KS B Readers Comp

NEW
B
Keystone
WORKBOOK
READER’S COMPANION
NEW B
Keystone
READER’S COMPANION
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NEW
Keystone B
Reader’s Companion
Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Pearson, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN-10: 0-13-523766-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-523766-3
1 18
www.english.com/keystone

Contents
Unit 1
Reading 2: “Ecosystems: The Systems of Nature”
Summary / Visual Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reader’s Companion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Contents iii

Contents
Unit 2
Reading 2: “Migrating Caribou”
Summary / Visual Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Reader’s Companion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iv Contents

Contents
Unit 3
Reading 1: “Success Stories”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Contents v

Contents
Unit 4
Reading 1: “Changing Earth”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Reading 2: Excerpt from Through My Eyes

Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
vi Contents

Contents
Unit 5
Reading 1: “Early Explorers”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Reading 2: “Navigation Then and Now: Using GPS”

Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Contents vii

Contents
Unit 6
Reading 2: “Early Astronomers”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Reading 3: “Proving Innocence—A Matter of Life and Death”

Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
viii Contents

Name Date
UNIT
How does the natural world affect us?
1 Reading 2: “Ecosystems: The Systems of Nature”
Summary Use with Student Edition pages 22–27.
This passage tells how the different parts of nature work together. An ecosystem is
made up of both the living things and the nonliving things in an area. Plants and
animals are examples of living things. Rocks and water are examples of nonliving
things. The passage tells about the different kinds of living things and the places, or
habitats, they live in. It also explains that each member of the ecosystem is important to
every other member.
Visual Summary
Ecosystems
are made up of living
and nonliving things.
Living Things Nonliving Things

(also known as Examples: sunlight,
organisms) soil, rocks
Examples: worms,
plants, people
Carnivores are Herbivores are Omnivores are

living things that eat living things that eat living things that eat
animals. plants. both animals and
plants.
Every ecosystem has

a food chain. A food
chain is the way food
moves through an
ecosystem.
Unit 1 • Reading 2 1
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Ecosystems: The Systems
Use What You Know of Nature
Name three different kinds of
organisms, or living things.
Organisms and Species
1. An organism is a living thing. A huge redwood
2. tree is an organism. A small mouse is an organism.
A tiny insect is an organism. A human is an
3.
organism, too. Some organisms, such as bacteria,
Text Structure are so small that you cannot see them.

The title tells what the article A group of very similar organisms is a species.
is about. Circle the title of the MARK
The organisms in a species are so similar that they
THE
article. What might “The TEXT
Systems of Nature” mean? can reproduce—that is, have offspring, or babies—
together, and their offspring can reproduce, too.
Horses and cows, for example, cannot have
offspring together because they are different
species.
Habitats
Reading Strategy:
Preview for Main Idea and A habitat is the place where an organism lives—
Details its surroundings, or environment. A habitat
Before reading the article, provides the things an organism needs to survive,
preview it by looking at the MARK
main title and headings of
THE
TEXT such as food, water, a livable temperature, and
each section. Underline the shelter. A habitat can be as large as an ocean or as
main title and headings. What do you
think the main idea of this article will small as a drop of water. It can be a forest or one
be about?

tree. Several species may live in the same habitat,
such as a river.
shelter, p
lace that protects you from bad weather or
danger
2 Unit 1 • Reading 2

Name Date
Different organisms live in different habitats

because they have different requirements for Comprehension Check
survival. For example, a river or lake can be the Underline the reason why
different organisms live in MARK
habitat of some species of freshwater fish, such as different habitats. Why would
THE
TEXT
trout. Freshwater trout cannot survive in the ocean, freshwater trout have trouble
surviving in the ocean?
which contains salt water. An ocean and a lake are
very different habitats. Similarly, the desert in the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico
is the habitat of the saguaro cactus. The saguaro
cactus cannot survive in a tropical rain forest.
Sometimes animals move to different places
Text Structure
within their habitats. For example, many kinds of Science textbooks often
frogs are born in water. However, they live mostly have highlighted vocabulary MARK
THE
words. Their definitions are TEXT
on land when they grow up. During very cold at the bottom of the page.
weather, some frogs go under the ground or bury Circle one of the highlighted words on
this page. Look at its definition. Reread
themselves in mud at the bottom of ponds to stay the sentence in which it appears.
warm. Rewrite the sentence without using
the word.
requirements, n eeds
tropical, h
ot and wet
ponds, small lakes
Comprehension Check
Underline the various places
a frog may move within its MARK

THE
habitat. Why would a frog TEXT
live in one part of its habitat in
summer and in another part in winter?

Populations and Communities
Reading Strategy: All the members of one species in the same area
Preview for Main Idea and
are a population. For example, all the frogs in a
Details
lake are a population. All the pine trees in a forest
When you preview, you think about
what you already know about the are a population. All the people in a city, state, or
subject of the article. What is the
country are a population. Some populations do not
difference between a population
and a community? stay in one place. Monarch butterflies travel south
each year from parts of western Canada and the
United States to Mexico. Some species of whales
travel around many oceans.
A community is all the populations that live
together in one place, such as all the plants and
Text Structure animals in a desert. In a community, the different
A science article often
populations live close together, so they interact
explains important terms. MARK
THE
Underline the definition of TEXT with one another. One way populations interact in
the term population. List three
a community is by using the same resources, such
populations.
as food and shelter. In a desert, for example, snakes,
1.
lizards, and spiders may all use rocks and holes for
2. shelter. They may eat insects, other animals, or
their own kind of food.
3.
Comprehension Check
Underline why different
populations in a community MARK

THE
interact with one another. TEXT
Then give an example of how
different animals use the same
resources.

Name Date
The Parts of an Ecosystem

An ecosystem is made up of both the living and Comprehension Check
Underline the sentence that
nonliving things in an area. Nonliving things defines what an ecosystem is MARK
THE
include air, sunlight, water, rocks, and soil. All made up of. What are some TEXT
examples of nonliving things?
parts of an ecosystem, living and nonliving,
interact. Plants take water from the soil, and they
produce oxygen. Animals breathe in oxygen from
the air. They eat plants and other animals.
Three Kinds of Organisms

In an ecosystem, there are three kinds of Reading Strategy:
organisms: producers, consumers, and
Details
decomposers. Each kind of organism is important.
Circle the word in the second
Most producers are plants. They use energy from heading that tells you how MARK
THE
sunlight to make their own food from water and many kinds of organisms you TEXT
will be reading about. How
carbon dioxide. (Carbon dioxide is a gas in the air. does putting a number in a heading
People and animals breathe it out.) This process of help you preview the details that are
coming next?
making food is called photosynthesis.
Consumers cannot make their own food. They
eat, or consume, other organisms. All animals
are consumers. Consumers are classified by what
they eat.
• Herbivores, such as deer, horses, and many Comprehension Check
birds, eat only plants. Circle the three different
• Carnivores, such as lions, spiders, and snakes, types of organisms. What MARK
THE
is the difference between an TEXT
eat only animals. Some carnivores are herbivore and an omnivore?
scavengers. A scavenger eats dead organisms.
Scavengers include vultures and catfish.
• Omnivores, such as crows and bears, eat
plants and animals.
soil, top layer of earth in which plants grow

oxygen, gas in the air that all plants and animals need
to live
breathe, take in air through the nose and mouth
energy, a source of power to do something
classified, put into groups

Some consumers are also decomposers.
Comprehension Check Decomposers break down dead plants and animals.
Underline what decomposers The dead plants and animals are changed into
do. Why is it good for the MARK
ecosystem that decomposers
THE nutrients, which go back into the soil. Producers—
TEXT
break down plants and plants—consume these nutrients. Decomposers
animals?
are very important in the ecosystem because plants
need nutrients to grow.
The two main kinds of decomposers are bacteria
and fungi. Bacteria are very small living things.
We cannot see bacteria, but they live in soil, air,
and water and on other organisms. A fungus is a
Text Structure
A paragraph contains a main plantlike organism without leaves that grows in
idea. Circle the main idea in MARK dark, warm, wet places. Mushrooms are one kind
THE
the second paragraph on this TEXT
page. In your own words, of fungus.
explain the main idea of this
paragraph.
Comprehension Check
Underline the two main
kinds of decomposers. In MARK
THE
what kinds of places does a TEXT
fungus grow?

Name Date
Food Chains
The movement of food through a community Reading Strategy:
is called a food chain. A food chain always begins
Details
with producers—plants. In the ocean, a food chain
Circle the heading of this
begins with algae, which are very small plantlike section. Based on the MARK
THE
heading, what do you think TEXT
organisms. Small fish eat the algae. Medium-size
the section will be about?
fish eat the small fish. Big fish eat the medium-size
fish.
On land, a food chain is similar. It begins with
a plant. A consumer, such as an insect, eats the
plant. Then another consumer, such as a bat, eats
the insect. Next, a bigger consumer, such as an owl, Text Structure
eats the bat. Finally, the owl dies, and decomposers Science articles often
introduce key terms in MARK
break it down into nutrients. THE
context. Underline the TEXT
Every part of the food chain is necessary to every definition of a food chain in
the first paragraph. Describe the links
other part. Without water, plants die. Without
in a food chain for fish.
plants, animals cannot live.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Comprehension Check
Underline the text that

describes the very end of a MARK
THE
food chain on land. How TEXT
does the biggest consumer,
such as an owl, contribute to the
food chain?
Choose one and complete:

1. Research the different kinds of living creatures
that might live in a forest. Then make a drawing
of that community.
2. Research an animal mentioned in this article.
Learn more about its habitat and where it fits in
the food chain. Write a short report that shows
all you have learned.
3. Write a poem describing your own ecosystem.
Try to include plants and animals that live in
your area.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Think about the different parts of the food chain that feed you. Tell the story of how this
food chain works. Make sure you include how producers and small consumers make a
difference to you and why they are needed.
Reader’s Response
Since plants produce oxygen and humans need oxygen to breathe, it’s important to
protect the forests. How can you help protect the world’s forests?
Think About the Skill

How did previewing the different sections help you better understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Ecosystems: The Systems of Nature.” Now read one paragraph from
it again.
Habitats
Different organisms live in different habitats because they have
different requirements for survival. For example, a river or lake can be the
habitat of some species of freshwater fish, such as trout. Freshwater trout
cannot survive in the ocean, which contains salt water. An ocean and a
lake are very different habitats. Similarly, the desert in the southwestern
United States and northern Mexico is the habitat of the saguaro cactus.
The saguaro cactus cannot survive in a tropical rain forest.
The paragraphs below and on the next page contain the same information as the
paragraph you just read. However, each contains one error. First, find the error. Then
fix it by editing the sentence so that the information is correct. The first one has been
done for you.
Example:
Habitats
Different organisms live in different habitats. That is because they

have different needs for survival. A river or lake can be a good habitat
for some species of freshwater fish, such as trout. Freshwater trout
cannot survive in the ocean, which contains salt water. An ocean and
different
a freshwater lake are very similar habitats. The saguaro cactus’s habitat
is in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The saguaro
cactus cannot survive in a tropical rain forest.

Fix the Error
Each paragraph below contains the same information as the paragraph you just read.
However, each paragraph contains one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing
the sentence so that the information is correct.
1. Find and fix the error.
Habitats
Every organism on Earth can survive in any habitat. For example,
some species of freshwater fish, such as trout, have a river or lake for
their habitat. Freshwater trout cannot live in the sea, because it contains
salt water. An ocean and a lake are different habitats. Similarly, a desert
in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico is the habitat of
the saguaro cactus. The saguaro cactus cannot endure life in a tropical
rain forest.
Habitats
Different organisms live in different habitats because they have

different needs. For example, some species of freshwater fish, such as
trout, use a river or lake as their habitat. Freshwater trout can’t survive
in the salt water of the ocean. A lake and an ocean are very different
habitats. The tropical rain forest in Costa Rica is the habitat of the
saguaro cactus.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search Puzzle

To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check off each
answer. Write the word on the line next to its clue. The first answer is done for you.
1. ✓ A gas that plants produce oxygen
2. ✓ A butterfly that travels from Canada and the United States to Mexico monarch
3. One kind of fungus
4. A carnivore that eats dead organisms
5. The process plants use to make food
6. A freshwater fish
7. A gas that people and animals breathe out
8. The ocean food chain begins with it
9. ✓ A decomposer we can’t see bacteria
10. A large herbivore with four legs that people can ride
S O A Y O T W O A L E E P E C
X I M U S H R O O M Q S H D A
B Z O X Y G E N J R Q R O O R
Q A N S X Y T Y U W B N T E B
S C A V E N G E R O H S O G O
S T R O U T N V J H O R S E N
I L C G E E N K B V A Z Y D D
B R H R V R U Y N R R H N W I
I A H A R E I G S E C G T I O
Y E C C D J O A N O H J H P X
F S A T L N Q A A L G A E K I
V P R G E M B E A Q L O S Y D
L L U M L R R N C D V R I R E
E X D W F A I X O I D V S P K
M F Y Y M W I A N L U H N X B
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Read for Fluency
1. Silently read the text below. Make sure you understand the point that each sentence
is making.
2. Underline the word or words in each sentence that are most important. When you
read, you should say these underlined words with expression.
3. Look again at the punctuation in the paragraphs. Remember that when a sentence
ends in a period, you should read the words as a statement and take a breath before
beginning a new sentence. When you see a comma, you should pause briefly. When
you see an exclamation mark, you should sound excited. When you see a question
mark, you should read as though you are asking a question.
4. Now read the paragraphs below out loud. Pay attention to the important words and
punctuation as you read.
5. Write down any words that slowed you down. Practice saying these words out loud.
6. Read the text below out loud two more times. You may want to ask a friend or family
member to listen to you and tell you their reactions to your reading.
Food Chains
The movement of food through a community is called a food chain.
A food chain always begins with producers—plants. In the ocean, a
food chain begins with algae, which are very small plantlike organisms.
Small fish eat the algae. Medium-size fish eat the small fish. Big fish eat
the medium-size fish.

