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"SAFETY ISSUES IN NEPALESE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"
Thesis · February 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21836.87687
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“SAFETY ISSUES IN NEPALESE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY”
By
Aashina Sharma
217555389
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Construction Management (Professional)
Deakin University
4th February,2019
i
DEAKIN UNIVERSITY
CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I certify that the thesis titled
SAFETY ISSUES IN NEPALESE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
Submitted for the degree of
Master of Construction Management
is the result of my own work and that where reference is made to the work of others due
acknowledgment is given.
I also certify that any material in the thesis which has been accepted for a degree or
diploma by any university or institution is identified in the text.
Full Name: Aashina Sharma
Signed
Date: 4TH February,2019
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support, assistance and contributions
I have received from many people during this research. I am very grateful for their valuable
guidance and support throughout this research period.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to Adam Krezel and Shilpi Tewari for their
invaluable guidance, patience, encouragement and freedom they gave me to explore on
my own.
I would also like to thank unit chair Dr Gayani Karunasena who always guided me
through my difficulties. I would like to take the opportunity to thank friends for their
valuable information and assistance during the period of stress.
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone including my parents who guided and provided
constant encouragement throughout the course of this research.
Aashina Sharma.
iii
ABSTRACT
Construction industry is blooming industry which contributes the economic and social
development of country. This industry aims at completing project on time with minimum
investments which result in negligence of construction site safety. It has provided
thousands of people with employment opportunity. Construction work with involvement of
many people invites the risk. Nepal labor force survey state that most of the reported
deaths are result of negligence, poor safety performance of site, unskilled labor and many
more. Thus, providing them with safe working environment is major concern Nepal is
initiating the process which will reduce the accidents on sites, but no guidelines are
recorded to be found. Safety refers to condition of being protected from risk and injury.
Safety is priority but is always ignored by people involved in any task. Similarly, safety
issues are the primary concern and major issue of construction industry. Everyday many
peoples lost their lives and hundreds of them get injured while working on construction.
This research will help to locate the main factors that are responsible for compromising
the safety of workers in construction site in Nepal and prepare the strategies that will
minimize the risks. For this numerous research papers were analyzed, and case study of
different country was carried out to find the concern bodies responsible for formulation
safety regulation, factors that affect safety on construction sites. The strategies followed
in developed country can be adopted to form the basic guidelines that will help to manage
safety on Nepalese construction sites. These guidelines will provide basic parameters for
managing and restoring safety on construction sites. Since the study is limited to previous
results of other country, the effectiveness of proposed guidelines in Nepal is yet to be
analyzed.
Key words: Safety factors, safety issues, Safety performance, construction industry,
Safety management, Construction sites, Nepal.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Research questions ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 Research aims and objectives ........................................................................... 4
1.4 Research methodology ...................................................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of research ..................................................................................... 5
1.6 Thesis structure ..................................................................................................... 5
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 8
2.1. Safety issue in construction industry .................................................................. 8
2.2. Safety management in construction ...................................................................... 9
2.3. Measurement of construction safety performance .............................................. 10
2.4. Factors that affect construction safety performance ......................................... 11
2.5. Methods adopted by other countries for safety management ........................... 18
2.6. Occupational health and safety in Nepal .......................................................... 19
2.7. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 21
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 23
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 23
3.2. Research Method and Data Collection.......................................................... 26
3.3. Data analysis ...................................................................................................... 32
3.4. Summary ............................................................................................................ 32
4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 34
4.2. Summary ............................................................................................................ 42
5. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 44
5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 44
5.2. Contribution of research knowledge ................................................................. 44
5.3. Limitation and suggestion for further research ................................................. 45
5.4. Concluding remarks ......................................................................................... 45
6.PHOTO GALLERY ..................................................................................................... 47
7.REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 50
i
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: factors affecting safety on construction site as per literature……………...16
Table 2: accidents recorded in construction industry of Nepal………………………………19
Table 3: PESTEL analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
Table 4: factors affecting safety in Thailand…………………………………………………………………….29
Table 5: factors affecting safety in China……………………………………………………………………......29
Table 6: factors affecting safety in Thailand…………………………………………………………………….30
Table 7: Governmental factors and it subfactors responsible for ………………………….34
Compromising safety in construction sites
Table 8: Organisational factors and it subfactors responsible for …………….………….35
Table 9: Economic factors and it subfactors responsible for ………………………..……….35
Table 10: Individual factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………….………….36
Table 11: Procedural factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………………….36
Table 12: Client factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………………….……….37
Table 13: proposed strategy……………………………………………………………………………………………….38
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: thesis structure………………………………………………………...…………………….………………………………….6
Figure 2: factors affecting safety categorized into different groups…………………………………17
Figure 3: research methodology process…………………………………………………………………………………….25
Figure 4: proposed strategy for safety management in Nepal …………………………………………..39
iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PPE: Personal protective equipment
H & S: Health and Safety
OHS: Occupational Health and Safety.
H &S: Health and Safety
iv
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Construction industry is believed to be dated back from palaeothic Age when human used
to dwell in cages. The construction industry greatly contributes to social and economic
development of most countries and hence regarded as one of the most important
industries (Saadi et al,2016). Though this industry is considered old, it is ill-framed for its
poor safety records (Huang &Hinze,2006). Safety is physical and mental need of workers.
Safety is complex phenomenon which makes construction industry dangerous (Haupt
,2001). Due to increase in construction activities (Jaillon et al 2009) and high demand for
infrastructure and development, this sector provides more opportunities and people are
bound to work here, hence safety has been major concern. Nearly 960people die and 721
workers get injured every day because of onsite accidents. Safety is always second
priority when it comes to market driven society where completing project within in
minimum cost and no time is focus.
Nepal is rapidly developing country located in south-east Asia with landmass of 147,881
square meter. Though Nepal is agriculture-based country, it has started shifting to
concrete world with modern advancement. About 80 percentages of people used to work
on agriculture which has dropped down to 63.21% which shows that it has just shifted to
construction industry. Survey of Nepal labor force 2008 shows the increasing trend of
employed workers from 9463000 to 11779000. In Nepal, yearly 28,386 people lost their
lives and thousands gets injured. The extent of construction accidents is sever in Nepal
compared to other country (Joshi, Shrestha and vaidha,2011).
Government authorities and private companies have initiated the programs, rules and
regulations but there has been no progress. The accidents remain almost same or even
more (Teo, Ling and chong,2005). This proves efforts to prevent accidents in construction
sites are not enough.
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2
The accidents occur due to lack of supervision, training, knowledge about the specific
task, reckless and carefree attitudes of management and workers (Sawacha, Naoum and
Fong,1999). Further, lack of controlled working environment and work culture of
organization also lead to accidents in working sites. Lack of rules and regulation,
negligence of government together with construction companies, unskilled manpower,
profit generation motives of companies are the main causes of accidents in Nepalese
construction industry.
Empirical researches have focused on the causes, casualties, safety policies,

