Recidivisim Newly Revised
Recidivisim Newly Revised
Recidivisim Newly Revised
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
A Thesis
Presented to
In Partial Fulfillment
By:
Jeffrey L. Averion
2023
AGONCILLO COLLEGE INC.
Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Chapter 1
Introduction
environmental factors that made them commit a crime in the first place. So if
inmates learn a different way of living their lives, they'll be less inclined to
rehabilitation centers re-claim their part and role in society, there is a need to
assist them in their reunification with their families and reentry into the
community.
conditions in one’s self, the immediate and bigger environment, and one’s
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
S.2 009)
Recognizing that the community is usually also the locus of the offense
must also play vital roles in the elimination of the psycho-social, economic,
and cultural barriers and other causes of crime in its environment, in order to
On July 24, 1976, Presidential Decree No. 968, also known as Adult
Probation Law of 1976, was signed into law by the President of the
Philippines, His Excellency Ferdinand E. Marcos. The law gave birth to the
should be a last resort and utilized for those who have committed serious and
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Often, prisons thwart the offenders’ potential for growth and excellence,
and spawn dependence and mistrust on their part instead. Prisons usually
imprisonment and the conditions prevailing in jails which are often rigid and
arbitrary.
and re-live the areas of their life they want to change. Since the community is
the natural locus for legal, socioeconomic and cultural changes and
situations, thus improving their social skills and enhancing their social
functioning.
home, budgeting resources, deciding on family matters, etc. when s/he is with
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their family. This enables them to maintain self-esteem. Due to their exposure
in natural settings. The planning process is also more responsive and relevant
because both constraints and resources in the community are taken into
more on a reflection of past failures and planning for the future. The
other hand, can be monitored more closely as these are related to the
offenders’ daily living in the community. Due to this, re-planning can be easily
huge personnel complements, operating costs, capital outlays and other costs
opportunity costs are the costs of income and productive efforts as head or a
AGONCILLO COLLEGE INC.
Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas
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2003)
Batangas with a high rate of recidivism cases that led the researchers to
pursue this study. Their curiosity on how it possibly happened in the said
Laurel.
Batangas, the municipality of Laurel with the end view of proposing an action
plan that may help the government authority enhance its extent of
1.1 Age;
1.2 Sex;
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system?
individuals:
social acceptance to their lives that led them to be socially accepted despite
of the crime they have committed and served at the same time through
imprisonment.
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benefits from this study for they increased their awareness on the needs of
on recidivism.
government authorities.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Hypothesis
the respondents.
which stated that rehabilitation has long been a contentious topic in the fields
of both criminology and penology. The term “rehabilitation” itself simply means
different meanings over the years and waxed and waned in popularity as a
achieve reform in prisons have also varied over time, beginning with silence,
services for specific problems, have typically been put forward as means to
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
contrast, social learning theory posits that people learn behaviors from one
may help a participant learn how to manage his or her anger by modeling
some condition; in other cases it meant that he would serve a relatively longer
sentence, under which the length of detention was governed by the degree of
1970s, it gained greater acceptance once research in the 1980s and ’90s
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offender guilty of only a minor crime, simply because of his inability or refusal
positions of authority.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
effect, an individual released from prison will either recidivate or desist. To the
extent that interventions and sanctions affect the process of desistance, the
research overlaps.
has been used to study the difference between the effectiveness of privately
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
This research study utilized the IPO Model also known as Input-
• Demographic
profile of the
participants Assessed Extent of
according to Assessment on Implementation of
the extent of Recidivism
1.1 Age Rehabilitation
implementation of
1.2 Sex Programs
Rehabilitation
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Economic Programs on
Status Recidivism
through survey Proposed Action
interview with the Plan to enhance its
• Extent of use of survey form Extent of
implementation of implementation
questionnaire
Recidivism
Rehabilitation
Programs
ASSESSMENT
Feedback
Figure 1
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
The first box in the above illustration represented the input data
wherein the demographic profile of the participants according to age, sex, civil
researchers in conducting the study. They applied the survey interview with
Lastly, the third box represented the output of the study wherein the
Feedback from the result of the study were gathered and intended to
The study utilized thirty (30) respondents who are residents of the
according to age, sex, civil status and economic status will be collected.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Definition of Terms
Ministry of Justice who are assigned to either the Secretariat of the Regional
volunteer probation officers. They also take charge of the work relating to the
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
crime.
trauma, but rather helps restore the individual to optimal health, functioning,
and well-being.
