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    CHP 2 Brain

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    Aarnav
    Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that perform several critical functions to support and regulate neuronal activity. Specifically, glial cells physically support neurons, supply them with nutrients and oxygen, insulate neurons from each other, and protect and clean neurons. Glial cells outnumber neurons approximately 100 billion to 50 billion in the central nervous system and make up around half of the central nervous system's total volume.

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    CHP 2 Brain

    Uploaded by

    Aarnav
    7 views26 pages
    Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that perform several critical functions to support and regulate neuronal activity. Specifically, glial cells physically support neurons, supply them with nutrients and oxygen, insulate neurons from each other, and protect and clean neurons. Glial cells outnumber neurons approximately 100 billion to 50 billion in the central nervous system and make up around half of the central nervous system's total volume.

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    Chp 2 Brain

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    Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that perform several critical functions to support and regulate neuronal activity. Specifically, glial cells physically support neurons, supply them with nutrients and oxygen, insulate neurons from each other, and protect and clean neurons. Glial cells outnumber neurons approximately 100 billion to 50 billion in the central nervous system and make up around half of the central nervous system's total volume.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views26 pages

    CHP 2 Brain

    Uploaded by

    Aarnav
    Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that perform several critical functions to support and regulate neuronal activity. Specifically, glial cells physically support neurons, supply them with nutrients and oxygen, insulate neurons from each other, and protect and clean neurons. Glial cells outnumber neurons approximately 100 billion to 50 billion in the central nervous system and make up around half of the central nervous system's total volume.

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    of 26

    Chp 2 Brain

    Tuesday, 6 February 2024 17:25

    GLIA = NEUROGLIA = GLIAL CELLS


    ● “Glia” comes from the Greek for “glue”
    ● Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system
    ● Functions include:
    ● Support neurons physically
    ● Supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
    ● Insulate neurons from each other
    ● Protect neurons from pathogens and clean out dead neuron

    ● Modulate/regulate neural activity


    ● ~100 billion glial cells (½ of CNS volume!)
    ns
    Dorsal / Superior = Top
    Ventral / Inferior = Bottom
    Rostral / Anterior = Forward
    Caudal / Posterior = Behind
    Medial = near the middle
    Lateral = away from the middle
    Proximal = Near
    Distal = Far

    Central Nervous system = Cerebral cortex, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Spinal cord
    Peripheral Nervous sytem =
    2 divisions:
    ● Somatic:
    ● Voluntary control of action
    Central Nervous system = Cerebral cortex, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Spinal cord
    Peripheral Nervous sytem =
    2 divisions:
    ● Somatic:
    ● Voluntary control of action
    ● Somatosensory: from skin to brain
    ● Motor: from brain to muscles
    ● Autonomic
    ● Sympathetic & parasympathetic: regulation of involuntary functions, e.g.:
    ● Heart
    ● Gut
    ● Glands

    SYM
    ● Op
    ● Sy
    ●
    ●
    ●
    ●
    Protection:
    ● Meninges: covering ●
    ● Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): cushioning ● Pa
    ● Ventricles: fluid filled spaces ●
    ●
    Many divisions:
    ●
    ● Can be defined structurally, functionally, and/or
    developmentally ●
    MPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC
    perate antagonistically to achieve homeostasis
    ympathetic:
    ● “Fight or flight” and quick response
    ● Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
    ● Increases heart rate
    ● Inhibits digestion
    ● Dilates pupils for far vision
    arasympathetic
    ● “Rest and digest”, “feed and breed”, and calmness
    ● Increases blood flow to gut
    ● Facilitates digestion
    ● Constricts pupils for near vision
    ● Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): cushioning
    ● Ventricles: fluid filled spaces ●
    ●
    Many divisions:
    ●
    ● Can be defined structurally, functionally, and/or
    developmentally ●
    ● “Rest and digest”, “feed and breed”, and calmness
    ● Increases blood flow to gut
    ● Facilitates digestion
    ● Constricts pupils for near vision
    ● Medulla
    ● Bre
    ● Pons
    ● Bala
    ● Midbrai
    ● Inferior
    ● Superio
    ● Substan
    movemen

    ● Cerebellum
    ● Motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium.
    a
    eathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc...

    ance, taste, swallowing, etc...


    in
    colliculi: audition (hearing)
    or colliculi: vision and eye movements
    ntia nigra: dopamine, reward learning, addiction,
    nt,
    ● Cerebellum
    ● Motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium.
    ● Hypothalamus
    ● Hormone release, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sle
    ● Thalamus
    ● Sensory-motor hub and relay, e.g.:
    ● Lateral geniculate nucleus: visual relay
    ● Medial geniculate nucleus: auditory relay
    ● Amygdala
    ● Emotion including fear, episodic long-term memory
    ● Hippocampus
    ● Episodic long-term memory, spatial navigation

    Cerebral cortex: Telencephelon

    Divides frontal
    from temporal
    lobe
    eep.

    Divides Frontal lobe


    from parietal lobe
    Divides frontal
    from temporal
    lobe

    Divides left and right


    hemisphere
    Separates deep

    Under cingulate
    sulcus: controls
    decision making

    Before and after the central sulcus


    Primary visual cortex
    lies on the banks of
    the calcarine sulcus

    parts of cortex from the surface parts of the cortex

    e Above calcarine sulcus:


    s most visual areas lie
    g here
    Connects both
    hemispheres
    together

    Key reference point in


    the brain, point of
    reference to
    coordinate from
    location of anterior
    commisure

    Highly folded bodies are


    important because it increase
    surface area for cell bodies/axon
    hillocks, and increases number of
    them too
    Primary visual co
    Layer 4 is thick -

    Primary motor C
    Layer 4 is thin - d
    Layer 5 is thick -
    Layer 3 is think -

    Layer 4 is thick in
    Layer 3 and 5 are
    ortex:
    primary receiving layer

    Cortex:
    doesn't receive very many signals
    Primary sending layer
    sending layer

    n percieving areas
    e think in motor areas
    Neurons are very busy and require lots of nutrients and oxygen to keep
    functioning which are brought to the brain through blood
    Circle of willis allows for if any of the blood vessels are blocked others can still
    supply blood to the brain, providing security through redundancy, however this
    is only for blockages below the circle of willis, anything below the circle of willis
    will cause problems
    Record these paths for small portions of the brain, to map out oaths in the
    brain
    Tractography: tracing out tracts in the brain

    Recording how w
    the brain, to map
    water moves through
    p out axons

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