humanitarian responses but no research has been carried out focusing safety issues and
ways to minimize them in Nepalese construction site. More than a year of experience in
local construction industries made me realize the need of safety guidelines in present
context of Nepal.
Thus, this research would be useful in preparing the safety guidelines for construction
industry in Nepal which is believed to reduce the extent of potential accidents in working
site assuring the safety of all the workers.
1.2 Research questions
I would like to follow some of the questions that will help me in achieving my main
motive of carrying out this research. Such as: -
• What are the safety issues prevailing in Nepal?
• What are the necessary steps taken by government and concern organization for
safety of workers?
• What are the factors that affect the safety?
• Is there any concern body who look into all these safety affairs or is there any need
for them?
• What are the guidelines that are being followed in other countries? will that be
applicable in Nepal?
3
• How will framework help to minimize the risk of unpredictable accidents?

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3
1.3 Research aims and objectives
The main aim of this research is to develop and propose the strategies that would
help to minimize the potential risk at construction site in Nepal which will assure the
safety right of people.
To achieve the above-mentioned aim certain objectives are to be accomplished. Such
as: -
• Identifying the concept of safety and the causes of risks in the construction industry
of Nepal.
• Identifying the current safety practices in Nepalese construction industry and
associated problems with them.
• Examining safe practices that are being followed in construction industry all around
the world.
• Proposing strategies to minimize risk in construction industry of Nepal.
1.4 Research methodology
Research methodology is complete approach to research process through justification of

research to collection and analysis of data (Hussey and Hussey, 2012). Based on the
propose of this study various research approach have been identified such as
quantitative, qualitative and mixed method approach. To meet stated objective of
research it is important to identify appropriate research approach (Creswell,2003).
Likewise, this research will adopt qualitative approach which will examine similar
problems from past and address them in better ways. The literature review under the
qualitative approach will be used to analyze and examine articles related to the context of
research to derive a practical outcome which requires deep insight through critical
thinking. Further case study and PESTEL analysis will be carried out to collect data and
analyze them to generate the strategies.
4
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4
1.5 Significance of research
The study will help to highlight the importance of safety in construction industry. Through
the development of a safety framework, construction professionals are enlightened about
the factors necessary to minimize the construction risks. From project managers to
contractors whose major concern is to complete the project within timeframe with
minimum cost will be bound to think about workers safety and provide them with safe
working environment. This framework will be useful tools to manage site safety and
prevent any hazards. Moreover, this framework will bound contractors and workers to
follow rules and regulations making construction work more systematic. These
benchmarks will help contractors to perform self-assessment to identify their grades
based on safety performances and make improvement accordingly. Further, it will provide
a wide analytical approach for decision making at project and organizational level. It will
help workers to demand their safety right on construction sites.
1.6 Thesis structure
Chapter 1 – this part of report gives the information about the background of the topic
together with its significances. It depicts the research gaps mentioning the major aims
and objectives that are set to overcome those gaps. Further it describes appropriate
research methodology that will be followed to reach the goals.
Chapter 2 – describe the various factors that affect the safety performance in the
construction site and try to find loop holes in the system. Facts and figure from other
researchers and experiment are derived to get to the conclusion. It explains various issues
that hamper the safety in construction sites.
Chapter 3 – explain the researcher approach that was adopted in my research.it explain
my reason for choosing various case studies and how the data was collected and
analyzed in course of this research.
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5
Chapter 4 - comprises of findings and output of my research which are presented in form
of tables and figures. It shows how my research went so far and what are the steps taken
to reach the aims. It also makes clears that finding of the study helps in achieving the aim
of study.
Chapter 5 – this part is the most important chapter which will answer the gaps and
questions. Further it includes my critical thinking along with empirical with some logical
explanations.
Chapter 6 – this is the final chapter which complement the introduction and overall
summary of the research topic. It comprises of summarize all the questions, approaches
arguments. Finally, it describes the limitations of research and potential recommendations
for future research.
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
Figure1: thesis structure 6

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6
7Page
7
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Safety issue in construction industry
Anything that compromise safety of worker in site is safety issue. The most common
safety hazards found on the site which results on injury and deaths are falls, fire,
drowning, and electric shocks, stuck between the objects, stuck by the object, hit by any
falling object, among many others. The work and the individuals involved in construction
work are directly affected by the injury. The injury result in suffering if the victim, loss of
productivity, increase in insurance premiums and possible liability for the involved party
in case of not being able to complete project on time (J Hinze, 1997). Further owner might
have to pay more revenue for increasing project completion date resulting in morale
reduction of the work force (J Hinze, C Pederson, J Fredley, 1998).
Most companies follow the safety policies and guidelines, but the injuries are the result of
not being able to establish safety procedure effectively (C Reese, J Edison, 1999).
Participation of both managers and workers is needed for implementation of safety
programs only then these accidents can be minimized.
According to Reese (1999), for ensuring successful programs it must satisfy three existing
condition which are leadership and commitment of management, safe working
environment, safe working habits of the employee. Thus, involvement and participation of
workers and managers are very important for policy making and establishment of safety
program to generate feedback system for its improvement.
Mohamed (2002) state that safe working environment and safety climate have direct
relation which requires commitment, communication between management and workers,
involvement of worker and their attitudes.
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2.2. Safety management in construction
Construction safety is no longer related to technical issues in the construction site. Suraji,
Duff and Peckitt (2000) say that emphasis has being placed to improve site safety with
project management as they both has been integrated.
According to Wilson and Koehn, Safety management is way of controlling the safety
policies, its procedure and practices in construction. Construction safety management
deals with actions which create organizational setting under which all workers will be
trained and motivated to perform safe construction work (Raymond and Nancy, 1993).
It is considered as a dynamic process which involves tiny to massive adjustment in site

