TRUE/FALSE

1 : As the total surface area of a cell increases, the surface area/volume ratio decreases.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

2 : All cells have DNA to carry genetic information, a plasma membrane that serves as a selective barrier, and
mitochondria for the generation of energy.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

3 : Some prokaryotes have a capsule, which is an external layer of polysaccharides that protects the cells from
physical damage.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

4 : Proteins on the cell surface label the cells as "self", identifying them to the immune cells as belonging to the
organism.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

5 : Lipid synthesis occurs in the Golgi complex.

A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

6 : Mitochondria convert solar energy into chemical energy.

A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

7 : Amyloplasts are responsible for the colors of ripening fruits or autumn leaves.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

8 : Tonoplasts store salts, organic acids, sugars, storage proteins, and pigments in plant cells.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B
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9 : Gap junctions that connect nerve cells in dental pulp are responsible for the discomfort felt when teeth are
damaged.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

10 : The primary functions of the extracellular matrix are protection and support.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

SHORT RESPONSE
11 : Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms?

Correct Answer : Viruses consist only of a nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein coat.
They are not capable of carrying out all the activities of life such as reproduction, response to
external stimuli, growth, etc.

12 : Compare the structures of animal and plant cells. How are they different? How are they the same?

Correct Answer : Both animal and plant cells have a plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi complex. Animal cells, however, do not have a
cell wall, central vacuole, or chloroplasts, which are present in plant cells.

13 : What evolutionary advantage do prokaryotes have over eukaryotes?

Correct Answer : Prokaryotes are more versatile biochemically than eukaryotes, as evidenced
by the fact that they can use a variety of substances for energy, they can synthesize all of their
required organic molecules from simple inorganic raw materials, and they can live in almost all
regions of the Earth's surface

14 : If prokaryotic cells do not have mitochondria, in which cellular region is cellular energy produced?

Correct Answer : The cell membrane contains most of the molecular systems needed to
metabolize food molecules to generate ATP.

15 : Explain how the internal structure of a cell isolated from the pancreas (a glandular organ that secretes
hormones such as insulin, as well as digestive enzymes) differs from that of a muscle cell.

Correct Answer : Both cell types would contain the same organelles; however, due to the very
different functions of the two cells, the proportion of certain organelles would be different. For
example, the pancreatic cell, which is involved in the production of digestive enzymes and
hormones, would have an extensive rough ER network, while a muscle cell would have a large
proportion of mitochondria to make the large amount of energy necessary for muscle
contraction.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE
16 : The first observed cells were from ____.
A : cork
B : a maple leaf
C : human skin
D : pollen
E : bacteria

Correct Answer : A

17 : The individual credited with first observing cells is ____.

A : Anton van Leeuwenhoek
B : Robert Hooke
C : Matthias Schleiden
D : Theodor Schwann
E : Rudolf Virchow

Correct Answer : B

18 : Which early scientist proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells by a process of division?
A : Anton van Leeuwenhoek
B : Robert Brown
C : Matthias Schleiden
D : Theodor Schwann
E : Rudolf Virchow

Correct Answer : E

19 : The most commonly used unit for measuring cell size is a ____.
A : decimeter (dm)
B : centimeter (cm)
C : millimeter (mm)
D : micrometer (mm)
E : nanometer (nm)

Correct Answer : D

20 : A human egg is approximately 100 µm, or ____ mm, in diameter.

A : 0.10
B : 10.0
C : 0.010
D : 0.0010
E : 1.0

Correct Answer : A

21 : Which type of microscopy passes light directly through a stained and killed specimen?
A : confocal laser scanning microscopy
B : phase-contrast microscopy
C : bright field microscopy
D : scanning electron microscopy

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E : fluorescence microscopy

Correct Answer : C

22 : Which type of microscopy utilizes lasers that scan across a fluorescently-stained specimen and a computer
that focuses the light to give sharp 3D images?
A : confocal laser scanning microscopy
B : phase-contrast microscopy
C : bright field microscopy
D : scanning electron microscopy
E : fluorescence microscopy

Correct Answer : A

23 : In which type of microscopy is a beam of electrons used to scan the specimen, followed by the conversion of
the excited electrons to a three-dimensional image?
A : confocal laser scanning microscopy
B : phase-contrast microscopy
C : bright field microscopy
D : scanning electron microscopy
E : fluorescence microscopy

Correct Answer : D

24 : Why is there an upper limit to the surface area-to-volume ratio in a cell?

