FIRST QUARTER

STEM 11 – CURIE, HEISENBERG, RUTHERFORD, WEINBERG

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Subject Area Practical Teacher Jay Farofaldane Gabata
Research 1
Grade Level 11 Consultation
schedule
Activity Sheet no. 1 Week no. 1
Topic: Importance of Research

LEARNING TARGETS

1. At the end of the lesson, the students CAN

A. share research experiences and knowledge,
B. explain the importance of research in daily life,
C. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research,
D. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research, and;
E. provide examples of research in areas of interest

I. PRIMING ACTIVITIES

A. ACTIVATION OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Questions:
1. Have you ever done research before?
2. Why do we need to conduct research?

B. LINKING STATEMENT

Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge, not mere beliefs, guesses or

theories.

II. GUIDED INSTRUCTIONS

A. CONCEPT DIGEST

Nature of inquiry
▪ Inquiry is defined as “seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.
▪ the process of inquiry begins with gathering information and data through
applying the various human senses.
▪ Unfortunately, traditional educational system has discouraged the natural
process of inquiry- students are asked to listen and repeat expected answers.

▪ Inquiry is important in generating and transmitting knowledge.

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 ▪ Content or knowledge is effectively generated and transmitted through
concepts, skills and habits of mind.
▪ The focus in education must change from a focus on “what we know” to an
emphasis of “how we come to know”.
▪ The exploratory nature of inquiry allows individuals particularly students to
grapple with different ways to looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about
problems that do not possess simple (or perhaps even any) answer.
▪ Thinking strategies for analysis: inferential, critical, integrative, and creative
thinking.
▪ Inquiry is an active learning process and;
▪ A problem-solving technique: proceed to inquiry by imagining, speculating,
interpreting, criticizing, and creating something out of what you discovered.

Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning

1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills.

2. Improves student learning abilities.

3. Widens learners’ vocabulary.

4. Facilitates problem-solving acts.

5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge.

6. Encourages cooperative learning.

7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge.

8. Encourages higher-order thinking strategies.

9. Hastens conceptual understanding.

Experience & Knowledge

▪ Experience is a familiar and a well-used source of knowledge. Just as wisdom

passed on from one generation to the next as a result of experience.

▪ Experience is something that you learn from- either it has given you a taste of
success or failure.

▪ For things that are difficult and impossible to know by personal experiences, you
may turn to an authority: quick & easy source of knowledge.

What is research?
This module considers the role, purpose, structure and process of research. It aims to
answer the following questions:
A. What is research?
B. Why do research?
C. What types of research are there?
D. What ethical considerations are there when conducting research?
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 E. How might research findings be used?

According to Rekha Koul (2008), the nature of educational research is analogous to

the nature of research itself, which is a “careful, systematic, reliable and valid method
of investigating knowledge and solving problems” (Wiersma 1991).
Kerlinger (1973) defined research as “systematic, controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical prepositions about the presumed relations among natural
phenomena”
Leedy (1997) defines research as the systemic process of collecting and analyzing
information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon with
which are concerned or interested.

Research is a sign of intelligence

Intelligence can be defined as the adaptation of an environment to suit needs,

which is why humans can be acknowledged as the most 'intelligent' of species.

Humans observe, identify, plan and then effect change. Humans have social
gain through information as well as resource sharing.

As apart from any other species, humans have complex language structures
and the written word to share information from one person to another. Literate
societies with well structured, permanent means of communicating information have
immense evolutionary advantage.

We research everyday
Humans are 'intuitive' scientists ....always asking questions and testing theories
about themselves, others, events, the environment and the world around them.
Research is asking a question and finding out the answer.....
A. It is looking into something.
B. It is looking for something.
C. It is comparing and contrasting things.
D. It is finding out more information...it is counting things ...making enquiries...being
curious...finding out what people think...finding out what people do....finding out
what works.... finding out what doesn’t work...finding out what people want...

Why do research?