operation without facing any unexpected events during regular business hours (Cheng et
al.,2004). Furthermore, safety must be considered as management concept by every
company and should be involved in every cross organizational project for this the role
construction managers cannot be overestimated (Suraji et al.,2001). Flin et al. 2000 state
that safety culture and safety climates are important aspect of construction safety
management. Choudhary and Fang (2006) has formulated safety culture model to ensure
construction site safety.
Construction industry does not only aim on building good quality building, but it is also
eager to introduce safe working environment for all workers on construction sites as safety
and quality are two inseparable aspect of construction projects. Safety and quality if
considered as single unit, synergy can be obtained. Single quality measure can be
obtained by integrating two separate management system into common platform.
Hallowell and Gambatese (2009) explain the numerous challenges of occupational health
and safety management. They further state that risk can be reduced if the firms follows
well-structured and funded safety programs and techniques. Top management should
always be accountable and committed to safety policies in order to minimize construction
site injuries (Jannadi,1996).
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Limited resources are allocated by firms for safety management which bound contractors
to cautiously select from the available elements. Thus, safety management techniques
should timely adjust in order to meet todays need of industry (Hallowell and Gambatese,
2009). Safety performance should be strictly followed to manage and maximize the safety
performance. As per Jaselskis, Anderson and Russell (1996) occupational safety and
health Act of 1970 gave right to employers for construction safety which resulted in
improvement of safety management techniques as top management of company want to
ensure that its worker are getting safe working environment.
2.3. Measurement of construction safety performance
Safety performance is associated with "quality of safety related to work". The number of
accidents can considerably be reduced, and safe work environment can be achieved by
improving safety performance (Nevage and Lindhal, 2008). Similarly, safety assessment
can be described as systematic collection if information about the factor that compromise
the safety of workers on construction sites. The main aim of this assessment is to measure
degree of severity of the factors that are responsible for safety issues.
According to El-Mashaleh, Rabebeh and Hyari (2009), safety performances are

measured with various methods, but to overcome the limitation of these methods, other
measures are necessary to enforce. Measurement of safety performance at construction
site helps to visualize the factors that affect the safety. Fletcher (1973) explains that
profiling is one of the common methods used to measure the safety performance. In this
method, project manager sets the standards for safety management in different
categories where companies are compared based to these to generate its profile.
Jennadi and Al-Sudairi (1995) used injury frequency to measure the safety performance
which includes ratio of injuries to per million hours of work. Similarly, Kavianian and Wentz
(1990) used safety audit to measure company's safety program. This audit will help to
locate strength and weakness of existing safety program in company.
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Likewise, snore card, Toolshed, accident rate, Incident and Experience Modification
(EMR) are some of the methods used for better safety management construction site.
Experience Modification Rate method has been criticized due to its complexity for
measuring safety performance due to its various versions of calculations. Cheng and
Skitmore (2005) claim that EMR is the ratio of actual claims filed to the expected claims
for specific type of construction.
Fang. Huang and Hinze (2004) say that standard check list has been established for
measuring physical and technical safety criteria, but they fail to provide access to
management aspect. Traditional benchmark approach overlooks management factor for
assessing safety performance and focus more on accident records and physical safety
condition at construction areas. Therefore, it is important to establish effective detailed
benchmark to improve safety management by providing access to site safety and giving
direction to prioritizing safety measure on construction site.
2.4. Factors that affect construction safety performance
Numerous researches have already been done that focuses on the factors which affect
the safety performance. These researches introduce many ways how supervisors and
managers of the company can regulate the safety performance (Priyadarshani, 2013).
Established safety guidelines and policies are followed by most of the companies which
are bounded with guidelines of occupational health and safety guidelines. On the other
hand, accidents and fatalities in the construction sites are the result of ignorance of safety
guidelines. Thus, we can say safety performances are regulated by various factors
(Priyadarshani, Gyani Sajani, 2013).
According to Tam and Fung (1998) Safety performance at construction site can be
improved by introducing incentive schemes, safety campaigns and post-accident enquiry.
Jannadi (1996) identified lack of safety training by managerial team as a factor that cam
11
compromise safety while conducting meetings.

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11
Further Jaselskis, Anderson and Russel (1996) stated that raising safety issues and
supervision of safety performance can affect organization, lack of safety awareness
among the leaders of organization, lack of safety measures among the managers of
project, careless operation are factor that compromise construction safety (Tam, Deng
and Deng (2004).
Tam and Fung Yung, 2009 emphasis that conduction of safety campaigns, investigations
of post accidents and introduction of incentive schemes can improve construction safety
performance, if introduced as management measures.
Jannadi (1996), Hinze and Rabound (1988) and Fang, Huang and Hinze all put stress on
the relation of management with labour and their support enhance the safety performance
on construction site. Jannadi (1996) further explain that assigning safety responsibility to
each employee will lift construction safety techniques.
Safety management system and safety policy of companies which is made in accordance
to suitable legislation and positively improve the construction safety performance (Teo,
Ling and Chong 2005); Ng, Cheng and Skitmore (2005)
Hinze and Rebound (1988), suggested employment of full-time safety officer on a project
can conduct safety infection and tours that enhance the safety in construction site.
Jannaid (1996) and Lee and Halpin (2003) state that supervision of site safety and
provision of safe working environment is relevant to implementation of safety system.
According to Hinze and Gambatese (2003) involvement and awareness of each individual
about the safety is the major factor that uplifts the condition of construction safety
performance.
Various prominent factors that affect safety measurement are identified from the above
research and integrated in the table I below:
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12
Organizational factors
Tam et al. (2004) • Commitments of organization

• Lack of awareness among top
management team
• Management team’s safety knowledge
• Technical guidance
Thomas et al. (2005), Priyadarshani et • Safety responsibility definition to all

al. (2013) employees
• Providing safe working environment to
workers
Thomas et al. (2005), Priyadarshani et • Supervision and inspection of site

al. (2013), safety.
Omran and Zaid (2014), Nawi et al. • in-house safety rules development.
(2016)
Thomas et al. (2005), Priyadarshani et • employment safety inspector and

al. (2013), supervisors.
Omran and Zaid (2014), Sawacha • Development of safety committee
(1999) policy
Thomas et al. (2005), Omran and Zaid • safety organization development.