A : The volume of the cell maximizes the use of phospholipids.
B : The surface area must be sufficient to provide adequate nutrient and waste exchange to sustain the chemical
activities of the cell.
C : The cells require a balance between endocytosis of precursor molecules to transporters in the membrane.
D : The size of a cell is limited by the number of mitochondria.
E : The organelles in cells require communication with the extracellular environment to support internal functions.

Correct Answer : B

25 : Why can eggs be larger than other cell types?

A : Eggs contain a large store of nutrients
B : Eggs do not perform exocytosis
C : Other cell types need higher concentrations of glucose
D : Other cell types divide when they get too large
E : Other cell types require phospholipids for organelle membranes

Correct Answer : A

26 : The cell's hereditary information is stored in ____.

A : DNA
B : protein
C : RNA
D : glucose
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : A

27 : The ____ regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
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A : nucleus
B : cytoplasm
C : cystol
D : plasma membrane
E : DNA

Correct Answer : D

28 : The prokaryotic chromosome is comprised of a ____.

A : highly coiled mass of a single, linear molecule of DNA
B : loosely coiled mass of a single, linear molecule of DNA
C : highly coiled mass of a double, circular molecule of DNA
D : highly coiled mass of a single, circular molecule of DNA
E : loosely coiled mass of a single, circular molecule of DNA

Correct Answer : D

29 : The slime layer external to the prokaryotic cell wall is called the ____.
A : glycocalyx
B : extracellular matrix
C : plasma membrane
D : pilus
E : flagellum

Correct Answer : A

30 : In prokaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the ____.

A : ribosomes
B : nucleoid
C : chloroplasts
D : mitochondria
E : plasma membrane

Correct Answer : E

31 : What is a function of prokaryotic common pili?

A : biofilm formation
B : transfer of DNA
C : protein polymerization
D : energy production
E : lipid synthesis

Correct Answer : A

32 : What is the function of sex pili in prokaryotes?

A : biofilm formation
B : transfer of DNA
C : protein polymerization
D : energy production
E : lipid synthesis

Correct Answer : B

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33 : E. coli is propelled by ____.
A : rotating bundles of pili
B : a single cilium
C : a single flagellum
D : rotating bundles of cilia
E : rotating bundles of flagella

Correct Answer : E

34 : In cell fractionation, which cellular structure or molecule is isolated in a pellet after the first centrifugation?
A : nuclei
B : mitochondria
C : ribosomes
D : proteins
E : nucleic acids

Correct Answer : A

35 : During cell fractionation, the ____ cannot be isolated since it is destroyed when intact cells are lysed.
A : lysosomes
B : mitochondria
C : plasma membrane
D : proteins
E : nucleic acids

Correct Answer : C

36 : Chromatin consists of ____.

A : only DNA
B : DNA and RNA
C : RNA only
D : DNA and associated proteins
E : proteins only in the nucleus

Correct Answer : D

37 : A network of protein filaments called ____ lines and reinforces the inner surface of the nuclear envelope in
animal cells.
A : actins
B : chromatins
C : lamins
D : tubulins
E : lamellae

Correct Answer : C

38 : A eukaryotic chromosome is composed of ____.

A : DNA only
B : RNA only
C : DNA and carbohydrate
D : DNA and protein
E : RNA and protein

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Correct Answer : D

39 : The semiliquid substance within the nucleus is called ____.

