Rushi Black Book

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING

STATION”
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI
IN THE PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSOF
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO.
NO.
2212090113 Mr. Rushikesh Ramesh More
2212090115 Mr. Harshwardhan Kuber Anuse
2212090114 Mr. Ganesh Vilas Gaikwad
2212090116 Mr. Pranit Mahadev Pathak
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Miss.NaleD.B.
SHRIRAMBAHUUDDESHIYASEVABHAVISANSTHA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(2023-2024)
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that,
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO.
NO.
Of Class TY(Electrical Engineering) as per the curriculum laid down by Maharashtra state
board of Technical education ,Mumbai have successfully complete entitled
“WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION”
Under our guidance in satisfactory manner as a part of academic syllabus during the
academic year 2023-2024
Date:
Place:Atpadi
Prof.NALE D.B. Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.Kulkarni O.G

(Guide) (HOD) (Principal)
External Examiner Sign

Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Guide Prof.Nale D.B. & HOD
(ELECTRICAL) Prof.Sankpal A.V. For the continuous support of my project for his
patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the
time of project and writing of this project report. I could not have imagined having a better
adviser and mentor for my project.
I am equally indebted to guide Prof.Nale D.B. for extending necessary help, providing
facilities and time to time valuable guidance. I also take this opportunity to convey my sincere
thanks to all my teachers and faculties of Electrical department. I would like to thanks our
respected principal Prof.Kulkarni O.G. For his kind blessings, inspiration and the necessary
support whenever needed.
Last but not the least; I would like thank my family for supporting me spiritually throughout
my life.
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO. SIGNATURE
NO.

ABSTRACT
The Transport Sector Generates More Than 35%Of Total Co 2 emission. As You Can See In The
Current Scenario The Electric Vehicles Are The Future Of Every Transport System And The Demand For
Electric Vehicles Are Growing Tremendously. The Government Is Also Supporting The Electric Vehicle
System And Big Company Like Tata Is Investing Huge On Electric Charging Stations Across India. The
Electric And Ity Generation In India Is Still Depends On Coal, Oil And Biomass Was With Was With The
Contribution Of More Than 80% So To Make The Electric Vehicle System Complete Green Solution There
Is A Demand To Make The Solar Powered EV Charging System. So There Is This Report The Complete
Design Of Solar Charging Station For Electric Vehicle Is Done. The Parameter Considered For Designing
The Charging Station Are The Efficiency Of Solar Panel And Its Types And Size Are Calculated And Also
The Area Required For Charging The Electric Vehicle By Taking The Example Of Tata Nexon Is Done.
The Various Types Of Losses Like Conversion Losses In Solar Panel Battery Inverter And Wire Are
Considered, Along With The Environmental Losses And Design Losses. Electrical vehicles are introduced
for today world, as it is thriving to use day by day new technology everywhere. Even if electrical vehicles
are use, it has its own limitations like heating while charging, charging run out, less charging stations and
cost also high for installing charging stations. To rectify these limitations, wireless electrical vehicle
charging station with monitoring pave, avoid over charging, monitoring the levels of battery, cost effective,
eco-friendly and placing charging stations in urban areas. Wireless charging can be seen as key enabling
technology to increase the adoption of electric vehicle. These can be installed in parking areas, shopping
malls, remote areas as well. Wireless Power Transmission [WPT] is very reliable, efficient, noiseless and
pollution free technology. It feels like a normal car while parking and no need to plug the charging cable).
INDEX
Sr. No. Chapters Page No.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

1.2 SIMPLE WIRING DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
1.3 AIM
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1 1.5 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1.6 PROBLEMS WITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1.7 CHARGING STATION
1.8 CHARGING TIME WITH TABLE
1.9 CHARGING STATIONS IN INDIA
2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
3 CHAPTER 3 SCOPE OF PROJECT
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY
4 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4.3 MAIN COMPONENTS
CHAPATER 5 DESIGN WORKING AND PROCESSES
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE

5 5.2 INTRODUCTION ARDUINO LIBRARIES
5.3 HOW TO CONNECT ARDUINO BOARD
5.4 HOW TO UPLOAD A PROGRAM
6 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND APPLICATION
7 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES
8 CHAPTER 8 APPENDIX
9 CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI 2023 -2024
LIST OF FIGURE
Sr. No. Name Of Diagram Page No.
1 Simple Wiring Diagram Of Electric Vehicle
2 Block Diagram
3 Circuit Diagram
4 16 x 2 LCD
5 Pin Diagram Of 16 X 2 LCD
6 Relay
7 Arduino
8 Solar panel
9 Lead acid Battery
10 Buzzer
11 Connecting Wires
12 Coils
13 Series transmitting coil
WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 6

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for
propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle
sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, fuel cells or an electric generator to convert
fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels,
electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when
electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and
ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time.
Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles
for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains
and smaller vehicles of all types. Commonly, the term EV is used to refer to an electric car. In the 21st
century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on
renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's impact on climate change and other
environmental issues. Project Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best contemporary
solutions for addressing climate change.
Government incentives to increase adoption were first introduced in the late2000s, including in the
United States and the European Union, leading to a growing market for the vehicles in the 2010s. And
increasing consumer interest and awareness and structural incentives, such as those being built into the
green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, is expected to greatly increase the electric vehicle market. A
pre-COVID 2019 analysis, projected that Electric vehicles are expected to increase from 2% of global share
in 2016 to 22% in 2030. Much of this market growth is expected in markets like North America and Europe;
a 2020 literature review, suggested that growth in use of electric vehicles, especially electric personal
vehicles, currently appears economically unlikely in developing economies.

1.2 SIMPLE WIRING DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

1.3 AIM:
The recent scenario depicts that world is struggling with several burning issues, most significantly
global warming and energy crisis, the adoption of Electric Vehicle with cutting edge technologies may
prove beneficial in partially eradicating real-word difficulties.
In this presentation we have made an effort to introduce an all-new innovative approach towards
integrated intelligent hybrid power model considering both renewable and conventional power sources
primarily to feed the EVs.
A smart integrated controller circuit has been designed to set up a network consisting of multiple
energy sources, storage, charging infrastructure and finally existing grid to establish uniform reliable bi-
directional flow of energy. The above-proposed dynamic model has been characterized to optimize the flow
of energy between generating station and loads through intelligent energy switching between sources based
on its demand schedule.
This may significantly reduce the burden and dependence upon fossil fuels and may set a path
towards green circular economy and move towards a sustainable future.

