Midterm Exam: Developmental Biology Lecture

SEM1: 2023-2024

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__C__1. What is considered the seminal work in the field of developmental biology,
laying the foundation for the discipline? a. Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA
structure b. Mendel's laws of inheritance c. Spemann and Mangold's experiments with
newt embryos d. Pasteur's germ theory

__B__2. Who is often referred to as the "father of embryology" for his observations of
chick embryonic development? a. Charles Darwin b. Aristotle c. Gregor Mendel d.
Robert Hooke

__C__3. The concept of epigenesis, proposing that new structures arise during
development, was championed by: a. William Harvey b. Andreas Vesalius c. Aristotle d.
Gregor Mendel

__B__4. What is the term for the process by which a single fertilized egg gives rise to a
multicellular organism with specialized cells and tissues? a. Gametogenesis b.
Embryogenesis c. Cleavage d. Differentiation

__A__5. The study of how genes control the development of an organism is known as: a.
Genetics b. Genomics c. Developmental genetics d. Epigenetics

__C__6. Hox genes play a crucial role in the development of an organism by regulating:
a. Cell division b. Cell differentiation c. Body plan and segment identity d. Genetic
mutations

__D__7. The process of programmed cell death that plays a crucial role in sculpting
tissues and organs during development is called: a. Apoptosis b. Mitosis c. Necrosis d.
Meiosis

__B__8. Why is the process of gastrulation crucial for embryonic development? a. It

marks the end of early development. b. It establishes the basic body plan with three
germ layers. c. It triggers organ differentiation. d. It initiates the formation of the
placenta.

__A__9. The correct sequence of steps in the scientific method is: a. Observation,
hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion b. Hypothesis, observation,
experimentation, conclusion, analysis c. Observation, experimentation, hypothesis,
analysis, conclusion d. Hypothesis, experimentation, observation, analysis, conclusion

__C__11. Replicability in scientific research refers to the: a. Ability to reproduce results in

different experiments b. Unpredictability of experimental outcomes c. Use of replicas in
experiments d. Repetition of experiments with the same variables

__B__12. Identify the structure formed during gastrulation that becomes the future
mouth or anus in the developing embryo. a. Blastomere b. Blastopore c. Neural tube d.
Yolk sac

__A__13. Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis, and associated
structures? a. Ectoderm b. Mesoderm c. Endoderm d. Trophoblast

__D__14. What is the role of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) in developmental biology
studies? a. Model organism for human development b. Source of embryonic stem cells
c. Pioneer in in vitro fertilization d. Model organism for genetic studies

__C__15. What is the primary outcome of gastrulation in terms of embryonic

development? a. Formation of the neural tube b. Establishment of the body axes c.
Initiation of organ differentiation d. Creation of the trophoblast

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal
__A__16. What is a blastula in embryonic development? a. Early stage of development
with three germ layers b. Fluid-filled cavity surrounded by a single layer of cells c. Final
stage of development before birth d. Formation of the neural tube

__C__17. What is the process of gastrulation in embryonic development? a. Formation

of the blastocyst b. Folding of the neural tube c. Formation of the three germ layers d.
Differentiation of stem cells

__B__18. What is embryogenesis? a. The study of insects b. The development of an

embryo from a fertilized egg c. The process of cell division d. The formation of new
tissues in adults

__C__19. During which stage of development do cells become specialized in structure

and function? a. Fertilization b. Cleavage c. Gastrulation d. Differentiation

__B__20. Which process involves the movement of cells to their final location during
embryonic development? a. Neurulation b. Gastrulation c. Cell migration d. Cleavage

__C__21. Which term refers to the reversible and undifferentiated state of cells in early
embryonic development? a. Totipotent b. Pluripotent c. Multipotent d. Unipotent

__C__22. What is the primary outcome of gastrulation in terms of embryonic

development? a. Formation of the neural tube b. Establishment of the body axes c.
Initiation of organ differentiation d. Creation of the trophoblast

__B__23. Which term describes the process of cell movement and organization to form
specific structures and organs during development? a. Cell division b. Cell
differentiation c. Cell migration d. Apoptosis

__B__24. What is regeneration in the context of developmental biology? a. The growth

of extra limbs b. The ability of an organism to replace lost or damaged body parts c.
The formation of identical twins d. The production of abnormal cells