and assistance to those who have committed crimes or those who have
the society while spending normal social lives; the system is carried out in
whether a sanction stops people from committing further crime, once the
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Chapter 2
Related Literature
Foreign Literature
involvement with the criminal justice system. This practice is rated Promising
for reducing recidivism among adults who have been convicted of an offense.
their involvement with the criminal justice system, and programs are typically
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
diverting them into services in the community rather than into correctional
facilities.
address at least one of the risk factors commonly associated with offending
status). For example, a drug court program may provide a person who has
programs combine multiple services: for example, a drug court program that
provides an individual not only with substance abuse treatment, but also with
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
offender conferencing).
during multiple points in their involvement with the criminal justice system, and
within correctional settings while the person completes his or her sentence, or
incarceration, diverting them into services in the community rather than into
correctional facilities.
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address at least one of the risk factors commonly associated with offending
status). For example, a drug court program may provide a person who has
programs combine multiple services: for example, a drug court program that
provides an individual not only with substance abuse treatment, but also with
offender conferencing).
AGONCILLO COLLEGE INC.
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released inmates from 30 different states found that within three years of
release, 68 percent were arrested for a new crime. That number jumped to 79
proven strategies for reducing recidivism in juveniles and adults. Many of the
One of the first points at which recidivism can be reduced is during the
building trust between the defendant and the judge, their attorney, probation
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
First, it must be determined which inmates are at the highest risk of re-
assessment profile, staff members at jails and prisons can more effectively
develop a rehabilitation program that helps prepare each inmate for release.
This type of early assessment has been suggested at the federal and
state level. For example, the Illinois Community Safety and Reentry
Assessment, and Classification” period during which their risks and needs
that reducing recidivism through education works very well – inmates who
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
programs.
Even very basic education, like adult literacy and basic skills, can
significantly reduce the rate of recidivism. Allowing inmates to finish their high
school diplomas, learn a trade and technical skills, and pursue post-
recidivism as well.
The Federal Bureau of Prisons has implemented this reform into its
Drug offenses account for one of the most common reasons for
of arrests in 2017 were for drug-related offenses. And while each of those
reducing recidivism.
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incarcerated. And for the best results that support should continue for the
There are many reasons why a person ends up behind bars. When
reasons.
many. From purely economic factors to mental health issues and various
paroled.
jails and prisons, it is not a given in each facility. Furthermore, programs that
help socialize inmates and prepare them for entry back into the community
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
that focus on job skills and work experience help reduce recidivism while also
Without programs like this to help set inmates up for success and
usher them back into society, they can be woefully ill-prepared for living
independently again. The more unprepared a parolee is for life in the real
world, the more likely they are to re-offend. To that end, a challenge for those
in the criminal justice system is ensuring that parolees are prepared for
release in advance and have the support they need once they are released.
reducing recidivism.
individualized services like this requires funding for programs both inside and
out of jail, as well as training for criminal justice workers, hours for supervision
effective. For example, the Colorado State Board of Parole trains its members
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
while also promoting their readiness for change. This, in turn, can improve the
Finding a job – let alone a good job – can be difficult for ex-prisoners.
while some careers are simply off-limits to people who have a criminal record.
As Ray, Grommon, and Rydberg (2016) note, having a stable job not
only helps parolees provide for themselves, but it can also foster feelings of
pride, self-confidence, and ties to the community. Without these and other
transition back to normal life can be. Yet, these types of programs are not all
Liem, M. & Kunst, M. (2013) mentioned that the day when a person is
released from prison is often one of great happiness for them. A return to
But to think that the process of integrating back into society will be
smooth sailing is naive. There are major problems ex-inmates face as they
seek to rebuild their lives. This is particularly true of parolees that served a
Monnrow (2011) emphasized that the key factors increasing the risk of
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
• Mental illness.
• Intellectual disability
• Violent offending risk rating (those rated a high or highest risk of violent
groups).
high risk on the sex offender checklist were actually less likely to reoffend
than other prisoner groups. Prisoners classified as highest risk were no more
were with age, prior prison admissions, and problematic substance use. Over
as having highly problematic substance use. These findings along with the
findings that males, Aboriginal prisoners, and prisoners with low educational
international research.
The analysis found that prisoners who completed a treatment program had
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. The Court shall have jurisdiction over natural persons pursuant to this
Statute.