1.4 OBJECTIVES:
 To promote and harness energy-efficient renewable energy as a major field in the energy sector.
 To reform Indian automobile industry policies for a better sustainable green future.
 To provide effective scope for low-cost EV charging station running primarily on renewable sources.
 To enhance reliable and flexible charging infrastructure through revolutionary charge carrier vans.
 To supply dynamic power to the remote areas at affordable rates under adverse circumstances.

1.5 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES:
 Cheaper to run
 The cost of the electricity required to charge an EV is around 40% less than the cost to use petrol for
a similar sized vehicle driving the same distance. The cost will be lower if charged from solar PV
system or at free charging stations.
 Cheaper to maintain
 A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving parts than a conventional petrol/diesel car.
Servicing is relatively easy, less frequent and overall cheaper than a petrol/diesel vehicle.
 All EV batteries degrade. Most car manufacturers warrant EV batteries to not degrade below a
certain level for around eight years.
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) also have a petrol or diesel engine that needs servicing,
so a PHEV will cost more to maintain than a BEV. Better for the environment
 Less pollution: Driving an EV helps to reduce harmful air pollution from exhaust emissions. An EV
has zero exhaust emissions, but still creates a degree of greenhouse gas emissions when it is charged
from the electricity grid.
 Renewable energy: If you have a solar PV system and charge your EV during the day, you can
reduce your greenhouse gas emissions even further. Another way is to purchase Green Power from
your electricity retailer. Then, even if you recharge your EV from the electricity grid, your
electricity is coming from renewable energy sources.

1.6 PROBLEMS WITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES:
 Range of cars: EV have less range over ICV. Though there have been claims of EV providing a
range of 300 miles, under safe parameter
 Charging Time: It takes around 20 hrs. To charge through 120V supply and 7hrs through 240V
supply. With fast charging, it still takes around 30 minutes.
 Infrastructure: A study carried out by Nielsen in 2017 showed that the number of gas charging
station is almost three times than the EV charging station. There is only 1 charging station for 16 EV.
 The number of charging stations are very less and have been installed very far off from one another
which also creates a lot of problems.

1.7 CHARGING STATION
 An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point,
charging point, charge point, electronic charging station (ECS), and electric vehicle supply
equipment (EVSE), is a machine that supplies electric energy for the recharging of plug-in electric
vehicles—including electric cars, neighbourhood electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.
 Some electric vehicles have converters on board that plug into a standard electrical outlet or a high-
capacity appliance outlet. Others use a charging station that provides electrical conversion,
monitoring, or safety functionality. These stations can support faster charging at higher voltages and
currents than residential EVSEs.
 Charging stations provide a range of heavy duty or special connectors that conform to the variety of
standards. For common DC rapid charging, multi-standard chargers equipped with two or three of
the Combined Charging System (CCS), CHAdeMO, and AC fast charging has become the de facto
market standard in many regions.
 Public charging stations are typically on-street facilities provided by electric utility companies or
located at retail shopping centres, restaurants and parking places. They can be operated by various
private companies.

 CHARGING STATION TYPES
 Residential charging stations: An EV owner plugs into a standard receptacle (such as NEMA
connector in the US), recharging the vehicle overnight. A home charging station usually has no
user authentication, no separate metering, but may require wiring a dedicated circuit to have
faster charging. Some portable chargers can also be wall mounted as charging stations.
 Charging while parked (including public charging stations) – a private or commercial venture
for a fee or free, sometimes offered in partnership with the owners of the parking lot. This
charging may be slow or high speed and often encourages EV owners to recharge their cars while
they take advantage of nearby facilities. It can include parking for an organization's own
employees, parking at shopping malls, small centres, and public transit stations. Typically, AC
Type1 / Type2 plugs are used.
 Fast charging at public charging stations >40 kW, capable of delivering over 60-mile (100 km)
of range in 10–30 minutes. These chargers may be at rest stops to allow for longer distance trips.
They may also be used regularly by commuters in metropolitan areas, and for charging while
parked for shorter or longer periods. Common examples are J1772, Type 2 connector Type 3
connector, combined charging system, CHAdeMO, and Tesla Superchargers.
 The battery can charge in under 15 minutes. A specified target for CARB credits for a zero-
emission vehicle is adding 200-mile (300 km) to its range in under 15 minutes. In 2014, this was
not possible for charging electric vehicles, but it is achievable with EV battery swaps.

1.8 CHARGING TIME WITH TABLE
The charging time depends on the battery capacity and the charging power. In simple terms, the time
rate of charge depends on the charging level used, and the charging level depends on the voltage handling of
the batteries and charger electronics in the car. The U.S.-based SAE International defines Level 1
(household 120 V AC) as the slowest, Level 2 (upgraded household 240 V AC) in the middle and Level 3
(super charging, 480 V DC or higher) as the fastest. Level 3 charge time can be as fast as 30 minutes for an
80% charge, although there has been serious industry competition about whose standard should be widely
adopted. Charge time can be calculated using the formula: Charging Time [h] = Battery Capacity [kWh] /
Effective Charging Power [kW]. The effective charging power can be lower than the maximum charging
power of the socket or charging station due to limitations of the vehicle, charging losses (which can be as
high as 25%), and also vary over time due to charging limits applied by a battery management system or a
charge controller.

1.9 CHARGING STATIONS IN INDIA:
Here we some of the charging station manufacturers in India.
 TATA Power – it is also one of the most prominent manufacturers of EV charging stations in the
country. TATA’s EV charging network covers an area of 9 states including Delhi, Hyderabad and
Mumbai, with about 300 charging points across 40 cities including: Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata and Vishakhapatnam.
 CHARZER – a start-up based in Bangalore which offers portable Kirana chargers of 3.3 KV for
small shop owners, restaurants, malls, societies etc. at an affordable price of Rs. 15,000 only.
 Delta Electronics India – is India’s leading EV Charging manufacturer in terms of sales and offers a
wide variety of charging equipment including DC Quick Charger and AC EV charger. It also
provides a Site Management System for parking lots, working places, residential buildings and more.
 Fortum India – is a Finnish clean energy company with activities in more than 40 countries. It has to
its credit the first public charging station for Indian Oil in Hyderabad.
 Mass-Tech – It has to its credit the completion of the installation for DC Fast Charging Station in
Mumbai, in partnership with TATA motors.