(2014)
Tam et al. (2004), Omran and Zaid • Skilled labor

(2014) • pressurizing workers to an extent that
compromise safety
13
• check/overtime to finish job

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13
Economic factors
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Omran And Zaid • Availability of updated safety

(2014), Tam Et information/technology
Al. (2004), Zaid Et Al. (2013)
Omran And Zaid (2014), Tam Et Al. • Safety investment

(2004), • Resources allocation for safety
Priyadarshani Et Al. (2013), Nawi Et Al. purpose.
(2016)
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Promoting safety (rewards/incentives)

Al. (2013),
Omran And Zaid (2014), Sawacha
(1999)
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Maintenance of plant and equipment

Al. (2013),
(1999), Tam Et Al.
(2004)
Zaid Et Al. (2013), Omran And Zaid • safe PPE provision

(2014), Sawacha
(1999), Tam Et Al. (2004)
Tam Et Al. (2004) • Safety management booklets 14

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Governmental factors
Priyadarshani Et Al. (2013), Zaid Et Al. • insurance schemes for workers

(2013), Nawi Et
Al. (2016)
Sawacha (1999), Tam Et Al. (2004) • Safety H & S regulations for

construction
Procedural factors
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Meetings to review site safety policies
Al. (2013), Zaid
Et Al. (2013), Nawi Et Al. (2016)
Omran And Zaid (2014), Tam Et Al. • Accident/ safety records and reports
(2004), system
Priyadarshani Et Al. (2013), Nawi Et Al.
(2016)
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • safety promotions (rewards/incentives)
Al. (2013),
(1999)
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Generation of safety policy
Al. (2013),
(1999)
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Safety management system in

Al. (2013), accordance with legislation
Sawacha (1999), Tam Et Al. (2004)
15
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Client factors
Thomas Et Al. (2005), Priyadarshani Et • Use and selection of Subcontractor/
Al. (2013), Zaid worker
Et Al. (2013), Nawi Et Al. (2016)
Table 1: factors affecting safety on construction site categorized into different group as per literature
The numerous factors that are responsible for safety management are provided by
various researchers. The role of organizations in prompting safety is very important which
cannot be overlooked. The main element of safe working environment is the commitment
of managing committee (Zohar, 1990). Further Jaselskis et-al (1996) explains in order to
provide satisfactory level of safety in and around the construction site involvement of
management commitment plays an important role.
The factors that affect the construction safety are categorized into different groups and
are listed below:
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Individual Factors
• Individual safety
knowledge Government Factors
• Unwillingness of • Insurance
workers to use schemes of
PPE workers
• Individual attitude CONSTRUCTION • Regulation of
towards safety SAFETY H&S for
construction
Organizational Factors Economic Factors

Procedural Factors • Safety promotion
• Commitments of
• Safety record organization • Safe PPE
provision
• Management and • Poor awareness
workers • Resource
communication • Safety allocation for
responsibility of all safety training
• Meetings to
review site safety employ • Management of
policy safety booklet
• Safe working
• Generation of environment • Investment on
safety policy safety procedure
• Supervision and • Development of
• Safety
inspection of site in-house safety
management
safety rules
system
• Employment of • Technical
• towards safety safety officer and guidance towards
supervisor safety
• Development of
safety
organization
• Development of
in-house safety
rules
17
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Figure 2: factors affecting safety
17
2.5. Methods adopted by other countries for safety management
Most of the countries have their own law which defines the protection of labor from
occupational accidents and diseases in construction industry. According to Tam, Zeng
and Deng (2004), one full time safety inspector is to be employed by the main contractor
if there are more than fifty workers on a site, if area exceed more than ten-thousand-meter
square, two or three safety inspectors must be present on site. Similarly, the plot
exceeding fifty thousand square meters safety management team is to be appointed by
main contractor. Pakistan lacks basic safety practices in the construction site when safety
performance index was used to analyze the performance of industry (Farooqui, Arif and
Rafeeqi, 2008). According to Musonda and Smallwood (2008) People of Botswana action
and attitudes reveal that health and safety are least considered for any construction
projects.
Due to the dynamic nature of the construction activities construction safety management
is a challenging task when coupled with uneducated, least skilled and moving workers
(Jain 2007). He further explained that, people from agricultural background and limited
local language only when involved in construction activities creates more challenges due
to limitation in communication techniques. Construction industry is considered eight times
riskier in India. Permana (2007) described how the accidents rate is significantly in
Indonesian construction Industry as safety regulation has not been established. Despite
of all these factors, some researchers have managed to introduce safety management
system to improve quality of the safety performance in construction site.
Wright et al, 1999 introduced assessment tools known as safety cultured improvement
Matrix for benchmarking and assessing the safety culture in an organization. Balanced
score card used for the assessment of safety culture (Mohamed 2003). Further Mohamed
and Chinda (2008) argue upon performance measuring tools with different prospective
which is believed to increase the safety performance.
Hong Kong has introduced pay for safety scheme (PFSS) as safety measuring tool. Site
18
safety section of this scheme includes list of payable safety items included in bill of
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quantity.
18
About 20% of the project cost or fixed sum depending upon the size of project is set aside
to encourage the contractors for implementation of safety measures in construction site
from tender date to the date of project completion (Choi, Chan and Chan, 2010)
All these tools used and developed by the researcher provides base for guidelines for
assessing safety management in construction site. However, the factors affecting safety
is to be assessed in detail from managerial perspective.
2.6. Occupational health and safety in Nepal
According to Khumraj (20015), the Nepalese construction industry uses less

mechanization and is more labour intense with weak safety regulations. Regulations
under Interim constitution 2007, in order to run business employers, need to be abide by
all the OHS rules. But unfortunately, construction industry does not even follow the basic
regulation. Despite of the fact, that It contribute most to the national economy, no initiation
can be seen from government and concerned bodies to control health and safety hazards
in construction sites.
Due to lack of law enforcement for labor, majority of accidents are not reported to Labor
Department (Department of Labor).
Table 2: no of accidents recorded in construction site of Nepal (2058-2065 BS)
Only the fatal incident or the one that gain media attentions are reported in the concerned
bodies Which proves existing health and safety data are not reliable (Joshi, Shrestha and
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vaidha,2011).
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Further, it is impossible to initiate effective measures without knowing the basic cause of
accident and injuries on the construction site that would reduce the occurrence of accident
or improve overall standard of safety in Nepalese construction industry. Majority of the
companies involved in construction are private with limited budget and resources which
cannot provide safe working condition to its workers (Khumraj 2015). The condition of
occupational health is worse as it has not been revised since 1955 AD and far from
concern.
Labor administration authorities, trade unions, government and other concerned bodies
are unaware about the OHS due to illiteracy among workers and contactors (Joshi,
Shrestha and vaidha,2011). Though some of the acts or guidelines are formed for the
welfare of construction workers like Labor Act 2048 BS, Trade Union Act 2049 BS,
National labor policy 2056 BS, their effectiveness is not practiced well. Safety inspector
carries out the inspection on the site to make sure the regulation of the act (Labor Union).
According to Khumraj, Nepalese construction is lacking behind because of following
barriers:
• Knowledge and awareness lacking among the workers.

• Lack of employer's and management commitments.
• Poor consultation system within organization.
• Untrained and unskilled people in management and labor.
• Lack of database and research on occupational health and safety.
Construction Industry without any accident may not be practically possible but it can be
improved. Healthy human resource, efficient work culture, fewer casualties can be
achieved by following these strategies (Joshi, Shrestha and vaidha,2011).
• Development of training models, initiation of formal training and orientation.