On land, a food chain is similar. It begins with a plant. A consumer,
such as an insect, eats the plant. Then another consumer, such as a bat,
eats the insect. Next, a bigger consumer, such as an owl, eats the bat.
Finally, the owl dies, and decomposers break it down into nutrients.
Every part of the food chain is necessary to every other part. Without
water, plants die. Without plants, animals cannot live.

Name Date
UNIT
Where can a journey take you?
2 Reading 2: “Migrating Caribou”
The first passage tells about a kind of deer called caribou. It explains how they migrate,
or move from one place to another. In summer, caribou live in grassy areas near the
Arctic Circle called the tundra. When the weather gets colder, they get together in large
groups called herds. They travel hundreds of miles south to spend winter in the forests.
In the spring, they move north again, as far as the North Pole. There the female caribou
give birth to their babies. At the start of summer, the animals again travel south to the
grassy tundra. This completes their migration cycle. The second passage gives facts
about the migration routes of different animals. It suggests how animals find their way.
Scientists think they use the sun, stars, or landmarks. They also think some animals
might have a kind of magnetic compass inside their bodies.
Visual Summary
Migrating Animals
The Caribou
They spend the summer on

the tundra and move in herds
of up to 125,000 to forests
in the south for winter.
How do migrating animals

know where they are going?
Biologists have several different
theories.
Some biologists believe Some biologists believe Some biologists believe that
that animals use the position that birds can see or smell animals’ bodies have magnetic
of the sun and stars to figure landmarks to help them materials that line up with
out where they are going. find their way. Earth’s magnetic field.

Migrating Caribou
Use What You Know
List two things you know about the On the Move
coldest areas on Earth.
If you fly over the Arctic in the fall, you will see
1. an amazing sight: thousands of migrating caribou
2. flowing across the landscape like a thin, brown
river. They are traveling from the frozen north of
Text Structure the Arctic to the forest in the south. They are going
Science articles present to a warmer place in search of food.
factual information to MARK
THE
readers. They also present TEXT
What are Caribou?
explanations for the facts.
Underline an important fact in Caribou are members of the deer family. They
paragraph 1 of the text. Then write an
explanation for the fact below. stand about 1½ meters (4–5 ft.) tall from the
ground to their shoulders and have small ears and
tails. These caribou are barren-ground caribou.
Barren ground means “lacking plants or crops.”
These words perfectly describe the land of the
Arctic tundra, the cold, treeless regions of northern
Asia, Europe, and North America where these
caribou live. In these harsh lands, several million
Reading Strategy:
Recognize Cause and Effect barren-ground caribou follow the same migration
A cause is a reason something patterns their ancestors did thousands of years ago.
happens; an effect is the MARK
Barren-ground caribou are social animals.
THE
result of what happens. TEXT
Underline the cause for the They travel in large herds made up of thousands.
caribou migration from the frozen

Caribou eat grass, mushrooms, twigs, and shrubs,
north to the forest in the south. Why
do you think the caribou follow the but their favorite food is lichen. Lichen is a low-
same migration patterns as their growing plant that is common in the Arctic. It
ancestors?
grows on rocks and trees. One caribou can eat four
kilograms (9 lb.) of lichen a day.
harsh, v
ery uncomfortable
ancestors, family members from the past

Name Date
Home on the Range: Summer

The caribou spend the summer in the northern Comprehension Check
Underline the section of text
part of their range. There, they reproduce (have that describes the part of the MARK
THE
babies) and move from pasture to pasture. On the range where caribou spend TEXT
the summer. Why do you think
summer range, the new calves grow healthy and they spend the summer there?
fat. However, the tundra is a harsh and windy place
during the long winter. Deep, wind-hardened snow
covers the ground. The caribou cannot scrape
through the thick ice to reach the food they need.
A big snowfall or a rapid drop in temperature
inspires the caribou to move south to avoid Reading Strategy:
starvation. Recognize Cause and Effect
Caribou cover about 20 to 65 kilometers Underline what the text
explains as the reason why MARK
(12–40 mi.) a day while migrating. They are the caribou migrate south.
THE
TEXT
excellent swimmers and can easily cross wide If the effect is the caribou
moving south, what is the cause?
lakes and rivers. Different caribou herds migrate
different distances. Large herds usually travel
longer distances. The Porcupine caribou herd
contains about 125,000 animals. It travels about
650 kilometers (400 mi.). The Central Arctic herd
contains about 25,000 animals and migrates about Text Structure
200 kilometers (125 mi.). However, the herds Science articles often include
actually travel much more than this. They wander number facts to help explain MARK
THE
certain events. Circle two TEXT
back and forth, adding many kilometers to their number facts in the text.
journeys. Describe what these number facts

help you to understand.

Home on the Range: Winter
Reading Strategy: The caribou travel for several months. In
Recognize Cause and Effect
December, they arrive at their winter range, south
Underline what the first
paragraph says about the MARK of the Arctic tree line, in the forest. North of the
THE
snow and lichen south of the TEXT tree line, no trees will grow. South of the tree line,
tree line. On the first line
below, write which fact is the cause. the snow remains soft. This makes it easier for the
On the second line, write which fact is caribou to find lichen to eat.
the effect.
Back on the Move
1.
In April and May, the snow begins to melt.
2.
This is a sign for pregnant female caribou, called
cows, to leave. The cows begin the long migration
Comprehension Check
Underline why the caribou to their calving grounds back in the northern
go north to have their babies. MARK Arctic. Why do the caribou travel so far to have
THE
Give one reason why the TEXT
calves are safer in the north. their babies? In the north, the young calves are
much safer. Predators like wolves and bears are
less common there. The best calving grounds also
have a lot of new plants, which are high-energy
food. This allows the mother caribou to produce
rich milk for their calves. And the cool breezes keep
away mosquitoes and biting flies. For the caribou, it
is worth traveling hundreds of kilometers to reach
Text Structure
Science articles often include these special places.
definitions or explanations of MARK
THE
important words. Underline

TEXT predators, animals that kill and eat other animals
an important word that is
defined in the article. Why is this word
important to this part of the article?

Name Date
The caribou travel through deep snow and cross

ice-filled rivers to reach their destination. After Comprehension Check
two months and about 1,000 kilometers (600 mi.) Underline what the article
says about how different MARK
of walking, the cows finally reach the northern caribou arrive at different
THE
TEXT
Arctic. The young are born in early June, almost times to their northern range.
Why do you suppose some caribou
as soon as their mothers arrive. The other caribou arrive before others?
follow several weeks later.
The caribou stay on their summer range for one
or two months. At first, they spend their time alone
or in small groups. Then the herd begins to gather,
and thousands of caribou start to move across
the landscape. They begin their long southward Reading Strategy:
journey again, away from the tundra and back Recognize Cause and Effect
across the tree line to the forest. Read what the text says about how
long it takes for the caribou to migrate
north. What is the effect or result of
destination, p
lace at the end of a journey their migration? In other words, what
do the caribou do once they reach the
northern range?
Comprehension Check
Underline what the text says
about how long the caribou
MARK
THE
stay on their summer range. TEXT
Why do you think the caribou
gather in herds when they begin their
southward journey again?

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Pretend you are a writer of a television program about migrating animals. Prepare
an introduction to the program that explains why some animals migrate. Make your
writing entertaining for a television audience.
Reader’s Response
If you could spend time as a scientist observing one kind of migrating animal, which
one would you choose? What interests you about this type of animal?

How did your understanding of the article improve when you practiced recognizing
cause and effect?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Migrating Caribou.” Now read one paragraph again.
Migrating Caribou
Why do the caribou travel so far to have their babies? In the north,
the young calves are much safer. Predators like wolves and bears are less
common there. The best calving grounds also have a lot of new plants,
which are high-energy food. This allows the mother caribou to produce
rich milk for their calves. And the cool breezes keep away mosquitoes
and biting flies. For the caribou, it is worth traveling hundreds of
kilometers to reach these special places.

Fix the Error
Migrating Caribou
The caribou travel a long way to have their babies. There are several
reasons for this. Calves are safer in the north, because wolves, bears,
and other predators are less common there. Good calving grounds also
have lots of new plants, which are very low-energy food. This allows
the mother caribou to produce rich milk for their calves. Also, the
cool winds keep away biting insects, like flies and mosquitoes. For the
caribou, this long migration is definitely worth it.
Migrating Caribou
Why do the caribou choose to have their babies so far north? First,
the calves are much safer there. Predators, such as wolves and bears, are
quite common in the calving grounds. The best areas also have a lot of
new plants, which are high-energy food for mother caribou. This allows

them to produce rich milk for their calves. The cool breezes keep flies
and mosquitoes away. It is worth it for the caribou to travel a long way
to reach theses special places.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in the
reading. Use the words in the word box to help you. Not all of the words in the word
box are in the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below.
1
M MIGRATION
I COMPASS
G CARIBOU
R HIGH ENERGY
A LICHEN
MOSSES
T
ARCTIC
I
ARCTIC TERN
O
2 3 LANDMARKS
N
CIRCLE
LOW CALORIE
6
Across Down
2. A plant that grows on rocks in the Arctic 1. Movement from one region to another
5. An animal in the deer family that eats 3. A magnetic device that points to the
lichen north
6. Memorable places or objects that help 4. A type of food pregnant caribou need
animals find their way
7. A bird that migrates up to 22,000
(35,400 kilometers) miles

Read for Fluency
is making.
3. Look again at the punctuation in the paragraph. Remember that when a sentence
4. Now read the paragraph below out loud. Pay attention to the important words and
Migrating Caribou
In April and May, the snow begins to melt. This is a sign for pregnant
female caribou, called cows, to leave. The cows begin the long
migration to their calving grounds back in the northern Arctic. Why
do the caribou travel so far to have their babies? In the north, the young
calves are much safer. Predators like wolves and bears are less common

there. The best calving grounds also have a lot of new plants, which are
high-energy food. This allows the mother caribou to produce rich milk
for their calves. And the cool breezes keep away mosquitoes and biting
flies. For the caribou, it is worth traveling hundreds of kilometers to
reach these special places.

Name Date
UNIT
What defines success?
3 Reading 1: “Success Stories”
This passage tells about four people and how they succeeded in different ways. Frida
Kahlo was a Mexican painter. She overcame disease and injury to become a world-
famous painter. Bill Gates created Microsoft and became the world’s richest person.
Then he and his wife started the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It gives money to
end the world’s diseases. Muhammad Yunus is an economist who started a bank. It
lends small amounts of money to the poorest people in Bangladesh. He and his bank
won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. Dr. Mae Jemison became the first African-American
woman to go into space. She later became the founder of two companies that are
centered on science and technology and the leader of a project to develop a plan for
space travel in 100 years.
Visual Summary
Success Stories
Frida Kahlo Bill Gates Muhammad Yunus Mae Jemison

Painter who triumphed Founder of Microsoft, Economist who came African-American

over many obstacles, world’s richest person, up with the idea astronaut and
including the disease and funder of malaria to give small loans university professor
of polio, to become research and many to extremely poor who leads the
one of the most other charities women in developing development of
respected artists of countries; winner of technologies for a
her time the Nobel Peace Prize sustainable future

Success Stories
Use What You Know
List three reasons why someone might Frida Kahlo
decide to become an artist.
Born in 1907, the extraordinary painter Frida
1. Kahlo grew up in Coyoacán, an area which is now
2. part of Mexico City. When she was six years old,
Kahlo got polio, a serious disease that often causes
3.
paralysis. As a result of her illness, Kahlo’s right leg
Text Structure was always thinner and weaker than her left one.
Social studies articles often She was also involved in a terrible bus accident
give facts about a person or MARK
when she was in college. Her injuries were so
THE
event. Underline the first TEXT
sentence. What did Frida severe she was often hospitalized. It took her many
Kahlo do for a living? months to recover from this accident. It was during
this time that Kahlo began to paint from her bed.
At the age of twenty-one, Kahlo met Diego
Rivera, a very famous Mexican painter. They got
married in 1929. They shared a love of Mexican art
and culture. In some of her self-portraits, Kahlo is
Reading Strategy:
wearing traditional Mexican clothing and jewelry.
Connect Ideas
In addition to her many self-portraits, Kahlo
When you read more than
one article on a common MARK painted portraits of friends. She is also famous
THE
topic, take notes to find TEXT
for her still-life paintings—pictures of arranged
connections between the
ideas in the articles. Underline the objects, such as flowers and fruit.
sentence that tells what happened to
Frida Kahlo exhibited her work in New York City,
Kahlo when she was in college. What

connection can you make between Paris, and Mexico City. She died at the young age of
the accident and Kahlo becoming an
forty-seven. Her house in Mexico City, called Casa
artist?
Azul (Blue House), is now the Frida Kahlo Museum.
Her work and her life story continue to impress
people all over the world.
paralysis, t he loss of the ability to move or feel part of

your body
exhibited, s howed in public

Name Date
Bill Gates
As an elementary school student in Seattle, Comprehension Check
Washington, in the 1960s, Bill Gates excelled in tells what Bill Gates’s best MARK
THE
science and mathematics. When he was in eighth subjects were in elementary TEXT
school. How do you think his
grade, his school acquired an early computer. Bill early interests helped him start the
Gates was excused from math class so he could Microsoft Corporation?
work on a program for the computer. Later, he went
to Harvard University, where he spent most of his
time in the university’s computer center.
In 1975, Bill Gates started the Microsoft
Corporation. The company developed Windows,
the world’s most widely used computer Reading Strategy:
Connect Ideas
operating system. Bill Gates eventually became a
As you take notes on articles,
multibillionaire and the richest man in the world. look for common ideas MARK
THE
In 2000, Gates and his wife started the Bill and between them. Underline TEXT
the name of the most widely
Melinda Gates Foundation. So far, the foundation used computer operating system.
has contributed $800 million to the United Nations How do you think that the
development of this system led to
Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization, Gates becoming the richest man in
to fight diseases. One disease, malaria, is spread the world?
by mosquitoes. Malaria affects about 500 million

people every year and kills as many as 3 million
people—mostly African children under five years
of age. An easy way to prevent malaria is by using Comprehension Check
bed nets, which cost very little. But very few Underline how much money
families can afford them. the Gates Foundation gave MARK

