Immunological Memory & Vaccination Strategies

Immunological Memory &
Vaccination Strategies
Here is where the presentation begins

Group members
Md.Sakibul Islam Santa 19236011
Juairiah Bakth Juhana 19136015
Mahmuda Hoque 19336021
Sadman Rashid Abir 20136004
Anis Mahmud Arko 17336003
Introduction
● Humans encounter innumerable pathogenic bacteria,
viruses and other microbes in their day-to-day activities.
● Infections from some pathogens can be easily cleared by the
innate immune system but others require the highly specific
responses of the adaptive immune system.
● Immunological memory is the adaptive ability of the
immune system to recognize pathogens encountered
previously and respond effectively upon re-exposure.
● Vaccination activates the adaptive immune system to create
‘memory' conferring long-lasting immunity specific to the
pathogen.
How Is Immunological Memory Established?
➢ Pathogen Entry
➢ Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
-detection & capture of pathogens.
➢ Antigen Display & T cell activation
➢ Functions Effector T cells
(Cytotoxic T cell & helper T cell).
➢ Role of B cells
➢ Pathogen clearance and memory
Why It Is Important to Develop
Immunological Memory?
➢ Rapid Immune response mediated by

memory T cells compared to naive T
cells.
➢ Rapid and high production of antibody
via memory B cells.
➢ Affinity maturation of memory B cells
& efficiency of antibody
Vaccination strategies
Nanoparticle vaccine
Advantages of
nanoparticles
1. Gold, carbon, dendrimers,
polymers, and liposome
nanoparticles have all been
found to induce cytokine and
antibody responses.
2. The large surface

area-to-volume ratio of these
nanoparticles enables their
surface to be coated with
hundreds of molecules.
Nanoparticles as vaccine
Nanoparticles have been designed to
mimic viruses in terms of size, shape
and surface property in order raise
humoral and cellular immune
responses.
Example- 1. Viral like particles

(VLPs) can be considered as “empty
shells” of viruses without nucleic acid
material, with a size of 15–30 nm.
2. Antigens can be attached and

exposed on the nanoparticle surface .
Nanoparticles as
vaccine delivery system
by Encapsulation
1. Protection from
degradation of native
structure of antigens.
2. Prolonged antigen
presentation to immune
cells
mRNA vaccines: A breakthrough in Immunology
● A combination of molecular and
immunological biology.
● Works by introducing a piece of mRNA that
corresponds to a viral protein, usually a
small piece of a protein found on the virus’s
outer membrane.
● mRNA -> viral proteins (usually spike
proteins)
● Recognized as foreign antigen
● Activates both humoral and cell mediated
response
●
●
Forms memory for future
mRNA Vaccination Types
mRNA vaccines
Self-amplifying
Conventional
(saRNA)
● Contain two reading ● Contain only one open
frames (ORF), one for reading frame (ORF).
viral RNA replication ● Less likelihood of
and another for unwanted immune
therapeutic treatment. response
● More likelihood of
unwanted immune
response.
But how to ensure it’s safe and affective? How to
reduce immunogenicity?
1 2
Chemical Addition of Poly(A) tail
Modifications shields the mRNA
(replacing specific sequences
nucleotides)
4 3
Purification- Removal Usage of GC rich
of incomplete sequences has shown
transcripts to reduce result in reducing
immunogenicity immunogenicity
mRNA vaccines- Pros and Cons
Advantages Disadvantages
Rapid Development Cold Storage Requirements
Strong Immune Response Potential for Side Effects
Potential for variant, easily customizable Complex manufacturing

Vaccines for Intranasal Delivery
● Vaccines are crucial for training a human body to

fight off against any invading pathogen.
● Intranasal or oral Vaccine delivery is a unique
approach of delivering vaccines directly into nasal
Mucosa which will initiate an Immune response.
● Vaccines should be formulated in such a way that it
can be absorbed by the nasal mucosa.
● Vaccines can be administered via Nasal Spray, or
powdered Inhaler, nasal
Nasal Administration
X
Vaccine Mode of Action
● Nasal Mucosa is highly permeable

due to its rich blood supply.
● Immune cells of NALT gets
activated due to the presence of
antigens.
● Both T cells and B cells gets
activated and induces the
production of antibodies
Advantages
Non Invasive Rapid Response
Mucosal immunity Dose Reduction

Challenges
Nasal barrier Consistent Dosing Formulation

Mucosal Cilia can Ensuring each Developing a
prevent the antigen to administration delivers formulation that is
enter certain amount of drug absorbable by the nasal
can be challenging mucosa is difficult
Conclusion
● Next generation of vaccines

● Learn upon previous knowledge
● New initiatives to strengthen research
● Bridge between fields of basic immunology and vaccine
research
● Society for Dendritic Cell and Vaccine Science
● promoting cross-disciplinary approaches
References
1. Marx, D., Williams, G., & Birkhoff, M. (2015, June 3). Intranasal drug administration - an attractive delivery
route for some drugs. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48052
2. Rahman, M. M., Zhou, N., & Huang, J. (2021). An Overview on the Development of mRNA-Based Vaccines
and Their Formulation Strategies for Improved Antigen Expression In Vivo. Vaccines, 9(3), 244.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030244
3. Wei, X., Zhang, Z., Luo, J., Han, X., & Wei, Y. (2021a). mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy.
Molecular Cancer, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01311-z
4. Wei, X., Zhang, Z., Luo, J., Han, X., & Wei, Y. (2021b). mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy.
Molecular Cancer, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01311-z
5. Al-Halifa, S., Gauthier, L., Arpin, D., Bourgault, S., & Archambault, D. (2019). Nanoparticle-Based
vaccines against respiratory viruses. Frontiers in Immunology, 10.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00022
6.Pati, R., Shevtsov, M., & Sonawane, A. (2018). Nanoparticle vaccines against infectious diseases.
Frontiers in Immunology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02224
.7. Guerrini, G., Magrì, D., Gioria, S., Medaglini, D., & Calzolai, L. (2022). Characterization of
nanoparticles-based vaccines for COVID-19. Nature Nanotechnology, 17(6), 570–576.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01129-w
8. Wang, Z., Kai, C., Costabel, U., & Zhang, X. (2022). Nanotechnology‐facilitated vaccine
development during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Exploration, 2(5),
20210082. https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20210082
Thank you

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Immunological Memory &

Here is where the presentation begins

➢ Rapid Immune response mediated by

2. The large surface

Example- 1. Viral like particles

2. Antigens can be attached and

Rapid Development Cold Storage Requirements

Strong Immune Response Potential for Side Effects

Potential for variant, easily customizable Complex manufacturing

● Vaccines are crucial for training a human body to

● Nasal Mucosa is highly permeable

Non Invasive Rapid Response

Mucosal immunity Dose Reduction

Nasal barrier Consistent Dosing Formulation

● Next generation of vaccines

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