PATHOLOGY - PAPER I

ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL

Cell injury, Adaptations and Cell death:
Define Necrosis. What are the different types of necrosis?
1) Describe the morphological types of necrosis with examples.
State the differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
*** 3

Define Apoptosis.
2) Describe the mechanism leading to apoptosis. Add a note on the morphological and
biochemical features of an apoptotic cell.
* 1

Acute and Chronic Inflammation:

Define inflammation. Mention its types.

List the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Describe the vascular changes in acute inflammation.
Add a note on outcome of acute inflammation.
3)
(OR) ************ 12
Describe the role of chemical mediators in inflammation.
(OR)
Describe the cellular events in acute inflammation.

Tissue repair, Cell regeneration and Fibrosis:

What is Repair?
Name the types pf wound healing.
4)
Describe the healing of a clean surgical wound.
Describe how primary wound healing differs from healing of a lacerated wound. ** 2
List the local and systemic factors that influence wound healing.
List TWO of its complications.

Haemodynamic disorders, Thromboembolism and Shock:

Define thrombus/thrombosis.
Define the mechanism of formation of thrombus/aetiopathogenesis of thrombus
formation.
Outline the fate of Thrombus.
5) (OR)
Define thrombus.
********* 9
Describe the Virchow triad.
What are the differences between antemortem thrombi and post-mortem clots.
Outline the fate of a thrombus.

Define and classify Shock.

Describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of Septic shock.
6) (OR)
Describe the pathogenesis of septic shock, stages and the morphological features of
***** 5

the various organs in shock.

Diseases of the Immune system:

7)
Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of AIDS.
Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis. * 1

Neoplasia:
Define Neoplasia.
Enumerate the differences between benign and malignant tumours.
Describe the mechanisms of metastasis in malignant tumours with suitable
8) examples.
Add a note on the endocrine para neoplastic syndromes.
************* 13

Describe the mode of spread of tumours with suitable examples.

Describe the laboratory investigations for cancer.

Classify carcinogenic agents.

9) (OR) List the viruses and bacteria involved in carcinogenesis.
Describe in detail about viral carcinogenesis by various oncogenic viruses.
** 2

1
 Define Neoplasia.
10) List the chemical carcinogens.
Describe in detail the process of chemical carcinogenesis.
** 2

What is Metastasis?
11) What are the different metastatic pathways?
Write in detail about the mechanism of metastasis and the metastatic cascade.
* 1

Genetic and Paediatric Diseases:

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases:

Infectious Diseases:

Haematology:
Define Anaemia? Classify Anaemia.
12) Discuss in detail the aetiopathogenesis, peripheral blood picture and bone marrow
findings in megaloblastic anaemia.
********** 10

Define Anaemia.
Classify anaemias caused by impaired red cell production.
13) Discuss the normal iron metabolism, aetiopathogenesis, blood and bone marrow ******** 8
picture in iron deficiency anaemia.
Classify Acute Leukaemia.
Describe the peripheral blood picture and bone marrow finding in acute myeloid
leukaemia.
14) (OR)
Define Leukaemia.
******* 7

Write the WHO classification of acute myelogenous leukaemia(AML).

Add a note on the bone marrow and peripheral blood pictures of AML.

Define and classify haemolytic anaemias.

15) Describe the aetiopathogenesis, peripheral smear and bone marrow appearance
and laboratory diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis.
***** 5

Classify bleeding disorders.

16) Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of haemophilia A.
How will you investigate a case of bleeding disorder.
***** 5

Classify haemolytic anaemia.

17) Describe the pathogenesis, complications and laboratory diagnosis of Sickle cell
anaemia.
**** 4

Define leukemia. Classify Leukaemia.

18) Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in Chronic myelogenous
leukaemia.
*** 3

Enlist the bleeding disorders.

19) Describe the pathology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Von Willebrand
disease.
** 2

*
Classify Hemolytic anaemias.
20) Discuss in detail about Thalassemia syndromes. 1

Classify plasma cell dyscrasias.

21) Describe the molecular pathogenesis, morphology and prognostic factors of Multiple
myeloma.
* 1

22)
Classify Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
Describe its morphology. Add a note on its staging. * 1

CASES:
An 18-year-old male patient came to the outpatient department with the h/o
prolonged bleeding after an injury. Family history revealed that his maternal uncle
had similar complaints. On examination he had swelling of both knee joints with

*
restriction of movements.
I A) What is your probable diagnosis? 1
B) What is the mode of inheritance of this disorder?
C) List the differential diagnoses.
D) Describe the laboratory investigations required for making a precise diagnosis.

2
 A 35-yr-old lady with massive splenomegaly complains of weakness and fatigue.
Peripheral blood examination shows total WBC count of 1,64,000/cu mm. Many
immature myeloid cells with 35% myelocytes and 8% basophils seen.
II Platelet count was 6,30,000 cu/mm.
What is your diagnosis?
* 1

Give reasons for the same.

Describe the aetiopathogenesis, investigations and complications of the disease.

A 6-yr-old boy comes with a history of recurrent blending into the knee joint and
easy bruising. His maternal uncle also gives a similar history.
III What is your diagnosis?
Give reasons for your diagnosis.
* 1

How would you investigate this case?

A adult male presented with fatigue and was found to have pallor of the skin and
conjunctiva.

*
What is the diagnosis and how is it classified?
IV Peripheral blood examination revealed hypo chromic and microcytic red blood cells - 1
what are the possible causes?
What possible investigations could be done? Explain how these might help.

A 60-year-old female, post-operatively, developed calf muscle pain and tenderness,

with sudden onset of breathlessness and died after 15 days of immobilisation.
V What is the most probable cause of sudden death in this patient?
Describe the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
* 1

What do you expect to find in this patient at autopsy?

A 75-yr-old lady was admitted with fracture femur. She was managed conservatively
by reduction of fracture and immobilisation. 10 days after admission she suddenly
VI developed acute breathlessness and chest pain and died.
What is the likely cause of death?
* 1

Describe in detail the aetiopathogenesis and pathology of this condition.

A 58-yr-old man came to the outpatient department with a history of fever and
tiredness for the past three weeks and swelling of gums with bleeding for the past
two weeks.
On examination he appeared pale, and mild hepatosplenomegaly was present.
VII What is the probable clinical diagnosis? Give reasons. * 1
How will you investigate the patient?
Add a note on the special stains needed.
Classify the disease.
A young adult male presented with pain and swelling of both knees, of two weeks
duration. He gave history of prolonged bleeding after minor injury. He had lost his
maternal uncle recently because of uncontrolled bleeding following an injury.
VIII What is the probable diagnosis? Explain why?
Describe the inheritance pattern.
* 1

Discuss the differential diagnosis.

How will you investigate him?

A 48-yr-old woman was operated for intestinal obstruction. On the 4th postoperative
day, she developed high fever, chills and difficulty in breathing. Her urinary output
was low, She was febrile and hypotensive with a rapid thready pulse. The incisional
IX wound had opened discharging abundant purulent exudate.
What is the cause for this sudden deterioration in her condition?
* 1

Describe its pathogenesis.

Describe the morphological changes in the affected organs.

A 65-yr-old man presented with the complaints of breathlessness on exertion, sore

tongue and sensory impairment of the feet.
A year ago, he had undergone partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

*
On examination, he was looking pale, lethargic with a slightly altered gait.
X 1
What is the probable diagnosis? Explain why.
Enumerate the causes of this condition.
Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow picture in this condition.
List the laboratory tests useful in its diagnosis.

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

Cell injury, Adaptations and Cell death:

3
1) Apoptosis/ Mechanism of apoptosis / types with examples
********** 10

2) Pathologic calcification
******** 8

3) Necrosis / Types of necrosis

***** 5

4) Dystrophic calcification
***** 5

5) Atrophy
** 2

6) Differences b/w apoptosis and necrosis

** 2

7) Endogenous pigments
* 1

8) Hypertrophy
* 1

9) Free radical mediated cell injury

* 1

10) Coagulative necrosis * 1

11) Gangrene / gangrenous necrosis * 1

12) Hyperplasia
* 1

13) Metaplasia * 1

14) Metastatic calcification

* 1

Acute and Chronic Inflammation:

1) Phagocytosis
******* 7

2) Granulomatous inflammation/ Granuloma

******* 7

3) Chemotaxis
*** 3

4) Primary tuberculosis
*** 3

5) Morphological types of inflammation

** 2

6) Chemical mediators of inflammation

* 1

7) Lepromatous leprosy
* 1

8) Evolution and fate of granulomas in TB

* 1

9) Sequelae of cut inflammation

* 1

10) Differences b/w primary and secondary TB * 1

11) Differences b/w tuberculoid and lepromatous Hansen’s disease

* 1

12) Types of leprosy and histopathological features of polar forms of leprosy * 1

Tissue repair, Cell regeneration and Fibrosis:

1) Granulation tissue
****
2) Factors affecting wound healing
**
3) Healing of a clean surgical wound
*
4) Healing of a fracture
*
5) Healing by primary intention
*
6) Pathogenesis of fatty change
*
Haemodynamic disorders, Thromboembolism and Shock:

4
1) Septic shock / Pathogenesis of septic shock
**** 4

2) Oedema / Aetiopathogenesis of oedema / types

**** 4

3) Pulmonary embolism
**** 4

4) Embolism
*** 3

5) Air embolism
*** 3

6) Fate of thrombus
** 2

7) Fat embolism
* 1

8) Infarction - definition, types and morphology

* 1

9) Clinical effects of thrombosis

* 1

Diseases of the Immune system:

1) Type I hypersensitivity reaction

******** 8
Amyloidosis / Classification of Amyloidosis / morphology of amyloidosis secondary
2)
amyloidosis ******* 7

3) Type IV hypersensitivity reaction / Delayed hypersensitivity

******* 7

4) Type III hypersensitivity reaction

***** 5

5) Type II hypersensitivity reaction

** 2

6) The association of HLA antigens and disease

* 1

Neoplasia:

Metastasis /Mechanism of metastasis of malignant tumours / Modes of spread of

1) malignant tumours ****** 6

2) Tumor markers
****** 6

3) Tumor suppressor genes

**** 4

4) Grading and staging of tumours

*** 3

5) Laboratory diagnosis of cancer

** 2

6) Chemical carcinogenesis
** 2

7) Oncogene
** 2

8) Oncogenic viruses
* 1

9) VIral carcinogenesis
* 1

10) Paraneoplastic syndromes * 1

11) P53 gene * 1

12) Carcinoma in-situ

* 1

13) Differences b/w benign and malignant tumours * 1

14) Metastatic cascade

* 1

15) Karyotyping changes in neoplasia * 1

16) Types of carcinogen with examples

* 1

Genetic and Paediatric Diseases:

5
1) Trisomy 21
***** 5

2) Down syndrome
**** 4

3) Turner syndrome
*** 3

4) Hydrops fetalis
*** 3

5) Klinefelter syndrome
** 2

6) Principles underlying X-linked inheritance

* 1

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases:

1) Harmful effects of ionising radiations

** 2

2) Kwashiorkor
* 1

3) Vitamin D deficiency
* 1

4) Rickets
* 1

5) Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency

* 1

6) Vitamin K deficiency
* 1

7) Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in B12 deficiency

* 1

Infectious Diseases:

1) Opportunistic fungal infection

* 1

2) Intracellular bacterial killing mechanisms

* 1

Haematology:

1) CML / Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in CML

************* 13

2) Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

************ 12

3) Haemophilia A
********** 10

4) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

********** 10

5) Disseminated intravascular coagulation / Aetiopathogensis of DIC/ lab diagnosis

********* 9

6) Packed cell volume

******* 7

7) investigations/ Bone marrow findings of Megaloblastic anaemia

******* 7

8) WHO/ FAB classification of AML

******* 7

9) Aplastic anaemia
****** 6

10) Hereditary spherocytosis

***** 5

11) Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in iron deficiency anaemia ***** 5

12) Multiple myeloma/ Lab diagnosis of Multiple myeloma ***** 5

13) Pathogenesis and Laboratory diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia

***** 5

14) Transfusion reactions / complications of blood transfusion **** 4

15) Sickle cell anaemia

**** 4

16) Prothrombin time **** 4

17) Leukemoid reaction

**** 4
6
18) Polycythaemia vera *** 3

19) Hematocrit
*** 3

20) Reticulocyte count / reticulocyte *** 3

21) Iron deficiency anaemia / pathogenesis of IDA *** 3

22) Von willebrand disease

*** 2

23) Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings in AML ** 2

24) Urine protein examination

** 2

25) Agranulocytosis ** 2

26) Classification and Lab diagnosis of thalassemia

** 2

27) Lab diagnosis of bleeding disorders ** 2

28) ALL ** 2

29) Indications for bone marrow aspiration study

** 2

30) Differences b/w leukaemoid reaction and leukaemia ** 2

31) Neutrophilia
* 1

32) Blood grouping * 1

33) Β - thalassemia
* 1

34) Reactive leukocytosis * 1

35) Myelodysplastic syndrome * 1

36) Blast crisis

* 1

37) Erythroblastosis foetalis * 1

38) Christmas disease/ haemophilia B

* 1

39) Pancytopenia * 1

40) Absolute indices

* 1

41) Functional platelet disorders

* 1

42) Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (AML M3) * 1

43) Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobiunria

* 1

Extras

1) Primary complex
** 2

2) Asbestosis
* 1

3) Exfoliative cytology
* 1

4) Complications of diabetes mellitus

* 1

7
 PATHOLOGY - PAPER II
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
Blood Vessels:
Define Atherosclerosis.
1) Describe the epidemiology, risk factors, aetiopathogenesis, morphology and ** 2
complications of atherosclerosis.