Purposes of Studying Research

▪ To orient students to the nature of educational research: its purposes, forms and
importance.
▪ To provide information which helps students become more intelligent consumers
of educational research: where to locate it, how to understand it, and critique it.
▪ To provide information on the fundamentals of doing educational research such
as selecting a problem, using available tools, organizing project, etc.
▪ To generate new theories, confirm existing ones or disprove them, for example,
the role of punishment in discipline.

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Importance of Research
Research is very vital to our day-to-day activities as well as to our everyday
decision making. As research students, explain the importance and role of research in
the society.
▪ To determine the accuracy or otherwise and validity of popular beliefs, and
religious practices by submitting them to systematic scrutiny.
▪ To enhance, modify or refine our knowledge of phenomenon or various theories
surrounding our environment and society.
▪ To generate new concepts and explanations of existing rules and policies,
beliefs and practices, economics, political or social system.
▪ To find answers to particular existing questions through investigation.
▪ To evaluate the findings of other researches/studies or build on where they
stopped.
▪ To bring the legacy left behind by early scholars as well as the contributions of
modern scholars to the limelight.
▪ To seek validation or improvement for religious doctrines and practices, social
interactions, economic improvement, politics, ideology etc., to enhance quality of
ordinary and spiritual life of man.
▪ To collect and analyze data which will enable us to provide information and
advice to policy (or decision) makers.

Significance of research
1. To gather necessary information - research provides you with the necessary
information related to your field of study or work.

2. To improve standard of living - only through research can new inventions and discoveries
come into life.

3. To have a safer life - research has done great discoveries and development in the field of
health, technology, nutrition and medicine. These things have improved life expectancy and
helped in curing a lot of diseases

4. To know the truth - research investigates and exposes what wrong beliefs people hold.
Listening to different opinions and studying facts and available data will lead you to unravel
truth.

5. To explore our history - research enables us to learn and understand the past and prepare
for a better future

6. To understand arts - research helps us in understanding the works of artists in different fields
of arts. Arts contribute to the refinement of our sensibilities and cultivate values needed for our
daily existence.

Why do research as a student?

• The writing process will make you confident in your ability to find information and
present it effectively in varied ways.

• You can investigate topics that may be of interest to you.

• It can make you study more meaningful and you’ll discover real world application of
what you’re studying.

• You can have hands-on, practical experience in your field of study.

• It is a great network and meet new people.

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Characteristics of successful research

Ahmad Shalabi (1952) identifies five essential requirements for a research to be

considered successful.
1. Wide-Reading
2. Thorough understanding
3. Independent opinion
4. Originality
5. Effectiveness

Accuracy. It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and
bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or
acknowledged.
Objectiveness. It must deal with facts not with mere opinions.
Timeliness. It must work on the topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present
society.
Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems of
the community.
Original work. Requires effort to get the researcher’s own investigation and produce
the data needed.
Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple or
direct, concise, and correct language.
Systematic. It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
Empirical. Research is based on observations and experimentation of theories.
Controlled. In research, all variables, except those that are tested, must be kept
constant.
Employs hypothesis. Hypothesis guides the investigation process.
Analytical. Critical analysis of all data is of great importance.

Ethics & research

1. Characteristics of research

• Empirical – Research is based on observations and experimentation of theories.

Most researches are based on real-life situations.
• Systematic – Research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on
valid procedures and principles.
• Controlled – In research, all variable, except those that are
tested/experimented on, are kept constant.
• Employs hypothesis – the hypothesis guides the investigation process.
• Analytical – there is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in
the researcher’s interpretations.
• Objective – The term also refers to the research as unbiased and logical.
• Original work

“Ethics”. Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable behavior (Resmik,
2015)

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 ▪ Method, procedure or perspective for decision-making
For a research to be “ethical”, it needs to be designed to create valid outcome.
▪ Positive, credible, authentic, trustworthy
▪ Relationship of the researchers to the resource-providers, data-providers,
and the public
“Ethics”. Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable behavior (Resmik,
2015)
▪ Method, procedure or perspective for decision-making
1. For a research to be “ethical”, it needs to be designed to create valid outcome.
A. Positive, credible, authentic, trustworthy
B. Relationship of the researchers to the resource-providers, data-providers, and
the public

2. Researchers have the duty to ensure that they do not mislead participants as to the
nature of the research.
A. They must avoid causing physical, psychological difficulties to the participants,
and socio-political environments.
B. Aims to obtain the trust of the society reflecting an honest attempt to describe
the world accurately and not to harm the participant.