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
Name of the Paper Author Year of Publishing Methodology / Conclusion A Comprehensive
Review on Developments in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure and Present Scenario of
India Shubham Mishra, Shreya Verma, Shubhankar Choudhary, Ambar Gaur 2021 Adoption of new
technologies like V2G, Smart Grid, Smart charging technique, etc., for EV charging will be very
helpful in maintaining the energy balance of the power system and effective utilization of available
renewable nergy. It will also help in meeting customer satisfaction and economic charging rates.EV
charging stations and modes: International standards Maria Carmen Falvo; Danilo Sbordone;
I. Safak Bayram; Michael Devetsikiotis 2014.The work includes also a summary on possible types of
Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), that are important for the integration of EVs fast charging stations of the
last generation in smart grids. Finally a brief analysis on the possible electrical layout for the ESS
integration in EVs charging system, proposed in literature, is reported. Development of Electric Vehicle
Charging Station Management System in Urban Areas Prasetyo Aji; Dionysius Aldion Renata; Adisa
Larasati; Riz 2020
Application development is used to make a tool in the form of a CSMS application to monitor and
control CS with the name SONIK (electric vehicle charging operation system) Concept of charging stations
for electric cars Oliver Marcincin; Zdenek Medvec 2014 .This paper is about active charging stations for
electric cars. Active charging station is usually part of modern electrical grids, known as a Smart Grids or
Micro Grids.
This paper also includes an executive summary existing knowledge about the structure and service of
electricity distribution network, analysis of electric car industry and its potential impact on the electrical
network and also conceptual solution charging stations electric cars with minimal effects on the power
network.Solar based electric vehicle charging station Md Sohail Tanveer; Sunil Gupta; Rahul Rai; Neeraj
Kumar Jha; Mohit Bansal 2019.This paper investigates the possibility of charging the battery of
electric vehicles at a various working place like offices, colleges, hospitals, universities etc in Delhi, India
using solar energy.

Name of the Paper Author Year of Publishing May2022 | IJIRT | Volume 8 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-
6002. Solar based wireless EV charger .Prajakta Pawara1, Shweta Deokate2, Archana Dighule3,
Rutuja Swami.Electrical Engineering, All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society, Institute of
Information Technology. Fast charging of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure are required
to make EVs widely accepted, as charging time is the primary obstacle to EV adoption.
To improve charging station efficiency, electric vehicles will be the future mode of transportation.
Electric vehicle charging will play a significant role in raising EV demand in the market; the lack of
charging infrastructure is the primary reason for not purchasing an EV. We investigated the portable EV
charger by reducing charging time with renewable energy. The vehicle battery charging station developed
in this work uses a hybrid power system to give a unique service to travelers who seek to travel long
distances in an electric vehicle. There are no electric charging stations for such users in between motorways
to recharge their vehicles. For charging their electric vehicles, the wireless EV charger is the ideal
alternative.
Wireless power transfer module (WPT): In electric vehicles charging of battery through a charger
and wire is inconvenient, dangerous, and expensive. The existing gasoline and petrol engine technology
vehicles are responsible for air, and noise pollution as well as for greenhouse gases. The implemented
wireless charging system of batteries for Electric vehicles by the inductive coupling method has been
studied in this paper. The transmitting circuit is used between the transmitter coil & receiver coil where
MOSFET is used for switching operation. The system is achieving a 61% efficiency level while providing
safety, reliability, low maintenance, and long product life. This is easy to use Wireless Power Transfer
Module. This module consists of Transmitter Section & a receiver Section. Both the sections have a coil
that acts as a transmitting/receiving antenna. This product can be used for wireless charging of mobile
phones and various small electronic products. It is in a very small form factor and is extremely easy to use
efficient & low costing. It can be used for wireless charging of your product thus making the product
completely sealed, dustproof & waterproof thus increasing your product’s life.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) Volume: 06

Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930 Bugatha Ram Vara Prasad1, M.
Geethanjali2 , M. Sonia3, S. Ganeesh4, P. Sai Krishna5 1 Assistant Professor, Department of
Electrical and electronics Engineering U.G students, Department of Electrical and electronics
Engineering Lendi institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
This paper describes the design of solar powered charging station for charging of electric vehicle
describes design of solar powered charging station for charging of electric vehicle that solves the key
downside of fuel and pollution. Electric vehicles have now hit the road worldwide and are slowly growing in
numbers. Apart from environmental benefits electric vehicles have also proven helpful in reducing cost of
travel by replacing fuel by electricity which is way cheaper. Well here we develop an EV charging system
that solves with a unique innovative solution. This EV charging of vehicles without any wires, No need of
stop for charging, vehicle charges while moving, Solar power for keeping the charging system going, No
external power supply needed. The system makes use of a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator
circuitry, copper coils, AC to DC converter, atmega controller and LCD display to develop the system. The
system demonstrates how electric vehicles can be charged while moving on the road, eliminating the need to
stop for charging. Thus the system demonstrates a solar powered wireless charging system for electric
vehicles that can be integrated in the road. Electric Vehicles (EVs), represents a new concept in the transport
sector around the world. It is expected that the market share of EVs will exponentially grow, comprising
24% of the U.S. light vehicle fleet in 2030, representing 64% light vehicle sales in this year.
In this context, the EVs battery charging process must be regulated to preserve the power quality in
the power grids. Nevertheless, with the proliferation of Evs a considerable amount of energy will be stored
in the batteries, raising the opportunity of the energy flow in the opposite sense. In the future smart grids, the
interactivity with the EVs will be one of the key technologies, contributing to the power grid autonomous
operation. The concept of the on-board bidirectional charger with V2G and V2H technologies is introduced
The electric vehicle has become more competitive when compared to the conventional internal combustion
engine vehicledue to lower carbon dioxide emission and raising fossil fuels. However, the EV was not
widely adopted into the market due to some limitations such as high vehicle cost[2]. limited charging
infrastructure and limited all electric drive. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on
electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance
and are also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil.