Heart:
Define Myocardial infarction (MI) and discuss its aetiopathogenesis.
2) Describe the morphological changes seen in the heart in MI.
Add a note on the laboratory diagnosis of MI.
***** 5

Describe the aetiopathognesis, pathology and complications of Ischemic heart

3) disease. **** 4

Describe the aetiopathognesis, morphology and clinical features of Infective

4) endocarditis.
Mention its complications.
* 1

Lung:
Classify COPD. What is Emphysema?
5)
Discuss the types and morphology of emphysema.
Describe the aetiopathogenesis and pathology of different types of Emphysema. ****** 6
Add a note on conditions related to emphysema.
Classify Lung tumours.
6) Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of Bronchogenic carcinoma.
Enumerate the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with bronchogenic carcinoma.
**** 4

Define Chronic bronchitis.

7) Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of chronic bronchitis. * 1

Kidney and it collecting systems:

Define Nephrotic syndrome and list the causes.
8) Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of Membrano proliferative
glomerulonephritis / or any 2 renal disorders causing nephrotic syndrome.
****** 6

Define Nephritic syndrome and list the causes.

Describe the pathogenesis, pathology and laboratory diagnosis of Acute
9)
glomerulonephritis/ Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. *** 3

Classify Glomerulonephritis.
10) Describe the aetiopathognesis, pathology of any one type of Glomerulonephritis. * 1

Oral cavities and GIT:

List the ulcerative lesions of the GIT.
Define Peptic ulcer.
11) Discuss the pathogenesis, pathology and complications of Chronic Peptic ulcer ***** 5
disease.

Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of Carcinoma of the Stomach.

12) Add a note on the investigations required to confirm the diagnosis. *** 3

Liver and Gall Bladder:

Define and classify Cirrhosis.

13) Describe the pathogenesis and morphology of the liver in alcoholic cirrhosis.
What are its complications?
******** 8

Classify Acute Viral hepatitis. Describe in detail Hepatitis B virus.

14) List the clinicopathological syndrome. * 1
Describe the morphological changes in acute hepatitis B.
Pancreas:

8
 What is Acute pancreatitis?
15) List its etiological features and describe its pathogenesis.
Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis.
* 1

Male Genital System and Lower urinary tract:

Classify Testicular tumors.
16) Describe the microscopic types, morphology and prognostic factors of Seminoma. * 1

Female Genital System and Breast:

Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of Breast carcinoma.
Classify carcinoma breast according to histological types.
Add a note on epidemiological and prognostic factors in breast carcinoma.
****
17) 5
Classify Breast tumors.
Describe the pathogenesis, and the gross and microscopic features of infiltrating
duct carcinoma.
*
Classify Ovarian tumors.
18) Describe the morphology of various Germ cell tumors of the ovary. ***** 5

Describe the aetiopathogenesis and risk factors for Carcinoma cervix.

Describe the typical gross and microscopic appearance of CA cervix.
19)
Discuss the role of cervical smear screening in this context. ** 2

Endocrine System:

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Classify Diabetes mellitus.
20)
Discuss the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes mellitus. **** 4
How will you investigate a case of diabetes mellitus?

Musculoskeletal system:

Classify Bone tumors.

*****
Describe the aetiopathogenesis, morphology and spread of Osteogenic sarcoma/
21) Osteosarcoma. 5
Add a note on the radiological features of osteogenic sarcoma.

Nervous System:

Nervous System:

CASES:
A 40-year-old male, who has been a heavy smoker for the past 15 years and who
has a family history of hypertension and diabetes came with complaints of chest pain
radiating to left shoulder and profuse sweating.
I (i) What is the probable diagnosis?
(ii) How would you investigate the patient? ** 2
(iii) What is the morphology of the lesion?
(iv) Mention two important complications.

A 56-year-old male, chronic alcoholic for the past 30 years presented to the
emergency department with haematemesis. On examination he had ascites, oedema
feet with yellowish discolouration of eyes and skin. Ultrasound examination revealed
II shrunken liver with irregular liver parenchyma and nodularity on the liver surface.
(i) What is the diagnosis?
* 1

(ii) Describe the morphology of liver in this disease.

(iii) List the laboratory findings and complications of the disease.

A 72-year-old male presented with fatigue and weakness. He complained of

occasional crampy lower abdominal pain and passage of blood stained stools. Per
rectal examination revealed a 3✕2 cm hard mass in the rectum.
III Hb - 9.8 gm%
(i) What is your diagnosis? Give reasons.
* 1

(ii) Describe the aetipathogenesis and the morphological features of the lesion.
(iii) Briefly mention the investigations for the above case.

9
 A 65-year-old male complaints dyspepsia, nausea, weight loss and loss of appetite
since 6 months. Clinical examination reveals a mass palpable in the epigastric
region. Endoscopy shows a proliferative growth in the stomach near the lesser
curvature.
IV (i) What is the possible diagnosis?
(ii) Give reasons for your diagnosis.
** 2
(iii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of the lesion.
(iv) Describe the morphology.
(v) Enumerate the usual sites of metastasis of this lesion.

A 60-year-old female presented with a hard, painless lump in the left breast with
multiple swellings in the axilla. On examination there is nipple retraction with redness
of skin. FNAC showed atypical cells.
V (i) What is the probable diagnosis?
(ii) How will you investigate this patient?
* 1
(iii) Classify this condition.
(iv) Describe the aetiopathogenesis, risk factors and morphology of this condition.

A 55-year-old male presented with weight loss, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting
and altered bowel habits. Colonoscopy revealed an ulceroproliferative growth in the
VI
ascending colon.
(i) What is your diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis, morphological features and staging of this
disease.
A 55-year-old male presented with polyuria, polydypsia and polyphagia. His fasting
blood glucose was 189 mg/dL and post prandial sugar was 280 mg/dL.
VII (i) What is your diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis and complications of this disease.

A 10-year-old male presented with cola coloured urine, oliguria and hypertension.
Blood urea and serum creatinine are elevated. He gives h/o recent skin infection.
VIII (i) What is your diagnosis?
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis, microscopic appearance and complications of
* 1
the above condition.

A 60-year-old female who attained menopause 7 years ago, complains of intermittent

vaginal bleeding and foul smelling vaginal discharge for the past three months.
Speculum examination showed an exophytic growth on the anterior lip of the cervix.
IX Pap smear showed pleomorphic cells with hyper chromatic nuclei.
(i) What is your diagnosis?
* 1

(ii) Describe the aetipathogenesis, gross and microscopic appearance of this

condition.

A 50-year-old male, presented with a non-healing ulcer in the foot. He gives history
of tiredness, increased thirst and frequent urination. His random blood sugar was
217 mg%.

*
(i) What is the problem diagnosis?
X (ii) How will you investigate this patient? 1
(iii) Classify this condition and list the complications.
(iv) Describe the renal changes occurring in this condition.

A 65-year-old male, chronic smoker for the past 30 years presented with chronic
cough, dyspnoea and haemoptysis of 3 months duration. Sputum examination
showed large, pleomorphic cells with hyper chromatic cells.
XI (i) What is your diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Explain the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
(iii) Add a note on the different histological types.

A 35-year-old female presented with breathlessness on exertion for the past one
month. On examination, she had elevated jugular venous pressure. Auscultation of
the precordium revealed a mild diastolic murmur. She gave a past h/o of recurrent
XII joint pain and sore throat.
(i) What is your diagnosis?
* 1
(ii) Describe the aetipathogenesis and morphology of the heart in this condition.
(iii) Add a note on the complications.

10
 A 58-year-old lady presented with foul smelling blood stained discharge per vaginum
for the past one month. Biopsy of the cervix showed clusters of atypical cells with
pleomorphic hyper chromatic nuclei. Many mitotic figures were seen.
XIII (i) What is your diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Give an account of its aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic types and
methods and prevention of this disease.

A 12-year-old boy presented with fever, migrating joint Pains and palpitations. He
gives a h/o recurrent sore throat. O/E a subcutaneous module was observed on the
extensor aspect of his right elbow.
XIV (i) What is your diagnosis?
(ii) Write about the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
* 1

(iii) Desrcibe the morphology of the organs affected in the acute and chronic stages
of this condition.
A 6-year-old boy presented with complaints of decreased urine output for the past 15
days. On examination there was swelling over both eyelids and feet. There is no
history of burning micturition. He gives history of recent recovery from a throat
XV infection.
(i) What is the probable diagnosis?
* 1
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of this condition.
(iii) How would you investigate the patient?

A 45-year-old male, chronic smoker for 20 years, developed difficulty in breathing

which was insidious in onset and slowly progressive, over a period of 3 months. O/E,
x-ray chest PA view showed a massive pleural effusion on the left side. Intercostal
drainage (ICD) was done and a CT scan done following ICD showed a large mass
measuring 5✕4 cm. FNAC of mass showed cells with increased nucleo-cytoplasmic
XVI ratio, nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromia with abnormal mitosis.
(i) What is the probable diagnosis?
* 1
(ii) Give reasons for your diagnosis.
(iii) How will you classify the lesion?
(iv) Describe the morphology.
(v) What are the other usual presenting symptoms?

A 55-year-old male, smoker for the past 20 years, comes with a h/o cough with
haemoptysis for 3 weeks. X-ray chest showed a hilarious mass. Bronchial wash
cytology showed clusters of large cells with pleomorphic hyper chromatic nuclei.
XVII (i) What is your diagnosis? Give reasons. * 1
(ii) What is the aetiopathogenesis and classification of this condition?
(iii) Give the gross and microscopic features of this lesion.

A 50-year-old man, a known alcoholic for several years presented with progressive
distention of the abdomen of two weeks duration. He has vomited blood in the recent
past twice. O/E, distended veins were seen over the abdomen and there was fluid in
the abdominal cavity.
XVIII (i) What is your diagnosis? Give reasons. * 1
(ii) Give the aetiological classification of the underlying condition and describe the
gross appearance.
(iii) Describe its important complications.
A 10-year-old boy presented with a h/p fever, pustular lesions in the dorsal aspect of
both hands and passing smoky brown urine with reduced urinary output for the past
one week. On examination, puffiness of face and mild hypertension were found. His
XIX serum complement level was low. Urine analysis showed proteinuria.
(i) What is the probable diagnosis?
** 2
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis and pathology of the condition.
(iii) What is the prognosis of this disease?