3. Researchers have the duty to ensure that they do not mislead participants as to the
nature of the research.
A. They must avoid causing physical, psychological difficulties to the participants,
and socio-political environments.
B. Aims to obtain the trust of the society reflecting an honest attempt to describe
the world accurately and not to harm the participant.

Other ethical principles

• Honesty
• Objectivity
• Integrity
• Carefulness
• Openness
• Respect for Intellectual Property
• confidentiality
• Responsible publication
• Respect for Colleague
• Social Responsibilities
• Non-discrimination
• Competence
• Legality

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research

1. Qualitative Research

“Inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on building

complex holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants and
conducted in a natural setting”
Creswell (1994)

Most of the time, qualitative researchers often start a study with general questions,
collect an extensive amount of verbal data from a smaller number of participants and
present their findings with words or descriptions that are intended to accurately reflect
the situation under study.

Qualitative research involves data in the form of words, pictures, descriptions or

narratives.

Examples:

A Living History—A Qualitative Study of Experienced Chiropractors Treating Visceral

Conditions

A Narrative-Developmental Approach to Early Emotions

A Day in the Life of a Young Person with Anxiety: Arts-Based Boundary Objects Used to
Communicate the Results of Health Research

A Good Teacher

2. Quantitative Research

It is typically used to answer questions about the relationship among measured

variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena.

“An inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of
variables, measured with numbers and analyzed with statistical procedure, in order to
determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true”
Cresswell (1994)

Examples:

The Relationship Between Educational Achievement and Economic Status

The Effect of Education to Obesity

The Link Between Income and Occupation

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Preparation of Ointment from Hanga Nut (Pittosporum resiniferum) Extract as Muscle
Pain Reliever

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III. PRODUCTIVE COLLABORATION

A. Think-Pair-Connect

Instructions:
1. Come up with three possible research titles for Quantitative Research and
Qualitative Research.

B. ANALYSIS QUESTION(S)

1. Is the observance of ethics important in research? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on your field of study, which type of research is most appropriate?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

IV. SYNTHESIS
1. Explain the differences between qualitative research and quantitative research?

V. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE

Direction:
Identify the type of research applicable for each question/topic/situation. Choose from
the options below.
A. Qualitative Research
B. Quantitative Research

1. What is the degree of satisfaction of students towards the Practical Research

subject?
2. What are the political influences of “Uga” Festival of Brgy. Dumolog?
3. Is there a significant difference in the strand preference of students when grouped
according to gender?
4. What are the feelings of super typhoon “Yolanda” survivors before, during and after
the phenomenon?
5. What is the academic performance of students in Science?
6. Statistical analysis
7. Narrative report
8. Observation
9. The Perception of Teenagers About Love
10. A Good Parent

Knowing is not enough, we must apply.

-Chou

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Subject Area Practical Teacher Jay Farofaldane Gabata
Research 1
Grade Level 11 Consultation
schedule
Activity Sheet no. 1 Week no. 3
Topic: Importance of Research

LEARNING TARGETS

1. At the end of the lesson, the students CAN

A. describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research,
B. illustrate the importance of qualitative research across fields,
C. design a research project related to daily life; and
D. write a research title.

II. PRIMING ACTIVITIES

A. ACTIVATION OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Question:
1. Why do you think qualitative is important?

B. LINKING STATEMENT

The strengths of qualitative research – providing the best answers to certain

phenomena – social, economic, political or even psychological, as well as its
providing several avenues to understand phenomenon, behavior, conditions, its
weaknesses, its tendency to be subjective, on the part of the researcher, as well as its
tediousness, laboriousness and time-consuming data collection process and analysis.
(Prieto, Naval, and Carey, p. 29)

II. GUIDED INSTRUCTIONS

A. CONCEPT DIGEST

WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?

