on studying its subject in a natural

Practical Research One setting.

Pre-Finals Reviewer • This enables the researcher to be
immersed in the actual
Introduction to Research experiences of the research
participants and to get as much
Cresswell (1994) as cited in Carey, detailed data as s/he needs.
Naval, & Prieto (2017) defined this as “an • It is like documenting people in
inquiry process of understanding a real-life.
social or human problem based in • The focus of qualitative research
building a complex holistic picture is on the participants’ perceptions
formed with words, reporting detailed and experiences and the way they
views of informants and conducted in a make sense of their lives
natural setting.” (Franenkel and Wallen, 1988 as
cited in Carey, Naval, & Prieto,
● Locke, Spirduso and Silverman 2017).
(1987) as cited in Carey, Naval, &
Prieto (2017) emphasized that the Utilize Inductive Analysis
intent of this research is “to
understand a particular social
situation, event, role, group, or
interaction.”
● Franenkel and Wallen (1990) as
cited in Carey, Naval, & Prieto (2017)
stressed that qualitative
researchers are interested in
“understanding how things occur.”
● It is essentially a descriptive
analysis and follows the Inductive analysis is a qualitative
inductive process of reasoning, approach that allows primary research
that is, from specific situations. findings to be derived from the most
● It utilizes “soft data” (i.e. data in dominant and significant themes being
forms of impressions, words, observed in society.
sentences, photos, and symbols). It
is interpretive and it follows a non- Utilize Holistic Approach
linear research path and speaks • Holistic approach focuses on the
language of “cases and contexts”. the entirety of the system. It
Cases that arise from daily life are assumes that the whole system is
closely examined (Neuman, 2007 better compared to the the sum of
as cited in Carey, Naval, & Prieto, its parts.
2017).
Requires Personal Immersion
Characteristics of Qualitative Research • The researcher is required to
• It is important for researchers to become part of the observed
understand the nature of group in order to acquire more in-
qualitative research and consider depth data for the research.
its characteristics in
constructing research design, Objective
data collection, and data • The results of the research must
analysis. not be affected by the perception
• Qualitative research is a form of or personal experiences of the
natural inquiry because it focuses researcher.
 1994 as cited in Carey, Naval, &
Empathic Neutrality Prieto, 2017).
• The researcher must be keen in
observing neutrality in compiling The researcher is the primary
findings from the study. instrument in data collection. S/he views
social phenomena holistically. The more
Flexible Research Design complex, interactive and encompassing
• Researchers may continue to the narrative, the better is the qualitative
conduct research on new study.
objectives or questions that
emerged during the research Strenghts of Qualitative Research
process. ➢ It can offer the best light on or bets
answers to certain phenomena---
Qualitative Data social, economic, political or
• Qualitative data refers to the psychological.
detailed documentation and ➢ Its results are exhaustive, even
description of certain events or underlying meanings surface.
phenomenon being observed ➢ It offers several avenues to
● The methods are interactive and understand phenomena, behavior,
humanistic, call for active human conditions and the like.
participation of research ➢ It can build on, or even develop
participants, and on the part of the theories through consistent
researcher, sensitivity to the needs themes, categories, relationships,
of the participants. interrelationships that are
● It uses various ways of collecting crystallized during the data
data: observation, structured or gathering and data analysis
semi-structured interviews, processes.
documents, e-mails, blogs, videos,
stills, etc. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
● Its results being emergent, new ➢ Total immersion in the natural
discoveries during the data setting of the research can be time
gathering procedure can lead to a consuming and tedious, and
total revision of research resource-draining as well.
questions, among others. ➢ There comes a point when the
● The theory or general pattern of personal-self and the researcher-
understanding will emerge as it self are inseparable, so,
begins with initial codes, subjectivity, on the part of the
develops into broad themes, and researcher, can happen. To
coalesces into a ground theory or prevent this, Locke et al. (1987) as
broad interpretation (Cresswell, cited in Carey, Naval, & Prieto (2017)
2003 as in Carey, Naval, & Prieto, stress that from the beginning of
2017) the study, the researcher must
● It is fundamentally interpretative. identify his/her personal values,
This includes a description of an assumptions, and biases.
individual or setting, analyzing
data for themes or categories, and
finally, making an interpretation or
drawing conclusions about its
meaning, personally and
theoretically, stating the lessons
learned and offering further
questions to be asked (Wolcott,
Qualitative Analysis Unit 2: Introduction to Qualitative
• The non-numerical nature of Research
qualitative data (e.g. interviews Lesson 2 Types of Qualitative Research
and observations, documents,
books, films, or videos) calls for Types of Qualitative Research
non-numerical methods or • Qualitative research is being
procedures of organization, used in different fields of study.
analysis, and interpretation. • It commonly focuses on human
• These usually consist of reducing behaviors, perception, and
data to understandable form, interpretations. There are six
conceptualizing or elaborating common types of qualitative
categories in terms of desired research.
properties and dimensions taking
into considerations the objectives Phenomenology
of the study • Phenomenology is a type of
• Coding means not merely qualitative research that deals
attaching numbers to identify a with the description of
term but it is a process of participants' real-life experiences
reviewing notes and discovering of a specific event.
common patterns out of the
textual notes,. Ethnography
• In the library, books are arranged • The primary purpose of this
according to certain classifications research type is to understand the
(Filipiniana Section, and Journals, culture and experiences of a group
Theses, and Dissertation Section) of people in their natural
• As we modernize, audios and environment.
videos are being used in data
collection but these are Grounded Theory
transcribed first into text before ● Grounded theory aims to explain a
coding cam proceed to analyze phenomenon and the evolution
the data. of its course of action.

Qualitative research has some

distinct characteristics that set it
apart from quantitative research
Case Study
• In a case study, the subject can be
a specific person of interest. It
can also be in the form of an entire
business, organization, town, or a
city.

Historical Review
• Historical review is a type of
qualitative research that aims to
describe past events to fully
understand the current patterns
needed for making future
decisions.

Narrative Review
• Narrative review is usually being
used to document changes in
human perspective or behavior.
Choosing one of the qualitative research
types is still dependent on the research
questions that the researcher wants to
answer.

Qualitative research commonly focuses

on human behaviors, perception, and
interpretations.

Choosing one of the qualitative

research types entails checking the
research questions and the purpose of
the researcher.

All of the types of qualitative research

can be used in any field of inquiry.