A 56-year-old lady presented with a painless lump in the upper and outer quadrant of
the left breast. On examination a firm lump was felt in the left breast. The skin over
the lump showed puckering. Nipple was retracted. Left axillary lymph nodes were
XX enlarged. Fine needle aspiration of the lump revealed pleomorphic cells.
(i) What is your diagnosis?
* 1

(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis and prognosis of the disease.

A 16-year old boy presented with swelling around the knee joint. X-ray shows
‘Codman triangle’ and ‘Sunray’ appearance.
XXI (i) What is the probable diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Describe the aetiology, gross and microscopic features.

11
 A 50-year-old woman presented with a painless lump in the left breast. FNAC was
performed and reported by the pathologist as ‘Positive for malignant cells’.
XXII (i) Classify the disease.
(ii) Describe the gross and microscopic pathology of any on type.
** 2
(iii) Mention the factors affecting the prognosis.

A 60-year-old man presented with a h/o cough, chest pain and haemoptysis of 7
months duration. Bronchial brush cytology revealed large pleomorphic cells with
hyper chromatic nuclei cytoplasmic keratin.
XXIII (i) What is your probable diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Discuss the aetipathogenesis and morphology.
(iii) Add a note on its associated paraneoplastic syndromes.

A 30-year-old man presented with a progressive swelling of 8 months duration on

the lateral aspect of his neck. He complained of fever, on and off. O/E firm, rubbery
nodes were felt. FNAC revealed a few binucleate giant cells with prominent nucleoli.
XXIV (i) What is your probable diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Classify the disease and describe the morphology of each type.
(iii) Add a note on the staging disease.

A 62-year-old man presented with h/o left lower abdominal discomfort, altered bowel
habits and loss of weight for the past 4 months. O/E he appeared pale. Test for
occult blood was positive on stool examination.
XXV (i) What is the probable diagnosis and how will you confirm it? * 1
(ii) Describe the aetiopathogenesis, pathology and staging of this disease.

A 50-year-old man, presented with progressive distention of the abdomen and

generalised oedema for 10 days duration. He gives h/o of alcohol intake for the past
15 years. Examination revealed spider naevi and gynaecomastia.
XXVI (i) What is your diagnosis? Give reasons. * 1
(ii) Give the aetiopathognesis and complications of this disorder.

A 5-year-old male child presented with a h/p fever and swelling of the face and body
for the past 10 days. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria of >4 gms per 24 hrs. Serum
cholesterol was 325 mg%.
XXVII (i) What is the probable diagnosis? * 1
(ii) Describe the pathological changes in the organs affected.
(iii) Discuss in detail the differential diagnosis of this condition.

A 50-year-old man presents with severe precordial pain radiating to the shoulder,
profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting.
XXVII (i) What is the most probable clinical diagnosis?
I (ii) Describe the gross and microscopic appearances of the organs involved. * 1
(iii) Mention the important laboratory investigations to be done.

A 49-year-old Chronic alcoholic was admitted with jaundice and ascites. The liver
was enlarged and nodular.
XXIX (i) What is the most probable diagnosis?
(ii) If a liver biopsy is done, what is it likely to show? (Draw a diagram)
* 1
(iii) Describe 2 complications os this condition.

A 9-year-old boy presented with a h/o puffiness of face and reduced urinary output.
His urine was dark coloured.O/E he had periorbital and pedal oedema. He had
impetigenous lesions on the skin. His BP was 160/100 mm hg.
XXX (i) What is the probable diagnosis? Explain why. * 1
(ii) What is the pathogenesis of this condition?
(iii) Describe the gross and microscopic features.

A 50-year-old man presented with a h/o vomited blood. He had 2 episode earlier. He
was an alcoholic and had noticed progressive distension of the abdomen. O/E he
was found to have ascites. Prominent veins were noted over the abdomen.
XXXI (i) What is the probable diagnosis? Explain why. * 1
(ii) Describe the gross and microscopic features of this condition.
(iii) Describe its complications.

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

12
 Blood Vessels:
7
1) Aortic aneurysms
*******
2) Aneurysms 6
******
2
3) Risk factors of Atherosclerosis (major and minor)
**
1
4) Morphology of Atherosclerosis
*
5) 1
Complications of Atherosclerosis
*
1
6) Giant cell arteritis
*
1
7) Dissecting aneurysms
*
8) 1
Coarctation of aorta
*
1
9) Syphilitic aneurysm
*
1
10) vascular changes in benign and malignant hypertension
*
Heart:
5
1) Infective endocarditis / cardiac and extra cardiac complications
*****
2) Gross and microscopic features of myocardial infarction 4
****
3) 3
Complications of myocardial infarction
***
2
4) Rheumatic endocarditis
**
5) Pathology of Rhematic heart disease 1
*
6) 1
Morphology of Rhematic heart disease
*
1
7) Mitral valve disease
*
8) Tetralogy of fallot 1
*
Lung:
14
1) Bronchiectasis
**************
2) Types of emphysema 3
***
3
3) Aetiopathogenesis of bronchial asthma
***
2
4) Pulmonary tuberculosis
**
5) Lobar pneumonia 2
**
1
6) Pneumoconiosis
*
1
7) Squamous cell carcinoma
*
8) Panacinar emphysema 1
*
1
9) Centriacinar emphysema
*
1
10) Morphology of the lung in pneumonia
*
11) 1
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
*
1
12) Sarcoidosis
*
1
13) Aetiopathogenesis of Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
*
14) 1
Role of smoking in lung cancer
*
1
15) Aetiology of carcinoma of lung
*
Kidney and it collecting systems:
1) 7
Polycystic kidney disease
*******
5
2) Wilms’ tumour
*****
3) Nephrotic syndrome / causes 3
***
13
 3
4) Renal cell carcinoma
***
3
5) Renal calculi/ Urolithiasis / Kidney stones / Renal stones
***
6) Minimal change disease of kidney 2
**
1
7) Crescentic glomerulonephritis
*
1
8) Acute pyelonephritis
*
9) 1
Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
*
1
10) Benign nephrosclerosis
*
1
11) Acute tubular necrosis
*
12) 1
Membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis
*
1
13) Hydronephrosis
*
Oral cavities and GIT:
1) 7
Peptic ulcer / aetiopathogenesis / Role of H.pylori
*******
5
2) Crohn’s disease/ Morphology / aetiopathogenesis
*****
3) Pleomorphic adenoma 4
****
4) 3
Ulcerative colitis / morphology
***
3
5) Gross and microscopic features of gastric carcinoma
***
6) Barrett oesophagus 2
**
7) 2
Role of Helicobacter pylori in the causation of chronic gastritis
**
2
8) Differences between benign and malignant gastric ulcer
**
9) Gross and microscopic features of gastric ulcer/ chronic peptic ulcer disease 2
**
10) 2
Differences between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
**
1
11) Complications of ulcerative colitis
*
12) Aetiopathogenesis of colonic carcinoma 1
*
1
13) Aetiopathogenesis of gastric carcinoma
*
1
14) Risk factors of gastric carcinoma
*
15) Complications of peptic ulcer 1
*
Liver and Gall Bladder:
11
1) Cholelithiasis / Gall stones
***********
2) Alcoholic liver disease 6
******
4
3) Hepatocellular carcinoma / Aetiopathogenesis
****
2
4) Alcoholic cirrhosis
**
5) 2
Complications of cirrhosis of the liver
**
1
6) Wilson’s disease
*
1
7) Aetiopathogenesis of cirrhosis of the liver
*
8) 1
Chronic active hepatitis
*
1
9) Alcoholic hepatitis
*
1
10) Histopathology of liver in acute viral hepatitis
*
11) 1
Haemochromatosis
*
1
12) Gross and microscopic features of liver in cirrhosis
*
Pancreas:
14
1) 6
Acute pancreatitis / aetiopathogenesis
******
Male Genital System and Lower urinary tract:
1) Seminoma 12
************
2) 2
Teratoma
**
3) 1
Cryptochordism
*
4) 1
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
*
Female Genital System and Breast:
6
1) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
******
2) 4
Fibroadenoma
****
4
3) Prognostic factors of Breast carcinoma
****
4
4) Classification of ovarian tumours / Germ cell tumours
****
5) 3
Phyllodes tumour
***
3
6) Aetiopathogenesis of CA cervix
***
7) Endometriosis 2
**
8) 2
Teratoma
**
2
9) Adenomyosis
**
10) Endometrial hyperplasia 2
**
11) 1
Pap smear
*
1
12) Role of HPV in the causation of CA cervix
*
13) Risk factors in the development of carcinoma of breast 1
*
14) 1
Serous cyst adenoma of the ovary
*
1
15) Staging of CA breast
*
Endocrine System:
13
1) Hashimoto thyroiditis
*************
7
2) Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
*******
3) Grave’s disease / Diffuse toxic goitre 3
***
3
4) Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
***
3
5) Major Differences between type I/ IDDM and type II diabetes mellitus/NIDDM
***
6) Pheochromocytoma 2
**
2
7) Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
**
1
8) Goiter
*
9) 1
Diabetic nephropathy
*
1
10) Renal lesions in diabetes mellitus
*
1
11) Complications of DM
*
Musculoskeletal system:
11
1) Osteoclastoma / Giant cell tumour of the bone
***********
6
2) Osteomyelitis / morphology of chronic osteomyelitis/ pyogenic osteomyelitis
******
3) 5
Osteogenic sarcoma / osteosarcoma
*****
4
4) Morphology(gross, radiological and microscopic features) of osteogenic sarcoma
****
5) Ewing’s sarcoma 4
****
15
 1
6) Pathology of pyogenic osteomyelitis
*
1
7) Paget’s disease of bone
*
8) Bone forming tumours 1
*
Nervous System:
10
1) CSF findings in meningitis / pyogenic meningitis
**********
2) 4
Astrocytoma
****
3
3) Meningioma
***
2
4) Tuberculous meningitis / CSF findings
**
5) 2
Indications of lumbar puncture and CSF findings in different types of meningitis
**
1
6) Meningitis
*
Skin:
1) 6
Malignant melanoma
******
2) 3
Basal cell carcinoma
***
3) Squamous cell carcinoma 2
**
4) 2
Precancerous lesions of skin
**
Extras :
1) Hodgkin’s lymphoma / Nodular sclerosis variant / classification 10
**********
2) 4
Burkitt’s lymphoma (diffuse small non-cleaved )
****
3) 2
Reed sternburg cells
**

16
 FORENSIC MEDICINE
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
Clinical Forensic Medicine:
Define and classify ‘Medical negligence’.
Describe:
i) Defences available in a case of medical negligence.
ii) Functions of the Medical council of India.
iii) Give an account of criminal negligence.
1) (OR)
Define Medical Negligence.
****** 6
Describe the constituents of civil negligence.
Describe the consequences that a medical practitioner faces, if a case of negligence
is proved against him.
What are the defences available for a medical practitioner in a case of negligence.

Mention the data for identification of an individual.

Describe Dactylography.
How will you differentiate the male skull from the female skull?
(OR) ** 2
Define Identification. Add a note on the various factors which are helpful in the
2) process of identification of an individual.
Define Dactylography and briefly describe poroscopy.
How are finger prints recorded?
Mention their medico-legal importance.
* 1

*
What are the various features of identity?
Comment on the medico-legal significance of Hair in establishing identity 1

What are the various manifestations of insanity?

3) How is an insane patient restrained?
Mention the laws governing such restraints.
* 1

Define Professional secrecy.

4) What are the exceptions to it?
Elucidate some unethical practices, a medical practitioner should avoid.
* 1

Define professional misconduct. Give examples.