THE
to the United Nations to fight TEXT
Bill Gates has said: “It just blows my mind how malaria. Why do you think the
little money has been spent on malaria research. . . . Gateses want to stop malaria?
I just keep asking myself, Do we really not care

because it doesn’t affect us? . . . I refuse to sit there
and say, Okay, next problem, this one doesn’t
bother me. It does bother me. Very much. And
the only way for that to change is to stop malaria.
So that is what we are going to have to do.”
program, s et of instructions
contributed, g iven; donated
blows my mind, a mazes me

Muhammad Yunus
Text Structure Muhammad Yunus was born in 1940 in a village
A social studies article often
includes important facts MARK
in Bangladesh. He obtained a scholarship to
THE
about a person. Underline TEXT study in the United States and earned a doctorate.
the sentence that tells about
Muhammad Yunus’s education.
He returned to Bangladesh in 1972 to teach
What did he do after he earned his economics.
doctorate?
In 1974, Bangladesh suffered a terrible famine.
Yunus decided that it was not enough to teach
economics and read textbooks. He needed to do
Reading Strategy:
something practical. What if these people were
Connect Ideas
able to receive tiny loans, or microcredit, to try to
Underline the event that led
Muhammad Yunus to start MARK improve their situation? Yunus started his project
THE
the Grameen Bank. How did TEXT
in a small village. He lent $27 to a group of forty-
the famine and his teaching
lead Yunus to run a bank? two villagers. They made bamboo stools and
bought a cow. And so the Grameen Bank was born.
The Grameen Bank was very different from
other banks. First, it provided very small loans.
Second, it focused on women borrowers. Yunus
believed that women were better at using and
Comprehension Check repaying loans. Third, only the very poorest people
Underline the word that
could obtain loans. The system was based on the
describes the tiny loans that MARK
THE
Yunus gives out. List three TEXT trust of the bank and the enterprise of the women
things that made his plan
borrowers. If the borrowers failed to repay, the
different from that of other banks.
bank would fail. But it didn’t.

1. In 2006, Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen
2. Bank were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The
Nobel committee said, “Lasting peace cannot be
3.
achieved unless large population groups find ways
in which to break out of poverty. Microcredit is one
such means. . . .”
doctorate, u niversity degree of the highest level

economics, t he way goods and services are produced
and used
practical, r elating to actions, not words
borrowers, p eople who use something and give it back
later

Name Date
Mae Jemison
Mae Jemison was born in 1956 in Decatur, Reading Strategy:
Connect Ideas
Alabama. She grew up in Chicago, Illinois.
Circle what Mae Jemison
When she was growing up, Jemison watched watched on television when MARK
THE
spaceflights on television. After college, she went she was growing up. How do TEXT
you think what she saw on
to medical school and also took graduate courses in television encouraged her to become
engineering. What she really wanted, however, was an astronaut?
to be a space traveler. In 1987, Dr. Jemison was one

of fifteen people, out of almost 2,000 applicants,
chosen for NASA’s astronaut training program.
On September 12, 1992, Dr. Jemison and six
other astronauts went into orbit aboard the space
Comprehension Check
shuttle Endeavour. Dr. Jemison was the first African-
Circle what Jemison took
American female astronaut. During her seven-day with her into space. Why MARK
THE
flight, she did experiments to understand the did she carry these items TEXT
with her?
effects of weightlessness. She carried with her
several small objects from West African countries.
She did this to show her belief that space belongs to
all nations.
Dr. Jemison taught community and family
medicine for several years at Dartmouth College,
New Hampshire. She is active worldwide in
science literacy and sustainable development.
She has founded two companies that are
devoted to integrating science, satellite-based

telecommunications, and technology into society,
as well as an annual international science camp.
She is currently leading a project called 100 Year
Starship to plan for space travel to another star in Choose one and complete:
the next 100 years. 1. Create a cover for a book that tells
the secret to success in life.
2. Make a list of five people you
orbit, a circular path would consider to be successful.
space shuttle, s pace vehicle that can fly into space and Then write one question you might
return to Earth ask them to find out how they
sustainable development, development that meets became successful.
present needs without endangering the needs of
3. Interview a successful person
people in the future
whom you know. Ask the person
how she or he became successful.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Write a summary explaining what the four people you read about had in common.
Reader’s Response
What does it mean to be a success? Define your own idea of success.

How did connecting ideas between the biographies help you understand them?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Success Stories.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
Frida Kahlo
At the age of twenty-one, Kahlo met Diego Rivera, a very famous
Mexican painter. They got married in 1929. They shared a love of Mexican
art and culture. In some of her self-portraits, Kahlo is wearing traditional
Mexican clothing and jewelry. In addition to her many self-portraits,
Kahlo painted portraits of friends. She is also famous for her still-life
paintings—pictures of arranged objects, such as flowers and fruit.

Fix the Error
Frida Kahlo
When she was twenty-one, Frida Kahlo met Diego Rivera, a famous
Mexican painter. In 1929 she married him. They both disliked Mexican
culture and art. In some self-portraits, Kahlo wears the traditional
jewelry and clothes of Mexico. She also painted portraits of friends.
Kahlo is famous as well for her still-life paintings, which are pictures of
things like flowers and fruit, arranged by her.
Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo met the Mexican painter Diego Rivera when she was
twenty-one. They married in 1929. Kahlo and her husband both loved
Mexican art and culture. In some self-portraits, Kahlo wears traditional
Mexican clothes and jewelry. In addition to self-portraits, she painted
portraits of her friends. Kahlo is not well-known for her still-life

paintings—pictures of arranged objects, for instance flowers and fruit.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Use the words in the word box to help you. Not all of the words in the
word box are in the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below.
1
AFRICA
EUROPE
2
MEXICO
3 MICROCREDIT
4 ASTRONAUT
A F R I C A
EDUCATOR
POLIO
MALARIA
MICROSOFT
5
ATHLETICS
6
COMPUTERS
7
GRAMEEN
BANGLADESH
8
Across Down
1. The company that Bill Gates founded 1. The disease that Bill and Melinda Gates want
2. Frida Kahlo’s native country to wipe out
4. The continent from which Mae Jemison 2. Tiny loans to help poor people
took many small items when she traveled 3. Muhammad Yunus’s native country
into space 6. The disease that caused Frida Kahlo’s
5. The bank that Muhammad Yunus founded paralysis
7. Bill Gates’s main interest as a young man
8. Mae Jemison’s best-known job

Read for Fluency
is making.
Muhammad Yunus
In 1974, Bangladesh suffered a terrible famine. Yunus decided that
it was not enough to teach economics and read textbooks. He needed
to do something practical. What if these people were able to receive
tiny loans, or microcredit, to improve their situation? Yunus started his
project in a small village. He lent $27 to a group of forty-two villagers.
They made bamboo stools and bought a cow. And so the Grameen Bank

was born.
The Grameen Bank was very different from other banks. First, it
provided very small loans. Second, it focused on women borrowers. Yunus
believed that women were better at using and repaying loans. Third, only
the very poorest people could obtain loans. The system was based on
the trust of the bank and the enterprise of the women borrowers. If the
borrowers failed to repay, the bank would fail. But it didn’t.

Name Date
UNIT
Can we see change as it happens?
4 Reading 1: “Changing Earth”
This passage describes changes that are happening on the Earth as the population,
or number of people, increases. As the population grows, people need more natural
resources, such as food, water, and fuel. Scientists are working on ways to help farmers
produce more food. They are trying to make plants and animals stronger and healthier.
Meanwhile, people are also trying to find ways to protect the Earth’s environment.
If everyone tries to save energy, it will help to save the Earth.
Visual Summary
Risks
The growing number of
people on Earth puts
increased demands on our
limited natural resources,
including food and energy.
Solutions
Scientists are using
technology to develop
ways to provide more
food and energy.
Genetic Solar Power Environmentally Hybrid Cars Nuclear Power

Engineering and Wind Power Friendly Buildings A hybrid car runs Nuclear power
Scientists are The sun and Architects are on both gasoline is another
designing crops wind are natural designing buildings and electricity. alternative, though
so that more food resources that so that they Driving a hybrid dangerous,
can be produced. will never run don’t waste limited car conserves resource for
out. Scientists supplies of energy. energy and is providing energy.
are figuring better for the
out how to use environment.
these resources to
heat homes and
power cars.

Changing Earth
Use What You Know
List two environmental changes that Effects of the Growing Population
suggest the Earth is changing.
Earth has changed very quickly over the
1. past 200 years. The human population has
2. grown. Means of transportation have changed.
Communication has exploded. People are
Text Structure experimenting with new sources of energy. Even
Science articles often present food has changed. What are these changes, and
facts called statistics. MARK
Statistics are numbers or
THE
TEXT
what are their effects?
amounts. Underline the Until the early 1800s, there were fewer than
statistic in the second paragraph that
says how many people were living 1 billion people living on Earth. But since then,
on Earth until the early 1800s. Now improvements in medicine, agriculture, living
underline the statistic that says how
many were living on Earth by 1900. conditions, and other areas have produced a longer
How many more people were living life expectancy and a lower death rate. By 1900,
on Earth in 1900 than in the early
1800s? Earth’s population had doubled to 2 billion people.
The population had grown to 6 billion people
Reading Strategy: Skim by the year 2000. Today, 4.2 people are born and
and Scan 1.8 people die every second, the United States
When you scan text, you Census Bureau reports. This means that every
look over it quickly to locate MARK
certain information. One way
THE
TEXT minute, 144 more people are alive and living on
to do this is to look at headings Earth.
and subheadings. What does the
subheading on this page tell you This population growth is increasing the
about the reading? demand for Earth’s limited natural resources. These

resources include food, water, and fossil fuels.
More fossil fuels are needed to power our means of
transportation. More food is needed to feed hungry
people. And more trees are needed for lumber and
paper products.
living conditions, f ood, shelter, and cleanliness of

environment
life expectancy, l ength of time a person or an animal is
likely to live

Name Date
Society has had difficulty keeping up with

the increased demand for resources. When fossil Comprehension Check
fuels were first used as an energy source, people Underline the sentences that
tell what has led to air and MARK
did not know that burning them could affect the water pollution. What are
THE
TEXT
environment. This lack of knowledge, as well as some things people can do
to reduce air and water pollution?
limited technologies, led to air and water pollution.
Now, thanks to government regulations and
industry efforts, scientists have developed ways to
reduce air and water pollution.
Our natural resources are extremely valuable.
But they are being used up too quickly. We must
Comprehension Check
be careful not to run out of these resources. The Restating information in
choices we make as individuals, as a nation, and as your own words can help MARK
THE
you understand a text better. TEXT
citizens of Earth all affect the environment. Underline the last sentence in
the second paragraph. Write it in your
The Need for Food own words below.
To feed the world’s growing population,
scientists have been focusing on ways to increase
the food supply. One way is through genetic
engineering. In the United States, the government
and scientists are working to safely regulate the
genetic engineering of various plant and animal Reading Strategy: Skim
and Scan
foods.
Skimming and scanning
helps you quickly find MARK
society, people in general information you need. Skim
THE
TEXT
the third paragraph. What are
scientists using to increase the food
supply? Circle it and explain it below.

Genes are microscopic structures found in
Text Structure cells of every living thing. These genes determine
A science article often the characteristics of an animal or a plant. In
defines key terms and MARK
provides examples. Underline TEXT
THE genetic engineering, scientists put genes from one
the words that define what organism, or living thing, into cells of another
genes are. Now, list two things about
you that are probably determined by kind of organism. One way in which scientists
your genes. are using genetic engineering is to try to make
1. a plant or animal stronger, healthier, or larger.
For example, scientists might insert genes from a
2.
certain organism into the cells of tomato plants.
This is to enable the plants to survive in very cold
Comprehension Check
Underline the part of the temperatures or poor soil. If scientists can produce
text that describes a way MARK a tomato that can grow in places where a typical
THE
scientists are using genetic TEXT
engineering. In your own tomato cannot survive, then both farmers and
words, describe how this will help consumers will benefit.
both farmers and consumers.
Genetic engineering seems like a good idea to
some people. But others say that scientists can
make mistakes when changing the characteristics
of a plant or an animal. Because this is such a
new technology, scientists are not sure yet how
genetically engineered plants and animals will
Reading Strategy: Skim
and Scan affect other living things.
Sometimes skimming and
scanning can help you find MARK determine, c ontrol; decide
THE
the main ideas of a text. Scan

TEXT
the first paragraph quickly
and underline the main ideas you find.
Now, write the main ideas in your own
words below.

