SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

TITLE

A Research Presented to
Integrated Basic Education Department
San Isidro College

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1

Names of the Researchers in alphabetical order

Names of the Researchers in alphabetical order

Names of the Researchers in alphabetical order

Names of the Researchers in alphabetical order

Names of the Researchers in alphabetical order

February 2023
 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Follow the O.P.I.L.O. format when making the introduction. An introduction should have

at least 1 and a half page.

Overview: Provide a brief and general introduction to the topic you will be addressing.

Give the reader a sense of the broader context and the specific area of interest. (1 paragraph)

Problem and Research Gap: Identify the problem or gap in the current knowledge or

understanding of the subject. Highlight why this problem or gap is significant and worth ad-

dressing in your research. (1 or 2 paragraphs)

Importance: Emphasize the significance of addressing the identified problem or gap.

Explain the potential contributions of your research to the field and its broader implications. (1

paragraph)

Literature Review: Review relevant literature that contextualizes your research within

existing knowledge. Summarize key findings, methodologies, and debates in the literature re-

lated to your research topic (2-3 paragraphs).

Objective: Clearly state the specific objectives of your research. Outline what you aim to

achieve through your study, and how it directly addresses the identified problem or research gap

(1 paragraph).

By following this O.P.I.L.O. format, you create a structured and engaging introduction

that effectively sets the stage for your research.

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Statement of the Problem

This study primarily aims to …. (insert the major objective of your study based on your

title.) Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. Be specific with your research questions and arrange it chronologically based on the de-

gree of the variables/concepts. Less important questions should be in the first and so on.

2. Be specific with your research questions and arrange it chronologically based on the de-

gree of the variables/concepts. Less important questions should be in the first and so on.

3. Be specific with your research questions and arrange it chronologically based on the de-

gree of the variables/concepts. Less important questions should be in the first and so on.

Significance of the Study

This study is seeking to provide a (… state what you are going to do with your study).

The findings of this study will significantly benefit the following:

First. The first should be the direct recipient of the findings of the study. Arrange the

beneficiaries in chronological order. Include future researchers at the last.

Second. The first should be the direct recipient of the findings of the study. Arrange the

beneficiaries in chronological order. Include future researchers at the last.

And so on. The first should be the direct recipient of the findings of the study. Arrange

the beneficiaries in chronological order. Include future researchers at the last.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on [specific theme] within the time frame of [start date] to [end date]

in [geographical location]. It involves [participants or entities] with [specific characteristics].

 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

The research excludes [specific aspects or groups] due to [reasons]. Limitations include

[methodological constraints] and [ethical considerations], emphasizing transparency and

managing expectations. The findings aim to contribute to [overall research goals] within the

defined scope.

Example: This study aims to assess the moss and its diversity within the area of Purok 4,

Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. Researchers will use the Quadrat Sampling method for

the assessment of moss around the area. The quadrat sampling of 10x30 and will be conducted

on various natural habitats. This study will not cover the area that consists of man-made

structures and will only limit to natural environment, rocks, trees, trunks, roots, and dead trees.

A measuring tape will be used to measure the area’s location and a plastic twine rope to mark the

specified area range. An altimeter will be used to determine the above sea level and the

temperature. A total of ten (10) samples will be collected for the assessment and diversity of

mosses and will be delivered to a Central Mindanao University expert.

Definition of Terms

The following are theoretically and operationally defined:

Concept. First line should be the proper definition of the concept. Second line, should start

with, In this study, … and define the concept based on the context of your study.

Concept. First line should be the proper definition of the concept. Second line, should start

with, In this study, … and define the concept based on the context of your study.

Concept. First line should be the proper definition of the concept. Second line, should start

with, In this study, … and define the concept based on the context of your study.

Arrange alphabetically and only include those concepts that are significant variables in

your study.
 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE OF STUDIES

This chapter incorporated a review of related literature and studies. The necessary related

research and concepts were included in the study.