5) Discuss the Course of action taken against a medical practitioner in an alleged case
of infamous conduct.
* 1

Forensic Pathology:
Classify Violent (mechanical) asphyxial deaths.
Define Hanging. What are the different types?
Enumerate the causes of death, post mortem appearance and medico legal aspects
of hanging/death due to suicide by hanging.(can be asked along with
6)
Strangulation)
(OR) ********* 9
The body of a 21-year-old woman, married since 2 years, was brought with history of
hanging.
Describe the type of inquest, postmortem findings and cause of death in hanging.
How do you differentiate hanging from strangulation?
Enumerate the changes that occur in human body after death.
Write about the mechanism, order of appearance and disapperance, conditions
affecting Rigor mortis and its medico-legal importance. *** 3
Differentiate rigour mortis from cadaveric spasm.
Define death.
Describe the decomposition changes in a dead body.
Add a note on the estimation of time of death.
What is meant by time since death?
7) What is its importance?
Give an account of the factors which are helpful in estimating it

17
**** 4
 Define Death. **** 4
What are the types of death?
Describe the late changes after death.
An adult female dead body was found in a highly decomposed state with maggots
crawling all around it.
Describe the process of identification and estimation of time since death in this case.
Add a note on the precautions to be taken before and during autopsy.
Define and classify “Drowning”.
Describe the causes of death, salient postmortem findings, laboratory diagnosis and
8)
medico legal importance of a case of drowning/wet drowning. ****** 6
Add a note on Diatoms.

Define and classify Strangulation.

Describe:
9) (i) Salient postmortem findings in throttling ** 2
(ii) Causes of death in strangulation

List the types of thermal injuries.

10) How are burns classified?
Describe the causes of death and postmortem findings in a case of burns.
** 2

Define a Contusion.
Explain how a contusion is differentiated from a postmortem hypostasis.
How is the age of a contusion estimated?
** 2

Classify Mechanical injuries.

Write in detail about Abrasions. * 1

Define an injury. Classify the mechanical injuries.

11) Describe Grievous hurt.
* 1

Classify Mechanical injuries.

Write the differences between suicidal and homicidal cut throat wounds. * 1

Define and Classify injuries.

Describe the differences between an incised wound and an lacerated wound. * 1

What is suspended animation?

12) Comment on the early signs of causes of cellular death.
What are the modified methods of decomposition?
* 1

Classify injuries.
How would you estimate the age of abrasions and contusions?
13) Enumerate the differences between the entrance and exit wounds caused by a * 1
firearm.

Sexual Jurisprudence:
Define and classify Abortion.
Describe:
14) i) Complications and causes of death in criminal abortion * 1
ii) Indications for termination of pregnancy under the MTP Act, India

Classify Sexual offences and define Rape.

15) Describe the procedure of medico-legal examination of an alleged victim of
Rape.
* 1

Forensic Science:
Toxicology:

Classify Organo phosphorous compounds/Pesticide poisons.

Describe the symptoms, signs, mode of action, fatal dose, fatal period, treatment and
16) postmortem appearance in cases of Organophosphorus poisoning.
Mention the organs preserved for chemical analysis.
******* 7

Add a note on preservation of the viscera.

18
 Classify poisons/ Mention the poisons which can be identified by smell.
17) Describe the sources, signs and symptoms, treatment ,postmortem appearances
and medicolegal importance in acute methyl alcohol (methanol) poisoning.
***** 5

Classify poisons. Write in detail about barbiturate poisoning.

(OR)
18) Classify Barbiturates and mention their fatal dose. **** 4
Describe the mode of action and treatment of Phenobarbitone poisoning.
Define and Classify Poisons with suitable examples.
How will you manage a case of unknown poisoning at casualty.
Enumerate the duties of a doctor in a case of suspected poisoning.
19) (OR)
A 22-year-old man is brought to the casualty in a drowsy state.
**** 4
There is froth in his mouth with smell of kerosene.
How should a doctor proceed while treating the case?

Define ‘Drunkenness’.
Discuss the medico-legal importance of drunkenness.
Describe the procedure for examination and certification of a case of suspected
alcoholism.
20) Add a note on pathological intoxication.
(OR)
** 2
Describe the clinical effects and medico-legal significance of excessive alcohol
consumption.
How would you examine a person to determine if he was drunk?

Classify poisons.
Describe the signs and symptoms, clinical features, laboratory confirmation,
21) treatment and medico-legal importance in Lead / Chronic lead poisoning ** 2
(PLUMBISM).

Mention the differences between venomous and non- venomous snakes.

Write about the diagnosis and postmortem appearances in viper snake bite.
(OR)
A 15 year old boy was brought to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting,
22) drooping eyelids, headache, paralysis of facial muscles and convulsion. He also
gives a history of unknown bite on his foot.
** 2
(i) Identify the probable nature of the bite. Describe the diagnosis, first aid
management and hospital treatment of such a case.
(ii) Differentiate between features of poisonous and non-poisonous snake.

Enumerate the general principles of treating a case of poisoning.

Add a note on gastric lavage and antidotes. * 1

Define a Poison.
23) How are poisons classified?
Describe the factors influencing the effects of poisons in humans.
* 1

What is an Antidote?
Enumerate the different types and explain each giving suitable examples. * 1

Define and classify poisons with examples.

24) Describe the salient clinical features of Chronic Arsenic poisoning.
Tabulate the differences between acute arsenic poisoning and cholera.
* 1

Define and classify Asphyxiants.

25) Enumerate the clinical features and post mortem findings in case of Carbon
monoxide poisoning.
* 1

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

Clinical Forensic Medicine:
1) Hallucinations / Types of hallucinations
********* 9
2) Delusions
******* 7

19
3) Dactylography
******* 7
4) Professional misconduct / Infamous conduct
******* 7
5) Dying declaration
****** 6
6) Vicarious Responsibility / Liability / Respondent Superior
****** 6
7) Informed consent and its significance
**** 4
8) Doctrine of ‘Res ipsa loquitur’
**** 4
9) Lucid interval
**** 4
10) Superimposition
**** 4
11) Inquest / Magistrate inquest
**** 4
12) Mc. Naughten rules
**** 4
13) Privileged communication
*** 3
14) Section 84 I.P.C
*** 3
2
15) Contributory negligence and its value as a defence in medical litigation
**
16) Euthanasia
** 2
17) Tattoo marks
** 2
18) Impulse
** 2
19) State medical council
** 2
20) Restraint of the insane
** 2
21) Professional Secrecy
** 2
22) Method of recording oral evidence of a witness in a court of law 1
*
23) Factors affecting criminal responsibility of an individual
* 1
24) Barr body
* 1
25) Court procedures
* 1
26) Documentary evidence
* 1
27) Klinefelter’s syndrome
* 1
28) Medico - legal importance of various ages
* 1
29) Determination of time of death
* 1
30) Medico-legal importance of teeth
* 1
31) Warning notice
* 1
32) Gustaffson’s method
* 1
33) Hostile Witness
* 1
34) Dying Deposition
* 1
35) Penal Erasure
* 1
36) Malingering
* 1
37) Medico-legal importance of Hair
* 1
38) Court procedures
* 1
39) Medical Maloccurrance
* 1
40) Civil responsibilities of insane person
* 1
41) Criminal responsibilities of a mentally ill person
* 1

20
42) Intersex
* 1
43) Consumer protection act of 1986
* 1
44) Criminal negligence
* 1
45) Therapeutic misadventure
* 1
46) Illusion
* 1
47) Medical evidence
* 1
48) Subpoena
* 1
Forensic Pathology:
7
1) Grievous injury
*******
2) Fractures of the skull 6
******
3) Dowry death / Section 304-B I.P.C
**** 4
Medico-legal significance of hypostasis/postmortem lividity/ Livor mortis/ postmortem
4) staining. *** 3

5) Significance of examination of hyoid bone in medico-legal autopsy / Hyoid bone 3

***
6) 3
Causes of death in burns
***
3
7) Cadaveric spasm
***
3
8) Adipocere
***
3
9) Cafe Coronary
***
10) Abrasions 3
***
11) Rigor mortis 3
***
12) Strangulation / manual strangulation
*** 3
3
13) Laceration / Split Laceration
***
3
14) Contusions / Age of Contusion
***
15) Coup and Contrecoup injuries 2
**
2
16) Salient postmortem findings in a case of death due to drowning/wet drowning.
**
2
17) Diatom test (principles and usefulness)
**
18) Extradural haemorrhage 2
**
19) Mummification 2
**
20) Whiplash injury 2
**
2
21) Suspended animation
**
2
22) Post mortem differences between hanging and ligature strangulation
**
2
23) Entry and exit of a bullet wound - differentiate
**
24) Abrasion collar 1
*
25) Vagal inhibition 1
*
26) Differences between antemortem and postmortem injuries 1
*
27) Artefacts
* 1
1
28) Postmortem appearance in drowning
*
1
29) Filigree burns
*
21
 1
30) Medico-legal importance of air embolism
*
31) Heat hyperpyrexia 1
*
32) Joule’s burns 1
*
33) Medico - legal importance of cut throat injury 1
*
1
34) Partial Hanging
*
1
35) Objectives of medico-legal autopsy
*
1
36) Immersion syndrome
*
37) Subarachnoid Haemorrhage 1
*
38) Brain death 1
*
39) Postmortem interval ( time since death ) 1
*
40) Post-mortem findings in a case of Throttling
* 1
1
41) Autoerotic asphyxia
*
1
42) Defence wound
*
1
43) Shot gun injuries
*
44) Classification of burn injuries 1
*
45) Electrocution 1
*
46) Frost bite
* 1
1
47) Choking
*
1
48) Changes in the eye after death
*
Sexual Jurisprudence:
1) 7
Battered baby syndrome
*******
2) 4
Sodomy
****
3) 3
Medical termination of Pregnancy act of 1971
***
4) 3
Rape/ Section 375 I.P.C
***
5) Signs of Live birth / recent delivery 3
***
Objectives of the medical examination / general examination of a victim in an
6) alleged case of rape ** 2

7) 2
Definitive/confirmatory signs of delivery
**
8) 2
Sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)
**
9) Artificial insemination / medico-legal aspects of Artificial insemination 2
**
10) Complications of criminal abortion 2
**
11) Objectives of medical examination of a victim in an alleged case of rape
* 1
12) Rape trauma syndrome 1
*
1
13) Causes of impotence in a male
*
14) Surrogate mother 1
*
1
15) Superfoetation
*
16) Classification of Sexual offences 1
*
17) Precipitate labour 1
*
22
18) Infanticide 1
*
19) Unnatural sexual offences 1
*
20) Lochia 1
*
21) Sexual perversions 1
*
22) False virgin 1
*
23) Features of dead born child 1
*
Forensic Science:
1) Value of blood group examination in determination of paternity
* 1
2) Locard’s principles of exchange
* 1
Toxicology:
1) Plumbism / Features of chronic lead poisoning
*********** 11

2) Mode of action of cyanide on the human body and treatment of cyanide poisoning
********* 9
Treatment of snake bite 8
3)
********
Management/treatment of organophosphorus compound poisoning 4
4)
****
5) Antidotes (definition and types) 4
****
6) Ideal homicidal poison 4
****
Clinical features and management of methyl alcohol poisoning 3
7)
***
8) Drug automatism 3
***
9) Vitriolage 3
***
10) Botulism 2
**
11) Strychnine poisoning 2
**
12) Carboluria / Carbolism 2
**
13) Gastric Lavage 2
**
14) Phossy jaw 2
**
15) Cholinesterase reactivators 1
*
16) Features of chronic lead poisoning 1
*
17) Lathyrus sativus 1
*
18) Xanthoproteic reaction 1
*
19) Mercurialism 1
*
20) Mechanism of action of organophosphorus poisoning 1
*
21) Universal antidote 1
*
22) Aflatoxins 1
*
23) Carbon monoxide poisoning 1
*
24) Paracetamol overdose 1
*
25) Drug dependence 1
*
26) Food poisoning 1
*
27) Body packer’s syndrome 1
*
28) Toxalbumin 1
*
29) Treatment of Barbiturate poisoning 1
*
30) Responsibilities of a doctor in suspected case of poisoning 1
*
23
31) Signs and symptoms of Datura poisoning 1
*
32) Chelating agents 1
*
33) Scorpion sting 1
*
34) Abrus precatorius 1
*
35) Activated charcoal 1
*
36) Hydrargyrism / mercury poisoning 1
*

24
 PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER 1
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
General Pharmacology:
Define Biotransformation.
1) Describe the types of biotransformation and their importance in the body.
Explain the various factors that modify Biotransformation.
*** 3

2) Discuss the factors that modify Drug action.