A : nucleoplasm
B : nuclear gel
C : cytoplasm
D : chromatin
E : protoplasm

Correct Answer : A

40 : The nucleoli, found within the nucleus, are the sites of ____ synthesis.
A : chromatin
B : mRNA
C : ribosomal subunit
D : gene
E : protein

Correct Answer : C

41 : Which methodology was used by researchers to identify the nuclear localization sequence?
A : infection of cells in culture with viruses containing sequential deletions of amino acids in a protein known to
localize to the nucleus, followed by microscopic determination of cellular localization
B : treatment of cells in culture with pharmacological agents that inhibit the nuclear pore complex, followed by
microscopic determination of cellular localization
C : transfection of cells in culture with mutant human proteins containing sequences believed to be required for
nuclear localization followed by microscopic determination of cellular localization
D : fluorescently labeling cells with known nuclear proteins and tracking changes in localization in the presence or
absence of nuclear pore complex proteins
E : treatment of cells in culture with pharmacological agents that binds to the nuclear localization sequence and
prevents nuclear transport, followed by microscopic determination of cellular localization

Correct Answer : A

42 : Cells that are making large quantities of proteins will have numerous ____.
A : centrioles
B : chromosomes
C : cilia
D : plastids
E : ribosomes

Correct Answer : E

43 : The ____ is/are involved in the synthesis of lipids.

A : rough endoplasmic reticulum
B : Golgi complex
C : smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D : ribosomes
E : nucleoli

Correct Answer : C

44 : Cells actively secreting enzymes would likely carry out more ____ than other cells.
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A : exocytosis
B : osmosis
C : endocytosis
D : conjugation
E : fractionation

Correct Answer : A

45 : At one point in human development, tissue connects the fingers, giving the hand a “webbed” appearance.
Enzymes eventually destroy the cells of the webbing and the fingers separate. These enzymes are probably
localized in the ____.
A : chromosomes
B : smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C : lysosomes
D : nucleus
E : vacuoles

Correct Answer : C

46 : Lysosomal enzymes function best at a pH of about ____.

A:7
B : 6.5
C:3
D:5
E : 8.5

Correct Answer : D

47 : The ____ contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
A : Golgi complex
B : rough endoplasmic reticulum
C : nucleus
D : peroxisome
E : lysosome

Correct Answer : E

48 : Trace the correct path in the endomembrane followed by a protein, beginning with its site of synthesis in the
rough ER.
A : rough ER → smooth ER → Golgi complex → plasma membrane
B : rough ER → Golgi complex → vesicle → plasma membrane
C : rough ER → vesicle → lysosome → plasma membrane
D : rough ER → vesicle → smooth ER → plasma membrane
E : rough ER → smooth ER → lysosome → plasma membrane

Correct Answer : B

49 : How did researchers determine the proteins involved in the secretory pathway?
A : interfering with the translation of proteins and examining the cells ability to transport fluorescently tagged
proteins
B : adding a detergent to the cells to lyse the membranes and examining transport of fluorescently tagged proteins
C : genetically engineering mutations in genes and measuring changes in Golgi complex morphology
D : treating cells with inhibitors of the secretory pathway and measuring changes in Golgi complex morphology
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E : altering the pH of the media to selectively regulate different enzymes and measuring changes in Golgi complex
morphology

Correct Answer : A

50 : Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ____.

A : Lysosomes
B : Chloroplasts
C : Mitochondria
D : Peroxisomes
E : Golgi complex

Correct Answer : C

51 : Cellular respiration is the process by which ____ and ____ are converted to water and carbon dioxide during
the synthesis of ATP.
; glucose
A : CO2
; fats
B : CO2
; CO2
C : O2; glucose
D : O2
E : ATP; O2
Correct Answer : D

52 : The surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane is greatly increased by ____.
A : cristae
B : the matrix
C : centrioles
D : nucleoli
E : microfilaments

Correct Answer : A

53 : Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from ancient bacteria because ____.
A : both are surrounded by a cell wall
B : both have their own DNA and ribosomes
C : the shapes and size of both are exactly the same
D : both have cristae to increase surface area
E : both have five chromosomes

Correct Answer : B

54 : Which structures radiate outward from the centrosome?