Name Date
Another way to increase the food supply is by

using chemicals to produce bigger, stronger crops. Reading Strategy: Skim
The most common types of chemicals that farmers and Scan
use are fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Scan for and underline the
three most common types of MARK
Fertilizers add nutrients to the soil to help plants chemicals farmers use. Tell
THE
TEXT
grow. Herbicides kill weeds. Pesticides kill insects what you think might happen
if farmers did not use the chemicals.
and other organisms that harm plants.
Chemicals can help foods grow and get rid of
harmful insects and weeds. But some chemicals
can hurt the environment if used carelessly or
incorrectly. Certain pesticides, for example, may
also kill insects that do not harm crops. They may Text Structure
also hurt the animals that eat the poisoned insects. Science articles often explain
Scientists test chemicals used in farming to ensure how one event causes MARK
THE
another to happen. Underline TEXT
that they meet safety standards. And farmers are the sentence that explains
trying other ways of controlling insects, such as by how using chemicals can sometimes
cause harm. What is one solution to
adding an insect’s natural enemies to fields where the problem?
crops are growing.
Sometimes the exact source of chemical
pollution is difficult to find. When rain or water
from sprinklers falls on crops, the water washes
away some of the chemicals on the plants. The
chemically polluted water then enters the soil and Comprehension Check
runs off into streams, rivers, and lakes. Runoff also Underline what the article
says about where chemically
MARK
occurs in cities, where chemicals are carried as polluted water can end up.
THE
TEXT
runoff to rivers and lakes, polluting them. Why is it a problem to have

chemically polluted water in these
places?
weeds, unwanted wild plants

So Many Cars
Reading Strategy: Skim Scientists are looking for new ways to power cars
and Scan
and other vehicles, such as by using batteries, solar
Skimming and scanning
helps you find information MARK power, and fuel cells. In an all-electric car, a large,
THE
you need quickly. Scan the TEXT heavy battery stores the electric energy that powers
first paragraph on page 38.
Find and write down the three most the car. When the battery runs low, the driver must
valuable fossil fuels. recharge it by plugging it into a special electric
1. outlet. Recharging the battery takes much longer
than refilling a gasoline tank. Even so, electricity is
2.
a relatively clean source of energy for cars, so this
3. extra effort benefits the environment.
Some car manufacturers have developed hybrid
Comprehension Check
cars. These cars run on a combination of electricity
Underline the section of
text that tells what a driver MARK and gasoline. Their batteries are small and can be
THE
of an electric car must do TEXT recharged by the car’s small gasoline engine while
when the battery runs low.
Write two reasons why you think the car is being driven.
drivers might not want to do this. Scientists are also experimenting with solar-
1. powered cars and hydrogen-powered cars. Solar-
powered cars use solar cells to change energy from
2.
the sun into electricity. Hydrogen-powered cars use
fuel cells that combine two gases—hydrogen and
Text Structure
Science articles often oxygen—to produce electricity. Solar cells and fuel
provide explanations of MARK cells are clean energy sources.
THE
how things work. Underline TEXT
the parts of the text that

explain how a hydrogen car battery batteries, objects that store electricity to power other
works. What two gases do fuel cells of objects
hydrogen-powered cars combine? recharge, p ut more energy into a battery
engine, m
achine that makes power from fuel

Name Date
Nonrenewable Fuels
We all use some form of energy in our everyday Text Structure
Science articles have subtitles
lives, whether by turning on bedroom lights, using that help readers know what MARK
THE
a computer, or riding in a car. Whatever energy we to expect when they read a TEXT
section. Circle the subtitle on
use, the source of that energy is fuel. Oil, natural this page. Based on the subtitle, what
gas, and coal are Earth’s most valuable fossil fuels. did you expect this section to be
about?
The cars we drive depend on these resources.
The stoves we use for cooking and many power
plants that provide our electricity also need these
resources.
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable sources of energy.
This means that once they are gone, they are gone
Reading Strategy: Skim
forever. Fortunately, there are ways to preserve and Scan
our natural resources. Everyday choices affect the One way to scan for
environment. Something as simple as riding a information is to look at the MARK
THE
special features that an TEXT
bicycle to school rather than riding in a car saves author provides with the text.
energy. Reusing valuable resources by recycling Look at the glossary word at the
bottom of the page. What does it tell
saves energy. Throwing an aluminum can into a you about the text?
recycling bin may not seem very important, but if
everyone does it, and does it consistently, it will
help Earth.
preserve, keep and protect
Comprehension Check
Underline two everyday

examples of ways to preserve MARK
THE
natural resources. What’s TEXT
another simple way you can
preserve resources?

Pros and Cons of Alternative Energy
Reading Strategy: Skim Sources
and Scan As the number of people on Earth grows, so
Scan the heading and the does the need for energy to make things work. So
glossary term on this page. MARK
THE
What do they tell you about TEXT scientists are searching for alternative sources of
the text? Explain below. energy. One alternative is nuclear power. Nuclear
power does not cause air pollution. However,
nuclear power must be handled carefully to
prevent accidents that could have long-lasting
negative effects on living things. That is why strict
safety regulations at nuclear power stations are in
place. In addition, much of the unwanted leftover
Text Structure material from nuclear plants is radioactive. It can
Science articles often be dangerous for a very long time if disposed of
provide definitions of MARK
important words. Underline
THE
TEXT improperly.
the sentence that uses the Another alternative energy source is solar power.
word radioactive. Rewrite the
sentence without using the word. Some solar power stations have hundreds of large
mirrors. These mirrors collect and focus sunlight
on a large container of water to make the water
boil. The boiling water produces steam, which
powers machines to produce electricity.
Wind is also an alternative source of power.
Comprehension Check People once used windmills to grind grains and
Underline the sentence that pump water. Now wind farms use wind to generate
describes what the mirrors

MARK
at a solar power station do.
THE
TEXT electricity. A wind farm is a large area of land,
How does the sunlight cause usually a treeless hill or other windy spot, on
the water to boil?
which groups of modern windmills operate.
radioactive, c ontaining or producing radiation

generate, produce; create

Name Date
Comprehension Check
tells how wind farms use MARK
THE
wind. Write two examples TEXT
of things that require electricity.
1.
2.
Office building of the future Reading Strategy: Skim

and Scan
Both solar and wind power are clean sources of Scanning uses illustrations
energy. They depend on natural forces—sunlight to quickly show readers MARK
THE
what the text is about. What TEXT
and wind—to work effectively. However, sunlight does this illustration show you
varies with the weather and the time of day, and about the text? Explain below.
wind also comes and goes. Therefore, solar and wind

power are not always available to generate electricity.
Environmentally Friendly Buildings

Many buildings waste energy. They use oil, gas,
or electricity for heat in the winter and for air-
conditioning in the summer. To save energy, many Choose one and complete:
architects and engineers are changing the way they 1. Make a chart to show the way our
population has grown. Refer to
design buildings. The model office building shown Student Edition page 184. Use a
here is environmentally friendly. It uses sunlight ruler—have one inch equal one
billion people. Draw vertical lines
and ventilation to heat and cool the building for each year described. How tall
efficiently. In winter, warm air at the top heats cold will the line be for the years 1800,
1900, and 2000? Label the lines
air coming in at the bottom. with their dates and with the
numbers they represent. Write a
environmentally friendly, not harmful to the title for your chart.
environment 2. Do an internet search for insects
ventilation, ways of bringing fresh air into and out of a that destroy food crops. Choose
building four insects and find information
efficiently, w
ithout wasting energy or effort about their natural enemies. Draw
a poster about what you find out.
Illustrate your poster with pictures
of the pests.
3. Draw and label a picture of your
dream house of the future. Write
about what kinds of energy would
keep it warm in the winter and cool
in the summer.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Imagine that you are a television reporter. Prepare a report for the evening news on
renewable forms of energy for powering cars and providing electricity and heat for homes.
Talk about why these new forms of energy are beneficial. Share your report with others.
Reader’s Response
If you could design a house of the future, what would it look like? What kinds of features
would it have to help save energy?

Did skimming and scanning help you find information in the text more quickly? Why or
why not?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Changing Earth.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
Nonrenewable Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable sources of energy. This means that
once they are gone, they are gone forever. Fortunately, there are
ways to preserve our natural resources. Everyday choices affect the
environment. Something as simple as riding a bicycle to school
rather than riding in a car saves energy. Reusing valuable resources by
recycling saves energy. Throwing an aluminum can into a recycling
bin may not seem very important, but if everyone does it, and does it
consistently, it will help Earth.

Fix the Error
Fuel Supply
Fossil fuels are a kind of energy that cannot be renewed. This means
that once they are gone, we can get more. Lucky for us there are ways to
save our natural resources. We can make choices every day that affect
the environment. For example, you can save energy just by riding a
bicycle to school rather than driving. When we reuse natural resources,
we are recycling and at the same time saving energy. Tossing our
aluminum cans into bins that go to a recycling center doesn’t sound
very important, but if everyone carries out little tasks like that, we can
save our nonrenewable energy sources.
Fuel Supply
There is no way that fossil fuels can be renewed. When they are
used up, this source of energy will disappear. It is unfortunate that we

cannot do anything to preserve our natural resources. Things that we
do in our everyday lives can cause effects in the environment. Our
everyday choices can make big differences, such as recycling or not
using the car for trips that can be made by riding a bike. If we all pitch
in, even by tossing aluminum cans in recycling bins, we can do our
part to help save the Earth.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Mystery Word Puzzle

To complete this mystery word puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Use the clues to help you unscramble each of the words. Write the words
in the boxes. The numbered letters will form the mystery word.
1. Microscopic structures found in cells

NEEGS G E N E S
3
2. A substance that kills weeds

DICEREBIH
2
3. A substance that kills harmful insects

SCDEIPTEI
4
4. A body of information

GDEEKNOWL
1 8
5. A living thing

NOGRAMSI
5
6. A designer of buildings

TRCIHECAT
6
7. Energy that doesn’t use fossil fuels

IVTAELANERT
7
What is the name of a device that uses wind to produce electricity?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Read for Fluency
is making.
Alternative Energy Sources

As the number of people on Earth grows, so does the need for energy
to make things work. So scientists are searching for alternative sources
of energy. One alternative is nuclear power. Nuclear power does not
cause air pollution. However, nuclear power must be handled carefully
to prevent accidents that could have long-lasting negative effects on
living things. That is why strict safety regulations at nuclear power

stations are in place. In addition, much of the unwanted leftover
material from nuclear power plants is radioactive. It can be dangerous
for a very long time if disposed of improperly.

Name Date
UNIT
Can we see change as it happens?
4 Reading 2: From Through My Eyes
On November 14, 1960, Ruby Bridges became the first African-American student to
attend an all-white school in New Orleans. At that time, many areas of the United States
had different schools for white and black students. School integration changed that. In
this passage, Ruby describes her experiences with integration as a six-year-old girl. She
begins by telling about the importance of school integration in the fight for civil rights.
Then she tells about why her family decided to send her to the all-white school. She
finishes by telling what happened that November morning.
Visual Summary
Ruby Bridges and School Segregation
1954: Supreme Court made it illegal for schools to be

segregated. A public school could not turn away a student
because of race.
1957: Many Southern states kept their schools segregated

even though it was against the law. When nine African-American

students entered an all-white public school in Little Rock,
Arkansas, they were threatened with violence.
1960: Ruby Bridges, an African-American six-year-old, was the

first student of color to attend a formerly all-white public school
in New Orleans. So many racist people threatened to harm her
that she had to be escorted by federal marshals all year long.

From Through My Eyes
Use What You Know by Ruby Bridges
Describe what it feels like when you
are in a new place and you don’t
know anyone.
Preface to My Story
When I was six years old, the civil rights
movement came knocking at the door. It was
1960, and history pushed in and swept me up in
a whirlwind. At the time, I knew little about the
racial fears and hatred in Louisiana, where I was
growing up. Young children never know about
racism at the start. It’s we adults who teach it.
In spite of the aftereffects of the whirlwind,
Text Structure
I feel privileged now to have been a part of the
Memoirs often give
information about historic MARK civil rights struggle. The 1950s and 1960s were
THE
events and their dates. Circle TEXT important decades: Negroes, as African Americans
the first year mentioned in
this excerpt. What “came knocking” were known then, dared at last to demand equal
on the door that year? treatment as American citizens. School integration
was only part of the struggle, but an absolutely
essential part.
In 1954—coincidentally, the year I was
born—the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the end
Reading Strategy:
Draw Conclusions of “separate but equal” education for African-
To draw conclusions, you American children. Because of her race, Linda
use all the facts available to MARK
THE Brown was not allowed to attend her local
you to make a judgment or

TEXT
decision. Underline the word elementary school. All nine justices of the Supreme
in the second paragraph that suggests
Court agreed that Linda had a legal right to go
that the civil rights movement was
a time of great turmoil. Why do you that school. But for a few years afterward, the
think this was so?
Court looked the other way when states in the
South ignored its order. Black children in states
like Louisiana and Mississippi continued to attend
all-black public schools. White children went to
separate and usually better schools.
whirlwind, confused rush

aftereffects, r esults
privileged, p roud; honored
essential, i mportant and necessary
coincidentally, t wo things happening by chance

Name Date
By 1957, less than two percent of southern schools

had been integrated. That year, nine black high school Text Structure
students enrolled in a white school in Little Rock, Memoirs often include
information about historic MARK
Arkansas. The white segregationists in Arkansas were locations. Underline the
THE
TEXT
furious. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered place where nine black
students enrolled in an all-white
federal troops—soldiers with rifles and machine guns school. How do you suppose they felt
mounted on military jeeps—to protect the “Little Rock on their first day there?
Nine” in their school.