2. A person who commits a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court shall
this Statute.
responsible and liable for punishment for a crime within the jurisdiction of
either:
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Court; or
its execution by means of a substantial step, but the crime does not
liable for punishment under this Statute for the attempt to commit
criminal purpose.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Local Literature
the provisions of this Decree, the trial court may, after it shall have convicted
and sentenced a defendant for a probation able penalty and upon application
by said defendant within the period for perfecting an appeal, suspend the
execution of the sentence and place the defendant on probation for such
period and upon such terms and conditions as it may deem best. No
perfected the appeal from the judgment of conviction: Provided, That when a
able penalty, the defendant shall be allowed to apply for probation based on
the modified decision before such decision becomes final. The application for
probation based on the modified decision shall be filed in the trial court where
rendered, or in the trial court where such case has since been re-raffled. In a
case involving several defendants where some have taken further appeal, the
and attaching thereto a certified true copy of the judgment of conviction. “The
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trial court shall, upon receipt of application filed, suspend the execution of the
lose the benefit of probation should he seek a review of the modified decision
filing of the application shall be deemed a waiver of the right to appeal. “An
imprisonment of more than six (6) years; “(b) convicted of any crime against
the national security; “(c) who have previously been convicted by final
and one (1) day and/or a fine of more than one thousand pesos (Php
1,000.00); “(d) who have been once on probation under the provisions of this
Decree; and “(e) who are already serving sentence at the time the substantive
of the probation officer, the court may order the final discharge of the
probationer upon finding that he has fulfilled the terms and conditions of his
probation and thereupon the case is deemed terminated. “The final discharge
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of the probationer shall operate to restore to him all civil rights lost or
liability as to the offense for which probation was granted. “The probationer
and the probation officer shall each be furnished with a copy of such order.”
functions under this Decree. They shall also have, with respect to
probationers 2 under their care, the powers of a police officer. They shall be
repute and probity, who have the willingness, aptitude, and capability to act as
VPAs. “VPAs shall not receive any regular compensation except for
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
office for a two (2)-year term which may be renewed or recalled anytime for a
case loads shall be further prescribed under the implementing rules and
invalid, the provisions hereof not affected by such declaration shall remain in
accordingly.
days from the approval of this Act, the Department of Justice shall promulgate
such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of
this Act.
AGONCILLO COLLEGE INC.
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SEC. 11. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect immediately after its
circulation.
Maristela (2020) emphasized in his article that the Philippines has been
of the Philippines, there is a need to revisit the old and traditional concepts of
improvement in the quality of human life. Doreen Elliott (1993) argues that
social work, except that the values are less individually focused. She argues
further that while social work is essentially individually oriented and politically
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
(1979) suggests that human dignity, equality and social justice are key values
countries to pursue crime prevention and criminal justice within the framework
of the promotion of human rights, social justice and social development. From
traits and the causes behind committing a crime, among other factors.
between the parts (the offender and his/her family) and the whole (community
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
factors. The failure of some individuals and families to adapt to such sudden
and swift changes brings about crisis in their adaptation and social
functioning. This therefore calls for harnessing not only the offender’s capacity
to handle crisis, solve problems, and make right and timely decisions, but also
their own and family’s ability to identify resources. Through this empowerment
scheme, they are made aware of what are the resources from within and
outside the family, which they can tap to address their needs and problems.
systems approach. In the analytical approach, the whole is broken into parts
basis for treatment goals. In the systems approach, on the other hand, the
holistic approach. Elliott offers a context model or paradigm for the systems
local, organizational, family and individual, and sets these alongside functional
religious. Through this paradigm, problems will be less likely viewed from an
example of the examination of the interface between economic (on the social
system dimension) and the drug culture and the individual (on the system
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level). Drug culture offers many young people in the cities a quick way to
approach, however, would address the problems at various levels, namely: (1)
individual therapy so that immediate and short term considerations are not
ignored; (2) economic re-structuring with a focus on urban and rural poverty;
participants in the drug culture would not be seen as criminal or sick per se,
the offender the focus of intervention, but also their family as well. Realizing
deeper problem or dysfunction within the family, the family members are
basic unit of society. The family has been considered as a primary support
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between the offender, their family and the community; strengthening and
their escape from jails, prisons or rehabilitation centers and their desire to be
free.
