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METALS AND
ITS ALLOYS
S-ECHE001 ece 11
Group 2

cerillo, crizaldo, enriquez, ganitnit, jorgio, jurao, marñias, maron, martinez

 METALS
Metals are defined as substances
or natural components that are
naturally formed from ores that
are found underneath the
surfaces of the earth.

Metals are distinguished by their

characteristics which are high
electrical and thermal
conductivity, malleability, and high
light reflectance.

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 ALLOYS
Mixtures of metals, called alloys, are more commonly used than the
pure metal. By alloying, some of the important properties of metals
can be improved.

Solder, which is An amalgam is an A titanium alloy

used in the alloy based on known as Ti-6Al-
electronics mercury. Dental 4V is used in
industry, is a amalgam is an the aerospace
mixture of tin alloy of industry.
and lead. mercury, silver,
tin, copper and
zinc.
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TYPES OF ALLOYS
INTERSTITIAL ALLOYS
THE SOLUTE ATOMS ARE IN SPACES BETWEEN ATOMS IN
THE UNIT CELL.
E.G: STEEL
SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS
AN ATOM OF ONE ELEMENT SUBSTITUTES FOR ANOTHER
IN THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
E.G: BRASS, BRONZE
SOME ALLOYS CAN POSSESS PROPERTIES OF BOTH
INTERSTITIAL AND SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS (E.G:
STAINLESS STEEL)

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 HUME-ROTHERY RULES FOR ALLOYING
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR EVERY COMBINATION OF MATERIALS
TO FORM AN ALLOY.
RULES FOR MAXIMUM SOLUBILITY IN SUBSTITUTIONAL
ALLOYING:
SAME CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (BCC, FCC, HCP)
SAME VALENCY FACTOR
THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS GAINED OR LOST PER
ATOM DURING A REACTION.
SIMILAR ELECTRONEGATIVITY
THE TENDENCY FOR THE ATOM TO ATTRACT A SHARED
PAIR OF ELECTRONS.
DEPENDS ON THE ATOMIC NUMBER AND THE DISTANCE
AT WHICH THE VALENCE ELECTRONS (OUTERMOST
ELECTRONS) ARE FROM THE NUCLEUS.
DIFFERENCE IN ATOMIC RADIUS <= 15%
RULES FOR MAXIMUM SOLUBILITY IN INTERSTITIAL ALLOYING:
SOLUTE ATOMS

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 WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON
ALLOYS?
MILD STEEL
This alloy is also known as “low carbon
steel” and consists of around .05% to
.25% carbon added to pure iron.
CAST IRON
Like mild steel, cast iron is a metal
alloy of carbon and iron. The carbon
content is generally upwards of 2%.
STAINLESS STEEL
One of the most common alloys, stainless
steel is an alloy made mostly from iron,
mixed with chromium, nickel, or
molybdenum.

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 ALUMINUM ALLOY
As a softer metal, aluminum is usually alloyed with other
metals to give it more strength and hardness. Manganese
or copper are often used as the alloy material to create
these desirable properties.

BRASS
An alloy of copper and zinc, it is a common alloy that is
used in gas valves, appliance trim, appliance fittings, door
hardware, clock components, marine engines, and
seawater pipes, among other things. It is much stronger
than pure copper; sadly, brass doesn't require extra
corrosion protection because it inherently resists attack.
So, there are times that we need to replace it.

BRONZE
It is a brittle, hard metal whose qualities and techniques
of processing are related to the particular elements that
make up its composition. It is made up of tin and copper.
These additional components, such as aluminium bronze,
nickel silver, silicon bronze, phosphor bronze, and
manganese bronze, can alter its look, conductivity,
resistance to corrosion, and other characteristics. It is
used to manufacture small parts, bronze casting,
architecture, instruments, bronze wool, sculptures,
tools, and many other applications.

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WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON ALLOY
MATERIALS?
ALLOYING ELEMENTS ARE THE MATERIALS ADDED TO THE BASE METAL.
WHEN COMBINED, THEY ADD SPECIFIC CHEMICAL OR MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST COMMONLY ADDED ELEMENTS:

NICKEL – ADDS TOUGHNESS.

