March 2009

[KU 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Branch VI – PHARMACOLOGY
(Common to all candidates)
Paper I – GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL
PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Draw suitable diagram wherever necessary.
Answer ALL questions.
I. Essay questions : (2 x 20 = 40)
1. Explain how drugs undergo changes in the body before they are
excreted. Discuss the clinical relevance.

2. Enumerate the methods of bioassay of 5 hydroxytryptamine. Describe

the experimental details of one of the most sensitive preparations.

II. Write short notes on : (10 x 6 = 60)

1. Therapeutic drug monitoring.
2. Randomisation.
3. Cytoplasmic second receptors.
4. Acute toxicity studies.
5. Spurious drugs.
6. Drug-drug interactions.
7. Pharmacovigilance.
8. Radio immunoassay.
9. Non receptor mediated drug actions.
10. Drugs and pregnancy.
******
 September 2009

[KV 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Branch VI – PHARMACOLOGY
(Common to all candidates)
Paper I – GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL
PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Draw suitable diagram wherever necessary.
Answer ALL questions.
I. Essay questions : (2 x 20 = 40)
1. Describe how a drug crosses cell membranes in the body and the
factors influencing the same.

2. Describe experimental models available to screen a potential

immunosuppressant agent.

II. Write short notes on : (10 x 6 = 60)

1. Different compartment pharmacokinetic models.
2. Drug induced hepatotoxicity.
3. Experimental evaluation of a potential diuretic agent.
4. Toxicity testing in animal models for teratogenicity.
5. Substance abuse in sports.
6. Enzyme linked receptors.
7. General anaesthetics used on laboratory animals.
8. Interpolation and matching bioassay methods.
9. Influence of age on drug action.
10. Experimental set up for isolated tissue preparations.
*****
 March 2010

[KW 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Branch VI – PHARMACOLOGY
(Common to all candidates)
Paper I – GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL
PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Draw suitable diagram wherever necessary.
Answer ALL questions.
I. Essay questions : (2 x 20 = 40)
1. Explain the aims of biotransformation of drugs. Describe the
biotransformation reactions with suitable examples. What are the
practical implications of these reactions?

2. Illustrate with examples the various procedures of assaying of drugs.

II. Write short notes on : (10 x 6 = 60)

1. Drugs and subarachnoid space.
2. Spurious drugs.
3. Apoptosis and its therapeutic implications.
4. First and zero order kinetics.
5. Chromatographic techniques - clinical interpretation with examples.
6. Pharmacogenetics.
7. Exploratory therapeutic trials.
8. Paired ‘t’ test.
9. Acute tolerance.
10. Experimentally induced diabetes.
*****
 September 2010
[KX 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Branch VI – PHARMACOLOGY

Paper I – GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOASSAY

(Common to all candidates)

Q.P. Code : 202022

Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks

Draw suitable diagram wherever necessary.

Answer ALL questions.
I. Essay questions : (2 X 20 = 40)

1. Discuss the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic considerations in

dermatological pharmacotherapy.

2. What is clearance of a drug? How is it calculated? Describe its clinical

importance.

II. Write short notes on : (10 X 6 = 60)

1. Polymorphism.
2. Street Drugs.
3. FDA Drug formulary during pregnancy.
4. Drug modifiers of G-protein coupled receptors.
5. Pre systemic metabolism.
6. Toxicity testing in animal models for teratogenicity.
7. Exploratory therapeutic trials.
8. Computer aided drug design.
9. Drug prescribing in renal insufficiency.
10. Substance abuse in sports.
*****
 MAY 2011

[KY 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH VI – PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL
PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time : 3 hours Maximum : 100 marks
(180 Min)
Answer ALL questions in the same order.
Pages Time Marks
I. Essay: (Max.) (Max.) (Max.)
1. Write in detail about Pharmacogenetics. 6 15 10
2. Discuss evaluation techniques for analgesic agents. 6 15 10

II. Short Questions:

1. Half life. 3 8 5
2. Hepatic transporters. 3 8 5
3. G-protein coupled receptors. 3 8 5
4. Radioimmunoassay. 3 8 5
5. Excretion of drugs. 3 8 5
6. Alternatives to animal experiments. v
7. Role of polygraph in pharmacology research. 3 8 5
8. Transgenic animals. 3 8 5

III. Reasoning Out:

1. Value of non-parametric statistical tests. 4 10 5
2. Preclinical testing of new drugs. 4 10 5
3. Post-marketing surveillance of new drugs. 4 10 5
4. Randomization in clinical trials. 4 10 5

IV. Very Short Answers :

1. Define normal distribution. 1 4 2
2. Define clearance. 1 4 2
3. Define standard deviation. 1 4 2
4. List four drugs used to anaesthetize lab animals. 1 4 2
5. Define Cmax. 1 4 2
6. Define bioavailability. 1 4 2
7. Simple lever versus frontal lever. 1 4 2
8. List drugs used for chemical euthanasia. 1 4 2
9. Define volume of distribution. 1 4 2
10. Define therapeutic index. 1 4 2
*******
 April 2012