• Safety committee formation and mobilization in workplace and sites.
• Safety incentive programs.
• Top management involvement for safety issues.
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• Timely inspections from the concerned bodies.

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2.7. SUMMARY
From the literature review, it can be seen that safety management has to undergo through
different challenges which can be overcome if well-structured techniques are followed.
Though various techniques have been introduced by the researchers, but they are not
implemented effectively. This chapter gives knowledge about various tools and
techniques developed and practiced by various countries which are useful for determining
the effectiveness of safety management in the site of construction. Further, the literature
introduces to the factors affecting safety in and around the construction site. This chapter
gives the ideas about the construction safety management system used in different
countries providing a base to us for the development of new system by improving safety
on construction sites. Thus, knowledge obtained from this literature can be used to
explore safety related research to improve the safety standard for preventing any hazard
or accidents in construction industry of Nepal.
Safety issues in construction industry are always a problem and primary concern of the
governing bodies. This research provides base for safety management. The aim of the
study is to generate the procedure which will boost the safety management at construction
sites in Nepal by analyzing the factors that hamper the safety performance. The concept
of the study includes safety model and research methodology. Identifying the prominent
factors that affect the safety at construction site from the data and information of previous
study and finding the common key factors.
The following chapter will discuss the methodology used for data collection of safety
issue. Further, it shows how data was collected and analyzed to meet its objective.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
The systematic method used to address the research question or problem is research
methodology. It may include surveys, interviews, experiments, observation and
secondary as its technique. Based on purpose of study, numerous approaches can be
found to carry out research such as Qualitative and Quantitative (Creswell, 2003).
Qualitative approach is used to capture the meaning about something which is little known
and addresses the issues like why or how. This approach uses explorative methods to
collect the data on subject of study such as interview, field notes, photographs, recording
and conservations in order to understand social phenomenon (Alshami 2011). The
process and meanings are highlighted rather that numbers and outcomes (Mayan, 2001).
Quantitative approach uses numerical value and statical data to investigate the problem.
Data are analyzed to predict the validation of theory (Creswell, 2003). Concept, variables
hypothesis is used to extract the conclusion from the established theory.
Vast information available from secondary source, this approach was considered most
relevant for exploring findings from literature to come to final conclusion. According to
Corbin and Strauss (2008), the grounded theory of research does not start with
preconceived theory rather it evolves from data when the researcher starts the study.
Quantitative approach was used in this study to generate and develop the strategies.
Though Gittleman et al (2010) stated the combination of both qualitative and quantitative
system are appropriate for the study related to workplace safety for better understanding
due to absence of ethical approval and limited time, qualitative method is only considered
for this reason. Further, most relevant papers were already selected related to topic. In
order to meet the research objective, different sets of tasks have been carried out by the
means of literature review, data collection, case study and data analysis.
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The factors responsible to hamper the site safety were identified and categorized into
various group and sub factors were identified from the literature. To have deep
understanding of research form different perspective and to investigate the phenomenon
triangulation strategy was adopted. This approach was followed to enhance the height of
knowledge and have general idea about safety from various aspect to form the strategy
and guidelines.
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RESEARCH METHOD
Step1 Finding similar research papers by previous researchers
Step2 Short listing of the most relevant previous papers
Step3 Identification of the most prominent factors that affect the safety in the construction
Step4 Selection of methods for evaluating the factors affecting safety in the construction site
Step5 Collection of data and analysis
Step5a Case study and PESTEL analysis

a
Step6 Qualitative analysis
Review all the papers to select the most relevant ones
Analyzing of the most relevant papers
The factors that affect safety in any construction sites were identified as
Organizational Procedural
factors factors
Economic
factors
Individual
factors
Client Government
factors factors
Triangulation Strategy to strengthen the safety factors and to develop strategy

that could reduce construction hazards.
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Figure 3: process of research methodology.
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3.2. Research Method and Data Collection

3.2.1. Case study
This research method was used for analyzing the factors that affected the safety in the
construction site. According to researcher Robert K. Yin, case study is an empirical
method to investigate modern phenomenon within real life context. Further they are used
when boundaries are not clearly visible between phenomenon and context (Yin 1984).
Emphasis is given to case study as qualitative methods often fail to give detailed and clear
explanation to the research problem (Tellis, 1997).
In this research, case study of three different countries and their factors associated with
construction accidents together with strategies adopted to overcome such accidents are
analyzed.
China is one of the world earliest civilization and popular country. Construction has started
from pre-historic era but after the implementation of reform and open policies,
construction industry in China saw the rapid expansion. Construction contribute huge in
country’s economy.
Similarly, Construction industry in Thailand is booming, though it went through lots of ups
and downs, they are believed to adopt one of the finest technologies.
Likewise, in UK, construction requires highest cost and is risky. It is more limited to rural
areas as population are centered to those area only. Further they are trying to decentralize
and expand more to urban areas for equal development. they are the one to who keep
safety of workers first and believed to revise the construction safety codes time and again.
Before commencing case study PESTEL analysis of these countries were done to
highlight different Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal
condition of these countries.
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Factors China Thailand UK

Political Government political Construction market is Construction is
parties often support believed to be regarded as one of
construction as it increasing by 7.88 % in the important
contributes to last 5 years. Hence, aspects of country's
country's economy. Thai Government has economy. Safety
Country's budget is been investing in has always been
directed for civil development of public concern of English
infrastructure for the infrastructure. people. All Political
sustainability. parties are
responsible for
providing safe
working
environment for their
workers. Hence,
they revise the
guidelines timely
and carry out
investigations.
Economical No financial crisis 1997-1998 financial Recent financial
experienced in past crises but recovering crises slowed down
few years. fast. the market growth.
Social Rapidly increasing Population increasing in Growing immigrants

population in rural & urban area after ask for more
urban population after decentralization. infrastructures in
the ban on more More infrastructures in rural and urban
children removed. these areas. areas.
Demands for more
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infrastructures.
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Technological Adopting new New technology to Introduce the