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The Proprosed SOLAR WIRLESS ELECTRIC VEHICALE CHARGING SYSTEM(SWEVCS) Has
Several Advantages Over The Existing Level 1 Charging Method That Can Help To Overcomes Some Of
Its Drawbacks. Firstly SWEVCS Use Solar Power To Charge The Evs Battery ,Which Is Sustainable And
Renewable Source F Energy. This Reduces The Starin On The Electrical Grid And Helps To Reduces The
Carbon Footprints Of The EV Charging System Which Means There Is No Need For Cables Or Cods
Making It Safer And More Convenient For Drivers To Change Their Evs. The Charging Process Can Be
Initiated And Monitored Using An LCD Display Which Provides Times Information On The Battery S
Charging Status. Thirdly SWEVCS Rechargables Battery And A Boost Converter To Optimize The
Charging Process And Providesa Stable And Efficient Power Supply . This Ensures That The Charging
Process Is Fast And Efficient,Which Is Particularly Useful For Drivers Who Need To Charge Their Evs
Quickly. Finally, SWEVCS Is A Bidirectional Charging System Ehich Means That It Canalso Be Used To
Provides Power Back To The Grid During Peak Demand Period . This Helps To Reduces The Starinon The
Electrical Grid And Provides An Additional Sources Of Revenue For EV Owners .Thus The Wirless
Electric Vehicale Charging System(SWEVCS) Offers Several Advantages Over The Existing Level 1
Charging Method Including Sustainability , Conveniences, Efficiency And Bidirectional Charging
Capabilities. By Adopting SWEVCS, We Can Overcomes Some Of The Existing Drawback Of
Level1charging And Move Towards More Efficient , Sustainable , And Resilient EV Charging
Infrastructure.

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
10 V 12W
SOLAR PANEL
BATTERY MICRO 16*2 LCD

12 V 7 A CONTROLLER DISPLAY
RELAY
MODULE
E.V.
CHARGING
Fig no 4.1.Block Diagram

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig no 4.2.Circuit Diagram
4.3 MAIN COMPONENTS
16 X 2 ALPHANUMERIC LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical
device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,
instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to
display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information
content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays, as in
a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large
number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in

portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones,
including smartphones.
LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game
devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all
applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with
LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to huge, big-screen television sets.
Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in when a static image is
displayed on a screen for a long time (e.g., the table frame for an aircraft schedule on an indoor sign). LCDs
are, however, susceptible to image persistence.
The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low
electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently
than CRTs can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units
worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.
Fig 4.3.1 16 x 2 LCD

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor
position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the
ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of
a LCD.
Fig 4.3.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF 16 X 2 LCD
 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 8-bit data pins DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

 RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate
a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the
signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other
loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes
multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".Magnetic
latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one direction, and another,
redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the same input have no effect. Magnetic latching
relays are useful in applications where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate
in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a
dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between
operate and reset commands.
 BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are
two contacts in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of
moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in
the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other
set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in
the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit
between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via

the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon
construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts
were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but
gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly.
In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to dissipate the energy
from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage
spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Such diodes were not widely used before the
application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were
easily destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case.
If the relay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar problem of surge currents
around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubber circuit (a capacitor and resistor in series) across the
contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single
packaged component for this commonplace use.
If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method is used to split the flux
into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature during
the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of the core
that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component, which holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the control
voltage.
 POLE AND THROW OF RELAYS
Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a relay
switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil.Normally open
(NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is
inactive. It is also called a "Form A" contact or "make" contact. NO contacts may also be distinguished as
"early-make" or "NOEM", which means that the contacts close before the button or switch is fully engaged.

Normally closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected
when the relay is inactive. It is also called a "Form B" contact or "break" contact. NC contacts may also be
distinguished as "late-break" or "NCLB", which means that the contacts stay closed until the button or
switch is fully disengaged.
Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally open contact
and one normally closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a "Form C" contact or "transfer"
contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact has a "make before break" action, then it is called a
"Form D" contact.The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is
normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the
ambiguity.
SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for
the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or
relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles
may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two
SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.
Fig no 4.3.3. Relay

 APPLICATIONS
Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage circuit with a low
power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable. The first application of relays was in
long telegraph lines, where the weak signal received at an intermediate station could control a contact,
regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current devices can be controlled with
small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches. Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low
power devices such as microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads beyond their direct drive
capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the high current of the cranking motor to be controlled
with small wiring and contacts in the ignition key.
Electromechanical switching systems including Strowger and Crossbar telephone exchanges made
extensive use of relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone Company also
manufactured telephone exchanges based solely on relay switching techniques designed by Gotthilf
Ansgarius Betulander. The first public relay based telephone exchange in the UK was installed
in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in service until 1959.
The use of relays for the logical control of complex switching systems like telephone exchanges was
studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the application of Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in A
Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform the basic operations of Boolean
combinatorial logic. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting normally open relay
contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a logical
input can be done with a normally closed contact. Relays were used for control of automated systems for
machine tools and production lines. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay
logic networks.

 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To
do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have
added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts
alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed
at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community,
the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from
simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.
All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and
eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through
the contributions of users worldwide.
Fig No 4.3.4 .Arduino

WHY ARDUINO
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects
and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on
Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry
and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive
prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of
course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn
new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.
 ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO
 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even
the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in
that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++
libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to
the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly
into your Arduino programs if you want to.
 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard
version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino is an open-source,
prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal for hobbyists to use as well as professionals. The
Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
 Features of the Arduino UNO:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a
supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar
panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array
of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Photovoltaic cells or panels are only one way of generating electricity from solar energy. They are not the
most efficient, but they are the most convents to use on a small to medium scale. PV cells are made of
silicon, similar to that used in computer "chips". While silicon itself is a very abundant mineral, the
manufacture of solar cells (as with computer chips) has to be in a very clean environment.
Fig no 4.3.5. Solar Panel
This causes production costs to be high. A PV cell is constructed from two types of silicon,
which when hit by solar energy, produce a voltage difference across them, and, if connected to an
electrical circuit, a current will flow. A number of photovoltaic cells will be connected together in a
"Module", and usually encapsulated in glass held a frame which can then be mounted as required. The cells
in a module will be wired in series or parallel to produce a specified voltage. What may be referred to as a
12 volt panel may produce around 16 volts in full sun to charge to 12 volt battery.
Here we use Energia company solar panel. The mechanical characteristics made from high efficiency
crystalline silicon solar cells. Cells encapsulated in low iron, high transmission, toughened glass using

UV stable ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets. Premium quality back sheet protect the module from
environmental conditions. Laminate framed with strong anodized aluminum profile with fitted junction box.
In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern, alternatives to the
use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One such alternative is solar energy.
Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the
Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,0001tons of
hydrogen to helium every second. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light,and
ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions.
Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does reach the
Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal
energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living
plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun.
Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be
provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In
addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted.Due to the nature of solar energy, two
components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector
and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to
other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the
non-constantnature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received.
At night or during heavy cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the collector will be
quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the Specification of the solar
panel:
Material : Silicon
Wattage : 10W
Type : Polycrystalline
No of Cells : 64
Output Voltage : 21.5V
Short circuit current: 0.65A 7.voltage at maximum power: 17.5 V
Current at max. Power: 0.58 A
Tollerance : 5%

