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    Chemical Reaction Engineering

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    Gayathri Ganesan
    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, but is not consumed in the process. Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway or mechanism. Common types of catalysts include porous, supported, and monolithic catalysts. Catalyst characteristics include remaining unchanged after the reaction, requiring only a small amount, lowering the activation energy, potentially altering the reaction mechanism or developing new pathways, and not changing the chemical equilibrium. Catalyst preparation methods include precipitation, gel formation, simple mixing, and impregnation. Promoters are added to improve catalyst activity or selectivity, while deactivators or poisons reduce catalyst performance over time.

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    Chemical Reaction Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Gayathri Ganesan
    9 views3 pages
    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, but is not consumed in the process. Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway or mechanism. Common types of catalysts include porous, supported, and monolithic catalysts. Catalyst characteristics include remaining unchanged after the reaction, requiring only a small amount, lowering the activation energy, potentially altering the reaction mechanism or developing new pathways, and not changing the chemical equilibrium. Catalyst preparation methods include precipitation, gel formation, simple mixing, and impregnation. Promoters are added to improve catalyst activity or selectivity, while deactivators or poisons reduce catalyst performance over time.

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    Chemical reaction engineering

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    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, but is not consumed in the process. Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway or mechanism. Common types of catalysts include porous, supported, and monolithic catalysts. Catalyst characteristics include remaining unchanged after the reaction, requiring only a small amount, lowering the activation energy, potentially altering the reaction mechanism or developing new pathways, and not changing the chemical equilibrium. Catalyst preparation methods include precipitation, gel formation, simple mixing, and impregnation. Promoters are added to improve catalyst activity or selectivity, while deactivators or poisons reduce catalyst performance over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views3 pages

    Chemical Reaction Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Gayathri Ganesan
    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, but is not consumed in the process. Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway or mechanism. Common types of catalysts include porous, supported, and monolithic catalysts. Catalyst characteristics include remaining unchanged after the reaction, requiring only a small amount, lowering the activation energy, potentially altering the reaction mechanism or developing new pathways, and not changing the chemical equilibrium. Catalyst preparation methods include precipitation, gel formation, simple mixing, and impregnation. Promoters are added to improve catalyst activity or selectivity, while deactivators or poisons reduce catalyst performance over time.

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    1

    UNIT I CATALYSTS
    What is meant by catalyst?
    A Catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of reaction, but remains unchanged after the reaction.
    Many chemical reactions which are not feasible under normal conditions can be carried out in the
    presence of catalyst.

    Write different Types of catalyst


    Porous catalyst -Eg. Raney nickel used in hydrogenation of vegetable & animal oils
    Supported catalyst- Eg. V2O5 on silica used to SO2 to SO3
    Monolithic catalyst-Eg. Pt gauze in Nitric acid manufacture

    Draw energy of reacting molecule verses reaction path for catalytic and non-catalytic
    reaction.

    Explain Helium-Mercury method for pore volume determination.

    • The volume of helium is displaced by a sample of catalyst is measured; then the helium
    is removed, and the volume of mercury that is displaced is measured.
    • Since mercury will not fill the pores of most catalysts at atmospheric pressure, the
    difference in volumes gives the pore volume of the catalyst sample.
    • The volume of helium displaced is a measure of the volume occupied by the solid
    material.

    Write the methods available for Pore volume distribution.

    • Mercury-Penetration Method
    • Nitrogen-Desorption Method
    • Combination of Mercury-Penetration & Nitrogen-Desorption Method

    RST, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech Anna University, Chennai


    2

    Write the methods available for Catalyst preparation.


    1. Precipitation
    2. Gel formation
    3. Simple mixing of components
    4. Impregnation

    What are the characteristics of catalyst in catalytic reactions?


    (i) Catalyst remains unchanged at the end of reaction.
    (ii) Very small quantity of catalyst is sufficient to enhance the rate of reaction.
    (iii) Catalyst activates the molecules and reduces the activation energy necessary for a
    chemical
    reaction to occur.
    (iv) Catalyst develops new mechanism for a reaction.
    (v) Catalyst does not alter the chemical equilibrium.
    (vi) The activation energy of a catalyzed reaction is comparatively less as compared to non
    catalyzed reaction.
    (vii) Catalysts plays a specific role in chemical reaction. Therefore a good catalyst for one
    reaction may be totally ineffective in other reaction.
    (viii) Catalyst can reduce the cost of production.
    (ix) Catalyst can affect yield and selectivity of a chemical reaction because of its ability to
    change the reaction mechanism.

    What is surface area of the catalyst?


    The area provided for the adsorption per gram of adsorbent is called as the surface area
    (m2/g).

    What is Promoter give example?


    Opposite of a promoter. substance added during preparation of a catalyst, it lessens activity,
    selectivity or stability. Useful for reducing the activity of a catalyst for and undesirable side
    reaction.
    Promoter is defined as a substance added during preparation of a catalyst which improves
    activity or selectivity or stabilizes the catalytic agent so as to prolong its life. Will be present
    in small quantity. Some promoters are used to increase the number of active sites hence making
    the catalyst more active.
    Example: Oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide using silver supported on alumina catalyst.
    Byproducts CO2 and H2O formation is suppressed by adding halogen compounds inhibits the
    complete oxidation

    RST, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech Anna University, Chennai


    3

    What is Catalyst Deactivation (Poisoning)?


    Activity of a catalyst decreases with time. Catalysts for cracking and some other hydrocarbon
    reactions lose much of their activity in seconds due to poisons. Poisons are defined as
    substances either in the reactant stream or produced by the reaction, which lowers the activity
    of a catalyst. Continuous regeneration of cracking catalysts is necessary because of the
    deposition of one of the products carbon on the surface

    What is Accelerators ?
    materials that are added to the reactant stream to improve the performance of a catalyst are
    called as accelerators. Example Steam added to the butene feed of a dehydrogenation reactor
    appeared to reduce the amount of coke formed and increase the yield of butadiene. The
    catalyst used is iron

    Differentiate catalyst promoter and deactivator

    Catalyst which increases the rate of a Catalyst which decreases the rate of a
    reaction is a catalyst promoter reaction is a catalyst deactivator.
    It is also called catalyst activator. It is also called catalyst inhibitor.

    State the types of catalyst poisoning.


    The decrease in the activity of catalyst due to poisons, which will be defined as substances (either
    in the reactants stream or produced by reaction) which lower the activity of catalyst.
    The types of catalyst poisoning are;
    (i) Deposited poisons
    (ii) Chemisorbed poisons
    (iii)Selectivity poisons
    (iv) Stability poisons
    (v)Diffusion poisons

    Write the Component of the catalyst


    Components of a catalyst include: carrier, promoters and inhibitors. Silica gel and Alumina are
    widely used as supports.

    What is Turnover Frequency (TOF)


    To quantify the activity of catalyst. Number of molecules reacting per site per second at the
    conditions of the experiment.

    RST, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech Anna University, Chennai

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