Section 1

Sectioning should be based on the questions in your statement of the problem. It should

have an alignment. At least 10 updated or recent (2015-2024) RRL should be provided in each

of the section. Foreign and local studies.

Section 2

Sectioning should be based on the questions in your statement of the problem. It should

have an alignment. At least 10 updated or recent (2015-2024) RRL should be provided in each

of the section. Foreign and local studies.

Section 3

Sectioning should be based on the questions in your statement of the problem. It should

have an alignment. At least 10 updated or recent (2015-2024) RRL should be provided in each

of the section. Foreign and local studies.

Summary

State the importance of these related studies in supporting your present study.
 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed how the researchers collected and gathered information needed

for the study. This contains the research design, entry protocol, locale of the study, establishment

of the study site, preparation and collection of species, identification (if applicable),

documentation, and ethical considerations.

Research design

In this section, describe the reason why you chose the design.

Example: This qualitiative research employed a descriptive design to … (goal of your

study). The descriptive design allowed the researchers to gather firsthand information about the

Entry Protocol

Example: Prior to conducting the research, letters were prepared to ensure proper

permissions and consent for the assessment of moss outside the San Isidro College campus. A

formal letter of request was given to the principal of IBED to seek permission for conducting the

moss assessment outside of the school campus. The formal letter outlined the objectives, scope,

and duration of the research. Another for the parents, emphasizing the importance of the

participation and assuring parents that their child’s safety and wellbeing would be prioritized

throughout the study. A letter was also prepared for the land-owners to be given, to ensure that

they consent in conducting a research study in their location. Lastly, a letter was sent to the

Central Mindanao University researcher, specifically requesting permission to use their time to

aid the researchers of this study, while stating within the letter that the individuals conducting
 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

the research were compensated by the Central Mindanao University researcher in any amount
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that they desired.

Locale of the Study

Preferably, a picture of the google map with lines indicating the area being studied.

Example: The research was conducted at Casisang Purok 4, located on Malaybalay city,

Bukidnon, Philippines. The researchers selected this area for the assessment of species and

diversity due to its dense forestry yet medium sized area. It is also a full-shaded area covered by

the leaves of trees and has a bountiful biodiversity of plants and other organisms, as seen in

figure 2. The location also contains various fruits and nearby animals visiting the area, which

makes this area in need of assessment regarding the current status of the moss to determine its

environmental health. In addition, this area has not been studied, as such it is an appropriate

opportunity to conduct a study in this location. The area is a privatized land, that is well-shaded

and has an abundance of trees and plants, as shown in figure 1 and 2.

Figure 1. Map of the Locale

 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

Establishment of the Study Site

Example: The study site was situated in …, at an elevation of approximately … The

researchers employed a transect walk method to collect …. samples, starting from a point

approximately … meters…. following the procedure of Calo (2024)

Sample Collection and Preparation

For this section, make sure that your preparation and collection of samples is based on

the previous research on how to properly do it.

Example: The fieldwork has been done using a quadrat sampling method of 10x30m that

was conducted within the area. The research area's exact geographical position was determined

using an altimeter. Mosses have been collected at random from all microhabitats within the

plots. The habitat preferences of each moss species have been recorded. They serve as their

substratum and are restricted to tree trunks, logs, twigs, branches, litter, exposed roots, top leaf

surfaces and rocks. The voucher specimens have been individually packaged and labeled with

thorough and precise information acquired at the time of collection.

Identification of Wild Mushroom Species

Example: The collected samples were pre-identified based on the characters described in

the Workbook in Tropical Fungi by Quimio (2001) and were subsequently taken to the

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University for further

examination and final identification.

 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

Ethical Consideration

In consideration of the research the researchers followed the ethical standards of doing

research. The data gathered during the course of the study was treated with the highest respect

and care.

Data Documentation

Throughout the research, researchers took pictures as a form of documentation of the

researchers collected moss.

 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and the discussion of the findings and outcomes of the

analysis made on the gathered data on the (title of the study). In accordance with the topic, this

chapter discusses the important data.