 LEAD ACID BATTERY

The electrical energy produced by the system is need to be either utilized completely or stored.
Complete utilization of all the energy produced by the system for all the time is not possible. So, it should be
store rather than useless wasting it.
Electrical batteries is the most relevant, low cost, maximum efficient storage of electrical energy in the form
of chemical reaction. Hence, batteries are preferred. The energy generated from the proposed project is need
to be store. So, two batteries is needed. One is attached to wind turbine for which a 120AmpH battery will
be required, which will be fair enough full fill the storage capacity for targeted value. The second battery is
80AmpH is preferred for storing solar energy. But, as per application/ storage and demand battery capacity
can be variable.
Fig no 4.3.6. Li Battery

 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user
input such as a mouse click or key stroke. Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC
power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive electronic
Fig no 4.3.7. Buzzer
equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated
power can be directly connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module and
the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to "plug and play."

 CONNECTING WIRES
A connecting wire allows travels the electric current from one point to another point without
resistivity. Resistances of connecting wires should always be near zero. Copper(cu)wires have low
resistances and are therefore suitable for low resistances.
Fig no 4.3.8.Connecting wires

 COILS
Fig No 4.3.9 Transmiting And Reciving Coils
Electromagnetic induction is the method of transmitting energy through an electromagnetic field. It

operates on the idea that moving a conductor through a magnetic field can produce an electric current in that
conductor (in this example,the receiving coil) (created by the charging pad). When an electric car is parked
or moving over a charging plate or pad and its reception coil is lined up with the coils on the plate, the
charging process may start. When the charging system establishes contact with the car's onboard computer,
the charging pad starts to generate an electromagnetic field that transmits energy to the car's receiving coil.
Inductive charging is a practical and effective method for wirelessly recharging electric vehicles, and it has
the potential to completely change the way we think about EV charging infrastructure.

 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The principal used to achieve solar wireless charging system is IPT (Inductive Power Transfer). The
fundamental idea behind IPT is that by running an alternating current through a coil, a magnetic field is
created. Another coil that is close to the first coil experiences a current due to this magnetic field. The device
linked to the second coil can then be powered by the induced current.
The receiving coil is normally positioned on the underside of the car in an electric vehicle charging system,
in the charging pad is typically installed on the ground. The two coils are aligned and the charging process
starts when the vehicle is parked over the charging pad. The IPT system is made to be reliable, effective, and
practical. When a vehicle is there, the system immediately recognizes it and starts charging.
The Solar Panel Is Used To Capture Solar Energy And Convert It Into Electrical Energy. It Is Connected
Toa Charge Controller To Regulate The Amount Of Current And Voltage Supplied To The Battery. The
Battery Is Used To Store The Electrical Energy Generated By The Solar Panel. It Is Connected To A Battery
Management System (Bms) To Monitor and Regulate The Battery's Charging And Discharging Process. The
Buck Converter Is A Dc-Dc Converter That Reduces The Voltage Level From The Battery To A Lower
Level For Efficient Power Transfer. The Boost Converter Is A Dc-Dc Converter That Increases The Voltage
Level From The Battery To A Higher Level For Efficient Power Transfer. The Current Sensor Is Used To
Measure The Current Flowing Through The System To Monitor and Control The Power Transfer.
The ESP 32 is a microcontroller used to control and manage the system's operation, including monitoring
and regulating the power transfer process. The proximity sensor is used to detect the presence of the receiver
vehicle and activate the charging process. The relay module is used to switch the power supply to the
transmitter coil and control the power transfer process. The copper coil is used to generate a magnetic field
to transfer power wirelessly to the receiver. The wireless transmitter circuit is used to control the power
transfer process and communicate with the receiver to ensure efficient and safe charging.

Fig 4.3.10 Series Of Transmitter Coil Mounted On Path.
The relay module is used to switch the power supply to the transmitter coil and control the power
transfer process. The copper coil is used to generate a magnetic field to transfer power wirelessly to the
receiver. The wireless transmitter circuit is used to control the power transfer process and communicate with
the receiver to ensure efficient and safe charging.
As an alternative domestic power supply is used to generate the magnetic field in transmitter coil whenever
there is no sufficient current supply for the battery through solar panel.

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Software used in this project for uploading code onto Arduino is Arduino IDE.
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE

IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. Pretty fancy sounding, and should make you
feel smart any time you use it. The IDE is a text editor-like program that allows you to write Arduino code.
When you open the Arduino program, you are opening the IDE. It is intentionally streamlined to keep things
as simple and straightforward as possible. When you save a file in Arduino, the file is called a sketch – a
sketch is where you save the computer code you have written. The coding language that Arduino uses is
very much like C++ (“see plus plus”), which is a common language in the world of computing. The code
you learn to write for Arduino will be very similar to the code you write in any other computer language –
all the basic concepts remain the same – it is just a matter of learning a new dialect should you pursue other
programming languages.
The code you write is “human readable”, that is, it will make sense to you (sometimes), and will be
organized for a human to follow. Part of the job of the IDE is to take the human readable code and translate
it into machine-readable code to be executed by the Arduino. This process is called compiling.The process
of compiling is seamless to the user. All you have to do is press a button. If you have errors in your
computer code, the compiler will display an error message at the bottom of the IDE and highlight the line of
code that seems to be the issue. The error message is meant to help you identify what you might have done
wrong – sometimes the message is very explicit, like saying, “Hey – you forget a semicolon”, sometimes
the error message is vague.Why be concerned with a semicolon you ask? A semicolon is part of the Arduino

language syntax, the rules that govern how the code is written. It is like grammar in writing. Say for
example we didn’t use periods when we wrote – everyone would have a heck of a time trying to figure out
when sentences started and ended. Or if we didn’t employ the comma,
And let me tell you, if you ever had an English teacher with an overactive red pen, the compiler is ten times
worse. In fact – your programs WILL NOT compile without perfect syntax. This might drive you crazy at
first because it is very natural to forget syntax. As you gain experience programming you will learn to be
assiduous about coding grammar.