corrections looks at the offender in the context of their family - its strengths
that the offender’s reintegration can be hastened and facilitated, while at the
offender and their family. For example, due to realization of the importance of
the family as a support system, youth offenders who no longer have families
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
assistance to ensure that they are provided the benefits and advantages of
Patulot (2018) stated that next to the family, the immediate community
crime. It is in the community where the offender’s roots are, where his/her
peers and friends are often found, where they can be further educated and
trained, where they practice their religion, pursue life goals and continuously
strive to belong. It is also a resource for their and their family, in times of need
and desolation, and to which they and their family also contribute their share
The community is thus the bigger locus for an offender’s change and
outside of the family. Schools, the church, community leaders and members,
and other community structures, there are now many resources to help
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offenders and their families lead productive and meaningful lives. Volunteer
volunteer groups form part of the rehabilitation resources. They are utilized in
Volunteer Intervention Program for Youth in Conflict with the Law, which
utilizes senior citizens, women groups, civic, religious and other organizations
they are rehabilitated and reintegrated into society. The Department of Justice
local government units and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
recreational activities.
has long been recognized. In the Philippines, certain cultural values are
“process. Among the strengths of the Filipino character is a deep faith in God
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
will to obey and serve and other positive values. In ordaining and
people invoke the aid of Almighty God, whether this God at the individual level
is Jesus Christ, Allah, Buddha, Jehovah, etc.. We ascribe human traits, our
fate, and fortune to a supernatural God whom we honor and love. This
enables us to accept reality in the context of God’s will and plan. Due to this
Spirituality encourages a life with values based on truth and love rather than
The spiritual dimension of reintegration not only into the family and the
community, but also with one’s Creator makes the treatment plans more
complete and holistic. It also makes the offender more remorseful and
insightful because of the belief that “man does not live by bread alone” and
that s/he must also take care of what happens to their spirit. Spiritual
enabling them to strive towards moral purity and healthy living in accordance
with God’s intent and purposes. Moreover, among the regular volunteers in
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
programs.
national agencies to local government units over the provision of basic social
areas. Due to this devolution, support services needed for the rehabilitation
and reintegration of offenders into the community became closer and more
accessible to them and their families. In view of the autonomy given to local
and administering basic social services aimed at improving the lives of their
constituents and promoting growth with equity. This move complemented the
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
opportunity to craft new services that are relevant and responsive to the local
of provincial jails which are now under them, a welcome development in the
reintegration of offenders.
to attain a balance between economic growth and social equity. The SRA is a
package of programs and reforms that addresses the minimum basic needs of
families, and the reform needs of basic sectors to reduce poverty. It is likewise
families, especially those whose income falls below the poverty threshold.
offenders and strengthening of their family is the use of the Minimum Basic
The MBN for survival comprise of maternal and child health, adequate
nutrition, water and sanitation and basic clothing. The MBN regarding security
and safety of families, and housing. Specifically, under the security minimum
basic needs, two indicators are identified directly with crime prevention, i.e.,
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against property).
through the MBN, the poor conditions that spawn crime and impinge on the
crime is made manifest at the family and village levels, because target
families of the program consciously exert efforts to prevent crime and avoid
separate treatment systems for youth offenders and adult offenders. The
Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) under the Department of Interior and
Local Government (DILG) which has supervision over all district, city and
municipal jails and detention centers. These jails house detainees awaiting
judicial disposition of their case and offenders whose sentence range from
one (1) day to three (3) years. 2. The Provincial Governments, which have
supervision and control over provincial jails. These jails house court detainees
and prisoners whose prison terms range from six (6) months and one (1) day,
Department of Justice (DOJ), which has control over the national penitentiary
and its penal farms, houses convicted offenders with prison sentences
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ranging from three (3) years and one (1) day, to life imprisonment. Youth
A youth offender is defined as a child over nine (9) years but below
eighteen (18) years of age at the time of the commission of an offense. Under
There are ten (10) rehabilitation centers for youth offenders, one of
which is a National Training School for Boys and the other, a National
Training School for Girls. Their stay in the center can be shorter than their
therein.
available to those whose penalty of imprisonment does not exceed six (6)
adult offender has to apply for probation before the court upon conviction.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
for the youth are administered by the DSWD through its regional field offices
development offices. After-care and follow-up services are likewise carried out
in conflict with the law has its share of problems and weaknesses. Firstly, low
priority has been given to budgetary outlays and support for offenders and
productive. Thirdly, while village level efforts are welcome and widely used,
personal and familial ties sometimes influence decisions at that level, thus,
are less accepted by communities because of the fact that they are perceived
to have full cognizance of their offenses and wrongdoing. Thus, there are
more opportunities for youth offenders than adult, because of the perceived
The fifth, and most important lesson, is that investing in prevention and
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
among the populace, is far better and less costlier than the treatment of
offenders. This is in consonance with the old saying that “an ounce of
families as a basic unit of society that should nurture, care and develop its
and the treatment of offenders are among the most important tasks and
Bank Development Report that listed the five fundamental tasks of the States
in our changing world. The five tasks are: 1. establishing a foundation of law.
