity of 0.00183 m2/s. What shear stress is required to
deform this fluid at a strain rate of 104/s?

6. A liquid has a specific gravity of 1.9 and a kinematic

viscosity of 6 stokes. What is its dynamic viscosity?

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