5.1.1 THE SEMICOLON

A semicolon needs to follow every statement written in the Arduino programming language. For example, Int
LedPin=9;
In this statement, I am assigning a value to an integer variable (we will cover this later), notice the semicolon
at the end. This tells the compiler that you have finished a chunk of code and are moving on to the next piece. A
semicolon is to Arduino code, as a period is to a sentence. It signifies a complete statement.
5.1.2 THE DOUBLE BACKSLASH FOR SINGLE LINE COMMENTS //

Comments Are What You Use To Annotate Code. Good Code Is Commented Well. Comments Are Meant To
Inform You And Anyone Else Who Might Stumble Across Your Code, What The Heck You Were Thinking When
You Wrote It. A Good Comment Would Be Something Like This…
Now, In 3 Months When I Review This Program, I Know Where To Stick My LED. Comments Will Be Ignored By
The Compiler – So You Can Write Whatever You Like In Them. If You Have A Lot You Need To Explain, You Can
Use A Multi-Line Comment, Shown Below
//This is an example Comments are like the footnotes of code, except far more prevalent and not at the
bottom of the page.

5.1.3 THE CURLY BRACES

Curly braces are used to enclose further instructions carried out by a function (we discuss functions
next). There is always an opening curly bracket and a closing curly bracket. If you forget to close a curly
bracket, the compiler will not like it and throw an error code.
Void loop(){}
Remember – no curly brace may go unclosed!
5.1.4 FUNCTION ( )
Functions are pieces of code that are used so often that they are encapsulated in certain keywords so
that you can use them more easily. For example, a function could be the following set of instructions…
This set of simple instructions could be encapsulated in a function that we call WashDog. Every time we
want to carry out all those instructions we just type WashDog and voila – all the instructions are carried
out.In Arduino, there are certain functions that are used so often they have been built into the IDE. When
you type them, the name of the function will appear orange. The function pinMode(), for example, is a
common function used to designate the mode of an Arduino pin.
What’s the deal with the parentheses following the function pinMode? Many functions
require arguments to work. An argument is information the function uses when it runs.For our WashDog
function, the arguments might be dog name and soap type, or temperature and size of a bucket.
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
The argument 13 refers to pin 13, and OUTPUT is the mode in which you want the pin to operate.
When you enter these arguments the terminology is called passing. You pass the necessary information to
the functions. Not all functions require arguments, but opening and closing parentheses will stay regardless
though empty.
Notice that the word OUTPUT is blue. There are certain keywords in Arduino that are used
frequently and the color blue helps identify them. The IDE turns them blue automatically. Now we won’t get
into it here, but you can easily make your own functions in Arduino, and you can even get the IDE to color
them for you. We will, however, talk about the two functions used in nearly EVERY Arduino program.
5.1.5 VOID SETUP ( )

The function, setup(), as the name implies, is used to set up the Arduino board. The Arduino
executes all the code that is contained between the curly braces of setup() only once. Typical things that
happen in setup() are setting the modes of pins, startingYou might be wondering what void means before the
function setup(). Void means that the function does not return information.Some functions do return values
– our DogWash function might return the number of buckets it required to clean the dog. The function
analogRead() returns an integer value between 0-1023. If this seems a bit odd now, don’t worry as we will
cover every common Arduino function in depth as we continue the course.
Let us review a couple things you should know about setup()…
1. setup() only runs once.
2. setup() needs to be the first function in your Arduino sketch.
3. setup() must have opening and closing curly braces.
5.1.6 VOID LOOP ( )

You have to love the Arduino developers because the function names are so telling. As the name
implies, all the code between the curly braces in loop() is repeated over and over again – in a loop. The
loop() function is where the body of your program will reside.As with setup(), the function loop() does not
return any values, therefore the word void precedes it. Does it seem odd to you that the code runs in one big
loop? This apparent lack of variation is an illusion. Most of your code will have specific conditions laying in
wait which will trigger new actions.
If you have a temperature sensor connected to your Arduino for example, then when the temperature
gets to a predefined threshold you might have a fan kick on. The looping code is constantly checking the
temperature waiting to trigger the fan. So even though the code loops over and over, not every piece of the
code will be executed every iteration of the loop.
5.2 INTRODUCTION ARDUINO LIBRARIES

Libraries are a collection of code that makes it easy for you to connect to a sensor, display, module,
etc. For example, the built-in LiquidCrystal library makes it easy to talk to character LCD displays. There
are hundreds of additional libraries available on the Internet for download. The built-in libraries and some of
these additional libraries are listed in the reference. To use the additional libraries, you will need to install
them.

Arduino libraries are managed in three different places: inside the IDE installation folder, inside the
core folder and in the libraries folder inside your sketchbook. The way libraries are chosen during
compilation is designed to allow the update of libraries present in the distribution. This means that placing a
library in the “libraries” folder in your sketchbook overrides the other libraries versions.
The same happens for the libraries present in additional cores installations. It is also important to note that
the version of the library you put in your sketchbook may be lower than the one in the distribution or core
folders, nevertheless it will be the one used during compilation. When you select a specific core for your
board, the libraries present in the core’s folder are used instead of the same libraries present in the IDE
distribution folder.
Last, but not least important is the way the Arduino Software (IDE) upgrades itself: all the files in
Programs/Arduino (or the folder where you installed the IDE) are deleted and a new folder is created with
fresh content.This is why we recommend that you only install libraries to the sketchbook folder so they are
not deleted during the Arduino IDE update process.
5.2.1 HOW TO INSTALL A LIBRARY

To install a new library into your Arduino IDE you can use the Library Manager (available from IDE version 1.6.2).
Open the IDE and click to the "Sketch" menu and then Include Library > Manage Libraries.

Then the Library Manager will open and you will find a list of libraries that are already installed or
ready for installation. In this example we will install the Bridge library. Scroll the list to find it, click on it,
then select the version of the library you want to install. Sometimes only one version of the library is
available. If the version selection menu does not appear, don't worry: it is normal.
Finally click on install and wait for the IDE to install the new library. Downloading may take time
depending on your connection speed. Once it has finished, an Installed tag should appear next to the Bridge
library. You can close the library manager.You can now find the new library available in the Sketch >
Include Library menu. If you want to add your own library to Library Manager, follow these instructions.
5.3 HOW TO CONNECT ARDUINO BOARD

If you're using a serial board, power the board with an external power supply (6 to 25 volts DC, with
the core of the connector positive). Connect the board to a serial port on your computer.On the USB boards,
the power source is selected by the jumper between the USB and power plugs. To power the board from the
USB port (good for controlling low power devices like LEDs), place the jumper on the two pins closest to
the USB plug. To power the board from an external power supply (needed for motors and other high current
devices), place the jumper on the two pins closest to the power plug. Either way, connect the board to a
USB port on your computer. On Windows, the Add New Hardware wizard will open; tell it you want to
specify the location to search for drivers and point to the folder containing the USB drivers you unzipped in
the previous step.The power LED should go on.