* 1
Describe the various Routes of Drug Administration with suitable examples.
3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Intravenous administration of drugs? * 1

Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System:

Classify Anti-cholinergic drugs.
Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, adverse effects and
uses of Atropine and its substitutes.
****
(OR)
A 50-yr old farmer was admitted with complaints of sweating, salivation, blurring of
vision, lacrimation, involuntary urination and defaecation and giddiness. ON
4) examination a clinical diagnosis of Anti-cholinesterase Poisoning was made. 5
a) Name the 3 drugs that can produce the above condition.
b) Name the drugs that can be used to treat the above patient and explain their *
mechanisms of action.
c) Explain briefly the mechanism of action and uses of reversible anticholinestrases.
d) Outline the treatment for carbamate poisoning.

Classify Beta blockers.

5) Discuss the cardiovascular actions, indications, contraindications and adverse
effects of Propranolol.
*** 3

Classify Adrenergic drugs / Sympathomimetics.

6) Write the pharmacological actions and uses of Adrenaline. * 1

Autacoids:
Classify NSAIDS.
Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of
Salicylates/Aspirin/Acetylsalicylic acid. *****
Add a note on selective COX 2 inhibitors.
7) 6
(OR)

*
Classify NSAIDS.
Describe the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of COX-2
inhibitors.

Drugs acting on Peripheral (Somatic) Nervous System:

Drugs on Central Nervous System:

Classify Hypnotics and Sedatives.
8) Describe the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Benzodiazepines /
Diazepam.
******** 8

Classify Anti-epileptic drugs/Anti-convulsants.

Explain the mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of Valproate/Phenytoin
sodium. ******
Add a note on the treatment of Status Epilepticus / Febrile seizure.
(OR)
A 20 yr old student, with a history of grand cal epilepsy was found on the play ground
9) having a severe attack of seizures. He was immediately admitted to the hospital
7
where initial treatment was given. Despite continuous administration of anti epileptic
drugs, the patient continued to have convulsions.
a) What is status epilepticus? How would you treat it?
*
b) Describe the mechanism of actions of TWO anti-epiletic drugs
c) What are the adverse effects of THREE commonly used anti epileptic drugs?

25
 Classify Opiod Analgesics.
10) Describe the pharmacological actions, uses , adverse effects and contraindications
of Morphine.
****** 6

Classify and enumerate General anaesthetics.

What is dissociative anaesthesia?
Mention the drug that causes it.
Explain why thiopentone sodium is called Ultra short acting barbiturate.
11)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Sevoflurane.
(OR) *** 3
Classify General Anaesthesia.
Mention the stages of anaesthesia.
Write the pharmacology of Halothane.
Write the merits and demerits of two commonly used inhalation anaesthetics.

Classify Antipsychotic drugs.

12) Explain the mechanism of action, pharmacological action, adverse effects and uses
of Chlorpromazine.
* 1

Classify Antidepressants.
13)
Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacological action and adverse effects of
tricyclic antidepressants. * 1
Add a note on drugs used for bipolar disorders.

14) Discuss the drug therapy of Parkinsonism. * 1

Cardiovascular Drugs:
Classify Antihypertensive agents.
Describe the MOA, Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Calcium Channel
Blockers.
**
(OR)
Classify Antihypertensive agents.
Describe the MOA, Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors/ ********
Captopril.
(OR)
Classify Antihypertensive agents. *
Describe the MOA, Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Clonidine.
(OR)
A 50 year old obese and anxious man came for consultation with a history of
headache and breathlessness on walking briskly or on climbing stairs. His physical
15) examination showed no abnormality. Laboratory investigations showed normal blood 12
glucose, liver and kidney functions. Urine examination was also non contributory.
ECG recordings were within normal limits. The only positive finding was a raised
blood pressure of 160/106 mm on repeated examinations. A diagnosis of essential
hypertension was made:
a) What will be your initial line of management in the first 4 weeks? *
b) If there is no improvement after 4 weeks, what other drugs would you choose for
this patient?
c) Give 2 adverse effects of the drug you have chosen.
d) Name 2 other drugs belonging to different pharmacological groups that could be
used to treat the same condition.
e) Describe the mechanism of action of the two drugs chosen above.
f) Name the drug that could cause an elevated blood pressure on prolonged use.
Classify Anti-anginal drugs.
Explain the routes of administration, MOA, uses and adverse effects of Nitrates/
Calcium channel blockers. ********
Add a note on the management of Myocardial infarction.
(OR)

26
 (OR)
A 60 yr old male was bought to the casualty with a complaint if severe pain over the
16) chest. On examination a clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction was made. 9
a) What are the drugs used to manage the above condition?
b) Write briefly the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of
Nitrates. *
c) Name a drug contraindicated in variant angina.
d) Name the 3 calcium channel blockers. Explain briefly the mechanism of action,
adverse effects and uses of Nifedipine.
What are the drugs used in Cardiac failure?
Write briefly on the pharmacological action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of
Digitalis.
**
(OR)
What are the drugs used in Cardiac failure?
Write briefly on the pharmacological action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of
ACE inhibitors.
*
Discuss the role of Beta blockers in congestive cardiac failure.
(OR)
Discuss the pharmacotherapy of congestive cardiac failure.
17) Describe the rationale for the use of each agent.
* 5
(OR)
A 48- yr old business executive was admitted with breathlessness and oedema. ON
examination he had raised JVP, bilateral pedal oedema and basal crepitations.
Diagnosis of congestive cardiac failure was made.
A) i) What drug will you choose to treat him?
ii) What is the mechanism of action of the drug chosen by you?
iii) Give 2 adverse effects of the drug.
*
B) I) What other drugs may be used to treat the same condition?
ii) Mention the MOA of ay 2 of them.
C) What is the mechanism of action of nitrates in angina?

Classify Anti arrhythmic drugs.

18) Write the mechanism of action, adverse effects and drug interactions of Quinidine.
Add a note on the use of Lignocaine in cardiac arrhythmias.
* 1

A) A 55 yr old Business executive, with a history of occasional asthmatic attacks,

consults you for recurrent headache. He is overweight. Physical examination
revealed nothing significant; BP was 160/100 mmHg. All lab tests done were within
normal limits except for random blood sugar which was slightly elevated. He
appeared tense.
i) What non-drug treatment would you advise regarding BP control?
ii) What would be the drug of choice for this patient? Give reasons for choosing this
drug.
19) iii) What are the expected side effects of the chosen drug?
B) How do thiazides act as antihypertensives?
* 1

C) Mention two common side effects of thiazides.

D) What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin in congestive cardiac failure?
E) Mention 2 side effects of digoxin.
F) What is the common drug interaction between digoxin and thiazide? What is its
significance?
G) How does enalapril act in congestive cardiac failure?
H) What is the MOA of low dose aspirin?

Drugs acting on Kidney:

Classify Diuretics.
20)
Write the MOA, uses and toxicities of Furosemide and Benzothiazide. **** 4

Classify Diuretics.
21)
Write the MOA, uses and adverse effects of Potassium sparing diuretics. * 1

Classify Diuretics.
22) Write the MOA, uses and toxicities of Thiazides. * 1

Drugs affecting Blood and Blood Formation:

EXTRAS:

27
 Classify the drugs used in the treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
1) Describe briefly the pharmacology of ‘ First line’ drugs. ** 2

Classify Anti-Diabetic drugs.

2) Mention the adverse effects of any THREE drugs belonging to different groups. ** 2

Classify Penicillins.
3) Explain in detail the spectrum and adverse effects of Amoxycillin. * 1

Define Chemoprophylaxis. Classify drugs used in Malaria.

4) Explain the MOA, uses and adverse effects of Chloroquine. * 1

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

General Pharmacology:
1) Bioavailability
****** 6
2) Biotransformation
***** 5
3) Drug antagonism
**** 4
4) Transdermal therapeutic systems
**** 4
5) Plasma protein binding of drugs
*** 3
6) First pass metabolism
*** 3
7) Plasma half life of drug
*** 3
8) Teratogenicity / Teratogenic agents
*** 3
9) Sublingual route
*** 3
10) Competitive antagonism with examples
*** 3
11) Methods to prolong drug action
*** 3
12) Drug tolerance
** 2
13) Factors affecting oral absorption of drugs
** 2
14) Intravenous route - advantages with examples
** 2
15) Tachyphylaxis
** 2
16) Pharmacogenetics
** 2
17) Rational use of drugs
* 1
18) Conjugation reactions
* 1
19) Enzyme induction and its Clinical significance
* 1
20) Newer drug delivery systems
* 1
21) Therapeutic index
* 1
22) Essential drugs
* 1
23) Drug synergism
* 1
24) Oral vs parental administration of drugs
* 1
25) Oral administration - advantages and disadvantages with examples
* 1
26) Routes of administration of drugs with examples
* 1
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System:
8
1) Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning
********
6
2) Atropine - therapeutic uses and synthetic substitutes
******
3) Beta blockers - therapeutic uses and adverse effects
****** 6
28
 6
4) Dopamine
******
5) 5
Drug treatment for acute congestive glaucoma / Chemotherapy of glaucoma
*****
6) 4
Cholinesterase Reactivators
****
3
7) Alpha blockers- therapeutic uses and adverse effects
***
8) Nasal decongestants 3
***
9) 2
Adrenaline in shock
**
10) Atenolol 2
**
11) Indirectly acting Cholinomimetics 1
*
12) Carvedilol 1
*
13) Amphetamine 1
*
14) Pilocarpine 1
*
15) Adrenergic drugs - therapeutic uses 1
*
1
16) Prazosin
*
1
17) Miotics
*
18) Beta2 stimulants - uses and side effects
* 1
Autacoids:
1) 4
Second generation antihistamines/ Non sedating antihistamines
****
2) 3
Prostaglandin analogues - uses and adverse effects
***
3) 3
Prostaglandin - therapeutic uses
***
4) 3
Drug therapy of acute attack of Migraine
***
5) 3
Paracetamol
***
6) 2
Allopurinol
**
TNF- ⍺ inhibitor 1
7)
*
8) 1
Drugs acting on COX pathway
*
9) COX- 2 inhibitors 1
*
10) Selective COX - 2 inhibitors 1
*
11) Diclofenac sodium 1
*
12) Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs 1
*
13) New H1 antihistamines 1
*
1
14) Ibuprofen - MOA and uses
*
15) Indomethacin 1
*
Drugs acting on Peripheral (Somatic) Nervous System:
1) Lignocaine (Lidocaine)
********* 9
2) Succinylcholine
**** 4
3) Skeletal muscle relaxants
** 2
4) Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants
** 2
5) Pancuronium
** 2
6) Local anaesthesia - Uses and techniques
** 2

