MUCLecture 2022 52126676

Class: 3rd
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Design
Shaft
Shafts are generally manufactured by hot rolling and finished to size by cold drawing or
turning and grinding. The cold rolled shafts are stronger than hot rolled shafts but with
higher residual stresses
Stresses in Shafts
The following stresses are induced in the shafts:
1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional load).
2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine
elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.
Design of Shafts
The shafts may be designed on the basis of
1. Strength, and 2. Rigidity and stiffness.
In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases may be considered :
(a) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only,
(b) Shafts subjected to bending moment only,
(c) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments, and
(d) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsional and bending loads.
Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only
When the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment (or torque) only, then the diameter of the
shaft may be obtained by using the torsion equation. We know that
(1)
T = Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft,
J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation,
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Class: 3rd
τ = Torsional shear stress, and
r = Distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber
= d / 2; where d is the diameter of the shaft.
We know that for round solid shaft, polar moment of inertia,
The equation (1) may now be written as
(2)
From this equation, we may determine the diameter of round solid shaft (d). We also know
that for hollow shaft, polar moment of inertia,
d o and d i = Outside and inside diameter of the shaft, and r = d o / 2. Substituting these
values in equation (1), we have
(3)
k = Ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft = di / d o Now the
equation (3) may be written as
(4)

Class: 3rd
From the equations (3) or (4), the outside and inside diameter of a hollow shaft may be
determined.
1. The hollow shafts are usually used in marine work. These shafts are stronger per kg
of material and they may be forged on a mandrel, thus making the material more
homogeneous than would be possible for a solid shaft. When a hollow shaft is to be
made equal in strength to a solid shaft, the twisting moment of both the shafts must
be same. In other words, for the same material of both the shafts,
2. The twisting moment (T) may be obtained by using the following relation:
We know that the power transmitted (in watts) by the shaft,
T = Twisting moment in N-m, and
N = Speed of the shaft in r.p.m.
3. In case of belt drives, the twisting moment ( T ) is given by
T = (T 1 – T2 ) R
where T1 and T2 = Tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively, and
R = Radius of the pulley.

Class: 3rd
Problem 1
A solid shaft is transmitting 1 MW at 240 r.p.m. Determine the diameter of the shaft if the
maximum torque transmitted exceeds the mean torque by 20%. Take the maximum
allowable shear stress as 60 MPa.
Solution
P = 1 MW = 1 × 106 W ; N = 240 r.p.m. ; T max = 1.2 Tmean ; τ = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm2
Let d = Diameter of the shaft.
We know that mean torque transmitted by the shaft,
∴ Maximum torque transmitted,
T max = 1.2 Tmean = 1.2 × 39 784 × 103 = 47 741 × 103 N-mm
We know that maximum torque transmitted (T max ),

Class: 3rd
Problem 2
Find the diameter of a solid steel shaft to transmit 20 kW at 200 r.p.m. The ultimate shear
stress for the steel may be taken as 360 MPa and a factor of safety as 8. If a hollow shaft is
to be used in place of the solid shaft, find the inside and outside diameter when the ratio of
inside to outside diameters is 0.5.
Solution
P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W ; N = 200 r.p.m. ; τu = 360 MPa = 360 N/mm2 ;F.S. = 8 ,

k = di / do = 0.5
We know that the allowable shear stress,
Diameter of the solid shaft
Let d = Diameter of the solid shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,
We also know that torque transmitted by the solid shaft (T),
Diameter of hollow shaft
Let d i = Inside diameter, and
d o = Outside diameter.
We know that the torque transmitted by the hollow shaft ( T ),

Class: 3rd

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Class: 3rd

Subject: Mechanical Engineering Design

The following stresses are induced in the shafts:

3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

The shafts may be designed on the basis of

1. Strength, and 2. Rigidity and stiffness.

(a) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only,

(b) Shafts subjected to bending moment only,

(c) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments, and

Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only

T = Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft,

J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation,

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τ = Torsional shear stress, and

r = Distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber

= d / 2; where d is the diameter of the shaft.

We know that for round solid shaft, polar moment of inertia,

The equation (1) may now be written as

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We know that the power transmitted (in watts) by the shaft,

T = Twisting moment in N-m, and

N = Speed of the shaft in r.p.m.

3. In case of belt drives, the twisting moment ( T ) is given by

R = Radius of the pulley.

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P = 1 MW = 1 × 106 W ; N = 240 r.p.m. ; T max = 1.2 Tmean ; τ = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm2

Let d = Diameter of the shaft.

We know that mean torque transmitted by the shaft,

∴ Maximum torque transmitted,

T max = 1.2 Tmean = 1.2 × 39 784 × 103 = 47 741 × 103 N-mm

We know that maximum torque transmitted (T max ),

Al-Mustaqbal University College 4 http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/

P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W ; N = 200 r.p.m. ; τu = 360 MPa = 360 N/mm2 ;F.S. = 8 ,

We know that the allowable shear stress,

Diameter of the solid shaft

Let d = Diameter of the solid shaft.

We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,

We also know that torque transmitted by the solid shaft (T),

Diameter of hollow shaft

Let d i = Inside diameter, and

We know that the torque transmitted by the hollow shaft ( T ),

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