Even after the events in Little Rock, Louisiana
continued to ignore its African-American children.
However, the civil rights movement was growing
Reading Strategy:
stronger. A federal court gave the city a deadline for Draw Conclusions
school integration: September 1960. When you draw conclusions,
I don’t remember everything about that school use details from the text to MARK
THE
support your judgment. TEXT
year, but there are events and feelings I will never Underline details from the
forget. In writing this book, I recall how integration text that support the conclusion that
the “Little Rock Nine” students faced
looked to me then, when I was six and limited to my danger at their new school. Do you
own small world. However, as an adult, I wanted to think the soldiers made the students
feel safer or more afraid?
fill in some of the blanks about what was a serious
racial crisis in the American South. I have tried to
give you the bigger picture—through my eyes.
One Year in an All-Black School

When it was time for me to start kindergarten,
Comprehension Check
I went to Johnson Lockett Elementary School. My

Underline the sentence
segregated school was fairly far from my house, but that tells what deadline the MARK
THE
I had lots of company for the long walk. All the kids federal court gave Ruby’s TEXT
city. Why did the court give
on my block went to Johnson Lockett. I loved school the city a deadline?
that year, and my teacher, Mrs. King, was warm and
encouraging. She was black, as all the teachers in
black schools were back then. Mrs. King was quite
old, and she reminded me of my grandmother.
enrolled, officially joined

deadline, time to end
crisis, t urning point; difficult period

What I didn’t know in kindergarten was that a
Reading Strategy: federal court in New Orleans was about to force
Draw Conclusions two white public schools to admit black students.
Underline which grade level
of African-American students MARK
The plan was to integrate only the first grade for
THE
would be integrated into the TEXT that year. Then, every year after that, the incoming
two all-white schools. Why
do you think the courts ordered this
first grade would also be integrated.
grade level to be integrated? In the late spring of my year at Johnson
Lockett, the city school board began testing black
kindergartners. They wanted to find out which
children should be sent to the white schools. I took
the test. I was only five, and I’m sure I didn’t have
Text Structure
In a memoir, the author
any idea why I was taking it. Still, I remember that
describes his or her MARK day. I remember getting dressed up and riding
THE
experiences. Underline what TEXT
Ruby remembers about the
uptown on the bus with my mother, and sitting in
day she took the test. Write a memory an enormous room in the school board building
you have of kindergarten or first
grade.
along with about a hundred other black kids, all
waiting to be tested.
Apparently the test was difficult, and I’ve been
told that it was set up so that kids would have a
hard time passing. If all black children had failed,
the white school board might have had a way to
Reading Strategy: keep the schools segregated for a while longer.
Draw Conclusions That summer, my parents were contacted by
Underline the passage that the National Association for the Advancement of

leads you to conclude that MARK
the white school board was
THE
TEXT
Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP is an old
resisting integrating the and well-respected civil rights organization. Its
schools. Why was Ruby’s success on
the test important? members work to get equal rights for black people.
admit, allow to enter

Name Date
Several people from the NAACP came to the

house in the summer. They told my parents that Comprehension Check
I was one of just a few black children to pass the Underline the part of the
text that describes the MARK
school board test, and that I had been chosen to benefits of going to the
THE
TEXT
attend one of the white schools, William Frantz all-white school. List the
benefits below in your own words.
Public School. They said it was a better school
and closer to my home than the one I had been
attending. They said I had the right to go to the
closest school in my district. They pressured my
parents and made a lot of promises. They said
Reading Strategy:
my going to William Frantz would help me, my
Draw Conclusions
brothers, my sister, and other black children in the At this point in the text, what can you
future. We would receive a better education, which conclude about how Ruby’s parents
felt about her going to an all-white
would give us better opportunities as adults. school?
My parents argued about what to do. My father,
Abon, didn’t want any part of school integration.
He was a gentle man and feared that angry
segregationists might hurt his family. Having fought
in the Korean War, he experienced segregation
on the battlefield, where he risked his life for his Text Structure
country. He didn’t think that things would ever Memoirs often present
people’s opinions about MARK
change. He didn’t think I would ever be treated as historical events. Underline
THE
TEXT
an equal. the sentence that tells Ruby’s
father’s opinion about her going to
Lucille, my mother, was convinced that no harm an all-white school. What was he
would come to us. She thought that the opportunity afraid of?
for me to get the best education possible was worth
the risk, and she finally convinced my father.
district, particular area of the city

pressured, t ried hard to convince
opportunities, chances

November 14, 1960
Reading Strategy:
My mother took special care getting me ready for
Draw Conclusions
school. When somebody knocked on my door that
Underline details from the
text about Ruby’s trip to MARK morning, my mother expected to see people from
THE
school on her first day there. TEXT the NAACP. Instead, she saw four serious-looking
What conclusion can you
draw about the level of danger facing white men, dressed in suits and wearing armbands.
Ruby that morning?
They were U.S. federal marshals. They had come to
drive us to school and stay with us all day. I learned
later they were carrying guns.
I remember climbing into the back seat of
the marshals’ car with my mother, but I don’t
remember feeling frightened. William Frantz
Text Structure
Public School was only five blocks away, so one of
Memoirs are written in the
first person. This can make MARK the marshals in the front seat told my mother right
THE
it seem as if the author TEXT away what we should do when we got there.
is talking directly to you.
Underline the two sentences where “Let us get out of the car first,” the marshal
the author uses the pronoun I. Does
said. “Then you’ll get out, and the four of us will
this help you understand the author’s
experience better? Why or why not? surround you and your daughter. We’ll walk up
to the door together. Just walk straight ahead, and
don’t look back.”
When we were near the school, my mother said,
“Ruby, I want you to behave yourself today and do
what the marshals say.”
Reading Strategy: We drove down North Galvez Street to the point

Draw Conclusions where it crosses Alvar. I remember looking out
Underline what Ruby’s
mother told her when they MARK
of the car as we pulled up to the Frantz school.
THE
were near the school. Would TEXT There were barricades and people shouting and
you conclude from this that
Ruby’s mother was worried? Why or
policemen everywhere. I thought maybe it was
why not? Mardi Gras, the carnival that takes place in New
Orleans every year. Mardi Gras was always noisy.
armbands, bands of material worn around the arm

federal marshals, government officers
barricades, objects blocking a road to prevent people
from entering

Name Date
As we walked through the crowd, I didn’t see any

faces. I guess that’s because I wasn’t very tall and Comprehension Check
I was surrounded by the marshals. People yelled Underline Ruby’s impression
of her new school. What MARK
and threw things. I could see the school building, does this tell you about the
THE
TEXT
and it looked bigger and nicer than my old school. difference between schools
for whites and schools for African
When we climbed the high steps to the front door, Americans?
there were policemen in uniforms at the top. The
policemen at the door and the crowd behind us
made me think this was an important place.
It must be college, I thought to myself.
Comprehension Check
in which Ruby’s teacher MARK
There was a certain shyness about Ruby. She describes how she felt about
THE
TEXT
would appear at the door of our room in the Ruby. Why do you think she
felt that way?
morning and walk in slowly, taking little steps.
I would always greet her with a compliment about
how nicely she was dressed to help make her
feel special as she was, and make her feel more
welcome and comfortable. We would hug, and
then we would sit down side by side. We had our
corner of the room, and it was cozy. I never sat in
the front of the classroom apart. If I went to the
blackboard, she was always with me.
I grew to love Ruby and be awed by her. It was
an ugly world outside, but I tried to make our

world together as normal as possible. Neither one
of us ever missed a day. It was important to keep Choose one and complete:
1. Draw a picture of Ruby from her
going.
perspective as she walks into
— Barbara Henry (Ruby’s first-grade teacher) her all-white school on the first
day. Write a paragraph under the
picture that describes what Ruby
awed, i nspired may have been feeling.
2. Write a letter dated 1960 to the
all-white school board. In the letter
tell why all students, regardless
of their race, need to have equal
educational opportunities.
3. Write a poem about being brave in
the face of fear based on your own
personal experiences.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Imagine that you have been asked to give a speech about Ruby Bridges to the students
in your school. Describe Ruby Bridges’s story in the space provided below. Include
enough details so that your audience understands how brave Ruby was to go to an all-
white school during the 1960s.
Reader’s Response
What did you find most interesting about Ruby’s experience? Why did it interest you?

How did thinking about details in the text help you draw conclusions that otherwise
might not have occurred to you? Provide an example below.

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read the excerpt from Through My Eyes. Now read one paragraph from it again.

In the late spring of my year at Johnson Lockett, the city school
board began testing black kindergartners. They wanted to find out
which children should be sent to the white schools. I took the test. I was
only five, and I’m sure I didn’t have any idea why I was taking it. Still, I
remember that day. I remember getting dressed up and riding uptown
on the bus with my mother, and sitting in an enormous room in the
school board building along with about a hundred other black kids, all
waiting to be tested.

Fix the Error

Toward the end of my kindergarten year, the city school board
decided to test black kindergartners. They wanted to decide which
students would attend white schools. I did not take the test. I was so
young that I’m sure I didn’t have any idea why I was taking it. My
mother helped me get dressed up. We took the bus uptown. Then I
sat in an enormous room with many other black kids. All of us were
waiting to take the test.

When I was in kindergarten at Johnson Lockett School, the city
school board decided to test black kindergartners. They were testing in
order to decide who would get to enroll in the white schools. I was only
five, but I took the test. I don’t remember that day at all. I got dressed

up and rode uptown on the bus. My mother was with me. When we got
there, we sat in a huge room with about a hundred other black kids, all
waiting to take the test.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember details from the reading.
Use the words in the word box to help you. Not all of the words in the word box are in
the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below.
EISENHOWER DISAGREED EXAM JOHNSON LOCKETT

SEGREGATIONIST TEST LITTLE ROCK NEW ORLEANS
ARGUED LITTLE ROCK NINE SUPREME COURT
1 2 3
5 6
L
I
7
T
Across T
1. Person who believes in keeping different L
races separate E
4. At first, Ruby’s mother and father R
over her attending an all-white school. O
5. Name of school where Ruby went to C

kindergarten K
N
8
7. Ruby had to take a before she
could attend an all-white school. I
8. City where Ruby went to school N
Down E
2. Last name of president who ordered
federal troops to help the Little Rock
Nine students
3. Government body that ruled in 1954 that
the schools had to integrate
6. Name of the first group of students who
integrated Arkansas schools in 1957

Read for Fluency
is making.

Several people from the NAACP came to the house in the summer.
They told my parents that I was one of just a few black children to pass
the school board test, and that I had been chosen to attend one of the
white schools, William Frantz Public School. They said it was a better
school and closer to my home than the one I had been attending.

They said I had the right to go to the closest school in my district. They
pressured my parents and made a lot of promises. They said my going to
William Frantz would help me, my brothers, my sister, and other black
children in the future. We would receive a better education, which
would give us better opportunities as adults.

Name Date
UNIT
Why do we explore new frontiers?
5 Reading 1: “Early Explorers”
This passage tells about early traders and explorers from around 700 BCE to the early
1500s. First it tells about the Phoenicians. They sailed the Mediterranean Sea, trading
goods and setting up new colonies. Next, it tells about the Vikings. They invaded
Europe and traveled far across the Atlantic Ocean. After that, it tells how explorers
developed land and sea trade routes between Europe and Asia. This led to
the exploration of the Americas.
Visual Summary
Early
Explorers
Some early Some places

explorers they explored
The Europe and

Phoenicians West Africa
Britain, Europe,
The Vikings the Atlantic, and
North America
Marco Polo The Silk Road
Lewis and western United

Clark States

Early Explorers
Use What You Know
Describe something you have traded. The Phoenicians
Maybe you exchanged money for
something you wanted, or traded one Six thousand years ago people grew their own
item for another. food and made everything they needed. They did
not travel far. They did not know what lay beyond
a few days’ journey from their homes.
However, as civilizations developed, people
saw and wanted new products. So the idea of
trading goods evolved. One of the earliest peoples
Text Structure
to trade were the Phoenicians. They lived on
A social studies article
contains information MARK the Mediterranean coast of modern-day Israel
THE
about dates and places. TEXT and Lebanon. The Phoenicians were expert
Underline the date when the
Phoenicians first began trading. Then shipbuilders, able to sail great distances. They
write down two places where they understood that they could make money by
began exploring markets for trading.
trading.
Between about 700 BCE and 100 BCE,
Phoenician ships explored the lands that border
the Mediterranean Sea. They searched for new
markets. They established colonies. They even
sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar to the
Reading Strategy: Make
Generalizations Atlantic, reaching Britain and West Africa.
Remember that you can find
similarities in an article to make evolved, d
eveloped slowly
generalizations. Read these two

pages. What similarities do you notice
between the Phoenicians and the
Vikings?

Name Date
Viking Voyages
The Vikings were from Scandinavia, a region in Comprehension Check
Underline the section of the
northern Europe. From the eighth to the twelfth text that states where the MARK
THE
century, Vikings built magnificent sailing vessels Vikings were from. Since the TEXT
Vikings made magnificent
and set out from their homeland on voyages of ships, can you infer that Scandinavia
exploration. is located near a large body of water?
Why or why not?
During the early Middle Ages, Viking raiders
invaded many other parts of Europe. The reasons
for these journeys were varied. Some Vikings were
interested only in stealing treasure and capturing
slaves. They plundered the unlucky communities
they found in Britain and the Mediterranean.
Text Structure
Other Vikings were in search of new lands across Social studies articles
the Atlantic. Viking farmers needed new places to explain how and why events MARK
THE
took place. Underline the TEXT
settle, as farmland in Scandinavia was scarce and sentence that explains why
poor. The Swedish Vikings set their sights on the the Vikings plundered other lands. List
two areas the Vikings plundered.
lands of Eastern Europe and Asia. Mainly traders,
these Vikings hoped to develop new markets for 1.
exchanging goods. By 1000, the Vikings had also 2.
reached North America.
After about 1200, the Vikings became more Comprehension Check
settled. Their long voyages of discovery ceased. Circle the time period
when the Vikings became MARK
THE
more settled. Why do you TEXT
voyages, long trips think the Vikings stopped
plundered, stole money or property plundering other lands?

scarce, n
ot enough
ceased, s topped

The Silk Road
Text Structure Not all exploration took place over rolling seas.
Social studies articles often
explain facts and figures. MARK
The Silk Road was a land route between Europe and
THE
Underline the figure that TEXT Asia. It was used from around 500 b.c.e. until sea
describes the length of
the Silk Road. List two geographical
routes to China were opened up in about 1650. The
features that the Silk Road crossed. most important product traded along the Silk Road
1. was silk. For centuries the Chinese kept the secret

of how to make silk from other nations.
2.
Along this road, trade was conducted between
China and Europe. Chinese merchants sent silk
Comprehension Check
and spices to Europe over the mountains and
states the most important MARK deserts of Asia. In return, gold, silver, and horses
THE
product traded along the TEXT
Silk Road. Why do you think
were imported to China. The road was about 7,000
this was such an important product? kilometers (4,300 mi.) long and very dangerous.

Generalizations
To make a generalization, you must
make a statement that applies
to different examples. Write one
sentence about why different cultures
made voyages.