technologies for ensure the safety of technology that is
sustainability and people and provide the needed for
energy security. quality life. sustainability and
quality.
Environmental Regulates various Regulation for waste Strict formulation of
laws to lower carbon management is present rules and regulation
emission and waste but not that effective, in rural part but still
management as it has pulls no regulation for need to be managed
been major issues. carbon emission. for urban areas.
Legal Legal bodies like Strict law for regulating Very strict legal
construction law construction law, action against the
govern all construction Building Control Act. one violating the
regulations. rules by the health
and safety
executives.
Table 3: PESTEL Analysis of China, Thailand and UK
The above PESTEL analysis gives brief information about these countries’ construction
background. Now various factors that affect safety assessment on the construction site
were analyzed and tabulated:
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Thailand
Factors Description
Poor work of safety organization It is very important to have safety
professionals to supervise from initial
stage.
Economic and time pressure Care free attitude of workers during initial
phase and overtime for timely completion.
Lack of coordination Often different employer is appointed on
single site carrying different works which
lacks communication.
Unskilled workers Labors from different work background are
hired.
Poor safety awareness of top Potential dangers are not warned to
management workers by management team.
Table 4: factors affecting safety in Thai construction site.
China
Factors Description
Lack of rules and regulations Large construction projects, due to
involvement of many workers, contractors,
the rules and regulations are neglected.
Resources and equipment Introduction of new technology brings lot of
accidents as they are not used to of it.
Attitude and behaviors Reckless attitude of worker and ignorance
of management team often invites
accident.
Work culture and climate Hot climate and eight hours shift make
people exhausted.
Table 5: factors affecting safety in Chinese construction site.
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Uk
Factors Description
Lack of safety supervisor on site Large scale project demands full time
safety team on site.
Poor weather condition Extreme cold weather makes it difficult to
work.
Overlapping activities Different team of workers on a single site
may oversee the safety measures.
Tight schedule Usually contractor is liable to pay more
sum in case of not being able to complete
the project timely.
Table 6: factors affecting safety in Uk construction site.
Further to overcome the issues created by these factors, these countries have developed
strategy to minimize accidents on construction sites. Common strategies followed by the
countries are listed below.
1. Safety policy and standard

• Under this policy, the concerned bodies look after various aspects of the company.
• Commitment of company to comply with health, safety and environment protection
legislation.
• Formation of committee who ensure that policy objectives and targets are
implemented or not.
• Whether company policies have included awareness programs for their workers.
• Company policy has been timely revised as per staff advise and feedback.
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2. Safety organization
• Timely collection of feedbacks from workers of all groups.
• Employment of sufficient number of safety officers and supervisors.
• The credential and performance of safety supervisor are timely checked and
reviewed.
• Sub-contractors are updated with safety procedures and prepare site safety plans
for each project.
3. Safety training
• Company has to provide safety, health and environment academic to staffs and
subcontractors.
• Workers must have green/white card training on they are eligible to work on site.
4. Inspecting hazardous condition

• Construction site must be inspected on daily/weekly/monthly basis for safety.
• Site inspectors and supervisors should conduct regular inspection and keep the
records and take actions where necessary.
• Involvement of all managerial level employs.
• All workers should be able to do safety check when needed.
5. Personal protection program

• Minimum required PPE should be periodically checked by safety manager.
• Regular inspection of faulty PPE should be done.
• PPE used by all employs must be inspected and comply with standard.
• Checklist should be designed for inspection, replacement and maintenance of
PPE.
6. Plants and Equipment

• Safety measure for using any equipment should be given and manuals are made
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available.
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• Only trained officer, 18 years of age or more can operate the machine.
• Timely inspection and maintenance of equipment and plants are done.
7. Safety promotions
• Company should use common or local language to make worker read and
understand rules and instructions.
• Encourage workers to promote safety by awarding them.
3.2. Data analysis
Content analysis approach was done to extract the factors from selected papers. Based
on type, method of data collection papers was categorized, papers were further analyzed
for identifying patterns or theme. Again, content analysis was done to extracted sub
factors. Finally, the derived factors from the literature review were used to develop the
strategy for Nepal. As result comprehensive strategy and guidelines was proposed that
affect all the personnel on construction project from individual to government level.
3.3. Summary
This chapter present various research methods approach used in the field of research
including qualitative, quantitative or both. The aim of research along with researcher
ability to access research tools play an important role for the method to choose. The
qualitative method was used to investigate and later PESTEL analysis was carried out to
highlight the situation of different country based on PESTEL element. Further case study
was conducted to list common safety issues together with factor affecting common
strategies followed by these countries were highlighted which can be used as guidelines
for Nepalese construction industry to improve the condition of construction safety. The
following chapter will discuss the findings and results derived from case study.
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CHAPTER 4: FINDING &DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND

DISCUSSION
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4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Analyzing the literature and research on similar topic, it states the use of heavy
equipment, dangerous tools and hazardous material make working environment mare
dangerous which increase the potential for accidents and injury. Thus, dedication and
efforts from all levels are needed for safety implementation. Fire, falls, drowning, electric
shocks, stuck by objects hit by falling object, are the dominant safety issue faced by every
construction site. Laws and regulations can be seen formulated by government and
concerned bodies to reduce on site accidents on developed countries but are often
ignored by the government of least developed countries like Nepal.
Further integration of various research shows that dominant and common factors
responsible for compromising safety in construction site are grouped and listed below.
Governmental factors Description

• No H & S regulation These acts of government acts as a barrier
• No official bodies formation for implement of Health and safety
practices.
Table 7: governmental factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
Governmental factor exhibits very important role in maintaining safety of construction site.
as government is responsible for law formation. Nepal government is very passive
regarding the promotion of safety on construction site. No basic guidelines or country’s
safety code are present based on which these organization can formulate the regulations.
In absence of which all the organization involved in construction acts differently to earn
more profit which results in increase of accidents, injury on site.
To overcome this first and foremost is need of safety guidelines in Nepal and organization
seriously followings rules and regulations to provide safe working environment to its
people.
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Organizational factor Description

• Poor work of safety organization This shows that organization plays vital
• Lack of knowledge among top role in safety management. Hence, not
management committee. being able to comply with safety
• Absence of site supervisor on site procurement shows the loophole in
• Lack of rules and regulations on site organization. Participation and awareness

• Lack of inspection on construction of organization in safety programs will help
to uplift safety performance in Nepal.
site.
Table 8: organizational factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
Priyadarshani 2013, state that apart from governmental factor, organizational factor is
equally responsible for promotion of Health and safety on construction site. Organizations
formulate regulations based on which construction work is carried out. But in absence of
safety codes of Nepal, organizations act randomly. Further employment of unskilled
personnel in top management standard safety code of company is not formulated as
results workers are not bounded by any laws and regulations, thus involve themselves in
any short of potential risks.
Economic factor Description

• Appropriate resource and Limited fund hence budget will not be
equipment. spent providing PPE, safety trainings,
• Unskilled workers workshops and results in safety hazards.
• Safe PPE provision Companies that are abided by common
• Safety trainings and workshops safety laws should only be given

construction rights.
Table 9: Economic factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
The economic condition of an organization is equally important in establishing safety in

construction site of Nepal. The company with inadequate budget and profits minded
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motive should not be given license. An organization should have separate budget
allocated for safety of people on construction site.
They must be able to provide standard PPE. They should formulate some criteria to
involve unskilled workers in construction field by formulating training and workshops
program only the increasing trend of accidents can reduce to some extent in Nepalese
Individual factor Description