29
7) d - tubocurarine
** 2
8) Directly acting skeletal muscle relaxants
* 1
9) Baclofen
* 1
10) Differences between d- Tubocurarine and succinylcholine
* 1
11) Dantrolene
* 1
Drugs on Central Nervous System:
1) Pre anaesthetic medication 9
*********
2) Treatment of methyl alcohol poisoning 7
*******
Phenytoin sodium 6
3)
******
4) Ketamine 5
*****
5) Opiod antagonist
**** 4
6) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) 3
***
7) Sodium valproate / Valproic acid 3
***
Diazepam 3
8)
***
Morphine - MOA and uses 3
9)
***
10) Carbamazepine 2
**
11) Halothane / Merits and demerits of halothane as general anaesthetic 2
**
12) Benzodiazepines - uses 2
**
13) Newer anti epileptics 2
**
14) Intravenous anaesthetic agents 2
**
15) Lithium 2
**
16) Drug induced Parkinsonism 2
**
17) Antitussives 2
**
18) Atypical neuroleptics / anti-psychotics 2
**
19) Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors 2
**
20) Neuroleptoanalgesia 2
**
21) Treatment of status epilepticus 2
**
1
22) Haloperidol
*
23) Side effects of Typical antipsychotics 1
*
24) Non - Benzodiazepine hypnotics 1
*
25) Inhalation anaesthetic agents 1
*
26) Tricyclic antidepressants 1
*
27) Antidepressants 1
*
28) Advantages of benzodiazepines over barbiturates as sedative hypnotics 1
*
29) Proton pump inhibitors 1
*
30) Drugs used in alcohol deaddiction programme 1
*
31) Atypical antidepressants 1
*
32) Amphetamine 1
*
33) Tramadol 1
*
30
 Cardiovascular Drugs:
1) Calcium channel blockers/ Uses of CCB 4
****
2) ACE inhibitors 4
****
3) Digoxin in cardiac failure 3
***
4) Losartan 3
***
5) Angiotensin II receptor blockers and its uses 2
**
6) 2
Drugs used in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies
**
7) Nitroglycerine / Glyceryl trinitrate 2
**
8) Drugs used in CCF 2
**
9) Cardiselective beta blockers 1
*
10) Uses of nitrates in angina 1
*
11) Drugs used in angina pectoris 1
*
12) Enalapril 1
*
13) Amiodarone 1
*
14) Vasodilators 1
*
15) Plasma expanders 1
*
16) Potassium channel openers 1
*
17) Classification of antihypertensive drugs 1
*
Drugs acting on Kidney:
1) Furosemide 6
******
2) Loop diuretics 6
******
3) Thiazide diuretics 3
***
3
4) Spironolactone
***
5) Potassium sparing diuretics 3
***
6) Mannitol 2
**
7) Vasopressin - uses 1
*
8) High ceiling diuretics 1
*
9) Drugs used to treat oedema 1
*
Drugs affecting Blood and Blood Formation:
1) Low molecular weight Heparins 8
********
2) Fibrinolytics / thrombolytics 6
******
3) Anti platelet drugs - uses and side effects 4
****
4) Warfarin - uses and side effects 4
****
5) HMG- CoA reductase inhibitors 4
****
6) Atorvastatin 3
***
7) Heparin vs Warfarin 3
***
8) Clopidogrel 2
**
9) Oral anticoagulants 1
*
10) Rosuvastatin 1
*
11) Alteplase 1
*
12) Parentral iron preparations 1
*
13) Aspirin - MOA as anti platelet drug 1
*
14) Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia 1
*
31
 EXTRAS:
1) Disodium cromoglycate 3
***
2) Treatment of peptic ulcer 3
***
3) Vitamin D 2
**
4) Drugs used in the treatment of bronchial asthma 2
**
5) Uses and Adverse effects of corticosteroids 2
**
6) Oral contraceptive agents - MOA and adverse effects 2
**
7) Drugs used for acute bronchial asthma 2
**
8) Cotrimoxazole 1
*
9) Proton pump inhibitors 1
*
10) Uses of ⍺- tocopherol 1
*
11) Bronchodilators 1
*
12) Oral hypoglycaemic agents 1
*
13) Methotrexate 1
*
14) Ascorbic acid / vitamin C 1
*
15) Insulin sensitisers 1
*
16) Amino glycoside antibiotics 1
*
17) Advantages of aerosol therapy in bronchial asthma 1
*
18 Treatment of vivid malaria 1
*
19) Fat soluble vitamins - indications and uses 1
*
20) Vitamin B12 and folic acid 1
*

32
 PHARMACOLOGY - PAPER 2
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
Respiratory System Drugs:
Enumerate the drugs used for Bronchial asthma.
1) Describe the MOA, uses and adverse effects of Salbutamol.
Write the management of Status asthmaticus.
** 2

Hormones and Related Drugs:

Classify Oral hypoglycaemic drugs
Describe the MOA, uses, adverse effects and drug interactions of Sulfonylureas. *****
Add a note on Human insulin.
Classify Anti-diabetic drugs.
Describe the MOA, uses, adverse effects and drug interactions of Oral
hypoglycaemic drugs/ insulins. ****
Add a note on the indications of insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2) Enumerate the hormones secreted by the pancreas. 11
Describe in detail the drugs used in type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Mention the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
*
A 50-year-old woman is diagnosed as diabetes mellitus.
a) What are the drugs recommended for the above condition?
b) Explain briefly the MOA, uses, adverse effects and uses of Glibenclamide.
c) What are the insulin sensitizers? Mention 2 important uses.
*
d) Explain the principles in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Classify Corticosteroids/Glucocorticoids.
3)
Describe the MOA, uses and adverse effects of Glucocorticoids/
Hydrocortisone(Cortisol) /Prednisolone. ********** 10
Add a note on hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) suppression.
Classify Anti-thyroid drugs.

*****
Explain the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, contraindications and adverse
4) effects of Propylthiouracil or any 2 groups of anti-thyroid agents. 5
Add a note on the drugs used in the treatment of thyrotoxic crisis.

Gastrointestinal Drugs:
Classify Anti-ulcer agents/ drugs used for Peptic ulcer.

********
Explain the MOA, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Proton pump
inhibitors / Omeprazole.
Add a note on the treatment of H.pylori infection. 9
5)
Explain the regulation of gastric acid secretion and the site of action of drugs
influencing the same.
Add a note on the treatment of H.pylori infection.
*
Describe the MOA of Magnesium sulphate and Bisacodyl.
6) State the unwanted effects of Liquid paraffin.
Write briefly on Lactulose.
* 1

Antimicrobial Drugs :
Classify the drugs used in the treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Describe briefly the pharmacology of ‘ First line’ drugs/ INH and Ethambutol/
Rifampicin.
Add a note on therapeutic regimen for treatment of TB (DOTS regimen)/ RNTCP or
***********
the role of corticosteroids in the treatment of TB.

33
 A 35-year-old man is admitted with a h/o cough and fever of 3 months duration.
Sputum for AFB was positive and x-ray chest showed right apical cavitation and a
diagnosis of pulmonary TB was made.
a) What would be the line of management?
b) Why are drugs used in combination to treat tuberculosis? *
c) Mention 2 adverse effects each for three anti-TB drugs.
7) d) How would you prevent some of the known adverse effects of anti-TB drugs? 13
e) What drugs are given for treating drug resistant TB?

A 20-year-old woman was admitted with fever, neck stiffness and convulsions.
Lumbar pressure showed that the cerebrospinal fluid was under increased pressure
with raised protein and lowered sugar. Microbiological examination revealed AFB
and a diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis was made.
a) What would be your line of treatment?
b) How long should the treatment be given? *
c) Why do we use a combination of drugs in treating tuberculosis?
d) Mention 4 adverse effects of drugs used in TB meningitis.
e) what is the rationale for including pyridoxine in the treatment plan?
f) Mention 2 second line of drugs for treating tuberculosis.
Classify Anti-Malarial drugs.
Explain the MOA, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Chloroquine.
Add a note on the management of Chloroquine resistant malaria/Prophylaxis of *******
malaria/ Artimisinin derivatives.
A 30-year-old man was admitted with a history of fever and chills of 3 days duration.
He was investigated and a diagnosis of Falciparum malaria was made.
8) 8
a) How will you treat the above condition?
b) What are the newer drugs available to treat malaria and what are their adverse
effects? *
c) Give an example of a radical curative. How does it act?
d) Name the drugs useful in preventing malarial infections and outline their
mechanisms of action.

Classify Penicillins.
Explain in detail the spectrum and adverse effects of Amoxycillin/semi synthetic
penicillins.
Discuss the advantages of semi synthetic penicillins over natural penicillins. **
Add a note beta lactamase inhibitors.

9) Classify Penicillins. 4
Describe the MOA, spectrum of action, uses and toxicities of Benzyl Penicillin/
Natural penicillin.
*
Classify Chemotherapeutic agents according to their MOA.
Mention the uses and adverse effects of penicillins.
Mention the treatment of Anaphylactic shock.
*
Classify Anti-amoebic drugs.
10) Explain the MOA, adverse effects and uses of Nitroimidazoles/Metronidazole. ** 2

Classify Cephalosporins.
11) Explain the MOA, spectrum activities, adverse effects and clinical uses of III
generation Cephalosporins.
** 2

Classify Aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Describe the MOA, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and guidelines for dosing
12) regimen of Gentamicin. ** 2
Add a note on antibiotics used for treatment of pseudomonas infection.

Classify Fluoroquinolones.
13) Explain the MOA, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Second generation
fluoroquinolones.
** 2

What are Broad spectrum antibiotics?

14) Discuss the MOA, uses and adverse effects of Tetracyclines. * 1

34
 What are Beta-lactam antibiotics?
15) Discuss the spectrum, MOA, uses and adverse effects of Carbenicillin. * 1

Classify Anti-fungal drugs.

16) Describe the MOA, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and drug interaction of
Fluconazole.
* 1

A 14-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with h/o continuous fever and head
ache of 10 days duration. A diagnosis of enteric fever was made after appropriate
investigation.
a) (i) What drug will you choose to treat him?
(ii) Give the MOA of the chosen drug.
(iii) Give 2 adverse effects of this drug.
17) b) (i) What other drugs can be used to treat the same condition?
(ii) Describe the MOA of any 2 of the drugs.
* 1
c) The same patient also had abdominal pain and stool examination revealed book
worm infestation.
(i) Give the drug of choice for treatment.
(ii) What are the common side effects of antihelminthic therapy?
(iii) How would you treat iron deficiency anaemia in this patient?

A) A 45-year-old woman was diagnosed to have pulmonary TB. Her sputum was
found to be AFB positive and x-rays showed bilateral multiple cavities in the lung.
She was cachectic and weighed only 35 kg.
(I) What would be the first line of treatment?
(II) Mention 4 common adverse effects of the anti-tuberculous drugs.
(III) State the rationale for including pyridoxine in Anti-tuberculous regimen.
B) Name a drug used to prevent antenatal transmission of AIDS in pregnancy. How
does it act?
18) C) What is ‘Radical curative’ in malaria? Name one such drug. * 1
D) What drugs are useful in chloroquine-resistant malaria? Mention the MOA of any
one of them.
E) How does metronidazole act as an anti amoebic drug?
F) Mention the mechanism of action of Fluoroquinolones. Mention 2 of their
important side effects.
G) What are the antibiotics useful in the treatment of enteric fever?
H) What is sequential blockade? Give an example.