Name Date
It passed through numerous kingdoms where

rulers demanded gifts from travelers. In addition, Comprehension Check
bandits would often pillage a traveling camel train. Underline the section of
text that describes why MARK
Because of these dangers, the goods were passed goods were passed from one
THE
TEXT
from one merchant to another, with no trader merchant to the next. Why
do you think passing goods between
traveling for more than a few hundred miles at a merchants was necessary?
time.
Marco Polo was a trader and great storyteller
from Venice, Italy. He was the first European
explorer to travel the entire length of the Silk
Road in the thirteenth century. It took him four
years, and he wrote about his travels. The Silk Road Text Structure
became less important after European ships began Social studies articles often
provide details about MARK
a regular trade with China around the southern tip individuals who were
THE
TEXT
of Africa. involved in historic events.
Circle three details that describe
The Age of Exploration Marco Polo. What evidence from the
text indicates that Marco Polo was
The Age of Exploration began in fifteenth- persistent?
century Portugal. In 1415, Prince Henry of
Portugal, known as Henry the Navigator, took
command of a port in northern Morocco. Henry
sent out his ships to explore the west coast
of Africa. He paid for many expeditions that
eventually reached Sierra Leone on Africa’s west Comprehension Check
Underline the sections of
coast. Later kings of Portugal financed expeditions the text that describe the MARK
THE
that sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the areas of Africa that Henry TEXT
the Navigator commanded
southern tip of Africa. This opened up trade routes and explored. Why do you think
to India, China, and the Indonesian and Philippine control of these areas made Portugal
rich and powerful?
Islands (called the Spice Islands). Portugal became
rich and powerful through its control of trade in
this area.
bandits, p eople who rob or attack

pillage, steal things using violence, especially during
war

The Age of Exploration eventually led explorers
Comprehension Check to the Americas in the late 1400s. Over the next
Underline the section of two centuries, people began to move to this New
text that describes why the MARK
western part of the United
THE World and settle in what is now the United States
TEXT
States was uncharted of America. Most of them stayed in the eastern part
territory in the early 1800s. Why do
you think the president wanted to of the territory, leaving the western part wild and
explore this territory? unknown.
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson created the
“Corps of Discovery” to explore the uncharted
territory in the western United States. He appointed
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead
the exploration. Their group had two unlikely
Text Structure
members: Sacagawea, a Native American woman,
Social studies articles often
contain concrete examples. MARK
and her infant son, who often traveled on her
THE
Underline the section of text TEXT back. Sacagawea was a member of the Shoshone
that describes who traveled
with Lewis and Clark. Why do you tribe. She had been kidnapped in 1800 by a band
think they were an unusual choice for from the Hidatsa tribe. Later she married Toussaint
the expedition?
Charbonneau, a fur trader.
uncharted, u nexplored; not mapped

band, group of people within a tribe
Comprehension Check
Underline the name of

the tribe that Sacagawea MARK
THE
belonged to. What detail TEXT
from the text suggests how
she was able to communicate with
another tribe?

Name Date
Charbonneau and Sacagawea were interpreters

for the group. Sacagawea spoke both Shoshone Comprehension Check
and Hidatsa. She translated when the group Underline what the article
says about the ways in MARK
encountered these tribes. By her presence alone, which Sacagawea helped
THE
TEXT
she was also a peacekeeper. When the tribespeople the Lewis and Clark
expedition.
saw a woman and child, they assumed the
explorers had good intentions.
Sacagawea’s skill and bravery were important to
the group’s success. As they traveled, she located
food in the wilderness, including edible plants
and berries. Additionally, in 1805, when her boat
Text Structure
almost capsized, Sacagawea kept calm and saved Social studies articles often
important maps, supplies, and documents. highlight how current- MARK
THE
day views differ from the TEXT
Although the men in the Corps of Discovery views people used to have.
were paid for their service, Sacagawea, the only Underline what the text says about
how Sacagawea was treated by the
woman, was not paid. However, she got an Corps of Discovery. Why do you think
unexpected reward on the journey. One day, the she agreed to go on the expedition?
group encountered the Shoshone band she had

grown up in. Sacagawea and her brother had a
long-overdue reunion.
capsized, turned over in the water

Generalizations
You can use your own experiences and
Choose one and complete: knowledge to make generalizations.

1. On a long strip of paper, make a timeline that What do you already know about the
tells about the Age of Exploration. Use the western United States and its history
information from the text for dates and names. that can help you make a statement
Be sure to put the events in order. Illustrate your about why Sacagawea was critical for
timeline. the expedition’s success? Write your
generalization.
2. Draw and label a picture of some of the goods
European traders brought back from China.
Make a second drawing of the goods the
Chinese people received in exchange. Write a
short paragraph about how the trading might
have helped both groups of people.
3. Write a poem about Sacagawea. Remember that
a poem does not have to use rhyming words.
Try to develop clear images and to use fresh
language in your poem.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Pretend you are a Viking on an expedition to England. Tell about the voyage in your
own words.
Reader’s Response
If you were Sacagawea, would you have agreed to travel with Lewis and Clark? Why or
why not?

How did making generalizations help you to better understand what you were reading?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Early Explorers.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
The Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration began in fifteenth-century Portugal. In
1415, Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Henry the Navigator, took
command of a port in northern Morocco. Henry sent out his ships to
explore the west coast of Africa. He paid for many expeditions that
eventually reached Sierra Leone on Africa’s west coast. Later kings of
Portugal financed expeditions that sailed around the Cape of Good
Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

Fix the Error

In Portugal, in the 1400s, the period known as the Age of Exploration
began. Prince Henry of Portugal seized command of a port in northern
Morocco in 1415. He became known as Henry the Navigator. Henry
did not allow his ships to explore the west coast of Africa. It was Prince
Henry’s money that financed many expeditions that ultimately
reached Sierra Leone on Africa’s west coast. Later, Portuguese kings
would pay for expeditions around the southern tip of Africa, called the
Cape of Good Hope.

The fifteenth century is known as the Age of Exploration. It started
in Portugal where in 1415, a young prince became known as Henry
the Navigator. In 1415, Henry took command of a port in northern

Morocco. He ordered ships to explore the west coast of Africa. Although
he paid for many expeditions, they never accomplished anything or
went anywhere new. In later years, the kings of Portugal would fund
voyages around the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Mystery Word Puzzle

To complete this mystery word puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details
in the reading. Use the clues to help you unscramble each of the words. Write the
words in the boxes. The first answer is done for you. The numbered letters will form the
mystery word.
1. Exchanging goods with other people

DRTAGIN T R A D I N G
4
2. The earliest traders

NICSNAIPHEO
2
3. Explorers from Scandinavia

KIVNGSI
1
4. The reason Vikings searched for new lands

NIGMAFR
5. A land route between Europe and Asia

KSLI AODR
6. The first European trader to travel the entire Silk Road

OCRMA LOOP
7. The prince in Portugal who financed many explorations


RYENH
3
8. The most southern tip of Africa

EPCA FO DOOG HPEO
6 5
What is the name for a long trip across water?
A
1 2 3 4 5 6

Read for Fluency
is making.
Viking Voyages
The Vikings were from Scandinavia, a region in northern Europe.
From the eighth to the twelfth century, Vikings built magnificent
sailing vessels and set out from their homeland on voyages of
exploration.
During the early Middle Ages, Viking raiders invaded many other

parts of Europe. The reasons for these journeys were varied. Some
Vikings were interested only in stealing treasure and capturing slaves.
They plundered the unlucky communities they found in Britain and
the Mediterranean. Other Vikings were in search of new lands across
the Atlantic. Viking farmers needed new places to settle, as farmland in
Scandinavia was scarce and poor. The Swedish Vikings set their sights
on the lands of Eastern Europe and Asia. Mainly traders, these Vikings
hoped to develop new markets for exchanging goods. By 1000, the
Vikings had also reached North America.

Name Date
UNIT
Why do we explore new frontiers?
5 Reading 2: “Navigation Then and Now”
This passage tells how GPS and compasses work. It explains how people have used
various methods of navigation for thousands of years, from signs in nature to satellite
technology. Each tool has led to the development of another, better tool, and we now
have little difficulty finding our way around. Then the article provides instructions for
making your own compass.
Visual Summary
Forms of
Navigation
Early Early The The sextant The GPS used

mariners charts and Chinese (1731) helped chronometer in mobile
used nature maps were were making mariners was invented devices
(shoreline, not accurate. compasses determine in the 1700s operates by
sun, birds, more than latitude. to determine receiving
waves) to 2,000 longitude. signals from
navigate. years ago. satellites.

Compasses
are affected by
distance from
the equator.

Navigation Then and Now:
Use What You Know
List three reasons you might use GPS.
Using GPS
1. Using GPS
Your friend invites you to his house. You have
2.
never been there before, but that’s no problem. All
3. you have to do is type his address into a mobile
device. Instantly, you will find out how far it is
Text Structure
to his house, how long it will take to get there,
A social studies article
provides information about MARK and which routes you can take. Thanks to Global
THE
subjects related to history, TEXT
Positioning System, or GPS, you are soon on your
geography, or current
events. Underline the title of this way with little chance of getting lost.
article. What social studies subject
does this article cover? How Does GPS Work?
GPS relies on more than 30 navigation satellites
to send signals. They are located in space 12,550
Reading Strategy:
miles (20,197 kilometers) above Earth. Every day,
Take Notes about Main Ideas
and Key Details each satellite completes two orbits. As the satellites
Taking notes helps you orbit, they send signals to Earth. Stations on the
organize and remember the MARK
ground use radar to keep track of the satellites’
THE
facts you read. Circle two TEXT
details about GPS. On the positions.
lines below, write how these facts When you use a mobile device to search for
explain how GPS works.
directions, the receiver inside uses four or more
1. space satellites to determine where you are. Its

results are pretty accurate. Your device can usually
find you within a few yards of where you are
2.
standing. The device can then calculate directions
from where you are to where you want to go.
mobile device, a
smartphone or tablet

Name Date
Have you ever wondered how people navigated

before GPS? It certainly wasn’t easy. Until the Reading Strategy:
nineteenth century, Earth was largely unexplored. Take Notes about Main Ideas
Being lost meant risking your life. Yet people used a and Key Details
Taking note of details
variety of tools and techniques to find their way. can help you remember MARK
THE
key points in an article. TEXT
Navigating with Nature Underline the sentence in
Navigating with Nature that contains
When early mariners set out on expeditions,
the main idea of this section. Then list
they kept from getting lost at sea by following the two ways that ancient mariners found
their way.
shoreline. As long as land was in sight, they would
not be lost in the middle of the ocean. 1.
However, on many journeys, land was not
2.
visible. Luckily, sea captains knew how to use other
gifts of nature. Text Structure
One such gift was the sky. The sky was rich with Social studies articles often
introduce a historical fact MARK
clues to both direction and location. For direction, THE
by relating it to the present. TEXT
mariners looked to the sun. Because the sun always Draw a line between the
part of the article that talks about the
rises in the east and sets in the west, mariners were
present and the part that talks about
able to figure out north and south as well. The the past. Why do you think the author
wrote about the present first?
positions of the stars and the flight paths of birds
also helped them figure out which way to go.
Additionally, the sea itself offered guidance.
Mariners studied the patterns of waves and
currents to help them find their way.
flight paths, t he direction that birds or airplanes are

flying

Early Maps
Comprehension Check Charts and maps were often used for sea
Underline the part that tells
you how useful early maps MARK
expeditions. Unfortunately, many early maps were
THE
were. What do you think TEXT not reliable. Chart makers depicted places that they
happened to early explorers
who tried to follow these maps?
had never seen. Even worse, some showed places
no one had ever seen. Chart makers used their
imaginations to draw what they thought explorers
might find—including monsters like dragons. Of
course, these incorrect charts were not helpful to
explorers.
Reading Strategy:
Take Notes about Main Ideas
and Key Details
When you take notes, you
write down important MARK
THE
information. Draw a box TEXT
around the subheading on
this page. Write three notes from the
first paragraph about the topic of this
section.
1.
2.
3.
The Compass
Comprehension Check In 1187, British scientist Alexander Neckham

Underline the sentence that wrote about a “magnetic needle which swings on
tells what a compass does. MARK
THE a point and shows the direction of the north.” He
Why is it helpful? TEXT
was describing an early compass. The compass is an
important navigational device. Using a compass,
a ship captain can always determine the direction
of north. Thus, the captain always knows which
direction the ship is headed.
compass, an instrument that shows which way

magnetic north is

Name Date
It is unclear when the first compasses were made,

but historians know that the Chinese were making Text Structure
compasses more than 2,000 years ago. Social studies articles often
define key concepts within MARK
Early compasses were made by rubbing the tip the text. Circle the word
THE
TEXT
of a needle onto a black stone called a lodestone. lodestone the first time it
appears. How did early explorers use a
This would cause the needle to become temporarily lodestone to make compasses?
magnetized. It would then point north, to the
Earth’s magnetic field.
Over time, scientists learned more about
compasses and made adjustments. During the
fifteenth century, they discovered that the
direction the compass needle points to is not the
same as true north. The compass direction became
known as “magnetic north.” When you use a
compass near the equator, it does not make much
difference whether you follow magnetic north
or true north. However, when you use a compass
close to the North and South Poles, the difference
between magnetic north and true north is great.
Compass readings are adjusted accordingly.
Compass readings on ships are affected in another
way: by the materials used to build them. In the mid-
1800s, ship builders began using iron in addition to
wood to make ships stronger. Later, they used steel
so they could carry more freight. These materials

can affect the accuracy of compass readings. Marine
compasses are built to correct for this.