There are about as many definitions of qualitative research as there are books on
the subject. Some authors highlight the research purpose and focus:

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 Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people
have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world. (Merriam, 2009, p. 13)

Others emphasize an epistemological stance:

[Qualitative research is] research using methods such as participant observation

or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or
practice. Sociologists using these methods typically reject positivism and adopt a
form of interpretive sociology. (Parkinson & Drislane, 2011)

Still other definitions focus on the process and context of data collection:

Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It
consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the world visible.
These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of
representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs,
recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an
interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative
researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or
to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin
& Lincoln, 2005, p. 3)

Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior
and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. There are
different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus
groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually
used.

The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can be
drawn quite easily from the data that is obtained.

Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences. Today
our world is more complicated and it is difficult to understand what people think and
perceive. Online qualitative research methods make it easier to understand that as it is
more communicative and descriptive.

The following are the qualitative research methods that are frequently used. Also, read
about qualitative research examples:

1. One-on-one interview:

Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research

methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time.
This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth
from the respondent.

One of the advantages of this method provides a great opportunity to gather precise
data about what people believe and what their motivations are. If the researcher is
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well experienced asking the right questions can help him/her collect meaningful data.
If they should need more information the researchers should ask such follow up
questions that will help them collect more information.

These interviews can be performed face-to-face or on phone and usually can last
between half an hour to two hours or even more. When the in-depth interview is
conducted face to face it gives a better opportunity to read the body language of
the respondents and match the responses.

2. Focus groups:

A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative research methods, used in
data collection. A focus group usually includes a limited number of respondents (6-10)
from within your target market.

The main aim of the focus group is to find answers to the “why” “what” and “how”
questions. One advantage of focus groups is, you don’t necessarily need to interact
with the group in person. Nowadays focus groups can be sent an online survey on
various devices and responses can be collected at the click of a button.

Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other online qualitative
research methods. Typically they are used to explain complex processes. This method
is very useful when it comes to market research on new products and testing new
concepts.

3. Ethnographic research:

Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational method that studies people
in their naturally occurring environment.

This method requires the researchers to adapt to the target audiences’ environments
which could be anywhere from an organization to a city or any remote location. Here
geographical constraints can be an issue while collecting data.

This research design aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and
settings that occur. Instead of relying on interviews and discussions, you experience
the natural settings first hand.

This type of research method can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-
depth observation and collecting data on those grounds. It’s a challenging and a
time-consuming method and solely depends on the expertise of the researcher to be
able to analyze, observe and infer the data.

4. Case study research:

The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed into a
valuable qual research method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an
organization or an entity.

This type of research method is used within a number of areas like education, social
sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of
the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough
understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.

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5. Record keeping:

This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources
of information as the data source. This data can be used in new research. This is similar
to going to a library. There one can go over books and other reference material to
collect relevant data that can likely be used in the research.

6. Process of observation:

Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to

gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is
the research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.
Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.

Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning –
sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. This doesn’t involve measurements or numbers
but instead characteristics.

Six Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenological Method

Describing how any one participant experiences a specific event is the goal of the
phenomenological method of research. This method utilizes interviews, observation
and surveys to gather information from subjects. Phenomenology is highly concerned
with how participants feel about things during an event or activity. Businesses use this
method to develop processes to help sales representatives effectively close sales using
styles that fit their personality.

2. Ethnographic Model

The ethnographic model is one of the most popular and widely recognized methods
of qualitative research; it immerses subjects in a culture that is unfamiliar to them. The
goal is to learn and describe the culture's characteristics much the same way
anthropologists observe the cultural challenges and motivations that drive a group.
This method often immerses the researcher as a subject for extended periods of time.
In a business model, ethnography is central to understanding customers. Testing
products personally or in beta groups before releasing them to the public is an
example of ethnographic research.

3. Grounded Theory Method

The grounded theory method tries to explain why a course of action evolved the way
it did. Grounded theory looks at large subject numbers. Theoretical models are
developed based on existing data in existing modes of genetic, biological or
psychological science. Businesses use grounded theory when conducting user or
satisfaction surveys that target why consumers use company products or services. This
data helps companies maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty.

