Introduction To Heterogeneous Catalysis: Letcture-1
Introduction To Heterogeneous Catalysis: Letcture-1
Introduction To Heterogeneous Catalysis: Letcture-1
Catalysis
Letcture-1
Introduction
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Introduction to Catalysis
Catalysts are workhorse of chemical transformations in the
industry. Approximately 85-90 % of the products of chemical
industry are made in catalytic processes. Catalysts are
indispensable in
Production of transportation fuels in one of the approximately 440 oil
refineries all over the world
Production of bulk and fine chemicals in all branches of chemical
industry
Prevention of pollution by avoiding formation of waste
Abatement of pollution in end-of-pipe solutions (automotive and
industrial exhaust)
A catalyst offers an alternative, energetically favorable mechanism to the
non-catalytic reaction, thus enabling process to be carried out under
industrially feasible conditions of pressure and tempearture.
Catalyst Definitions
Berzelius (1836)
“Catalysts are materials that evoke chemical reactions that would
otherwise not take place”
Ostwald (1902)
“Catalyst is a substance that changes the velocity of a chemical
reaction without itself appearing in the product”
Homogeneous Catalysts
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Enzymes
Homogeneous Catalysis
The catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase, i.e., all are molecules in
the gas phase or more commonly, in the liquid phase.
Examples:
Ozone decomposition in atmosphere via a reaction with chlorine atoms:
Cl + O3 ClO3
ClO3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
or overall
O3 + O 2O2
CH3 OH + CO CH3COOH
Example:
Ea non-catalytic = 40 Kcal/mol
Ea Catalytic = 30 Kcal/mol