The Sextant and the Chronometer
How to Make a Compass
You can make your own simple compass. Knowing which way is north solved one problem
You will need: for seafarers. However, they still could not pinpoint
• A sewing needle
their exact location. To do this, they had to
• A magnet
• A small cork, or one cut in half determine their longitude and latitude. Longitude
• A plastic container filled with water and latitude are shown as grid lines on a map or
1. Magnetize the needle by moving the
magnet over the tip of the needle twenty- globe. They help us to locate the exact position of
five to fifty times in the same direction. people and things on Earth and at sea.
2. Carefully push the needle through the side of
Early seafarers knew that measuring the height
the cork.
3. Place the container of water on a table or of the sun and stars over the horizon would allow
desk. Gently place the cork on the surface them to determine their location. In 1731, a device
of the water.
4. Watch as the needle points north. Now
known as a sextant was invented to help them
you can determine south, east, and west. measure these distances. With a sextant onboard
their ships, sea captains were able figure out their
latitude.
seafarers, s ailors
pinpoint, f ind a specific location

Name Date
Determining longitude, however, was more

difficult. In the late 1500s and early 1600s, several Comprehension Check
countries offered cash prizes to any scientist Underline the names of
the instruments that help MARK
who could solve this problem. In thinking about determine latitude and
THE
TEXT
a solution, Sir Isaac Newton explained that to longitude. Why was this
important to know as explorers went
measure longitude, it was necessary to keep exact farther?
time while on a ship. This required a new watch.
Newton said, “. . . [B]y reason of the motion of the
Ship, the Variation of Heat and Cold, Wet and Dry,
and the Difference of Gravity at different Latitudes,
such a watch hath not yet been made.”
Between 1735 and 1772, a British clockmaker Comprehension Check
named John Harrison worked to perfect a Circle the last sentence.
What kinds of navigational MARK
successful sea clock. It kept time at sea with an tools do people use today?
THE
TEXT
accuracy rate of within one fifth of a second per
day. He received a large portion of England’s prize
for solving the longitudinal problem. Harrison’s
sea clock led to the invention of the chronometer,
a device that measures longitude at sea. Thought of
as the predecessor to GPS, the chronometer finally
allowed mariners to pinpoint their exact location.
The chronometer made sea exploration safer.
Extending the Technology

Navigational tools and techniques that were

developed for exploration at sea were later adapted
for air travel. Eventually, space travel benefited Choose one and complete:
1. Draw a map of your schoolyard.
from these technological advances as well. And
2. Imagine you are going for a hike
now many people use exploration tools every day. with only a compass to keep
track of where you are. Write two
perfect, to make without any faults or mistakes or three paragraphs about your
accuracy rate, a measure of how often something is experience. Tell where you go,
correct whether you have any trouble, and
adapted, c hanged to fit different conditions how the compass helps you.
3. Look in the library or on the
internet to find another early
navigational tool. With a partner,
make a poster showing how the
tool works and pointing out its
main features.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Explain, in your own words, how people have used various tools for navigation.
Reader’s Response
What is the most useful information that you learned about GPS or other navigational
tools in this article? Why was this information useful?

How did taking notes about main ideas and key details help you better understand the
article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Navigation Then and Now.” Now read two paragraphs from it again.
The Compass
It is unclear when the first compasses were made, but historians know
that the Chinese were making compasses more than 2,000 years ago.
Early compasses were made by rubbing the tip of a needle onto a
black stone called a lodestone. This would cause the needle to become
temporarily magnetized. It would then point north, to the Earth’s
magnetic field.

Fix the Error
The paragraphs below contain the same information as the paragraphs you just read.
However, the paragraphs contain one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing
The Compass
Historians aren’t sure when the first compasses were made, but they
know that the Chinese were making them more than 4,000 years ago.
The Chinese discovered that when you rub the tip of a needle onto a
lodestone, which is a black stone, it would cause the needle to become
magnetized for a while. It would point north, to the Earth’s magnetic
field.
The Compass
More than 2,000 years ago, the Chinese first began making an early
version of the compass.
The first compasses were made by rubbing a black stone called a
lodestone onto the tip of a magnet. The needle would then become

temporarily magnetized. It would point to the Earth’s magnetic field,
which is north.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in the
reading. Use the words in the word box to help you. Not all of the words in the word
box are in the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below. The first
answer is done for you.
LONGITUDE MAGNETIC SATELLITE LODESTONE

GPS CHRONOMETER SEXTANT NAVIGATION
MONSTERS EQUATOR LATITUDE MARINER
2 3
5 6
M O N S T E R S
7 8
9
10
Across Down
6. early chart makers thought these were 1. someone who sails the sea
at the end of the Earth 2. device that measures longitude
8. imaginary line around the middle of 3. lines going around the globe
Earth 4. lines going up and down the globe
9. orbits Earth to send signals 5. the thing you rub a needle against to
10. device that measures latitude magnetize it
7. short for Global Positioning System

Read for Fluency
is making.
Reading a Relief Map

GPS relies on more than 30 navigation satellites to send signals. They
are located in space 12,550 miles (20,197 kilometers) above Earth. Every
day, each satellite completes two orbits. As the satellites orbit, they send
signals to Earth. Stations on the ground use radar to keep track of the
satellites’ positions.

When you use a mobile device to search for directions, the receiver
inside uses four or more space satellites to determine where you are.
Its results are pretty accurate. Your device can usually find you within
a few yards of where you are standing. The device can then calculate
directions from where you are to where you want to go.

Name Date
UNIT
How do we know what is true?
6 Reading 2: “Early Astronomers”
This passage tells about some of the first astronomers. By studying how the sun and
stars moved, they were able to tell time and direction. They could also count the
days and know when the seasons would change. The ancient Greeks were very good
astronomers. They named groups of stars after their gods and discovered the planets
of our solar system. In the eleventh century, a Persian astronomer named Al-Sufi wrote
an important book. It showed the location of stars and planets beyond our own galaxy.
Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, suggested that the sun was at the center of our
solar system. This was later proven by a German astronomer named Kepler. He also
discovered how planets travel in a circle around the sun. Galileo improved the design of
the telescope and made important discoveries about the Milky Way and the planets.
Visual Summary
EARLY
ASTRONOMERS
Aristotle, Al-Sufi, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, an

an ancient from early from Poland a German astronomer
Greek Persia in the Middle mathematician from Italy

Ages
Believed Discovered Discovered Discovered Improved

Earth was more than sun is center orbits have an the design of
center of solar 1,000 stars of solar oval shape the telescope
system system

Early Astronomers
Use What You Know
Imagine a time thousands of years ago. You are
List three things you might observe in
the sky at night. looking at the night sky. You don’t have a watch on
your wrist, a map in your hands, or a calendar on
1.
your wall. You’ve never seen a globe or a picture of
2. the solar system. Above you are dazzling points of
3. light scattered across the darkness. You are amazed,
but you don’t understand what you see.
Text Structure The night sky fascinated the first philosophers
A social studies text often and astronomers. They were intrigued by its beauty
has highlighted words. Their MARK
definitions appear at the
THE
TEXT and mystery. They studied the sky and made
bottom of the page. Circle drawings of what they saw. Over time, they began
the second highlighted word on this
page. Look at its definition. Then to notice that the points of light moved in regular,
rewrite the sentence without using the predictable patterns. They wanted to identify and
word.
understand these points of light and their patterns.
globe, ball with a map of the world on it

dazzling, very bright
intrigued, very interested
Reading Strategy:
Evaluate New Information
As you read, you will
discover new facts and MARK
THE
details. You can evaluate this TEXT
information by comparing it

to facts you already know. Underline
what the first astronomers noticed
about the night sky. Do you think that
what they noticed was important?
Explain why or why not.

Name Date
People’s ability to tell time, count days, predict

seasons, and tell direction came as a result of Reading Strategy:
studying the stars. By noting the positions of stars Evaluate New Information
in the sky over periods of time, people developed Underline things people
learned to do as a result of MARK
ways to tell direction. This was very important for studying the stars. Why do
THE
TEXT
nomadic people especially. Noting the changes you think it was important
for nomadic people to tell direction by
in the sun’s position in the sky enabled people to studying the stars?
predict the change of seasons. This was important
for people like the ancient Maya. They created their
own calendar, as accurate as the one we use today.
Having a calendar helped them know when to
plant and when to harvest.
Text Structure
nomadic, wandering or roaming Circle the highlighted word
that appears on this page. MARK
THE
List two other words for this TEXT
term.
1.
2.
Comprehension Check
Draw a box around the
ancient people mentioned MARK
THE
in this paragraph. How did TEXT
knowing about the sun and
the seasons help them?

Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Reading Strategy: The ancient Greeks were extraordinary
astronomers. They were responsible for many
Circle the Greek word for
planet. List one detail you MARK discoveries that form the basis of what we know
THE
know about the planets. TEXT today. For example, they discovered that some
Why do you think learning
about the planets was an important of the bright objects in the sky were not stars but
discovery for the ancient Greeks? planets. In fact, the word planet comes from the
Greek word planetes. The Greeks also identified
and recorded the locations of constellations in
the sky. Constellations are groups of stars that
form a pattern. Sometimes these patterns look
like pictures. The Greeks named constellations
Comprehension Check
after their gods, such as Orion the hunter. They
tells what names the Greeks MARK were the first astronomers to name and catalogue
THE
called constellations. Why TEXT everything they could see in the sky.
do you think they named the
constellations after their gods?
pattern, regular arrangement
catalogue, l ist
Text Structure
Draw a box around the
second highlighted word MARK
THE
that appears on this page.

TEXT
Look at its definition. Then
rewrite the sentence without using the
word.

Name Date
One of the most famous men of his time was

the Greek philosopher Aristotle. His writings Comprehension Check
covered a wide variety of subjects, such as logic and Underline the sentence
that tells what the Greek MARK
astronomy. Aristotle believed that Earth was the philosopher Aristotle
THE
TEXT
center of the solar system and did not move. This believed. Why do you think
that Aristotle’s view of Earth as the
view of the world lasted for over 1,000 years. center of the solar system lasted 1,000
years?
Al-Sufi (908–986 CE)
People throughout the Middle East also studied
the sky. In Persia (modern-day Iran) during the
tenth century, the astronomer Al-Sufi translated
many of the Greek works on astronomy. Through
his own studies, he located and identified more Text Structure
than 1,000 different stars. A social studies article
often has subheadings. MARK
In 964 CE, Al-Sufi published a book called A subheading can signal
THE
TEXT
The Book of Fixed Stars. It illustrates the color, a change in the topic or a
new direction. Circle the subheading
brightness, and position of stars in the sky. This on this page. What is a question this
book describes a galaxy of stars and planets section might answer?
beyond our own galaxy. Al-Sufi and his work were
unknown in Europe. Europeans learned about
the stars 600 years later when the telescope was
developed.
Comprehension Check
tells about what illustrations MARK

THE
Al-Sufi’s book provided. TEXT
How do you think he learned
about the color, brightness, and
position of stars in the sky?

Nicolas Copernicus (1473–1543)
Reading Strategy: At the end of the Middle Ages, a Polish
astronomer named Nicolas Copernicus sparked a
Circle the paragraph that
tells about Copernicus. Why MARK revolution in scientific thinking. He believed that
THE
do you think the Roman TEXT the sun—not Earth—was the center of the solar
Catholic Church rejected
Copernicus’s discovery about the solar system and that Earth moved around the sun in
system? a perfect circle. The idea of the sun as the center
of the solar system contradicted the beliefs of the
time, including the beliefs of the Roman Catholic
Church. The Church condemned Copernicus
during his lifetime, but today he is considered the
founder of modern astronomy.
Text Structure
A social studies article often describes Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
the life and work of an important
person. When did the astronomer Like Copernicus, German mathematician and
Johannes Kepler live, and what did he astronomer Johannes Kepler believed that the sun
discover?
was the center of the solar system. Kepler found
the mathematical calculations to support this
belief. However, he also discovered that the orbits
of the planets around the sun could not be perfect
circles, as Copernicus had believed. They had to
be elliptical, or oval shaped. Kepler knew from the
Comprehension Check
Underline the last sentence calculations that this was true, but he didn’t know
in the second paragraph. MARK why. The answer came later from the work of the
THE
How does this sentence

TEXT
illustrate the idea that new astronomers who followed after him.
discoveries in science are often based
on work that earlier scientists have sparked, activated or set off
done? contradicted, was the opposite of
condemned, d isapproved of

Name Date
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

Galileo, the Italian physicist, mathematician, Text Structure
Draw a box around the first
astronomer, and philosopher, is often called the highlighted word on this MARK
THE
father of modern science. He asked questions, page. Look at its definition. TEXT
What is another word for
made observations, and tested his theories. This method?
would later be known as “the scientific method” of
investigation.
In 1609, Galileo learned about the invention Reading Strategy:
of the telescope. He improved the design of the Evaluate New Information
telescope so that it gave a much better view of the Underline the sentence
that explains how Galileo MARK
stars and planets. His telescope magnified objects THE
improved the design of the TEXT
to thirty times their real size. He discovered that telescope. What are some
things scientists can see with today’s
the Milky Way is made up of millions of stars. He
telescopes that magnify hundreds of
also discovered Saturn’s rings and Jupiter’s moons. times?
Amazingly, no additional moons of Jupiter were
discovered until 400 years later, in 2002.
Galileo believed that Earth traveled around the
sun. He published his theories and findings in the
book Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems. Galileo
was warned by the Roman Catholic Church to stop Comprehension Check
Circle the sentences that tell
teaching his theories, but Galileo refused. He was
what happened to Galileo MARK
THE
brought before the Inquisition, a religious court. when he refused to stop TEXT
teaching his theories. Why
The court found him guilty of speaking against the
do you think he was punished in
Church’s beliefs. In 1633, Galileo was sentenced to this way?
stay inside his house for the rest of his life.
method, planned way of doing something

warned, t old something bad might happen

1. Do library or internet research to find out more
about one of the astronomers mentioned in this
reading. Write a one-page biography about his
life.
2. Do library or internet research to learn more
about a constellation. Draw and label a picture
of it.
3. Imagine you are making a movie about Galileo.
Draw a poster for your movie.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Imagine you are an astronomer who lived after Galileo. Write about his theories and
discoveries. How did he improve the work of other scientists? How would you like to
continue Galileo’s work?
Reader’s Response
What did you find most interesting about the early astronomers? Why did you find it
interesting?

How did evaluating new information help you better understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Early Astronomers.” Now read one paragraph from it again.

The ancient Greeks were extraordinary astronomers. They were
responsible for many discoveries that form the basis of what we know
today. For example, they discovered that some of the bright objects in
the sky were not stars but planets. In fact, the word planet comes from
the Greek word planetes. The Greeks also identified and recorded the
locations of constellations in the sky. Constellations are groups of stars
that form a pattern. Sometimes these patterns look like pictures. The
Greeks named constellations after their gods, such as Orion the hunter.
They were the first astronomers to name and catalogue everything they
could see in the sky.