__C__25. What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell? a. Synthesizing

proteins b. Energy production through cellular respiration c. Storage of genetic material
d. Detoxification of harmful substances

__D__26. Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis? a. Golgi apparatus
b. Endoplasmic reticulum c. Nucleus d. Ribosome

__A__27. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell? a. Synthesizing
lipids b. Modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins c. Energy production d. DNA
replication

__B__28. What is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a eukaryotic cell? a.
Energy production b. Synthesizing lipids and steroids c. Synthesizing and modifying
proteins d. Storage of genetic material

__B__29. What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell? a. Cell communication b.

Maintaining cell shape and structural support c. Energy production d. DNA replication

__B__30. Which cellular structure is responsible for maintaining cell turgor pressure and
storing nutrients? a. Nucleus b. Vacuole c. Ribosome d. Endoplasmic reticulum

__C__31. What is the primary function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? a. Synthesizing
ATP b. Controlling cellular respiration c. Containing genetic material and regulating
cellular activities d. Modifying and packaging proteins

___D__32. Define gastrulation. a. The process of blastocyst formation b. The formation of

the blastopore c. The differentiation of the three germ layers d. The initiation of
organogenesis

__B__33. What is the role of RNA in cellular processes? a. Storing genetic information b.
Translating genetic information into proteins c. Controlling cell division d. Providing
structural support to the cell

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal
__B__34. Which cellular structure is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the
cell? a. Lysosome b. Peroxisome c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Nucleus

__B__35. What is the purpose of the centrioles in animal cells? a. Synthesizing proteins b.
Cellular respiration c. Facilitating cell division d. Storing genetic material

__C__36. What is gene expression? a. The storage of genetic information in DNA b. The
process of translating DNA into RNA c. The regulation of gene activity to produce a
functional product d. The formation of new genes through mutation

__A__37. Which of the following is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the
DNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis? a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. DNA
polymerase

__B__38. What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression? a. They catalyze
the synthesis of mRNA. b. They regulate the rate of translation. c. They control the
initiation of transcription. d. They facilitate DNA replication.

__A__39. The process of translation in gene expression occurs in the: a. Nucleus b.

Cytoplasm c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus

__C__40. In eukaryotes, where does mRNA processing, including the addition of a 5'
cap and poly-A tail, occur? a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Ribosome d. Endoplasmic
reticulum

__B__41. Which of the following is a key component of the post-transcriptional

modification of mRNA in eukaryotes? a. Introns b. Exons c. Spliceosomes d. Codons

__C__45. The three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
is called a: a. Codon b. Anticodon c. Exon d. Intron

__C__46. What is the primary function of tRNA during translation? a. Carrying amino
acids to the ribosome b. Transcribing DNA to RNA c. Initiating translation d. Splicing
introns from mRNA

__D__47. The process of turning off or reducing gene expression is known as: a.
Translation b. Transcription c. Replication d. Gene silencing

__C__48. Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in gene
expression? a. Synthesizing mRNA b. Synthesizing DNA c. Synthesizing proteins d.
Synthesizing tRNA

__C__49. What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology? a. DNA replication →

Transcription → Translation b. Translation → Transcription → DNA replication c.
Transcription → Translation → DNA replication d. Translation → DNA replication →
Transcription

__A__50. Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during
transcription? a. DNA polymerase b. RNA polymerase c. Reverse transcriptase d. Ligase

__B__51. What is the function of mRNA in the Central Dogma? a. Carrying amino acids
to the ribosome b. Transmitting genetic information from DNA to protein c. Carrying
genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm d. Initiating transcription

__B__52. In the context of the Central Dogma, where does translation take place? a.
Nucleus b. Ribosome c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus

__D__53. Which of the following molecules is involved in both transcription and

translation? a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. DNA polymerase

__A__54. The removal of introns and joining of exons during mRNA processing is known
as: a. Splicing b. Capping c. Polyadenylation d. Replication

__A__55. In the Central Dogma, what is the role of reverse transcriptase? a. Synthesizing
DNA from RNA b. Synthesizing RNA from DNA c. Initiating translation d. Removing introns
from mRNA

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal
__A__56. Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information in
the Central Dogma? a. DNA → RNA → Protein b. RNA → DNA → Protein c. Protein →
RNA → DNA d. RNA → Protein → DNA

__A__57. What is the purpose of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA? a.
Enhance stability and protect against degradation b. Facilitate transcription c. Initiate
translation d. Promote reverse transcription

__D__58. The reverse process of transcription, where RNA is used as a template to

synthesize DNA, is known as: a. Translation b. Replication c. Reverse translation d.
Reverse transcription

__A__59. What does the concept of genomic equivalence propose? a. All cells in an
organism have the same genetic information. b. Each cell type in an organism has a
unique set of genes. c. The number of genes varies between individuals. d. Genes are
inherited independently of each other.