Species of Mosses in Purok 4, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

Title of the section should follow the sequence in your statemement of the problem.

Family Genus Species Count

Calymperaceae Octoblepharum albidum Hedw.

1
Entodontaceae Compylodontium havescens (Hook.)
1
Enythrodontium julaceum (Hook.) Pan.
1
Hypnaceae Isopterygium bancanum (Sande Lac.) A. Jaega
1
Pottiaceae Merceya bacanii Broth. 2

For the presentation of the data, follow this format.

P-Presentation of the data. Briefly describe the data in the table, not necessarily all the

data.

A-Analysis.
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I-Interpretation. Based on the data, what is the interpretation. For example: Based from

the data, it goes to show that these families of moss may not be abundant in the research loca-

tion, it can be bountiful in different areas depending on the habitat of the moss and its diversity

pattern of the location.

S-Support. Support your interpretation and data based on the previous researchers. At

least 2 or more citations.

 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is represented by the summary of the study …. Based on findings, conclu-

sions were made, and proposed recommendations were presented.

Summary

This is like the abstract part of your research. But it is longer than the abstract.

Example: The study assessed moss and its diversity in Purok 4, Casisang, Malaybalay

City, Bukidnon. Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following problems: (1) What are

the different species of mosses are found in Purok 4, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon? (2)

How diverse are mosses in Purok 4, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon?

Before collecting mosses, researchers observed the area only limited to 10x30m using a

quadratic sampling method. After finding mosses of various species through observation and re-

search, the researchers carefully obtained the samples by hand and placed it in a paper that con -

sists of information regarding the mosses’ habitats. Afterwards, the researchers delivered the

mosses to an expert in CMU who is able to identify its species through alpha taxonomy. The

moss specimens were identified according to their morphological and taxonomic characteristics.

Result of the study revealed 5 species of mosses belonging to 4 families.

Family Entodontaceae is the only family collected in this study that has two different

species, namely: Compylodontium Havescens (Hook.), Enythrodontium julaceum (Hook.) Pan.

Family Calymperaceae has only one collected species called Octoblepharum albidum Hedw..
 SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE-INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION

Family Hypnaceae also has only one collected species called Isopterygium bancanum

(Sande Lac.) A. Jaega. Family Pottiaceae only has one species collected yet two specimens were

obtained in the study.

Shannon’s Diversity index is 1.56, while Simpson’s Diversity Index is 0.96. This

numerical output is due to the human disturbances occurring in the area, which can hinder their

growth and disrupt the development of various species

Conclusions

The sequence of the conclusion should be aligned with the research questions. 1

paragraph conclusion for 1 research question. If you have 3 research questions, then 3 paragraph

conclusions. Be concise with your conclusion. Direct to the point. You don’t need to include

citations for this.

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Recommendations

Recommendations should also based on the conclusion.

Example: Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following

recommendations are suggested:

1. The researchers recommend that efficient investigations should be done and establish

more sampling plots in other parts of Purok 4, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

in relation to the spatial distribution of bryophytes species and interact this to climate

changes affecting the diversity of moss species.

2. Improved investigation should be done for other factors of moss as its ecological re-

lationship towards other organisms such as animals and fruits.

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3. To inform land-owners or Local Barangay Office regarding the discovery of the

species and seek conservation methods and implementation of policies and guidelines

that protect mosses within the area.

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REFERENCE

Alvarenga, D. O., & Rousk, K. (2022b). Unraveling host–microbe interactions and ecosys-

tem functions in moss–bacteria symbioses. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73(13),

4473–4486. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac091

Azuelo, A., & Sariana, L. (2013b). BRYOFLORAL SPECIES IN MT, KALATUNGAN

NATURAL PARK, BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258902568_BRYOFLORAL_SPECIES_IN

_MT_KALATUNGAN_NATURAL_PARK_BUKIDNON_PHILIPPINES