i3 - Reviewer ● It should state the current

condition of the research

Background of the Study problem.
- is an explanation of the context
of study which involves the Citation
current data or status of the - set of rules on how to cite
problem, existing studies about it sources in an academic writing.
and its history that paved the way Importance:
to the development of the ● It is helpful for anyone who wants
research problem. to find out more about your ideas
Parts: and where they came from.
● Discuss the topic in general. Start ● Citing sources shows the amount
from a holistic or world of research you’ve done.
perspective. ● Citing sources strengthens your
● Insert a condition that is directly work by lending outside support
related to the topic and to the to your ideas.
focus of your study. ● It is a basis of authenticity of
● Identify the factors contributing one’s study.
to the focus of your study. ● It ensures the ethical and
● State the current condition of the academic honesty of someone’s
topic in your school or locale. work.
● State the reason why you chose ● It reveals the sources of
to study the topic. information and knowledge.
3 Elements: ● It served as a legal basis in
● The problem itself, stated clearly crafting the body of your study.
and with enough contextual detail Modern Language Association (MLA)
to establish why it is important. - It is widely used in the
● The method of solving the Humanities such as in the fields
problem, often stated as a claim of English, Literatures, Arts, and
or a working thesis. Philosophy.
● The purpose, statement of American Psychological Association
objectives and scope of (APA)
document the writer is preparing. - This citation style uses an
Guidelines: author-date system. It is widely
● It should clearly state the reason used in the Social Sciences field
for conducting the study. such as Anthropology, Business,
● It should move from broad to Communication, Education,
specific. Political Science, and Psychology.
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) verbs. The study will: discover
- Notes and bibliography, and (grounded theory); seek to
author date. understand (ethnography);
explore the process of (case
Statement of the Problem study); describe the experiences
- concise description of an issue to of (phenomenology); report the
be addressed or a condition to be stories (narrative research).
improved upon. ● Quantitative research uses
Purpose: directional verbs such as: affect;
● To describe the substantive focus effect; influence; impact; cause;
of the research study relation; relate; and determine.
● to identify the issue that is a ● Expect research questions to
concern and focus it in a way that evolve and change during the
allows it to be studied in a study in a manner consistent with
systematic way. the assumptions of the emerging
● to clarify why your study and design.
project in general is valuable. ● Use open-ended questions
● To pose initial research questions without reference to the literature
● To forecast the literature to be or theory unless otherwise
discussed in the second section indicated by a qualitative strategy
● To discuss the limitations of the of inquiry
study. ● Specify the participants and the
Parts: research site of the study, if the
● General statement of the information is not yet given
problem/ Objective Types of Research Question:
● Specific research questions ● Factor-isolating questions
Guidelines: - The major concern of these
● Begin the research questions questions is to categorize, label,
with the “WHAT?” or “HOW” or name factors and situations
explanation of the research that exist or those that are
design. (Qualitative) present in the perimeter of the
● “WHY?” implies an explanation of research work.
an occurrence and suggests a ● Factor-relating questions
cause- and-effect type of - Establishing relationships
thinking. (Quantitative) between and among factors that
● Focus on a single phenomenon have been identified is the
or concept. purpose of these questions.
● Qualitative research uses
exploratory and non-directional
 ● Situation-relating questions Thematic analysis will identify,
- These questions emphasize the analyze, and interpret patterns of
observable changes that happen meaning or themes within
to variable/s involved in the study qualitative data.
as a result of experimentation. ● Research Instrument and Data
● Situation-producing questions Collection Procedure
- These questions open the - The study used the semi-
opportunity to create a definite structured interview questions
course of action, policies or method to collect data
conditions in order to accomplish - Validation of Instrument: Expert
or to achieve a certain goal. Checking: the researcher has
come to the opinion that the
Qualitative Research instrument measures what it was
- describes qualities or designed to measure.
characteristics. It is collected ● Steps in Obtaining Consent from
using questionnaires, interviews, the Participants of the Study
or observation, and frequently - The researcher followed one of
appears in narrative form. the guiding principles of research
Research Approaches ethics called provision of
● Ethnographic Research informed consent.
● Narrative Research ● Participants of the Study:
● Phenomenological Research Describe
● Case Study Research ● Sampling Technique
● Grounded Theory Research - Purposive and convenient
Research Questions/Objectives non-probability sampling will be
- Minimum of 3 Research used to select the participants of
questions and objectives. the study.
Research Methodology ● Data Gathering Procedure
● Sources of Data (Coding, Validity and Reliability
● Primary data will come from an of Test Data)
in-depth semi- structured - The interview was conducted
conversational interview. after the approval of the research
Secondary data will be literature teacher. An interview will be
reviews and journal articles. conducted with then the data will
Secondary analysis of qualitative be analyzed and interpreted.
data will use existing data to find Expert Checking
answers to research questions - To ensure the validity of the
that differ from the questions codes, themes and results of the
asked in the original research. interview.