__C__60. Which term refers to the phenomenon where cells with the same genetic
material exhibit different functions and characteristics? a. Genomic equivalence b.
Gene silencing c. Cellular differentiation d. Pleiotropy

__C__61. What is the term for the process by which cells become specialized in structure
and function during development? a. Transcription b. Replication c. Differentiation d.
Translation

__C__62. Which of the following statements about stem cells is true in the context of
genomic equivalence? a. Stem cells are fully differentiated and specialized. b. Stem
cells have the potential to give rise to multiple cell types. c. Stem cells have a fixed and
unalterable genetic code. d. Stem cells are only found in animals, not in plants.

__A__63. In the context of genomic equivalence, what is the significance of epigenetic

modifications? a. They alter the DNA sequence itself. b. They are reversible changes
that can affect gene expression. c. They result from mutations in the germ cells. d. They
are specific to the coding regions of genes.

__B__64. What is the purpose of using model organisms in genetic research? a. To

simplify genetic studies by focusing on organisms with fewer genes b. To study the
complexities of human genetics directly c. To reduce the cost of genetic research d. To
avoid ethical concerns associated with human studies

__A__65. Which model organism is commonly used to study development due to its
rapid embryonic development and transparency? a. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
b. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) c. Mouse (Mus musculus) d. Caenorhabditis elegans

__B__66. The use of model organisms in genetics allows researchers to: a. Draw
conclusions specific to the model organism only. b. Identify common genetic principles
applicable to a wide range of organisms. c. Avoid the need for ethical considerations.
d. Bypass the process of peer review.

__C__67. Which model organism has been instrumental in understanding the molecular
basis of circadian rhythms? a. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) b. Zebrafish (Danio
rerio) c. Mouse (Mus musculus) d. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

__C__68. In the study of human diseases, why are mice often chosen as model
organisms? a. Mice have fewer genes than humans. b. Mice have a shorter lifespan
than humans. c. Mice share a significant portion of their genes with humans. d. Mice
are resistant to genetic mutations.

__C__69. Identify the process in which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a
zygote. a. Gametogenesis b. Fertilization c. Cleavage d. Implantation

__B__70. What is the specific term for the resulting cell formed after the fusion of sperm
and egg during fertilization? a. Blastocyst b. Zygote c. Embryo d. Morula

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal
__C__71. Which structure surrounds the oocyte and participates in the block to
polyspermy during fertilization? a. Zona pellucida b. Coronal radiata c. Fallopian tube
d. Corpus luteum

__B__72. During fertilization, what is the acrosome of a sperm cell primarily responsible
for? a. Carrying genetic material b. Penetrating the egg's protective layers c. Initiating
cleavage d. Providing energy for the sperm

__A__73. What is the term for the process where the sperm penetrates the egg
membrane? a. Acrosome reaction b. Fertilization reaction c. Zygote formation d.
Gastrulation

__B__74. Where does fertilization typically occur in humans? a. Uterus b. Ovary c.

Fallopian tube d. Cervix

__D__75. Identify the stage at which the zygote begins to undergo cleavage divisions.
a. Blastocyst b. Morula c. Gastrula d. Embryo

__B__76. Define gametogenesis. a. The fusion of sperm and egg b. The production of
gametes (sperm and egg) from germ cells c. The development of the zygote d. The
implantation of the blastocyst

__A__77. What is spermatogenesis? a. The production of sperm cells b. The production

of egg cells c. The fusion of gametes d. The early development of the embryo

__A__78. In females, where does oogenesis primarily occur? a. Ovary b. Uterus c.

Fallopian tube d. Cervix

__C__79. Identify the event in oogenesis where an egg cell is released from the ovary.
a. Fertilization b. Ovulation c. Menstruation d. Implantation

__D__80. What is the name of the process that reduces the chromosome number by
half during gametogenesis? a. Mitosis b. Meiosis c. Fertilization d. Cleavage

__C__81. In spermatogenesis, how many functional sperm cells are produced from one
spermatogonium? a. One b. Two c. Four d. Eight

__C__82. During oogenesis, what is the fate of the polar bodies produced during
meiosis? a. They fuse with sperm during fertilization. b. They contribute to the formation
of the embryo. c. They are expelled from the body during menstruation. d. They
degenerate and are typically not involved in fertilization.

