Evs Assignment

Name – Sara Sabreen
Class – SY D
Roll number - 5914
Assignment 1
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
WHAT IS LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS?

Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, Eco balance, and cradle-to-
grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the
stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing,
manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Designers
use this process to help critique their products. LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on
environmental concerns by:
• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases;
• Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases;
• Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF A CIGARETTE

1. ACQUSITION OF RAW MATERIALS
Tobacco is cultivated and harvested: heavy machinery is used, mass amount of energy is
required.
• CO2 emissions
• 4.2 million hectares of tobacco armland worldwide = loss of wildlife and biodiversity
Paper pulp and seed flax: paper pulp is 90% wood. It takes 1 full tree to produce just 300
cigarettes. 6 trillion are produced each year. That equals 18.6 billion trees.
• More loss of wildlife habitation.

2. PRODUCTION ON THE FARM AND MANUFACTURING IN THE FACTORY
• Leaves are dried using artificial heat.
• Then, flue cured followed by fire cured.
• Moisturized again to prevent cracking.
• Weighed, graded and inspected by government official, then auctioned off to the
tobacco company
• Once sold and shipped to the factory, the tobacco is then chemically treated to
enhance more flavor.
• Then it is aged for up to 3 years to enhance more flavor.
• Once rolled, cut, blended, the cigarettes are sealed in a plastic cellophane and a
cardboard container.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
During these steps, mass amounts of energy are used:
• Industrial farming equipment= CO2(outputs)
• Transportation between farm, treatment center, buyers factory, then to the retailer= CO2
outputs
• Chemical treatment factory outputs thousands, even millions of tons of hazardous
pollutants
• Blending, aging, curing= 3-5 years process
3. TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation between farm, treatment center, buyers factory, then to the retailer =
CO2 outputs
• Usually handled by transport trucks for domestic use, but for importing and exporting
nationally, it is usually shipped by freight container boats
DISEASES:
Coronary heart disease
Emphysema
Lung disease
Lung cancer
Stroke
POLLUTANTS PRODUCED:
• Carbon monoxide
• Benzene
• Hydro carbonate
4. USE
• Average retail cost for a pack of cigarettes – RS 95
• While burning, smoke pollutes users’ lungs and the surrounding environment
5. DISPOSAL
• Only 15% of butts end up in a designated waste container, remaining 85% are flicked
into our environment.
• Worldwide, it is estimated that 1.69 billion pounds of cigarette butts end up as waste
each year.
• Cigarette butts are the most common toxic waste that are found in clean-ups.
• The toxic chemicals in the cigarette butts are a threat to our aquatic Eco systems in
particular.
SOLUTIONS
• Biodegradable filters
• Fines for littering
• Higher retail prices
• Early childhood education
• Buy-back programs
Assignment 2
Policy guidelines for sustainable environment:
• Legal framework
Establish a legal framework that outlines environmental protection standards,

regulations, and enforcement mechanisms. This includes laws related to pollution control,
resource management, land use planning, and conservation.
• Emissions reduction targets

Set specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants to
mitigate climate change and improve air quality. These targets should be based on
scientific evidence and international agreements.
• Renewable energy promotion

Encourage the development and adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar,
wind, hydro, and geothermal power. Provide incentives for renewable energy projects
and promote research and development in clean energy technologies.
Local strategies:
• Community gardens
Encourage the establishment of community gardens where residents can grow their own
food, promote biodiversity, and foster a sense of community. Provide support for
gardeners through access to land, resources, and education on organic gardening
practices.
• Urban green spaces

Develop and maintain parks, green belts, and urban forests to improve air quality, reduce
urban heat island effects, and provide recreational opportunities. Plant native trees and
vegetation to enhance biodiversity and support local wildlife.
• Waste reduction programs

Implement programs to reduce waste generation, such as composting initiatives,
recycling campaigns, and household hazardous waste collection events. Encourage
businesses and residents to minimize single-use plastics and adopt sustainable
packaging practices.
National strategies:
• Policy framework
Establish a comprehensive policy framework that integrates environmental
considerations into all aspects of government decision-making. This includes setting
ambitious environmental goals, targets, and timelines for achieving sustainability
objectives.
• Legislation and regulation

Enact and enforce environmental laws and regulations to protect air, water, soil,
biodiversity, and ecosystems. Ensure compliance with international agreements and
conventions related to environmental protection and sustainable development.
• Natural resource management

Develop strategies for sustainable management of natural resources, including land,
water, forests, minerals, and fisheries. Balance economic development with conservation
efforts to ensure the long-term viability of ecosystems and ecosystem services.
Global strategies:
• International agreements and treaties
Strengthen and expand international agreements and treaties to address global
environmental challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, and
pollution. Ensure that these agreements are legally binding and include mechanisms for
monitoring, reporting, and enforcement.
• Climate action and carbon neutrality

Accelerate efforts to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
achieving carbon neutrality. Enhance commitments under the Paris Agreement and
support the implementation of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) through
ambitious emission reduction targets, renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency
measures, and carbon pricing mechanisms.
• Sustainable development goals

Integrate environmental sustainability into the implementation of the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Promote synergies between environmental
objectives and other development goals to achieve holistic and equitable progress.
Mitigation solutions:
• Renewable energy adoption
Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
hydroelectric, and geothermal power can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and air pollution. Governments can incentivize renewable energy investments,
implement renewable energy targets, and streamline permitting processes for renewable
energy projects.
• Sustainable land use planning
Adopting sustainable land use planning practices can help preserve natural habitats,
protect biodiversity, and reduce urban sprawl. Governments can enforce zoning
regulations, establish green spaces and wildlife corridors, and promote compact, mixed-
use development to minimize environmental impact.
• Water conservation and management

Implementing water conservation measures such as efficient irrigation systems,
rainwater harvesting, and water reuse can reduce water consumption, conserve
freshwater resources, and mitigate water scarcity. Governments can enforce water
conservation regulations, invest in water infrastructure upgrades, and promote water-
efficient technologies.
Name – Sara Sabreen
Class – SY D
Roll number - 5914

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Name – Sara Sabreen

Roll number - 5914

WHAT IS LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS?

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF A CIGARETTE

• More loss of wildlife habitation.

Establish a legal framework that outlines environmental protection standards,

• Emissions reduction targets

• Renewable energy promotion

• Urban green spaces

• Waste reduction programs

• Legislation and regulation

• Natural resource management

• Climate action and carbon neutrality

• Sustainable development goals

• Water conservation and management

Name – Sara Sabreen

Roll number - 5914

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