A : microtubules
B : microfilaments
C : intermediate filaments
D : centrioles
E : cisternae

Correct Answer : A

55 : Which structure is present in all eukaryotic cells investigated so far?

A : motor proteins
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B : actin-tubulin cytoskeleton
C : nuclear lamins
D : cytoplasmic intermediate filaments
E : microtubule-associated proteins

Correct Answer : B

56 : Cytoskeletal elements are assembled from ____.

A : proteins
B : phospholipids
C : glycogen
D : nucleotides
E : triglycerides

Correct Answer : A

57 : Microfilaments are assembled from ____.

A : keratin
B : myosin
C : laminin
D : actin
E : tubulin

Correct Answer : D

58 : Microtubules are assembled from ____.

A : keratin
B : myosin
C : laminin
D : actin
E : tubulin

Correct Answer : E

59 : In animal cells, ____ radiating from the cell center anchor organelles such as the ER and Golgi complex, and
provide tracks for vesicle movement.
A : microfilaments
B : microtubules
C : laminins
D : actins
E : cytokeratins

Correct Answer : B

60 : A bundle of ____ extends from the base to the tip of a eukaryotic flagellum or cilium.
A : microtubules
B : microfilaments
C : actin
D : cytokeratin
E : intermediate filaments

Correct Answer : A

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61 : Eukaryotic cilia and flagella arise from which of the following cellular components?
A : nucleus
B : Golgi complex
C : centrioles
D : chromosomes
E : nucleolus

Correct Answer : C

62 : How do flagella bend?

A : Myosin motor proteins slide microtubules over each other.
B : Dynein motor proteins slide microtubule doublets over each other.
C : Myosin motor proteins slide actin filaments over each other.
D : Microfilaments contract due to the action of kinesin.
E : Actin filaments contract due to the action of myosin.

Correct Answer : B

63 : The chloroplast shares many similarities with which organelle?

A : mitochondrion
B : rough endoplasmic reticulum
C : nucleus
D : Golgi complex
E : lysosome

Correct Answer : A

64 : Chloroplasts are the site of ____.

A : DNA synthesis
B : cellular digestion
C : protein synthesis
D : photosynthesis
E : lipid synthesis

Correct Answer : D

65 : Chloroplasts utilize light energy to make ____.

A : carbohydrates
B : fats
C : proteins
D : nucleic acids
E : steroids

Correct Answer : A

66 : In plant cells, starch is stored in ____.

A : chloroplasts
B : amyloplasts
C : chromoplasts
D : vacuoles
E : leucoplasts

Correct Answer : B
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67 : Grana and thylakoids are structural components found in ____.
A : nucleoli
B : mitochondria
C : ribosomes
D : chromoplasts
E : chloroplasts

Correct Answer : E

68 : In a mature plant cell, ____ may occupy more than 90% of the cell's volume.
A : the nucleus
B : chromoplasts
C : rough endoplasmic reticulum
D : the central vacuole
E : chloroplasts

Correct Answer : D

69 : The membrane that surrounds the central vacuole is the ____.

A : chloroplast
B : tonoplast
C : chromoplast
D : amyloplast
E : ionoplast

Correct Answer : B

70 : Plant cells grow primarily by increasing ____.

A : cell number through cell division
B : cell size through cell differentiation
C : pressure and volume of the central vacuole
D : the amount of extracellular matrix
E : the concentration of lignin

Correct Answer : C

71 : Cell walls are found in ____.