Chemotherapy:
Immunopharmacology:
Miscellaneous Drugs:

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

Respiratory System Drugs:
1) Mucolytic agents / Mucosal protective agents
**** 4
2) Leukotriene antagonists
**** 4
3) Bronchodilators
**** 4
4) Inhalational steroids in bronchial asthma
*** 3
5) Cough suppressants
** 2
6) Salbutamol
* 1
Hormones and Related Drugs:
1) Insulin / Newer insulins / Human insulins
****** 6
4
2) Bisphosphonates
****
3) 4
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)/ Tamoxifen citrate
****
4) 4
Uterine relaxants / Tocolytics
****
35
 4
5) Adverse effects of hormonal/oral contraceptives
****
6) 4
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs
****
7) 3
Mifepristone
***
8) Propylthiouracil 3
***
9) Anti androgens 2
**
10) Drugs contraindicated in pregnancy 2
**
11) 2
Antithyroid drugs and their side effects
**
12) Metformin 2
**
13) Clomiphene citrate 2
**
2
14) Sulfonyureas in DM
**
2
15) Finasteride
**
2
16) Therapeutic uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids
**
17) 5⍺- reductase inhibitors 1
*
1
18) DPP-4 inhibitors
*
19) Topical glucocorticoids 1
*
20) Beclomethasone 1
*
21) Hydrocortisone 1
*
1
22) Problems of prolonged use of corticosteroids
*
1
23) Pioglitazone
*
1
24) Carbimazole
*
25) Misoprostol 1
*
26) Mechanism of action of Metformin, Glipizide and Acarbose 1
*
27) Oxytocin 1
*
1
28) Ergometrine
*
1
29) Anabolic steroids
*
1
30) Biguanides
*
31) Combination oral contraceptives 1
*
32) Obstetrical uses of prostaglandins 1
*
33) Insulin resistance 1
*
1
34) Drugs used in the treatment of adult-onset DM and their MOA
*
1
35) Testosterone - Uses and adverse effects
*
1
36) MOA of glucocorticoids as anti inflammatory agent and their adverse effects
*
37) Drug therapy of hyperthyroidism / thyrotoxic crisis 1
*
38) Treatment of Diabetic coma 1
*
Gastrointestinal Drugs:
1) 9
Metoclopramide / Prokinetcis drugs
*********
36
2) Proton pump inhibitors ***** 5

3) 4
Ondansetron
****
4) 3
Antiemetics
***
5) H2 blockers / H2 receptor antagonists 3
***
6) 3
Omeprazole
***
7) 1
Osmotic purgatives
*
8) 1
Antacids
*
9) 1
H. Pylori eradication therapy
*
10) Misoprostol 1
*
11) Cisapride 1
*
Antimicrobials Drugs :
1) Rifampicin
****** 6
2) Lepra reaction
***** 5
3) Fluconazole
***** 5
4) Albendazole
***** 5
5) Ciprofloxacin
**** 4
6) Beta - lactamase inhibitors
**** 4
7) Azoles as antifungals / Antifungal antibiotics
**** 4
8) Metronidazole
**** 4
9) Benzyl penicillin - Disadvantages
**** 4
10) Topical antifungals
*** 3
11) HAART regimen / anti HIV regimen
*** 3
12) Dapsone
*** 3
13) Third generation Cephalosporins / Ceftriaxone
*** 3
14) Aminoglycosides ( Indication and adverse effects )
*** 3
15) Acyclovir
*** 3
16) Mebendazole
*** 3
17) Chloroquine
*** 3
18) Macrolide antibiotics / Newer Macrolides
*** 3
19) Anti malarial drugs and treatment of resistant forms of malaria
*** 3
20) Azithromycin
** 2
21) Isoniazid / isonicotinic acid hydrazide
** 2
22) Ketoconazole
** 2
23) MOA and therapeutic uses of Penicillins
** 2
24) Aminopenicillins / Ampicillin
** 2
25) Chemotherapy of Leprosy
** 2
26) Treatment of MRSA infection
* 1
27) Luminal amoebicides
* 1
28) Pyrazinamide
* 1

37
29) Artemisinin based combination therapy
* 1
30) Use of chloroquine in malaria
* 1
31) Mefloquine
* 1
32) Zidovudine
* 1
33) First line drugs in TB
* 1
34) Super infection (Supra infection)
* 1
35) Treatment of plague
* 1
36) Amphotericin - B
* 1
37) Amikacin
* 1
38) Quinine
* 1
39) Sparfloxacin
* 1
40) Clofazimine
* 1
41) Miconazole
* 1
42) Antipseuodmonal penicillins
* 1
43) Protease Inhibitors
* 1
44) Fluoroquinoones - therapeutic uses
* 1
45) Drugs used in urinary tract infections
* 1
Chemotherapy:
1) Methotrexate/ Folic acid analogue used in cancer chemotherapy 11
***********
2) Anticancer antibiotics 2
**
3) Adverse effects of anticancer drugs 2
**
4) Cisplatin 2
**
5) Toxicity amelioration of anticancer drugs 1
*
6) Vinca alkaloids 1
*
7) Anticancer drugs 1
*
8) General toxicities of cytotoxic agents 1
*
9) L- asparaginase 1
*
10) Chemoprophylaxis 1
*
Immunopharmacology:
1) Immunosuppressive drugs and its uses 5
*****
Cyclosporine 5
2)
*****
3) Methotrexate 2
**
Immunoglobulins 1
4)
*
5) Anti- D immunoglobulin
* 1
Miscellaneous Drugs:
1) Dimercaprol/ British anti - Lewisite 5
*****
2) d - Penicillamine 5
*****
3) Drugs for Acne vulgaris / Benzoyl peroxide 4
****
Desferrioxamine 2
4)
**
38
5) Drugs used for scabies / Ectoparasiticides 2
**
6) Drugs used in the treatment of Glaucoma 2
**
7) Antioxidant vitamins 1
*
8) Melanizing agents 1
*
9) Therapeutic uses of Vitamin D 1
*
10) Vitamin E 1
*
11) Sunscreens 1
*
12) Mydriatics 1
*
13) Role of beta blockers in Glaucoma 1
*
1
14) Retinoids in dermato pharmacology
*
15) Fenisteride 1
*
EXTRAS:
1) 5
Second generation anti histamines / Non-sedating antihistamines or H1 blockers
*****
2) Succinyl choline 1
*
3) Newer antihistamines 1
*
4) Drug treatment of chronic gout 1
*
5) Iron 1
*
6) Actions of histamine 1
*

39
 MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER I
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
General Bacteriology:
Define and Classify Sterilisation methods.
Describe the various methods of Moist heat sterilisation.
Add a note on sterilisation of the operation theatre in your hospital.
(OR)
1) Define and classify sterilisation methods. ************* 13
Describe the method of sterilisation by Steam under pressure (Autoclave).
(OR)
Define Sterilisation. List the methods of sterilisation. Discuss their applications in
medical practice.
Describe the Morphology/ structure/anatomy of a bacterial cell with a diagram.
2) Describe the cell wall and extracellular components of a bacterial cell in detail. ******** 8

Enumerate Chemical Disinfectants.

Describe the characteristics of an ideal disinfectant.
Explain the modes of action and efficacy testing of a disinfectant.
3) (OR) *** 3
Define sterilisation and disinfection. Write in detail about chemical disinfectants.
Enumerate the methods of testing disinfectants.

Enumerate and describe the various mechanisms of Gene transfer.

Describe the mechanisms of Drug resistance in bacteria and the measures taken
4) to overcome them. *** 3
Explain in detail Transformation.

Classify Bacteria according to their shape citing examples.

5) Describe the Bacterial growth curve. * 1

Immunology:
Define and Classify Hypersensitivity reactions.
Outline the principle of various types of hypersensitivity reactions.
6) Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Anaphylaxis / Type
I hypersensitivity.
**************** 16

Add a note on atopy.

*********
Define and Classify Immunity.
7) Describe in detail Acquired/Active immunity with suitable examples. 9

Classify Immunoglobulin.
8) Describe their structure, properties and functions each of the classes of
immunoglobulins. ( or IgG separately )
****** 6

Enumerate antigen - antibody reactions.

9) Describe the agglutination reactions with suitable examples.
Add a note on their clinical application.
**** 4

Define and Classify Immunity.

10) Describe in detail about Innate immunity with suitable examples. * 1

*
Enumerate antigen - antibody reactions.
11) Describe Precipitation reactions with suitable examples. 1

Describe the source and modes of transmission of Infection.

12) Add a note on the prevention of hospital acquired infection. * 1

Systemic Bacteriology: PAPER I PAPER II I II

Classify Mycobacteria.

********
Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Pulmonary
Tuberculosis.
13) ****** 9 6
(OR)
Describe the morphology , cultural characteristics and lab diagnosis of *
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

40
 Enumerate the bacteria causing enteric fever/Classify Salmonellae.
Describe the Etiopathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Enteric fever.
14) (OR)
Classify Enterobacteriaceae. ******** ***** 8 5
Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Typhoid fever.

Classify Vibrios.
Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of Cholera.
(OR)
Enumerate the bacterial pathogens causing Diarrhoea.
15) Describe the morphology cultural characteristics, lab diagnosis and prevention of
Vibrio cholera.
******* ***** 7 5
(OR)
Enumerate the bacterial pathogens causing Acute gastroenteritis.
Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of Cholera.

Classify Streptococci.
Give a brief account of the toxins, enzymes and infections produced by
Streptococcus Pyogenes.
Add a note on the lab diagnosis of infections caused by the same.
(OR)
16) Classify Streptococci.
Describe the pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of Streptococci pyogenes.
****** *** 6 3
(OR)
Classify Streptococci.
Write in detail about Group A streptococcus giving their cultural characteristics,
pathogensis and lab diagnosis.

Classify Clostridia.
17) Enumerate the toxins of Clostridium Welchii.
Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Gas gangrene.
**** *** 4 3

Classify Spirochetes and name the diseases caused by them/ Enumerate the
18) organism causing Sexually transmitted diseases. *** *** 3 3
Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis.

Enumerate the organisms causing Bacterial Meningitis.

19) Describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
and prevention of any one of them / Pneumococcal Meningitis.
** 2

Classify Clostridia.
20) Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Tetanus. * * 1 1

Enumerate the bacteria causing zoonotic infections.

21) Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis. * 1 1

22) Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Diphtheria. ** 2

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

General Bacteriology:
1) Bacterial flagella
*************** 15
2) Anaerobic culture methods
************* 13
3) 12
Antimicrobial (Antibiotic) susceptibility tests
************
4) Bacterial growth curve
********* 9
5) Mutation
******** 8
6) Bacterial spores
******* 7
7) Sterilization by filtration / bacterial filters
****** 6
8) Transport media
***** 5
9) Chemical sterilants / disinfectants
***** 5
10) Drug resistance/ Antibiotic resistance/Transferable drug resistance
***** 5
11) Bacterial capsule 5
*****
41
12) Moist heat sterilisation methods
**** 4
13) Plasmids
**** 4
14) Koch’s postulates
*** 3
15) Conjugation
*** 3
16) Autoclave
*** 3
17) Gaseous disinfectants
*** 3
18) Exotoxins and endotoxins
*** 3
19) Hot air oven
** 2
20) Structure and functions of bacterial cell wall
** 2
21) Contributions of Louis Pasteur
** 2
22) Enrichment media
** 2
23) Uses of selective culture media in laboratory diagnosis
* 1
24) Sterilization by radiation
* 1
25) Selective media
* 1
26) Transduction 1
*
27) Cell wall deficient forms of bacteria
* 1
28) Tyndallisation * 1

Immunology:
1) 14
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
**************
12
2) Immunoglobulin G
************
9
3) T cells / T lymphocytes
*********
9
4) Passive immunity / natural passive immunity
*********
5) 7
Acquired / Active immunity / Artificial active immunity
*******
6) 7
Anaphylaxis/ Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
*******
7) Agglutination reactions
******* 7

8) Type IV hypersensitivity reactions / Delayed hypersensitivity

****** 6

9) 8
Allograft reaction / Graft versus host reaction
********
10) Type III / immune complex hypersensitivity reactions
**** 4
4
11) Coombs test
****
3
12) Monoclonal antibodies ***
3
13) Innate immunity
***
3
14) Adjuvants
***
3
15) Widal test
***
16) Mechanism of autoimmunity 2
**
17) Immunoglobulin A 2
**
2
18) Immunoglobulin M
**
2
19) Immunisation schedule
**
20) Immunofluorescence 2
**
21) Complement fixation test / complement 2
**
22) Immunoglobulin E 1
*
42
23) Tube agglutination test 1
*
24) Systemic lupus erythematosus
* 1
1
25) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
*
26) Structure of immunoglobulin 1
*
1
27) Immunosuppressive agents
*
1
28) Live attenuated vaccine
*
1
29) Immune complex disease
*
30) Antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis 1
*
31) Altered immune response 1
*
32) Heterophile antigen / agglutination 1
*
1
33) Vital graft
*
1
34) Shwartzman reaction
*
1
35) Precipitation reactions
*
36) Mantoux test 1
*
Systemic Bacteriology: PAPER I PAPER II I II

1) 8 3
Helicobacter pylori
******** ***
Toxic shock syndrome / Toxin mediated Staphylococcal infections/ Toxins and
2) enzymes of Staphylococcus ******* ******* 7 7