Clearly, tasks numbers 1 and 4 (above) cover crime prevention and control
invest in this endeavor in order to ensure that its development goals are
achieved and its progress attained. To fully operate these state tasks,
five (5) pillars of the criminal justice. Since these pillars have the same goals
that vary only in degree of congruence and emphasis, they form a chain of
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
ends with the community as the vital and leading component of a reintegration
continuum.
goals must permeate and be integrated in all pillars of the criminal justice
system. This also calls for a comprehensive and holistic view of reintegration
their community, to the time s/he is brought before law enforcement entities,
the prosecution, the courts, the corrections authorities and finally back to the
community. Thus, even at the first instance when s/he is apprehended, the
police must view an offender not just as a criminal, but a human resource that
should also have these common goals. At the initial stages of interrogation,
nonetheless be helped in facing their problems and coping with life’s realities.
Similarly, while the prosecution and the court pillars treat offenders as
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
in final view. Correction officials and staff should not, therefore, be the only
quality of lives and strengthen the prevention of crime at its very source - the
society. For in ultimate analysis, the strength of a nation can only be truly
tested at the level of its poorest and most vulnerable families, and those of its
weakest communities.
Related Studies
Foreign
are incarcerated and stigmatized because of their criminal record, aside from
of prisoners and recidivism rates. Aside from some failure to justice that is
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
also reminding them that their families are already broken, that no homes are
willing to receive them, and that their employment capabilities do not matter at
all.
(Moore & Tangney, 2017; Moore et al., 2018; Phillips, 2016) Ex-
offenders are individuals that are even at the risk of many determinants. Their
conviction was even more threatening as it has enforced the feeling of being
later on can impact their ethical decision making. The abhorrent conviction of
young individuals, particularly those whose life after prison cannot reintegrate
into society, will handicap them for unemployment that drives them survives
differently.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
New Zealand).
outcome category. When studies reported outcomes for more than one
types), only the broadest effect size was included in the analysis (e.g.,
recidivism for all offenses). However, this Crime Solutions practice review
Ray, B., Grommon, B., & Rydberg, J. (2016) mentioned in their studies
that there is no single method of supportive reentry that works the best.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
reducing recidivism.
Liem & Kunst, (2013) revealed in their studies that the longer an inmate
incarceration syndrome.
take the form of social withdrawal and mistrust of others, to name but two.
battle once they reenter society. As noted earlier, finding a job and housing
can be extremely difficult as it is, but with significant mental health issues
judge, their attorney, probation agent, therapist, and other stakeholders can
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
turn, promoted higher levels of motivation to alter the behaviors that landed
them to take an active part in the proceedings and can result in improved
Local Studies
offenders are deemed for lifetime conviction as they are subjected to neglect
and restrictions since most perspicacity stigmatizes individual who were sent
to prison for constant deviance. The overall intent of this case study was to
explore how ex-offenders can live life after incarceration while they grapple
in-depth or one-on-one interview of the five participants agreed from the initial
and carried through thematic analysis. From the excerpts of the candid data, it
is found that people are pertinent for ex-offenders on living their lives after
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
approach for challenges that impacts their immediate family, risk their lives,
found that ex-convicts' rejection causes them to consume vices and commit
that could drive their recidivism. Their adjustment to broken family and
disconnection occurs.
courts. In instances in which the defendant had personal interactions with the
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
to improve, as well as those who felt more morally outraged by the crimes
convicts (Moore et al., 2016). They can internalize those stigmas and absorb
heavily, which found riskier for mental health and development to anti-social
strategy provide him/her with an ability to live more. Further, (De Guzman et
al., 2020) research posited the positive effects of the prisons’ negative
could be either a help or harm to them in a way that in order to cope with the
for lifetime conviction as they are subjected to neglect and restrictions since
most perspicacity stigmatizes individual who were sent to prison for constant
deviance. This emphasizes that they are expected for social disconnection
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difficult to combat all these factors, hence, there are ex-offenders who have
Estel and Portes (2016) reiterated in their study that as of 2012 there
this study examined how Individual Differences, Family, Peers, State Policies
offenders and ultimately lessen recidivism among them. Through delving into
the personal lived experiences of the ex-offender during their re-entry, the
researchers intend to know how these factors play out in their successful re-
entry experience. Findings suggest that these factors heavily affect the
politics, emerged in our present study indicating that it also assists successful
corresponding sub themes. In addition, the researchers have found out that
the factors may overlap with one another and may or may not exist without
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
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