A : animal cells only
B : plant cells only
C : fungal cells only
D : plant and fungal cells
E : animal and plant cells

Correct Answer : D

72 : In plant cells, the ____ provides cellular support and protects the cell from pathogens.
A : cytoplasm
B : cell membrane
C : cytoskeleton
D : plasmodesmata
E : cell wall

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Correct Answer : E

73 : The cell wall of plants is composed primarily of cellulose, which is a network of highly branched ____.
A : carbohydrates
B : nucleic acids
C : proteins
D : steroids
E : phospholipids

Correct Answer : A

74 : The walls of adjacent plant cells are held together by the ____.
A : secondary cell wall
B : cell membrane
C : primary cell wall
D : middle lamella
E : plasmodesmata

Correct Answer : D

75 : As a plant cell grows and matures, additional layers are added to the cell wall to construct the more rigid
____.
A : middle lamella
B : secondary cell wall
C : primary cell wall
D : plasma membrane
E : central vacuole

Correct Answer : B

76 : Plant cells permit ions and small molecules to move between adjacent cells by means of cytoplasmic channels
in their cell walls known as ____.
A : gap junctions
B : plasmodesmata
C : desmosomes
D : cell junctions
E : tonoplasts

Correct Answer : B

77 : Over time, cancerous cells typically lose the cell adhesion molecules embedded in their plasma membrane.
Loss of these molecules is best associated with which of the following traits of cancer cells?
A : increased rate of cell division
B : production of new proteins
C : angiogenesis
D : migration to new locations in the body
E : loss of chromosomes

Correct Answer : D

78 : In normal cells, cell adhesion molecules are partially responsible for the cell's ability to ____.
A : migrate to new locations in the body
B : recognize other cells as "self"
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C : exocytosis
D : both migrate to new locations in the body and recognize other cells as “self”
E : recognize linkages between cells in muscle and bone

Correct Answer : B

79 : Desmosomes are a type of ____.

A : anchoring junction
B : cell adhesion molecule
C : tight junction
D : intermediate filament
E : gap junction

Correct Answer : A

80 : Tight junctions ____.

A : seal the spaces between cells
B : allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells
C : allow cells to communicate with each other
D : give the cell its shape
E : anchor the cell membrane to the cell wall

Correct Answer : A

81 : Gap junctions ____.

A : seal the spaces between cells
B : allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells
C : allow plant cells to communicate with each other
D : give the cell its shape
E : anchor the cell membrane to the cell wall

Correct Answer : B

82 : The coordinated beating of the heart is accomplished in part by the presence of ____ in heart muscle tissue
that allows for communication between the cells.
A : tight junctions
B : desmosomes
C : adherens junctions
D : anchoring junctions
E : gap junctions

Correct Answer : E

83 : The main components of the extracellular matrix are ____.

A : glycolipids
B : phospholipids
C : glycoproteins
D : cellulose
E : glucose

Correct Answer : C

84 : Systems cell biologists often work with ____ to develop models of cellular processes that can be refined by
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experimental validation.
A : molecular biologists
B : reduction scientists
C : the membrane
D : mathematicians
E : mathematicians and computer scientists

Correct Answer : E

85 : Which molecules integrate changes outside and inside the cells through communicating changes in the
extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton?
A : gap junctions and proteoglycans
B : collagen and integrin
C : fibronectin and collagen
D : fibronectin and integrin
E : gap junctions and fibronectin

Correct Answer : D

MATCHING
86 : ClassificationMatch each of the following cellular structures to the cell type in which it would be found. An
answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A : ribosome A : a feature of all living cells
B : cell membrane B : found in prokaryotic cells only
C : nucleoid C : found in eukaryotic cells only
D : mitochondria D : found in plant cells only
E : found in animal cells only

Correct Answer :
A:A

B:A

C:B

D:C

87 : Labeling

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Identify each of the cellular structures indicated in a eukaryotic plant cell.Figure 4.1
A : chloroplast A:A
B : plasma membrane B:B
C : Golgi complex C:C
D : smooth ER D:D
E : nucleus E:E
F : free ribosomes F:F
G : mitochondrion G:G
H : cell wall H:H
I : central vacuole I:I
J : microtubules J:J
K : vesicle K:K
L:L
M:M

Correct Answer :
A:E

B:H

C:B

D:I

E : A12
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 F:J

G:A

H:G

I:D

J:F

K:C

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