__C__83. Define sex determination. a. The process of determining an individual's gender

identity b. The genetic and biological mechanisms that establish an individual's sex c.
The choice of reproductive strategy in organisms d. The development of secondary
sexual characteristics

__B__84. What is the role of the Y chromosome in sex determination in humans? a. It

carries genes that determine female traits. b. It determines the presence of male traits.
c. It is irrelevant to sex determination. d. It initiates ovulation.

__B__85. In mammals, including humans, which sex chromosome combination results in

a male individual? a. XX b. XY c. X0 d. ZZ

__A__86. What is the process known as when an organism possesses both male and
female reproductive structures? a. Hermaphroditism b. Androgenesis c.
Parthenogenesis d. Asexual reproduction

__B__87. In the absence of a Y chromosome, what is the default sex determination

pathway in mammals? a. Male b. Female c. Hermaphroditic d. Non-binary

__C__88. Identify the term for the phenomenon where environmental factors influence
the sex of an organism. a. Genetic sex determination b. Hormonal sex determination c.
Environmental sex determination d. Random sex determination

__B__89. Define early development in the context of embryology. a. The process of

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal
organ formation b. The initial stage of development from fertilization to implantation c.
The period of organ differentiation d. The final stages of fetal development

__B__90. What is the first stage of early development following fertilization? a.

Gastrulation b. Implantation c. Cleavage d. Blastulation

__D__91. During early development, what is a blastomere? a. The zygote after

fertilization b. A cell formed during cleavage c. A specialized cell type d. A cell in the
blastocyst

__A__92. Identify the significance of the morula stage in early development. a. It marks
the beginning of implantation. b. It is the stage just before fertilization. c. It is the first
stage of gastrulation. d. It represents a solid mass of cells.

__C__93. What is the term for the hollow ball of cells that forms during early
development? a. Blastomere b. Blastula c. Morula d. Gastrula

__B__94. What are the main events that occur during the embryonic period of early
development? a. Organ differentiation and growth b. Fertilization and cleavage c.
Implantation and gastrulation d. Blastulation and morula formation

__B__95. Why is the process of early development considered critical for the later stages
of embryonic development? a. It establishes the basic body plan. b. It determines the
genetic makeup of the organism. c. It marks the onset of organogenesis. d. It triggers
the formation of the neural tube.

__A__96. Define blastulation. a. The formation of the blastocyst b. The differentiation of

germ layers c. The process of organ development d. The fusion of egg and sperm

__B__97. What is the blastocyst, and what is its significance in early development? a. A
fluid-filled cavity surrounded by cells; it marks the beginning of gastrulation. b. A solid
mass of cells; it is the precursor to the morula. c. The first stage of cleavage; it precedes
blastomere formation. d. The final stage of embryonic development; it precedes
implantation.

__A__98. During blastulation, what is the fate of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst? a.
It gives rise to the trophoblast. b. It forms the embryonic disc. c. It becomes the amniotic
cavity. d. It develops into the yolk sac.

__D__99. What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during blastulation? a. To initiate the
acrosome reaction b. To protect the developing embryo c. To facilitate sperm
penetration d. To support blastocyst formation

__D__100. Identify the role of blastulation in the overall process of embryonic

development. a. Formation of the neural tube b. Initiation of organ differentiation c.
Establishment of the body axes d. Creation of the germ layers

__C__101. What is the term for the outer layer of cells in the blastocyst, which later
contributes to placental development? a. Inner cell mass b. Trophoblast c. Blastomere
d. Endoderm

__A__102. How does the blastocyst facilitate implantation in the uterus? a. By releasing
digestive enzymes b. By initiating the acrosome reaction c. By secreting hormones d. By
forming projections for attachment

END OF TEST

May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him,
so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit.

Romans 15:13
______________________________________________________________________________

Name: __Charles Benjamin S. Ramos__ Score: _________/100

Midterm Exam: Dev Bio (Sem 1: 2023-2024)

Assoc. Prof. Ruthela P. Payawal