• Lack of skills. All these incidents lead to accidents and
• Attitude and behavior hinder the implementation of safety
• No willingness to use PPE regulations.
Table 10: individual factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
People are often treated from their class and their status in society. This thinking of
peoples is reason why Nepal lags behind in course of development. The willingness of
top management employs to establish safety on construction site is enough to provide
safe working environment to its workers. But carelessness of top management and not
prioritizing safety of lower-class people result in accidents. Not only this lack of qualified
people on top management and involvement of unskilled workers is another reason for
injuries. Further the reckless attitude of workers in safety training and workshop, not
willing to follow the safety rules are the reason why accidents increases in Nepalese
Procedural factor Description

• No records of accidents and injury The communication gap and no revision of
• No communication between high safety procedure will not uplift the safety
level and low-level workers. parameters.
• No revision of safety procedures.
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Table 11: procedural factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
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For the formulation of effective safety strategies, it is very important to have record of
previous incidents but as per data of Nepal Labor force only the huge incidents with media
attentions are recorded. The opinion and views of top-level management are only
considered. Since the lower-class peoples are found more involved in construction work
in Nepal. It is very important to have their views and think from their perspective for
improving safety in construction sites. Based on which revision of safety procedures are
required.
Client factor Description

• Selection of workers and Selection of contractors and
contractors. subcontractors is challenging task as
• Overlapping activities experience and potential of them may be
unknown. Contractor plays vital role in
implementation of safety measures on
site.
Table 12: client factor and its sub factors responsible for compromising safety on sites
client factor cannot be ignored while establishing safety in construction site of Nepal. They
are the one to encourage company to provide best in limited budgets. Hiring the unskilled
contractors to complete the project time who do not follow the code of ethics is reason
why accidents increases in construction site. They hire people in low wages and
compromise their safety by not providing standard PPE.
All these factors play huge role in degrading the status of safety in construction sites of
Nepal. The developed country like China, Thailand and UK follows standard code and
strategies to minimize the extent of accidents in construction sites. The basic strategies
followed by these countries are filtered as selected so that it can be applicable in Nepalese
construction industry to minimize the hazard and improve the standard of safety on
construction sites are listed below:
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• Formulation of safety policies and standard.
• Safety organization of construction sites.
• Safety trainings and workshops.
• Timely inspection of construction sites.
• Personal protection program.
• Timely inspection of plants and equipment.
Table 13: list of proposed safety strategy and plan.
The implementation of following strategies is believed to maintain safety and somewhat

regulate safety standard of Nepalese construction industry.
Formulation of safety policies and standard:
Under this policy, it is made sure that the government or the concerned bodies are abided
with country's rules and regulations. It further ensures the policies of company are timely
revised to guarantee the safety of the workers.
This strategy will create a systematic pattern to be followed for all the construction
companies of Nepal. Companies will fear for the heavy fines and punishment for not being
abided by safety regulation. They will even be fearful of paying liability to the workers
family for compromising their safety. This strategy will bind the Nepalese construction
industry never to oversee the safety issues. It will revise the safety procedure time and
again so that incident does not get repeated.
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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Implementation
➢ Plant and equipment maintenance provision

➢ Supervision and inspection of site safety
➢ Safety officials' employment
➢ Safe working environment provision
Commitment form Management
➢ Developing safety policies and in house safety

rules
➢ Assigning responsibilities to the site personnel
➢ Safety management system established with
adherence to legislation codes and standards
➢ Communication between management and
workers on site
Management Measures
➢ Safety meetings
➢ Safety bonus/rewards
➢ Safety plans and records
➢ Safety training
Economic Investment
➢ Investment for safe working environment

➢ Insurance of workers
Project Nature
➢ Size and complexity of the Project

➢ Number of sub-contractors
Individual Involvement
➢ Safety knowledge and awareness

➢ Safety attitude
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Figure 4: proposed strategy for safety management

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Safety organization of construction sites:
This strategy makes sure companies are responsible for safety of workers. It checks
whether enough safety inspectors and supervisors are appointed or not. Ability and
credential of supervisor are timely examined and investigated as they play an important
role for safety promotions. Further it makes sure all contractors know the safety
regulations and prepare separate safety plan for each site.
This strategy will help to change mentality of top management employers of Nepal. They
will start treating people of all levels same as this strategy main focuses on the safety of
lower level people. Hiring the skilled people as per their experience will prepare effective
safety regulations for their companies and cross check their employers for their credential.
This will make sure enough safety inspectors are hired on site to ensure all parameters
are implemented on site.
Need of safety trainings and workshops.
This strategy ensures that workers are provided with safety trainings and workshop.
Further, it emphasizes on use of simple language to make workers of all level understand
safety rules.
This strategy makes sure the workers are provided with training and workshop before
commencement of construction work. As Nepal is multicultural countries, language
understandable by all working group should be used to make them understand safety
parameters by means of notes or graphics. Since literacy rate of Nepal is very less,
graphic representation will help all workers understands hazards and their preventive
measures. 40
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Timely inspection of construction sites.
This strategy makes sure that construction site is inspected regularly on daily basis by
site inspector or supervisor to trace any unusual things. It ensures all managerial level
employs are involved in task and track the progress of construction site with frequent
round trip to site.
Top level project manager and other personnel rarely visit the site in Nepal. They are
limited to phone call from employers to know the progress of works. This will help them to
analyze the condition of site and workers and do the necessary improvement needed in
construction and condition of workers. Unplanned visit to the site will help them
understand how workers are treated by contractors as many incidents are reported by
workers for not being paid on daily basis to being hurt following unsafe instructions of
contractors. This will bound top management to take strict action against such contractors
resulting in not compromising safety of workers.
Personal protection program.
This strategy creates minimum requirements a worker needs to have in order work in a
construction site. It makes sure workers wear high vision clothes, safety boots and must
have completed one day training. Further it checks if the PPE of workers meet the
standard by regular inspections.
Most of the company and contractors do not even understand the meaning of PPE. No
safety boots, high vision dress, hard hat is worn be workers. There is no requirement for
workers in construction site. Further the enough equipment are not available for workers
which bound them to use other unsafe methods. This will provide list of basic things a
workers and contractors need to have in construction site to regulate safety.
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Timely inspection of plants and equipment.
Only the skilled people above eighteen years of age with experience can operate and use
the plants and equipment. One must have license to operate certain types of plants and
equipment.
This strategy will limit no of people jumping into any type of work. The plants and
equipment used in construction industry of Nepal are often second hand imported from
other country. They are being sold after they could not meet the requirement of other
country. Importing such thing will already compromise the safety further allowing unskilled
operator to use it put other workers in dangers. This strategy will limit the use of old
equipment and unskilled workers.
Nepal is least developed country trying to take leap on field of construction. No guidelines
and strategies have been found to ensure the safety in construction sites. Since the
factors causing hazards are same as other country. The adopted strategy can provide
base for construction industry to establish health and safety regulations in site.
4.2. Summary
The chapter answer all the research question directing research towards achieving its
aim. It answers all the common safety issues that exist on construction site. Further, for
effective implementation of safety parameters, initiation from the top management of
country or organization is needed in form of laws and regulations.
From the research methodology and data collections, the factor responsible for causing
safety issues were identified and grouped that were similar to that of Nepalese
construction industry. Likewise, the basic strategies followed by other countries were
listed which fit in context of Nepal. Thus, generated strategies can be adopted to form and
develop basic guidelines that ensure safety of workers on construction site of Nepal.
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5. CONCLUSION
5.1. Introduction
Safety in construction industry is most important factors that are to be considered. The
accident rates in the construction site of Nepal from falling objects to electric shocks are
high. No guidelines are present that would help to minimize those incidents. The proposed
guidelines will not only be helpful to people but also to government as they provide the
base how the construction works should proceed and what are the basic things needed
to uplift Health and Safety in construction sites. Faults or drawbacks of guideline can be
examined to enhancement the strategies, adopting one from the available safe practices.
Organization and Government are main responsible for regulating health and safety
regulations. Though some of measures can be seen taken from the Nepalese
Government, lack of concern, rules and regulation, those laws are not implemented
effectively. Nepal Government lags behind to enforce policies, regulations and legislation
that affect the working efficiency. Carelessness of workers together with ignorance of top
management is the result of accidents on construction industry. Proposed strategy will
not completely stop those incidents but is believed to prevent potential accidents uplifting
the standard of Health and Safety in Nepalese Construction. Further, this issue needs
concern of government and companies involved in construction.
5.2. Contribution of research knowledge
The contribution on general area of knowledge by the study is evidence of achievement

