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EEE202 – Electric Circuits II

Section 9.4
Impedances of The Passive Circuit
Elements

1. Generalize resistance to impedance


2. Impedances of R, L, C
3. In phase & quadrature

1
The i-v relation and impedance of a resistor

 i(t) and v(t) reach the peaks simultaneously (in


phase), ⇒ impedance Z = R is real.

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The i-v relation and impedance of an inductor (2)

 v(t) leads i(t) by T/4 (+90° phase, i.e. quadrature)


⇒ impedance Z =jωL is purely positive imaginary.
d
v(t) = L i(t)
dt

13
The i-v relation and impedance of a capacitor (2)

 v(t) lags i(t) by T/4 (-90° phase, i.e. quadrature)


⇒ impedance Z = 1 ( jωC ) is purely negative
imaginary.

14
Circuit Analysis Techniques
in the Frequency Domain

58
Summary

 All the DC circuit analysis techniques:


1. KVL, KCL;
2. Series, parallel, ∆-Y simplifications;
3. Source transformations;
4. Thévenin, Norton equivalent circuits;
5. NVM, MCM;
are still applicable to sinusoidal steady-state
analysis if the voltages, currents, and passive
elements are replaced by the corresponding
phasors and impedances. 59
60
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Example 9.6: Series RLC circuit (1)

 Q: Given vs(t)=750 cos(5000t+30°), ⇒ i(t)=?

Z L = jωL = j(5000)(32 ×10−3 ) = j160 Ω,



Z 1 1
 C= =−j = − j40 Ω,
 jωC (5000)(5×10 )−6

V = 750∠ 30  V,
 s
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Example 9.6: Series RLC circuit (2)

Zab = 90 + j160 − j40 = 90 + j120


= 902 +1202 ∠ tan−1(120 90) = 150∠53.13 Ω,

Vs 750∠30 V
⇒I= = = 5∠ − 23.13 
A,
Z ab 150∠53.13 Ω

⇒ i(t) = 5cos(5000t − 23.13) A.


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Thévenin equivalent circuit

 Terminal voltage phasor and current phasor are


the same by using either configuration.

72
Example 9.10 (1)

 Q: Find the Thévenin circuit for terminals a, b.

 Apply source transformation to {120V, 12Ω, 60Ω}


twice to get a simplified circuit.
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Example 9.10 (2)

100 = (10 − j40 + 120)I + 10Vx , ⇒ (130 − j40)I + 10Vx = 100(1)


Vx = 100 − 10I(2)
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Example 9.10 (3)

− 900
I= = 18∠ −126.87 A,
30 − j40
VTh = 10(100 −10I) + 120I = 835.22∠ − 20.17 V.
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Example 9.10 (4)
VT
Ia =
− j40 + (12 // 60)
VT
= ,
10 − j40
Vx = (12 // 60)Ia = 10Ia ,
VT −10Vx
Ib = ,
120

VT −100I a Ia VT 1 VT VT
IT = I a + I b = I a + = + = + ,
120 6 120 6 10 − j40 120
ZTh = VT IT = 91.2 − j38.4 Ω.
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Phasor Diagrams

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Definition

 Graphical representation of -7-j3 = 7.62∠-156.8°


on the complex-number plane.

 Without calculation, we can anticipate a


magnitude >7, and a phase in the 3rd quadrant.
79
Example 9.15 (1)

 Q: Use a phasor diagram to find the value of R


that will cause iR to lag the source current is by
45° when ω = 5 krad/s.

j1 -j0.25

Vm Vm Vm
IL = = Vm ∠ − 90 , I C =

= 4Vm ∠90 , I R =

= Vm ∠0.
j1 − j0.25 R
80
Example 9.15 (2)

 By KCL, Is = IL + IC + IR. Addition of the 3 current


phasors can be visualized by vector summation
on a phase diagram:

To make ∠Is = 45°,


j3Vm IR = 3Vm,
⇒ R = 1/3 Ω.

81
Key points

 What is the phase of a sinusoidal function?


 What is the phasor of a sinusoidal function?
 What is the phase of an impedance? What are
in-phase and quadrature?
 How to solve the sinusoidal steady-state
response by using phasor and impedance?

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