5.4 HOW TO UPLOAD A PROGRAM

The content of circuits and Arduino sketches can vary greatly. Before you get started, there is one
simple process for uploading a sketch to an Arduino board that you can refer back to.
Follow these steps to upload your sketch:
Connect your Arduino using the USB cable.
The square end of the USB cable connects to your Arduino and the flat end connects to a USB port on your
computer.
Choose Tools→Board→Arduino Uno to find your board in the Arduino menu.
You can also find all boards through this menu, such as the Arduino MEGA 2560 and Arduino Leonardo.
Choose the correct serial port for your board.
You find a list of all the available serial ports by choosing Tools→Serial Port→ comX or
/dev/tty.usbmodemXXXXX. X marks a sequentially or randomly assigned number. In Windows, if you have
just connected your Arduino, the COM port will normally be the highest number, such as com 3 or com 15.
Many devices can be listed on the COM port list, and if you plug in multiple Arduinos, each one will be
assigned a new number. On Mac OS X, the /dev/tty.usbmodem number will be randomly assigned and can
vary in length, such as /dev/tty.usbmodem1421 or /dev/tty.usbmodem262471. Unless you have another
Arduino connected, it should be the only one visible.
Click the Upload button.This is the button that points to the right in the Arduino environment. You can also
use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+U for Windows or Cmd+U for Mac OS X.
CODE
//Arduino Timer Relay - Triger relay for specific time
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> //https://github.com/fdebrabander/Arduino-LiquidCrystal-I2C-library
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // LCD HEX address 0x3F -- change according to yours
#include "Countimer.h" //https://github.com/inflop/Countimer
Countimer tdown;
#include
<EEPROM.h> #define
bt_set A3
#define bt_up A2
#define bt_down A1

#define bt_start A0
int time_s = 0;
int time_m = 0;
int time_h = 0;
int set = 0;
int flag1=0, flag2=0;
int relay = 5;
int buzzer = 6;
void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(bt_set, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(bt_up, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(bt_down, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(bt_start, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(relay, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
lcd.init();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" Welcome To ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Countdown Timer");
tdown.setInterval(print_time, 999);
eeprom_read();
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}
void print_time()
{ time_s = time_s-1;
if(time_s<0){time_s=59; time_m = time_m-1; if(time_m<0)
{time_m=59; time_h = time_h-1;}

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC , ATPADI 2023 -2024
}
void tdownComplete(){Serial.print("ok");}
//tdown.stop();
void loop(){
tdown.run();
if(digitalRead (bt_set) == 0)
{ if(flag1==0 && flag2==0)
{flag1=1; set = set+1;
if(set>3){set=0;}
delay(100);
}
}else{flag1=0;}
if(digitalRead (bt_up) == 0){
if(set==0){tdown.start(); flag2=1;}
if(set==1){time_s++;} if(set==2)
{time_m++;} if(set==3){time_h+
+;} if(time_s>59){time_s=0;}
if(time_m>59){time_m=0;}
if(time_h>99){time_h=0;}
if(set>0){eeprom_write();}
delay(200);
}
if(digitalRead (bt_down) == 0)
{ if(set==0){tdown.stop();
flag2=0;} if(set==1){time_s--;}
if(set==2){time_m--;}
if(set==3){time_h--;} if(time_s<0)
{time_s=59;} if(time_m<0)
{time_m=59;}
if(time_h<0){time_h=99;}

if(set>0){eeprom_write();}
delay(200);
}
if(digitalRead (bt_start) == 0){ flag2=1;
eeprom_read();
digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
tdown.restart();
tdown.start();
}
lcd.setCursor(0,0); if(set==0)
{lcd.print(" Timer ");}
if(set==1){lcd.print(" Set Timer SS ");}
if(set==2){lcd.print(" Set Timer MM ");}
if(set==3){lcd.print(" Set Timer HH ");}
lcd.setCursor(4,1); if(time_h<=9)
{lcd.print("0");} lcd.print(time_h);
lcd.print(":"); if(time_m<=9)
{lcd.print("0");}
lcd.print(time_m);
lcd.print(":"); if(time_s<=9)
{lcd.print("0");}
lcd.print(time_s);
lcd.print(" ");
if(time_s==0 && time_m==0 && time_h==0 && flag2==1){flag2=0;
tdown.stop();
digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
delay(300);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
delay(200);

delay(300);
delay(200);
delay(300);
}
if(flag2==1){digitalWrite(relay,
HIGH);} else{digitalWrite(relay,
LOW);} delay(1);
}
void eeprom_write()
{ EEPROM.write(1,
time_s); EEPROM.write(2,
time_m); EEPROM.write(3,
time_h);
}
void eeprom_read(){
time_s = EEPROM.read(1);
time_m = EEPROM.read(2);
time_h = EEPROM.read(3);
}

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6
6.1 RESULT
The system makes use of a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuitry, copper coils, AC to
DC converter, atmega controller and LCD display to develop the system. The system demonstrates how
electric vehicles can be charged while moving on the road, eliminating the need to stop for charging[15].
The solar panel is used to power the battery through a charge controller. The battery is charged and stores dc
power. The DC power now needs to be converted to AC for transmission. For this purpose we here use a
transformer.
The power is converted to AC using a transformer and regulated using regulator circuitry. This
power is now used to power the copper coils that are used for wireless energy transmission. A copper coil is
also mounted underneath the electric vehicle.
When the vehicle is driven over the coils energy is transmitted from the transmitter coil to ev coil. Please
note the energy is still DC current that is induced into this coil[16]. Now we convert this to DC again so that
it can be used to charge the EV battery.
We use AC to DC conversion circuitry to convert it back to DC current. Now we also measure the
input voltage using an atmega microcontroller and display this on an LCD display[17]. Thus the system
demonstrates a solar powered wireless charging system for electric vehicles that can be integrated in the
road.