COPPER – MAKES METALS PRECIPITATION-HARDENABLE AND INCREASES
CORROSION RESISTANCE.
MANGANESE – IMPROVES STRENGTH AND HEAT RESISTANCE.
SILICON – A NONMETAL ALLOYING ELEMENT THAT INCREASES STRENGTH AND
LOWERS THE MELTING TEMPERATURE.
CHROMIUM – INCREASES CORROSION RESISTANCE, HARDNESS, AND STRENGTH.

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ADVANTAGES OF USING ALLOY METALS
Corrosion resistance
they are produced to withstand oxidation or
any other chemicals that could weaken the
metal.

Thermal Conductivity
the capability of a material that can conduct
or transfer heat from one place to another.

Electrical Conductivity
the capability of the materials to resist an
electric flow.

Lighter Weight
it is not heavy as pure metal and can be freely
transported easily since it has low density and
weight to ratio.

Better Solderability
the ability of a metal to be melted by a
soldering iron .

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DISADVANTAGES OF USING ALLOY METALS
Expensive
it is because alloys aren't pure metal and are
expensive to manufacture because of its
complexity and time consuming.

Less Ductile and Malleable

it is because they consist of two atoms that
are at least two different kinds of atom, the
atoms in the alloy are not arranged in a single
straightforward lattice.

Difficult to Work with

The reason for this is that alloys and pure
metals behave differently from one another
when it comes to cutting, welding, and other
manipulation techniques.

Unpredictable Properties
this is because an alloy’s composition can be
based on the components of the manufacturing

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process, meaning it is difficult to predict how
an alloy will withstand a given situation.
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PRODUCTION
PROCESS
S-ECHE001 ece 11
Group 2

cerillo, crizaldo, enriquez, ganitnit, jorgio, jurao, marñias, maron, martinez

 METALLURGY
Metallurgy in production
engineering deals with the creation
of metallic parts for use in
engineering or consumer goods.

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METALLURGY
shaping
heat treating
surface treating
producing alloys

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 METALLURGIST
Achieving equilibrium among material
attributes, including price, weight, strength,
toughness, hardness, corrosion resistance,
fatigue resistance, and performance in
extreme temperatures, is the responsibility
of the metallurgist.

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PROCESS OF METALWORKING
1. CASTING
POURING MOLTEN METAL INTO A MOLD
CAVITY WHERE, ONCE SOLID, THE METAL
TAKES ON THE SHAPE OF THE CAVITY.
TWO CATEGORIES BASED ON THE TYPE OF
MOLD:
Expendable Mold Casting:
Sand casting
Shell molding
Investment casting
Full mold
Reusable Mold Casting:
Permanent molds
Semi-permanent molds
Slush casting
Centrifugal casting
Pressure casting
Die casting

