Updated Principles of Design

ARCHITECTURAL INTERIORS (Ar. Diane A.
Jose, MBA)
UNITY and HARMONY
Proport
FOCAL POINT ion
BALANCE
SCALE Focal
Point
PROPORTION
RHYTHM
VARIETY
Variety
UNITY
- The state or quality of being

combined into one, as the
ordering of elements in an
artistic work that constitutes a
harmonious whole or promotes
a singleness of effect.
- Unity is applying consistent

use of lines, color, and texture
within a design.
HARMONY
- The orderly, pleasing, or

congruent arrangement of the
elements or parts in an artistic
whole.
- An agreement among the

parts of a composition tending
to produce unity.
- A harmony or blending of all

unrelated parts of an
architectural arrangement to
achieve a satisfactory
composition.
HARMONY
 Comprehensible and easily understood.
 Singleness in impression.
 Avoids confusion.
 Competition – Unity is reduced when the
elements compete with each other
importance.
 Duality or the presence of two strong
conflicting elements.
 Confusion – When there is an excessive
number of contrasting elements of equal
importance.
Focal Point
FOCAL POINT
or FOCUS or
EMPHASIS
- A central point of attraction,

attention or activity.
- Emphasis gives a variety and

character to interiors by
creating focal points and
centers of interest through
dominant and subordinate use
of forms, colors, textures, and
lines.
- In interiors, designers might

use important features, such as
a fireplace, a large bookcase, a
picture window, or even a
plant, as the point of emphasis
or center of interest in a space.
FOCAL POINT
or FOCUS or
EMPHASIS
BALANCE
- The pleasing or harmonious

arrangement or proportion of
parts or elements in a design or
composition.
- The sense of stability or

equilibrium.
BALANCE
 Formal (symmetrical)
Characterized by the same objects repeated in the
same positions on either side of a vertical axis.
 Occult (asymmetrical)
Dissimilar objects is seen on both side vertical axis.
More casual and less contrived in feeling, but more
difficult to achieve.
 Radial symmetry
Symmetry resulting from the arrangement of similar,
radiating parts about a center point or central axis.
SCALE AND
PROPORTION
- The comparative, proper, or

harmonious relation of one
part to another or to the whole
with respect to magnitude,
quantity, or degree.
- Proportion is defined as the

relationship of the parts to one
another or to the whole.
- Scale refers to the size of a

thing in relation or comparison
to other things.
SCALE AND
PROPORTION
 Relative Proportion
Ratio of certain part to the whole, like the
diameter and height of a classical column.
 Absolute Proportion
Relation between the different parts of the
whole or the relation of the whole to each
separate part, like the ratio of windows in a
façade.
 “Golden Mean” is a classical method of deriving
proportion of a rectangle. It is constructed by making
the long sides of the rectangle equal to the diagonal of
the square based upon the short sides.
 Triangular Arrangement
 The Classical Orders based its proportions on the
diameter of the column at the base. The principal
module of measurement is equal to one-half the column
diameter – MODULAR
 Arch openings of the classical and renaissance buildings
are equal to two diameters in height.
GOLDEN MEAN OR GOLDEN SECTION
TRIANGULAR ARRANGEMENT
GOLDEN MEAN OR GOLDEN SECTION
CLASSICAL
ORDER
BASED ON
MODULAR
 Type of Materials
 Mode of Construction
 Function or requirements
 Traditional usage or precedence
 Location and environment
 Appearance
 Desired character
RHYTHM
- Harmonious repetition of
treatment or details.
- Movement characterized by a
patterned repetition or
alternation of formal elements
or motifs in the same or a
modified form.
RHYTHM
- Harmonious repetition of
treatment or details.
- Movement characterized by a
patterned repetition or
alternation of formal elements
or motifs in the same or a
modified form.
 To provide similarity for the easy
comprehension
 It gives harmony to composition
 It gives significance to a part in relation to
larger elements.
 Rhythm must be controlled otherwise it will
defeat its purpose for organization.
 The arrangement of details should enhance
the composition rather than the motifs.
 An accent properly located discourages
monotony.
 Repetition is the use of the same element more than once
throughout a space. You can repeat a pattern, color,
texture, line, or any other element, or even more than one
element.
 Progression is taking an element and increasing or
decreasing one or more of its qualities. The most obvious
implementation of this would be a gradation by size.
 Alternation of rhythm creates a slightly more complex
system of design by alternately changing the elements
of the design. Fabric with a pinstriped pattern creates an
alternating rhythm, as do more naturalistic alternations
such as the zebra’s black and white stripes.
 Transition is a little harder to define. Unlike repetition
or progression, transition tends to be a smoother
flow, where the eye naturally glides from one area to
another. The most common transition is the use of a
curved line to gently lead the eye, such as an arched
doorway or winding path.
 Contrast is fairly straightforward. Putting two
elements in opposition to one another, such as black
and white pillows on a sofa, is the hallmark of this
design principle. Opposition can also be implied by
contrasts in form, such as circles and squares used
together.
VARIETY
 Variety consists of the

differences in objects that add
interest to a visual image.
 Variety can be achieved by

using opposites or strong
contrasts.
 Changing the size, point of

view, and angle of a single
object can add variety and
interest to a visual image.
 Breaking a repeating pattern

can enliven a visual image.
 Design and create a tiny house with a concept
that would fit the lifestyle of an active young
working adult living in an urban area.
 The base plan of the house is 2.50 meters by
8.50 meters and a maximum height of 3.00
meters only.
 MOOD BOARD for a Tiny House (show Floor
Plan with furniture and fixture layout at scale
1:50M, samples or swatches of building
materials, design concept.
 Use 20”x30” Illustration Board
 DEADLINE:
JAN. 29, 2019 for Tuesday Class
FEB. 01, 2019 for Friday Class
2:30PM, NO EXTENSION.

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ARCHITECTURAL INTERIORS (Ar. Diane A.

- The state or quality of being

- Unity is applying consistent

- The orderly, pleasing, or

- An agreement among the

- A harmony or blending of all

- A central point of attraction,

- Emphasis gives a variety and

- In interiors, designers might

- The pleasing or harmonious

- The sense of stability or

- The comparative, proper, or

- Proportion is defined as the

- Scale refers to the size of a

 Variety consists of the

 Variety can be achieved by

 Changing the size, point of

 Breaking a repeating pattern

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