 Research Design Correlational Research
Qualitative Approach - tests for the relationships
- a process of naturalistic inquiry between two variables.
that seeks an in-depth Causal-Comparative
understanding of social - research looks to uncover a
phenomena within their natural cause-and-effect relationship.
setting. Experimental Research
● Ethnography - is guided specifically by a
- you immerse yourself in the hypothesis.
target participants’ environment
to understand the goals, cultures, Related Literature
challenges, motivations, and Literature
themes that emerge. - conceptual definition refers to a
● Narrative collection of written work with a
- weaves together a sequence of heightened and artistic use of
events, usually from just one or words may it be fiction or
two individuals to form a nonfiction.
cohesive story. Related Literature
● Phenomenological - is composed of discussions of
- is an appropriate qualitative facts and principles to which the
method when you want to present study is related.
describe an event, activity, or Review of Related Literature
phenomenon. - is a detailed review of existing
● Case Study literature related to the topic of a
- a way of explaining an thesis or dissertation.
organization, entity, company, or Types:
event which involves a deep A. General references - books,
understanding through multiple monographs, conference
types of data sources. manuals, research articles,
Quantitative Research professional journals and similar
- systematic empirical documents
investigation of observable B. Primary sources - academic
phenomena through the use of research and university research
computational techniques. journals and reputable
Survey Research organizations
- uses interviews, questionnaires, C. Secondary sources - articles,
and sampling polls to get a sense analyses, essays, newspaper,
of behavior with intense single or multiple authored
precision. textbooks
 D. Tertiary resources - books based ● Carefulness
on secondary sources that ● Openness
interprets the work of others. ● Respect for intellectual property
Characteristics: ● Trustworthiness
● Recency ● Social and legal responsibility
- The materials that should be Terminologies:
included in the review should be ● Ethical relativism
recent as much as possible. - This refers to the view that values
● Objectivity are relative in the sense that a
- the materials should be fair, person feels his/her value is
objective and bias-free. better than any other person’s
● Relevance value.
- The weight of relevance of the ● Ethical principle
material to the current research - This term refers to values that are
undertaking must be checked. translated into rules or standards
● Conciseness of conduct.
- The materials that the review ● Ethical Dilemma
should have must be sufficient - this refers to situations where
enough. there is an evident conflict
Organization: between values & principles & the
● Chronological choice of action needs to be
- This approach in organizing the decided.
review puts emphasis on the Scientific Misconduct:
timeline of development or the ● Fabrication and Falsification
year the materials were written. ● Non-publication of data
● By Topic/Concept ● Faulty data gathering procedures
- This manner of organizing the ● Plagiarism
review highlights the - Copy and Paste Plagiarism
interrelationship of concepts - involves copying information
which support the development word-by-word without giving due
of the current study. credit to the source.
● By Author/Writer - Mosaic Plagiarism
- To build credibility with the - This is defined by changing only
claims that the research would some words in the copied
like to stand on. information.
Ethics: - Misattribution Plagiarism
● Honesty - can be done if an author wrongly
● Objectivity cited information.
● Integrity
 - Self-Plagiarism How to synthesize a review of Related
- This type of plagiarism can be Literature?
committed if an author ● Digest the material and
republishes his/her work. understand the content of the
Self-plagiarism comes in two sources.
forms, duplication, and ● Review and critically analyze the
replication. sources.
Legal Charges: ● Synthesize the content of the
● Plagiarism information that you have
- Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise gathered.
known as the Intellectual Techniques:
Property Code of the Philippines. ● Summary
● Copyright ● Example or illustration
- It differs from plagiarism as it ● Two (or more) Reasons
may pertain to the breach of ● Comparison and Contrast
contract between the authors and Structure:
the publishers about the ● Introduction
coverage or scope of circulation - about the general topic of your
and distribution of the original research is presented. It also
work. provides the overall statement of
knowledge about your research
Synthesis topic.
- defined as a combination of ● Body
information & discussion from - It focuses on presenting all the
one or more relevant sources of relevant information that you
information. have gathered.
2 Ways to Present: ● Conclusion
● Explanatory - providing a summary of the
- deals with presenting the overall state of knowledge about
information through explanations your topic.
and presents it objectively.
● Argument synthesis Population & Sampling in Qualitative
- enables a researcher to present Research
his/her point of view from a Non-Probability Sample
certain topic in a logical manner. - individuals are selected based on
nonrandom criteria, and not every
individual has a chance of being
included.
 - Nonprobability sampling
techniques are often appropriate
for exploratory & qualitative
research. In these types of
research, the aim is not to test a
hypothesis about a broad
population.
Types:
● Purposive Sample
- is often used when one’s goal is
to include participants who
represent a broad range of
perspectives.
● Snowball Sampling
- a strategy which is useful when a
researcher wishes to study some
stigmatized group or behavior. It
is sometimes referred to as chain
referral sampling.
● Quota Sampling
- a researcher identifies categories
that are important to the study
and for which there is likely to
have variation.
● Convenience Sampling
- a researcher simply collects data
from those people or other
relevant elements to which he or
she has most convenient access.