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 PROCESS OF METALWORKING
2. FORGING 3. ROLLING
A MANUFACTURING PROCESS A METAL FORMING TECHNIQUE
INVOLVING THE SHAPING OF WHEREIN METAL STOCK IS FED
METAL USING LOCALIZED THROUGH ONE OR MORE PAIRS OF
COMPRESSIVE FORCES. THE ROLLS TO IMPART A DESIRED
BLOWS ARE DELIVERED WITH A MECHANICAL ATTRIBUTE, REDUCE
HAMMER (OFTEN A POWER THICKNESS, OR MAKE THE
THICKNESS UNIFORM.
HAMMER) OR A DIE. FORGING IS "HOT ROLLING" (THE METAL'S
OFTEN CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE > ITS
THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH IT RECRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE)
IS PERFORMED: “COLD ROLLING” (THE
COLD FORGING (A TYPE OF TEMPERATURE OF THE METAL < ITS
COLD WORKING) RECRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE)
WARM FORGING
OR HOT FORGING (A TYPE OF
HOT WORKING). page 4
PROCESS OF METALWORKING
4. EXTRUSION
A METHOD THAT INVOLVES
FORCING MATERIAL THROUGH A
DIE WITH THE APPROPRIATE
CROSS-SECTION TO MAKE
THINGS WITH A SET CROSS-
SECTIONAL PROFILE.
ITS TWO PRIMARY BENEFITS
OVER OTHER MANUFACTURING
TECHNIQUES ARE ITS CAPACITY
TO DEAL WITH BRITTLE
MATERIALS SINCE IT ONLY
EXPERIENCES COMPRESSIVE AND
SHEAR STRESSES, AND ITS
ABILITY TO BUILD EXTREMELY
COMPLICATED CROSS-SECTIONS.
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 PROCESS OF METALWORKING
5. MACHINING
A PROCESS IN WHICH A
MATERIAL (OFTEN METAL) IS
CUT TO A DESIRED FINAL SHAPE
AND SIZE BY A CONTROLLED
MATERIAL-REMOVAL PROCESS.
THE METHODS THAT HAVE THIS
COMMON THEME ARE
COLLECTIVELY CALLED
SUBTRACTIVE
MANUFACTURING,[1] WHICH
UTILIZES MACHINE TOOLS, IN
CONTRAST TO ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING),
WHICH USES CONTROLLED
ADDITION OF MATERIAL.
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 PROCESS OF METALWORKING

6. SINTERING/POWDER METALLURGY
A MANUFACTURING PROCESS THAT INVOLVES
INITIALLY COMPACTING POWDER SHAPES INTO
INTEGRATED SOLIDS. THE SHAPED MATERIAL IS
THEN HEATED TO A TEMPERATURE BELOW THE
MELTING POINT OF ONE OF THE POWDERS.
THIS THERMAL TREATMENT FACILITATES THE
BONDING OF PARTICLES THROUGH THERMAL
FUSION, ELIMINATING ANY INTERMEDIATE
BONDING AGENTS THAT INITIALLY HELD THE FORM
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TOGETHER.
PROCESS OF METALWORKING
7. FABRICATION
THE CREATION OF METAL
STRUCTURES BY CUTTING, BENDING,
AND ASSEMBLING PROCESSES.
IN METAL FABRICATION, THREE
PRIMARY PROCESSES ARE:
CUTTING (USING SAWING,
SHEARING, CHISELING,
TORCHING, AND CNC CUTTERS)
BENDING (VIA HAMMERING,
PRESS BRAKES, OR TUBE
BENDERS)
ASSEMBLING (UTILIZING
WELDING, ADHESIVES, RIVETING,
THREADED FASTENERS, OR
CRIMPED SEAMS).
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 PROCESS OF METALWORKING

8. LASER CLADDING 9. 3D PRINTING

CLADDING - THE BONDING OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A
DISSIMILAR METALS THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT
ACHIEVED THROUGH FROM A CAD MODEL OR A
EXTRUSION, PRESSING, OR DIGITAL 3D MODE
ROLLING SHEETS UNDER HIGH USED IN THE METAL WORKING
PRESSURE. INDUSTRY TO CREATE OBJECTS
BY BUILDING THEM LAYER BY
LAYER USING METAL POWDER.

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RECAP
 REFERENCES:
Metals and its Alloys:
1. Is Stainless Steel Substitutional or Interstitial?
2. 1 CHAPTER 8 METALS AND ALLOYS 8.1 Types of Alloying 8.2 Hume-Rothery Rules for Alloying 8.3 Material
Systems 8.4 One-compone
3. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1733-metals-alloys-and-metal-compounds
4. https://markhammetals.com/what-are-metal-alloys/
Production Processes:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy
2. https://sites.esm.psu.edu/courses/emch13d/design/design-
tech/manufacturing/manuf_2.html#:~:text=Permanent%20Mold%20Casting%3A%20for%20which,bond%20in
to%20a%20rigid%20mass
3. https://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/metal-casting-methods
4. https://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/forging
5. https://engineeringproductdesign.com/knowledge-base/metal-extrusion/
6. https://www.rapiddirect.com/blog/types-of-machining-operations/
7. https://www.xometry.com/resources/3d-printing/sintering/
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!