Fix the Error

The ancient Greeks were amazing astronomers. Their discoveries
helped form the basis of much of what we know today. For example,
they discovered that some of the bright objects in the sky were only
stars and were not planets. The Greek word planetes became planet in
English. The Greeks also saw and wrote down where constellations were
located in the sky. Constellations are groups of stars organized into
patterns that look like drawings. The Greeks named constellations after
many of their gods. They were the first astronomers to give names to
and classify whatever they could see in the sky.

Among the ancient Greeks were some incredible astronomers. Their
discoveries helped form the basis of much of what we know today. For

example, they studied the nighttime sky and learned that some of the
bright objects were not stars but planets. In fact, the Greek word planetes
changed to become the word planet. As they studied the sky, the Greeks
also found and recorded where they saw particular constellations.
Constellations are single stars with interesting shapes that sometimes
look like pictures. The Greeks used the names of their gods to name
constellations. They were the first astronomers to record everything
they could see in the sky.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Mystery Word Puzzle

To complete this mystery word puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Use the clues to help you unscramble each of the words. Write the words
in the boxes. The numbered letters will form the mystery word.
1. People could predict these by studying the stars

ESSOSNA S E A S O N S
2
2. The ancient people who created their own calendar

AYMA
3. A group of stars that form a pattern

SENCILLONATTO
9 1
4. He wrongly believed Earth does not move

REASOLITT
4
5. The sun and the planets that travel around it

LOARS SETMYS
3
6. A scientist who studies the night sky

STOAROERMN
5 7
7. Oval-shaped

TEIPILLALC
8 6
8. This is made up of millions of stars

LIMKY WYA
9. Galileo discovered the rings that surround this planet

TUANSR
What is a tool you can use to observe the sky at night?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Read for Fluency
is making.
Early Astronomers
The night sky fascinated the first philosophers and astronomers.
They were intrigued by its beauty and mystery. They studied the sky and
made drawings of what they saw. Over time, they began to notice that
the points of light moved in regular, predictable patterns. They wanted
to identify and understand these points of light and their patterns.

People’s ability to tell time, count days, predict seasons, and tell
direction came as a result of studying the stars. By noting the positions
of stars in the sky over periods of time, people developed ways to tell
direction. This was very important for nomadic people especially.

Name Date
UNIT
How do we know what is true?
6 Reading 3: “Proving Innocence—A Matter of Life
and Death”
Every year, some people go to prison for crimes they did not commit. Sometimes
victims or witnesses cannot remember exactly what happened. When this occurs,
mistakes can be made in identifying suspects. Advances in technology have helped
avoid cases of mistaken identity. For example, people who commit crimes often leave
DNA behind. More accurate than fingerprints, analyzing DNA gives very precise
information. Each person’s DNA has parts that are unique. It is this special property that
makes DNA analysis such a valuable tool in identifying the real criminals.
Visual Summary
from Proving Innocence—

A Matter of Life and Death
Each year people go to Timothy Cole went to Police now use DNA
prison for crimes they prison for a crime he did evidence found at crime
do not commit. not commit. scenes.
Eyewitnesses do not The victim did not Scientists take cell

always accurately accurately remember samples from a suspect
remember what who committed the and compare it to the
happened. crime, and she chose evidence.
Timothy from a lineup.
Later, the real criminal The Innocence Project

confessed, but Timothy helps innocent,
had already died in convicted people prove
prison. their innocence using
DNA.

Proving Innocence—A Matter
Use What You Know of Life and Death
List three facts you know about DNA
evidence.
Test Your Memory
1. Do the activity that follows with a classmate.
2. Place eight or nine objects on a tray. Let your
partner look at the objects for a couple of minutes.
3.
Take the objects away. Then ask your partner to
Text Structure name and describe the objects on the tray. Was
A science article often your classmate successful? Was the description
includes subheadings, which MARK
accurate? Now, change roles with your partner. Try
THE
can offer clues to the main TEXT
idea of a section. Draw a the activity with different objects. Were you able
box around the subheading on this to describe them? This activity is just a memory
page. Then write the main idea of the
section in your own words. game. There are no real consequences for making
mistakes.
Suppose it wasn’t a game, though. What if you
had to identify or describe something or someone
you saw? Now suppose someone’s life depended on
it. How accurate do you think you would be? You
Reading Strategy: Evaluate may be surprised to learn that someone’s life often
Written Information depends on another person’s memory.
Evaluating written Every year, people go to prison for crimes they
information means thinking MARK
THE
about what you know about TEXT did not commit. Eyewitnesses appear in court
a topic and evaluating the to testify about what happened. Based on their
text to find out if it supports what you

already know. Think about people memories, they tell the judge and jury what
not remembering things accurately. or whom they saw. If they cannot remember
Can you think of a time when this has
happened in your own life? Does what accurately, the chance of their making a mistake is
you know about memory match what very high. It is possible that they will identify the
the author is telling you?
wrong person.
commit, do
court, p lace where people decide if someone committed
a crime or not
judge, t he official in charge of a court
jury, a group of people in a court who decide if a person
committed a crime or not

Name Date
Mistaken Identity
A sad example of mistaken identity is the story Text Structure
A science textbook often
of Timothy Cole. In March 1985, a college-age has highlighted words. MARK
THE
woman was attacked in a parking lot. Timothy Their definitions appear at TEXT
the bottom of the page.
told the truth: He was studying at home that day. Circle the first highlighted word on
People told the police that they were with him this page. Look at its definition. Then
rewrite the sentence without using the
at his home. But the victim identified him as her word.
attacker. She identified him from a photograph and
in a lineup. She felt sure that Timothy was guilty.
The police arrested Timothy. In the next phase
of the process, he went to trial. The jury listened
to the eyewitness. Surely, they thought, the
woman could identify her attacker. Timothy was Comprehension Check
convicted. The judge sentenced him to 25 years Underline the sentence
that tells what Timothy was MARK
in prison. After serving 13 years of his sentence, doing the night of the crime.
THE
TEXT
Timothy died in prison. It was later determined What did people say he was
doing?
that he went to jail for a crime he did not commit.
The truth came out, but it was too late.
lineup, r ow of people, including the suspect in a crime

guilty, r esponsible for committing a crime
trial, process by which a judge and jury decide whether
someone is guilty of a crime
convicted, judged to be guilty of a crime Reading Strategy: Evaluate
sentenced, gave a punishment to Written Information
Evaluating written
information is deciding if MARK

THE
the conclusion the author TEXT
makes is based on facts
given in the text. Underline the
conclusion the author draws about
Timothy Cole’s case. What facts
support the author’s conclusion?
1.
2.

Better Evidence
Reading Strategy: Evaluate Since the time that Timothy Cole was convicted,
Written Information
the police have realized that they need to use
Evaluating written
information means looking MARK other ways to find the truth. They do not rely
THE
at the facts the author TEXT on eyewitnesses alone. They use the evidence a
gives you and deciding if
they support his opinion. Underline criminal leaves behind at the crime scene. This is
the facts about how DNA helps called DNA evidence.
police. What is the author’s opinion
about DNA? Do the facts support his Every living cell has its own secret code, or
opinion? DNA , which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA is microscopic. It is so small it cannot be seen
without special equipment. No two people have
the same DNA code. The police have learned that
DNA is better than fingerprints as evidence in a
trial. Though a person may deny any involvement
Text Structure
in a crime, DNA evidence can prove otherwise.
Circle a highlighted term
that appears on this page. MARK Through the science of DNA, police can tell if a
THE
Look at its definition. Write TEXT person was either involved in the crime or not.
a new sentence using this
word. Scientists analyze samples from a crime scene
that may contain DNA. Hair, blood, saliva, and
fingernails can be used to get the DNA profile.
Then they take a cell sample from the suspect.
Scientists look for a match. If they find one, they
know that the lawyers can use this as evidence in
Comprehension Check court.

that tells what police have MARK evidence, w ords, facts, or things that prove something
THE
learned about DNA. How TEXT criminal, person who does something illegal
does DNA help police profile, short description that gives details about
officers? someone or something
suspect, p erson who may be guilty of a crime

Name Date
The Innocence Project

Unfortunately, when the police arrested Text Structure
Science articles often tell
Timothy Cole, scientists did not use DNA tests. about a problem in a society MARK
THE
Years later, when the real criminal confessed to and groups that try to find TEXT
solutions to those problems.
the crime, scientists confirmed his involvement Underline the text that tells what
by testing his DNA. But Timothy Cole was already the Innocence project does. What
problem do they want to solve, and
dead. how do they plan to do it?
In 1992, the lawyers Barry C. Scheck and Peter
J. Neufeld started a group called the Innocence Comprehension Check
Project. They thought that DNA testing could Underline the sentence that
tells how scientists proved MARK
help to prove the innocence of some convicted Timothy Cole’s innocence.
THE
TEXT
prisoners. They and their students began looking What did they use to find the
real criminal?
into cases in which they thought a convicted
person was really innocent. Today, the Innocence
Project has saved almost 250 people by proving
that they are not guilty of the crimes for which
they were put in prison.
Although Timothy Cole is not around to
Reading Strategy: Evaluate
celebrate, his family is glad that people can now
Written Information
know the truth. The state finally recognized its Evaluating information
mistake and cleared Timothy’s record. means deciding if the article MARK
THE
is effective. Underline text TEXT
that gives you a clue to
arrested, caught and took away for doing something the author’s purpose for writing
wrong the article. What was the author’s
confirmed, proved the truth of purpose? Was the article effective?

1. Make a poster supporting the Innocence Project.
Use facts from the reading to create your poster.
2. You are reporter for Timothy Cole’s trial. Write a
report that tells about his trial. Be sure to include
all of the facts presented in the reading. Share
your report with the class.
3. Write a paragraph that explains what DNA is and
explains the importance of DNA in trials.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
You are an author writing a book about Timothy Cole. Who is Timothy Cole, and why is
his story important? How is using DNA to solve crimes connected to Timothy Cole?
Reader’s Response
What did you find most interesting about Timothy Cole’s story? Why did you find this
interesting?

How did evaluating written information help you understand this article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Proving Innocence—A Matter of Life and Death.” Now read one
paragraph from it again.
Mistaken Identity
A sad example of mistaken identity is the story Timothy Cole.
In March 1985, a college-age woman was attacked in a parking lot.
Timothy told the truth: He was studying at home that day. People
told the police that they were with him at his home. But the victim
identified him as her attacker. She identified him from a photograph
and in a lineup. She felt sure that Timothy was guilty.

Fix the Error
Mistaken Identity
A sad example of mistaken identity is the story of Timothy Cole.
Timothy told the truth: He was studying at home that day. People told
the police that they were with him at school. But the victim identified
him as her attacker. She identified him from a photograph and in a
lineup. She felt sure that Timothy was guilty.
Mistaken Identity
A sad example of mistaken identity is the story of Timothy Cole.
Timothy told the truth: He was studying at home that day. People
told the police that they were with him at his home. But the victim

identified him as her attacker. She identified him from a photograph
and in a lineup. She felt sure that Timothy was innocent.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search
To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in the
reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check off each clue after
you’ve found the answer. Write the word on the line next to its clue.
1. ✓ People who appear in court and testify eyewitnesses
2. Young boy convicted of a crime he didn’t EYEWITNESSES

commit TIMOTHY
TEN
3. Number of years before the real criminal HAIR
DNA
confessed
INNOCENCE PROJECT
STUDYING
4. Used to get a DNA profile
LINEUP
5. Secret code that every living cell has
6. Name of a group that has saved 250 innocent people
7. What the young boy doing when the crime happened
8. How the victim identified the young boy
W I R I U W N N K X D S R L Z
C W R I S K N A L Z E R Y I P
S X D D A E O N Y S C R N N E
T T Y K T H W Z S L K M O E W
Y D U M A E H E I G R K K U X
H H H D S E N B K H B Y M P D
N T T P Y T E C N E C O N N I
K E N O I I G U P C X Z C U B
Y G S W M P N V R H Q W F X Q
K X E Z E I W G O S N H V G T
G Y G J O L T V J K F I X B Z
E Y I F Q H W C E M G R Z I R
Z P B S F H D I C A N D E D Q
F R I C V E C I T S V K R B V
J F Q W M O R U P Q L W R X O

Read for Fluency
is making.
Mistaken Identity
The police arrested Timothy. In the next phase of the process, he
went to trial. The jury listened to the eyewitness. Surely, they thought,
the woman could identify her attacker. Timothy was convicted. The
judge sentenced him to 25 years in prison. After serving 13 years of his
sentence, Timothy died in prison. It was later determined that he went

to jail for a crime he did not commit. The truth came out, but it was
too late.

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Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030

Printed in the United States of America

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Reading 2: Excerpt from Through My Eyes

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Reading 2: “Navigation Then and Now: Using GPS”

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Reading 3: “Proving Innocence—A Matter of Life and Death”

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Summary Use with Student Edition pages 22–27.

Living Things Nonliving Things

Carnivores are Herbivores are Omnivores are

Every ecosystem has

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Text Structure are so small that you cannot see them.

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Different organisms live in different habitats

a frog may move within its MARK

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The Parts of an Ecosystem

Three Kinds of Organisms

soil, top layer of earth in which plants grow

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Underline the text that

Choose one and complete:

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Think About the Skill

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Edit for Meaning

Different organisms live in different habitats. That is because they

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1. Find and fix the error.

2. Find and fix the error.

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Word Search Puzzle

1. ✓ A gas that plants produce oxygen

3. One kind of fungus

4. A carnivore that eats dead organisms

5. The process plants use to make food

7. A gas that people and animals breathe out

8. The ocean food chain begins with it

9. ✓ A decomposer we can’t see bacteria

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Reading 2: Excerpt from Through My Eyes

Reading 2: “Navigation Then and Now: Using GPS”