[LA 125] Sub. Code: 2022

M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH VI – PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND
BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time : 3 hours Maximum : 100 marks
(180 Min)
Answer ALL questions in the same order.
Pages Time Marks
(Max.) (Max.) (Max.)
I. Essay:
1. Discuss briefly the new – drug development and approval
Process. 9 15 10
2. Describe in detail transmembrane signaling mechanism. 9 15 10
II. Short Questions:
1. Apoptosis. 3 8 5
2. Various techniques used in gene therapy. 3 8 5
3. Randomization. 3 8 5
4. Compartment models. 3 8 5
5. Therapeutic window. 3 8 5
6. Drug antagonism. 3 8 5
7. Chemical sympathectomy. 3 8 5
8. Radio – Immuno Assay. 3 8 5
III. Reasoning Out:
1. Rational use of drugs. 5 10 5
2. Safe drugs in pregnancy. 5 10 5
3. Spare receptors. 5 10 5
4. Fixed dose combination. 5 10 5
IV. Very Short Answers :
1. Mention four gene transfer vectors. 1 4 2
2. Write the significance of plasma proteins. 1 4 2
3. Write the consequence of microsomal enzyme induction. 1 4 2
4. Discuss the merits and demerits of Bio assay. 1 4 2
5. Define Tachyphylaxis with suitable examples. ` 1 4 2
6. What is plasma half life? 1 4 2
7. Write the advantages of prodrug. 1 4 2
8. Role of Transgenic animals in evaluation of drugs. 1 4 2
9. Common laboratory animals for experimentation. 1 4 2
10. Advantages of log dose response curves. 1 4 2
*******
(LC 125) APRIL 2013 Sub. Code: 2022
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH VI-PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
AND BIOASSAY

Q.P. Code : 202022

Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 marks

I. Essay: (2X10=20)

1. Discuss in detail about pharmacogenomics.

2. Significance of Biotransformation in pharmacotherapy.

II. Short Questions: (8X5=40)

1. Chronopharmacology
2. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
3. Drug allergy
4. Tyrode solution
5. Pharmacovigilance
6. Anova
7. Alternatives to animal experiments
8. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation

III. Reasoning Out: (4X5=20)

1. Immunological tolerance
2. Drugs and blood brain barrier
3. Significance of liposomal drug delivery
4. Blinding in clinical trials

IV. Very Short Answers: (10X2=20)

1. Rabbit as experimental animal

2. Lead compound
3. Orphan drug
4. Chirality
5. Mention 4 alkaloids and their uses
6. Saturation kinetics
7. Suicide inhibitors
8. Physiological antagonism
9. Surrogate markers
10. Holfmann elimination

*******
[LD 125] OCTOBER 2013 Sub. Code: 2022
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH VI – PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
AND BIOASSAY
Q.P. Code : 202022
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 marks
I. Essay: (2 x 10 = 20)
1. Discuss briefly the biotransformation of drugs.
2. Describe in detail transmembrane signaling mechanism .
II. Short Questions: ( 8 x 5 = 40)
1. Drug synergism.
2. Randomization.
3. Drug Tolerance.
4. Drug Accumulation.
5. Techniques used in gene therapy.
6. Idiosyncratic reactions.
7. Radio-Immuno Assay.
8. Volume of Distribution.
III. Reasoning Out: (4 x 5 = 20)
1. Spare receptors.
2. Drugs used in Pregnancy Hypertension.
3. Pharmacogenomics.
4. Structure activity relationship.

IV. Very Short Answers: (10 x 2 = 20)

1. Define Tachyphylaxis with suitable examples.
2. Advantages of log dose response curves.
3. Describe competitive antagonism.
4. Describe G protein coupled receptors.
5. Discuss Therapeutic drug monitoring.
6. Tyrosine kinase blockers as drugs.
7. Discuss Glucuronide conjugation reactions.
8. Preclinical toxicity screening.
9. Drug enantiomer.
10. Bio equivalence.
*******
(LE 125) APRIL 2014 Sub. Code:2022
M.D. DEGREE EXAMINATION
BRANCH VI - PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
AND BIOASSY
Q.P.Code: 202022
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 marks
I. Essay: (2X10=20)

1. Write in details about the Drug Interactions. Mention the advantages and
disadvantages of fixed drug combinations.

2. Write in detail about the various preclinical & clinical screening procedures
for anti epileptics.
II. Short Questions: (8X5=40)
1. Phase II clinical trial
2. Clearance
3. Small animal anesthesia methods
4. DNA recombinant technique
5. Elisa use in pharmacological research
6. Randomization
7. Ion channel
8. Levers in preclinical research.

III. Reasoning Out: (4X5=20)

1. 5HT and vascular headache

2. Dopamine and acute renal failure
3. Pharmacogenetics in therapy
4. Physiological antagonism

IV. Very Short Answers: (10X2=20)

1. Solvents/vehicle
2. Body weight in drug treatment
3. Hoffman elimination
4. Apparent volume distribution
5. Pro drug
6. Micro dose
7. Nucleic acid receptor
8. Therapeutic paradox
9. Implants
10. Steady state concentration
*******