3) 7 1
Lab diagnosis of cholera / Cholera vaccines
******* *
4) Non suppurative complications of Streptococcus pyogenes 7 2
******* **
5) 7 2
Coagulase test
******* **
6) 7 2
Diarrheagenic E.coli / enteropathogenic E.coli
******* **
7) 6 6
Satellitism
****** ******
8) 6 3
Q fever / Coxiella burnetti
****** ***
6
9) Lab diagnosis of syphilis /Serological tests/ Standard/ Treponemal tests for syphilis
****** ***
10) Gas gangrene 5 3
***** ***
5 3
11) Prophylaxis of tetanus
***** ***
12) Lab diagnosis of enteric fever/ typhoid fever 5 1
***** *
13) Leptospirosis / Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae / Weil’s disease **** * 4
14) Lyme disease 4
****
15) Gonorrhoea / Neisseria gonorrhoea 3 4
*** ****
16) Lab diagnosis of Gonorrhoea 3 3
*** ***
17) Atypical mycobacteria /Non- tuberculous mycobacteria 3 2
*** **
18) BCG vaccine 3 2
*** **
19) Clostridium difficile / Pseudomembranous colitis / Antiboiotic associated colitis 3
***
20) Lab diagnosis of Pulmonary tuberculosis 3
***
21) Lab diagnosis of Leptospirosis 3
***
22) Significant bacteriuria 3
***
23) Chlamydial infections / Lab diagnosis of chlamydial infections 3
***
24) Bubonic plague / Yersinia pestis 2 1
** *
25) Bacillus anthracis / Anthrax 2 1
** *
43
26) Lab diagnosis of Diphtheria 2
**
27) Lymphogranuloma venereum 2 2
** **
28) Elek’s gel precipitation test 2 2
** **
29) Malignant pustule 2 1
** *
30) VDRL test 2 1
** *
31) Typhoid carriers 2
**
32) Bacterial meningitis / Lab diagnosis of bacterial meningitis 2 2
** **
33) Nagler’s reaction 2 1
** *
34) Listeria monocytogenes 2
**
35) Non specific urethritis 2 2
** **
36) Legionellosis / Legionella pneumophilia 2
**
1
37) Prophylaxis of Diphtheria
*
38) Bordetella pertussis
* * 1 1
39) Wool sorter’s disease 1 2
* **
40) Pathogenesis of Cholera 1 1
* *
41) Brucellosis 1 1
* *
42) DPT vaccine 1 1
* *
43) Typhus fevers 1
*
44) Scrub typhus / Chigger borne typhus
* 1

45) Non-typhoidal salmonella * 1

46) Meningococci / Neisseria meningitidis 1
*
47) Bacterial food poisoning 1
*
48) Mantoux test 1
*
49) Antistreptolysin ‘O’ test (A.S.L.O) 1
*
50) Prophylaxis of whooping cough 1
*
51) Classification of Streptococci 1
*
52) Group B streptococci 1
*
53) Mycobacterium leprae 1
*
54) Traveller’s diarrhoea 1
*
55) Primary atypical pneumonia 1
*
56) Borrelia recurrentis 1
*
57) Haemophilus infleunzae 1
*
58) Streptococcus pneumoniae 1
*
59) Widal test 3
***
60) Corynebacterium diphtheriae 1
*
61) Infective endocarditis 1
*
62) Quelling phenomenon 2
**
63) Haemophilus ducreyi 1
*
64) Cough plate method 1
*
65) Clostridium botulinum 1
*
66) Bacterial vaginosis 1
*
67) Relapsing fever 1
*
44
68) Eijkman test 1
*

45
 MICROBIOLOGY - PAPER II
ESSAYS TIMES TOTAL
Virology:
Classify Hepatitis Viruses.
1) Describe the morphology, pathogenesis, complications, laboratory diagnosis and
prophylaxis of Viral hepatitis B.
*************** 15

Classify Retroviruses.
2)
Describe the morphology of HIV with a suitable diagram.
Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis , treatment and ************** 14
prevention of AIDS / HIV Infection .
Classify Enteroviruses/Picornaviruses.
3) Describe the pathogenesis, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of
Poliomyelitis. Add a note on Polio vaccines.
************** 14

Outline the morphology of Rabies virus.

4) Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of Rabies. ************ 12

Classify Herpes viruses.

5) Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Herpes simplex (HSV) type
1 / herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections.
*** 3

Enumerate the Arboviruses in India.

6) Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and prevention of Dengue fever. * 1

Mycology:
Enumerate the Opportunistic fungal infections.
7) Describe in detail Candidiasis. ***** 5

Classify fungi on the basis of their morphology / Mention the Superficial Mycotic
8) infections/Mycoses.
Describe in detail Dermatophytes.
**** 4

9) Give an account of Opportunistic fungal infections.

* 1

Applied Microbiology:

Clinical Microbiology:

10)
Enumerate the organisms causing Urinary Tract Infections.
Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Urinary tract infections. * 1

Parasitology: PAPER II PAPER I II I

Enumerate the species of Malarial parasite / Haemoparasites/ protozoan parasites
infecting human beings.
11) Outline the morphology and lifecycle of Malarial parasite/ Plasmodium falciparum.
Also describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, complications , treatment and
********** **** 10 4

prevention of Falciparum malaria.

Classify Nematodes. (OR) Enumerate the intestinal helminths and their habitats.
12) Outline the life cycle of Ascaris Lumbricoides.
Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and complications of Ascariasis.
******* *** 7 3

Classify Nematodes.
Describe the Geographical distribution, habitat, life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti.
13) Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of Lymphatic ******* ** 7 2
Filariasis.

Classify Nematodes based on their habitat.

Describe the life cycle of Ancylostoma Duodenale / Hook worm.
14)
Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features , prevention and laboratory diagnosis of ***** **** 5 4
Ancylostomiasis.
Classify Cestodes.
Outline the formation of hydatid cyst/ Describe the morphology, pathogenesis and
15) life cycle of Echinococcus Granulosis.
Describe the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of hydatid
***** *** 5 3

disease/Echinococcosis.

46
 Enumerate pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoeba.
Describe the morphological forms, life cycle and pathogenesis of Entamoeba
16) Histolytica. *** ******** 3 8
Discuss the clinical features and lab diagnosis of Intestinal Amoebiasis.

Enumerate the malarial parasites.

Outline the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax.
17) Describe the pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of vivax malaria. * * 1 1
Add a note on the prophylaxis of Malaria.

Enumerate Cestodes.
18) Describe the life cycle of Taenia Solium.
Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of T. Solium infection.
* 1

Enumerate pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoeba.

19) Give an account of Pathogenic free living amoebae. * 1

SHORT NOTES TIMES TOTAL

Virology:
1) 11
Prophylaxis/ immuno-prophylaxis of rabies/ Anti rabic vaccines/ antibodies
***********
2) 11
Cultivation of the viruses
***********
3) Herpes simplex virus
*********** 11
4) Prophylaxis of Polio/ Polio vaccines
********* 9
9
5) Viral inclusion bodies
*********
6) Viral gastroenteritis
********* 9
7) Dengue virus
******* 7
8) Interferons
******* 7
9) 7
Tissue culture
*******
10) Epstein-Barr virus 6
******
11) Antigenic shift and antigenic drift in influenza virus
**** 4
12) Viral hemorrhagic fever 4
****
13) Cytomegalovirus 4
****
14) Molluscum contagiosum 3
***
15) Hepatitis B virus / Hepatitis B markers 3
***
16) Prion disease 2
**
17) Prophylaxis of hepatitis B infection / Hepatitis B vaccine 2
**
18) Japanese encephalitis
** 2
19) Lab diagnosis of HIV infection
** 2
20) Mode of transmission and prevention of AIDs
** 2
21) Lab diagnosis of Rabies 1
*
22) Swine flu / swine influenza 1
*
23) Varicella zoster 1
*
24) Congenital infections caused by the viruses 1
*
25) Viral replication 1
*
26) Rubella
* 1
27) Mumps/measles
* 1
28) Hepatitis C
* 1
29) Slow virus infections
* 1
30) Dengue hemorrhagic fever
* 1

47
31) Classification of Herpes virus
* 1
32) Morphology of HIV
* 1
Mycology:
1) Mycetoma 17
*****************
2) Rhinosporidiosis / Rhinosporidium seberi *************** 15

3) Dermatophytes 13
*************
13
4) Cryptococcosis / Crytococcus neoformans / Cryptococcal meningitis
*************
5) 11
Candida albicans / Candidiasis
***********
9
6) Aspergillosis
*********
7) 6
Diagnostic methods for fungal infections
******
8) 5
Mucormycosis
*****
9) 4
Opportunistic fungal infections
****
10) Histoplasma capsulatum / Histoplasmosis 4
****
11) Dimorphic fungi 3
***
3
12) Mycotoxins / Mycotoxicosis
***
3
13) Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)
***
1
14) Antifungal agents
*
1
15) Lab diagnosis of candidiasis
*
1
16) Superficial fungal infections
*
17) Oculomycosis 1
*
18) Reynolds - Braude phenomenon 1
*
19) Pityriasis versicolor
* 1

Applied Microbiology:
Standard precautions for infection control / Prevention of nosocomial infections /
1) Universal safety precautions **** 4

2) 2
Principles of biomedical waste management
**
3) Hospital acquired / Healthcare-associated infections / Nosocomial infections
** 2
1
4) Antibiotic sensitivity testing
*
1
5) Use of personal protective equipments in health care setting
*
1
6) Role of normal microbial flora
*
7) 1
Eijkman test
*
Clinical Microbiology:
1) 5
Urinary tract infections
*****
2) 4
Blood culture
****
3) 3
Urine culture
***
2
4) Food poisoning
**
Parasitology: PAPER II PAPER I II I
1) Enterobius vermicularis / Enterobiasis 10 5
********** *****
2) Larva migrans / cutaneous larva migrans / visceral larva migrans
********** **** 10 4

3) Stool concentration methods ********* * 9 1

48
 Hydatid cyst / hydatid disease 9 4
4) ********* ****
Pathogenic Free living amoeba 8
5)
********
Trichomonas vaginalis / trichomoniasis 8 5
6)
******** *****
7 5
7) Microfilaria
******* *****
8) Cysticercosis/ Cysticercus cellulose
******* ***** 7 5
9) Giardia intestinalis / Giardiasis 7 4
******* ****
10) Schistostoma haematobium / Schistosomiasis 6 3
****** ***
11) Extra intestinal amoebiasis 5
*****
12) Cryptosporidium parvum / Cryptosporidiosis 5 5
***** *****
13) Dracunculus medinensis/ dracunculosis 5 1
***** *
14) Lab diagnosis of kala Azar / VL 4
****
15) Toxoplasmosis / Toxoplasma gondii 4 1
**** *
16) Lung fluke / Paragonimus westermani / paragonimiasis 3
***
17) L.D bodies 3 3
*** ***
18) Black water fever / Malarial hemoglobinuria 3 1
*** *
19) Hymenolepsis nana 3 3
*** ***
20) Lab diagnosis of malaria 2 1
** *
21) Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 2
**
22) Fasciola hepatica / Sheep liver fluke 2
**
23) Ancylostomiasis / Ancylostoma duodenale 2 2
** **
24) Clonorchis sinensis / Chinese liver fluke / Clonorchiasis 2
**
25) Tinea infections 2
**
26) Malaria 2
**
27) Trichuris trichura * 1

28) Naegleria fowleri 1

*
29) Complications of malaria 1 3
* ***
30) Complications of infections with entamoeba histolytica 1
*
1
31) Lab diagnosis of hydatid disease
*
32) Kala azar 1
*
33) Egg counting techniques 1
*
34) Loeffler’s syndrome * 1
35) Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides 1 2
* **
36) Lab diagnosis of amoebiasis 1 1
* *
37) Importance of peripheral blood smear studies in parasitology 1
*
38) Ascariasis 1
*
39) Strongyloides stercoralis 1
*
40) Human cycle of plasmodium vivax 1
*
41) Malignant tertian malaria 1
*
42) Diphyllobothrium latum / Diphyllobothriasis 1
*
43) Trypanosoma brucei / African trypanosomiasis 1
*
44) Wuchereriasis 1
*
45) Balantidium coli 1 1
* *
46) Intestinal amoebiasis 1
*
49
47) Chagas’ disease 1
*

50