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4. Case Study Model

Unlike grounded theory, the case study model provides an in-depth look at one test
subject. The subject can be a person or family, business or organization, or a town or
city. Data is collected from various sources and compiled using the details to create a
bigger conclusion. Businesses often use case studies when marketing to new clients to
show how their business solutions solve a problem for the subject.

5. Historical Model

The historical method of qualitative research describes past events in order to

understand present patterns and anticipate future choices. This model answers
questions based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources to test the idea for
any potential deviations. Businesses can use historical data of previous ad campaigns
and the targeted demographic and split-test it with new campaigns to determine the
most effective campaign.

6. Narrative Model

The narrative model occurs over extended periods of time and compiles information
as it happens. Like a story narrative, it takes subjects at a starting point and reviews
situations as obstacles or opportunities occur, although the final narrative doesn't
always remain in chronological order. Businesses use the narrative method to define
buyer personas and use them to identify innovations that appeal to a target market.

Characteristics of qualitative research methods

1. Qualitative research methods usually collect data at the sight, where the
participants are experiencing issues or problems. These are real-time data and rarely
bring the participants out of the geographic locations to collect information.

2. Qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of data, such as

interviews, observations, and documents, rather than rely on a single data source.

3. This type of research method works towards solving complex issues by breaking
down into meaningful inferences, that is easily readable and understood by all.

4. Since it’s a more communicative method, people can build their trust on the
researcher and the information thus obtained is raw and unadulterated.

When to use qualitative research

Researchers make use of qualitative research techniques when they need to capture
accurate, in-depth insights. It is very useful to capture “factual data”. Here are some
examples of when to use qualitative research.

• Developing a new product or generating an idea.

• Studying your product/brand or service to strengthen your marketing strategy.

• To understand your strengths and weaknesses.

• Understanding purchase behavior.

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 To study the reactions of your audience to marketing campaigns and other
•
communications.

• Exploring market demographics, segments, and customer groups.

• Gathering perception data of a brand, company, or product.

(Reference: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

The Pros

Qualitative Research can capture changing attitudes within a target group such as
consumers of a product or service, or attitudes in the workplace.

Qualitative approaches to research are not bound by the limitations of quantitative

methods. If responses don’t fit the researcher’s expectation that’s equally useful
qualitative data to add context and perhaps explain something which numbers alone
are unable to reveal.

Qualitative Research provides a much more flexible approach. If useful insights are not
being captured researchers can quickly adapt questions, change the setting or any
other variable to improve responses.

Qualitative data capture allows researchers to be far more speculative about what
areas they choose to investigate and how to do so. It allows data capture to be
prompted by a researcher’s instinctive or ‘gut feel’ for where good information will be
found.

The Cons

Sample size can be a big issue. If you seek to infer from a sample of, for example, 200
employees, based upon a sample of 5 employees, this raises the question of whether
sampling will provide a true reflection of the views of the remaining 97.5% of the
company?

Sample bias – HR departments will have competing agendas. One argument against
qualitative methods alone is that HR tasked with finding the views of the workforce
may be influenced both consciously or unconsciously, to select a sample that favors
an anticipated outcome.

Self-selection bias may arise where companies ask staff to volunteer their views.
Whether in a paper, online survey or focus group, if an HR department calls for
participants there will be the issue of staff putting themselves forward. The argument
goes that this group, in self-selecting itself, rather than being a randomly selected
snapshot of a department, will inevitably have narrowed its relevance to those that

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typically are willing to come forward with their views. Quantitative data is gathered
whether someone volunteered or not.

The artificiality of qualitative data capture. The act of bringing together a group is
inevitably outside of the typical ‘norms’ of everyday work life and culture and may
influence the participants in unforeseen ways.

Are the right questions being posed to participants? You can only get answers to
questions you think to ask. In qualitative approaches, asking about “how” and “why”
can be hugely informative, but if researchers don’t ask, that insight may be missed.

(Reference: https://www.poppulo.com/blog/10-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
qualitative-research/)

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

1. Qualitative Research in Education

2. Qualitative Research in Technical Communication

3. Qualitative Research in Psychology

4. Qualitative Research in Advertising

5. Qualitative Research in Social Work

6. Qualitative Research in Marketing

7. Qualitative Research in International Business

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