6.2 APPLICATION
 SMART PHONES, PORTABLE MEDIA PLAYERS, DIGITAL CAMERAS, TABLETS AND

WEARABLES: Consumers are asking for easy-to-use solutions, increased freedom of positioning,
and shorter charging times. These applications typically require 2 W to 15 W of power. Multi-
standard interoperability is preferred. Wireless charging can coexist with NFC (Near Field
Communication) and Bluetooth, allowing for very creative solutions. For example, paired phones
can charge each other up when placed back-to-back, after they negotiate the appropriate host and
client.
 ACCESSORIES: Headsets, wireless speakers, mice, keyboards and many other applications can
benefit from wireless power transmission. Plugging charging cables into the tiny connectors of ever-
shrinking devices is an impediment to robust design.
 PUBLIC ACCESS CHARGING TERMINAL: Deployment of charging pads (transmitters) in

the public domain requires systems to be safe and secure. But smart charging systems can go well
beyond stand-alone charging solutions. They can enable quick network-connectivity and create
billable charging stations if desired.
 COMPUTER SYSTEMS: Laptops, notebooks, ultra books and tablet PCs are all candidates
for wireless charging as either hosts or clients. The possibilities are endless.
 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS: A wireless charger is ideal for charging mobile phones and
key fobs by placing them either on the dash or the center console of the car, without inconvenient
wires going to the cigarette lighter socket. Moreover, since Bluetooth and Wi-fi require
authentication to connect phones to car electronics, combining NFC with wireless charging can
enable the user to not only charge the phone, but to automatically connect it to the car’s Wi-fi
and Bluetooth networks without going through any specific setup process.
 ELECTRIC VEHICLES: Smart charging stations for EVs (electric vehicles) are also coming
up, but require much higher powers. Standards are under development.

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 7
7.1 CONCLUSION
 With these we come to following fact that no of expected vehicles doubling on the road in the near
future the need for this alternative energy is very evident and has promising returns.
 Important to produce vehicles that do less, have a longer range buse less energy.
 Lower our toxic emissions and localize greenhouse effects.
 Increase the overall energy efficiency of vehicles.
 As we know 21 cities amongst world’s 30 most polluted cities are from India and India stands 5th in
the most polluted countries list. The electricity generation sector is currently the greatest carbon
emitter in India. Also, carbon particulates emissions from the automobile sector are rapidly
increasing due to increase in the number of gas lines powered vehicles. The effective control of
pollution from these two emerging sectors is related to the greatest achievement of pollution control
objectives. Thus, this paper tries to develop a model that combines solar powered charging stations
for Electric Vehicles and use of EV’s to simultaneously reduce pollution from the power generation
sector and automobile sector.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPES

The dynamic EVs charging are foundational for many future thecnology so used for other system as
given :-
1. Traffic lights
2. Roadside lights
3. Indicators
If it happens energy can be made available anywhere without wires running from pole to pole

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 8
APPENDIX

CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE:
 www.wikipidea.org
 Senger, R., M. Markel, and J. Nelson, “Validation of advisor in a series of Electric Vehicle,” SAE
paper 981133, 1998.
 Wipke Anderson, Samuel Johnson, "Future perspective of EV,” IJOART paper, 2008.
 Donald MacArthur,Brooker pegotty, ”Electrical vehicle A sustainable view,” IJSER paper 2011 [4]
Stevenson Parker”, EV– A green vision for coming generation,”IEEE Xplore, 2010
 Patil, Manoj D., et al. "Wireless Charging of Battery in Electrical Vehicle using Solar Energy."
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 9.03 (2020): 394-397.
 Prasad, Bugatha Ram Vara, M. Geethanjali, M. Sonia, S. Ganeesh, and P. Sai Krishna. "Solar
Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System." (2022).
 A. Sultanbek, A. Khassenov, Y. Kanapyanov, M. Kenzhegaliyeva and M. Bagheri, "Intelligent
wireless charging station for electric vehicles," 2017 International Siberian Conference on Control
and Communications (SIBCON), Astana, Kazakhstan, 2017, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/SIBCON.2017.7998497.
 A. Shahin, J. . -P. Martin, S. Pierfederici and A. M. Sharaf, "Integration of Renewable Energy
Sources to Wireless Charger of Electrical Vehicle," 2021 22nd IEEE International Conference on
Industrial Technology (ICIT), Valencia, Spain, 2021, pp. 397-402, doi:
10.1109/ICIT46573.2021.9453645.
 R. de Silva and K. Fisk, "Charging electric vehicles from distributed solar generation," 2015 IEEE
PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia,
2015, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7380914.
 M. A. Al Mamun, M. Istiak, K. A. Al Mamun and S. A. Rukaia, "Design and Implementation of A
Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles," 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP),
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2020, pp. 504-507, doi: 10.1109/TENSYMP50017.2020.9230952

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A

“WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING

IN THE PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSOF

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2212090115 Mr. Harshwardhan Kuber Anuse

2212090114 Mr. Ganesh Vilas Gaikwad

2212090116 Mr. Pranit Mahadev Pathak

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI

2212090115 Mr. Harshwardhan Kuber Anuse

2212090114 Mr. Ganesh Vilas Gaikwad

2212090113 Mr. Pranit Mahadev Pathak

Prof.NALE D.B. Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.Kulkarni O.G

External Examiner Sign

2112090015 Mr. Harshwardhan Kuber Anuse

2112090014 Mr. Ganesh Vilas Gaikwad

2112090013 Mr. Pranit Mahadev Pathak

Sr. No. Chapters Page No.

1.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3 CHAPTER 3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

4 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPATER 5 DESIGN WORKING AND PROCESSES

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE

6 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND APPLICATION

7 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES

Sr. No. Name Of Diagram Page No.

1 Simple Wiring Diagram Of Electric Vehicle

5 Pin Diagram Of 16 X 2 LCD

9 Lead acid Battery

13 Series transmitting coil

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 6

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 7

solutions for addressing climate change.

vehicles, currently appears economically unlikely in developing economies.

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 8

1.2 SIMPLE WIRING DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 9

prove beneficial in partially eradicating real-word difficulties.

primarily to feed the EVs.

on its demand schedule.

towards green circular economy and move towards a sustainable future.

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 10

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 11

1.5 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

system or at free charging stations.

certain level for around eight years.

from the electricity grid.

electricity is coming from renewable energy sources.

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 12

1.6 PROBLEMS WITH ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

range of 300 miles, under safe parameter

supply. With fast charging, it still takes around 30 minutes.

which also creates a lot of problems.

WIRELESS SOLAR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION Page 13

1.7 CHARGING STATION

vehicles—including electric cars, neighbourhood electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.

currents than residential EVSEs.

market standard in many regions.