of overall aim which is to improve safety on construction industry Nepal. The research
presents the definition of safety and its impact on construction industry. This information
can be used by construction manager and other practitioner to follow the basic guidelines
to maintain health and safety in a construction site. The factors can be analyzed further
to develop the guidelines. This can help contractors, Construction Company to formulate
the regulations for their company. Government can adopt this strategy to develop safety
44
code for entire nation. Finally, the use of safety guidelines to reduce accidents on site will
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make the concerned bodies realize the significance of safety and encourage promoting
health and safety on site.
5.3. Limitation and suggestion for further research
The result of this research is bounded by some limitations that are needed to be
addressed in future studies. The researcher's aim to develop strategies and plans to
minimize the extent of accidents on construction sites by identifying various factors that
are responsible for causing injuries and developed strategy to minimize the extent of
accident on Nepalese construction industry. These guidelines would have produced a
better result if the experts advise was achieved through interviews, questionnaire. No
past research was found related to the topic hence, data used are based on the case
studies. The finding and outcomes are on the perception of experts. If the study is
considered from labors and other workers their perception would have helped to develop
other strategies.
Following suggestion can help further researcher to improve and help construction
workers in effective implementation of this strategy.
• Further research should be carried out on factors that cause the safety hazards in
context of Nepal.
• Challenges faced by the government of Nepal and concerned bodies should be
analyzed and strategies should be developed accordingly to raise safety
standards.
• The implementation of the strategy should be supported by trainings, workshops
and awareness programs.
5.4. Concluding remarks
Construction industry is most hazardous industry to work upon. The lack of awareness or
inadequacies in managing the site may result in loss of lives. Thus, proper rules,
45
regulations and strategies are needed to get benefitted from this industry.
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CHAPTER 6: PHOTO GALLERY
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6.PHOTO GALLERY
Figure 4: Nepal in 2008 Figure 5: Nepal in 2015
Figure 6: condition of workers on construction site
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Figure7: no PPE provision

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Figure 8: condition of Equipment Figure 9: condition of workers
Figure 10: condition of women workers Figure 10: condition of site inspection
48
Figure 11: No safety harness or secure scaffolding

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Source: Alamy stock photo

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CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
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"SAFETY ISSUES IN NEPALESE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"

Thesis · February 2019

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Construction Management (Professional)

I certify that the thesis titled

SAFETY ISSUES IN NEPALESE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

Submitted for the degree of

Master of Construction Management

Full Name: Aashina Sharma

Date: 4TH February,2019

Table 1: factors affecting safety on construction site as per literature……………...16

Table 2: accidents recorded in construction industry of Nepal………………………………19

Table 3: PESTEL analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

Table 4: factors affecting safety in Thailand…………………………………………………………………….29

Table 5: factors affecting safety in China……………………………………………………………………......29

Table 6: factors affecting safety in Thailand…………………………………………………………………….30

Table 7: Governmental factors and it subfactors responsible for ………………………….34

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 8: Organisational factors and it subfactors responsible for …………….………….35

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 9: Economic factors and it subfactors responsible for ………………………..……….35

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 10: Individual factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………….………….36

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 11: Procedural factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………………….36

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 12: Client factors and it subfactors responsible for …………………………….……….37

Compromising safety in construction sites

Table 13: proposed strategy……………………………………………………………………………………………….38

Figure 1: thesis structure………………………………………………………...…………………….………………………………….6

Figure 2: factors affecting safety categorized into different groups…………………………………17

Figure 3: research methodology process…………………………………………………………………………………….25

Figure 4: proposed strategy for safety management in Nepal …………………………………………..39

PPE: Personal protective equipment

H & S: Health and Safety

OHS: Occupational Health and Safety.

H &S: Health and Safety

Empirical researches have focused on the causes, casualties, safety policies,

1.2 Research questions

• How will framework help to minimize the risk of unpredictable accidents?

1.3 Research aims and objectives

1.4 Research methodology

Research methodology is complete approach to research process through justification of

1.5 Significance of research

1.6 Thesis structure

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Figure1: thesis structure 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2. Safety management in construction

It is considered as a dynamic process which involves tiny to massive adjustment in site

2.3. Measurement of construction safety performance

According to El-Mashaleh, Rabebeh and Hyari (2009), safety performances are

2.4. Factors that affect construction safety performance

compromise safety while conducting meetings.

Tam et al. (2004) • Commitments of organization

Thomas et al. (2005), Priyadarshani et • Safety responsibility definition to all