CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Chapter-1: Solutions

The following questions are case-based questions. Each question has an internal choice and
carries 4 (1+1+2) marks each. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

1. Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions. She makes a salt
solution using 10 mL of water with a known mass of NaCl salt. She puts the salt solution into
a freezer and leaves it to freeze. She takes the frozen salt solution out of the freezer and
measures the temperature when the frozen salt solution melts. She repeats each experiment.

Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0oC, answer the following questions:
(a) One temperature in the second set of results does not fit in the pattern. Which temperature
is that? Justify your answer.
(b) Why did Henna collect two sets of results?
(c) In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been the melting point of
the solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?
OR
(c) What is the predicted melting point if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of water? Justify
your answer.
2. Aarav Sharma is very fond of a special drink made by his grandmother using different
fruits available in their hometown. It has an outstanding taste and also provide great health
benefits of natural fruits. He thought of utilizing his grandmother recipe to create a new
product in the beverage market that provide health benefits and also contain fizziness of
various soft drinks available in the market. Based on your understanding of solutions chapter,
help Aarav Sharma to accomplish his idea by answering following:
(a) How he can add fizz to the special drink made by his grandmother?
1
(b) What is the law stated in the chapter that can help Aarav to make his drink fizzy?
1
(c) What precautions he should take while bottling so that his product does not lose fizz
during storage and
handling across long distances?
2
OR
(c)The mole fraction of helium in a saturated solution at 20°C is 1.2 x 10-6. Find the pressure
of helium
above the solution. Given Henry’s constant at 20°C is 144.97 kbar.
3. Observe the table in which azeotropic mixtures are given along with their boiling points of
pure
components and azeotropes and answer the questions that follow.

(a) What type of deviation is shown by minimum boiling azeotropes?

1
OR
(a) Why does H2O and HCl mixture form maximum boiling azeotropes?
(b) What are azeotropes?
1
(c) Give one example of ideal solution. What type of liquids form ideal solutions?
1
ANSWERS:
1 The melting point of ice is the freezing point of water. We can use the depression in
freezing point property in this case.
(a) 3rd reading for 0.5 g there has to be an increase in depression of freezing point and
therefore decrease in freezing point so also decrease in melting point when amount of salt is
increased but the trend is not followed in this case.
(1)
(b) Two sets of reading help to avoid error in data collection and give more objective data.

( c) ΔTf (glucose) = 1 x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 /180x 10

………………………………….. (1)
ΔTf (NaCl) = 2 x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 / 58.5x10
3.8 = 2 x Kf x 0.6 x 1000 /58.5x 10
……………………………………. (2)
Divide equation 1 by 2
ΔTf (glucose)/ 3.8 = 58.5/ 2 x 180
 ΔTf (glucose) = 0.62
Freezing point or Melting point = - 0.62 oC
OR
depression in freezing point is directly proportional to molality (mass of solute when
the amount of solvent remains same)
0.3 g depression is 1.9 oC
0.6 g depression is 3.8 oC
1.2 g depression will be 3.8 x2 = 7.6 oC
2. (a) Carbondioxide is a gas which provide fizz and tangy flavour. He can dissolve
Carbondioxide gas in the drink.
(b) Henry’s law which states that solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to partial
pressure of the gas.
(c) Bottles should be sealed under high pressure of CO and capping should be done perfectly
to avoid leakage of CO2 as any loss of partial pressure will result into decrease in solubility.
OR
(c) pHe = KH x XHe

= (144.97 x 103bar)( 1.2 x 10-6 )

= 0.174 bar
3(a) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
OR
(a) It is because force of attraction between H2O and HCl is more than H2O-H2O and HCl-
HCl.
(b) Azeotropes- Binary mixtures having same composition in liquid and vapour phase and
boil at a constant temperature.
(c) Hexane and heptane form ideal solution. Those compounds of same family having similar
forces of
attraction form ideal solution.
 Chapter – 2: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. Observe the following table in which conductivity and molar conductivity of NaCl at
298K at different concentration & ᴧ0m for diff erent electrolytes are given. Answer the
questions based in the table that follows- (1+1+2)
S.No Conc. (M) K (S cm-1) ᴧm (S cm2 mol-1)

1 0.001 1.237 x 10-4 123.7

2 0.010 11.85 x 10-4 118.5 ᴧ0m

NaCl = 126.4 S.cm2.mol-1
3 0.020 23.15 x 10-4 115.8
HCl = 426.1 S.cm2.mol-1
4 0.050 55.53 x 10-4 111.1 CH3COONa = 91.5
S.cm2.mol-1
5 0.100 106.74 x 10-4 106.7 NH4Cl = 129.8
S.cm2.mol-1

(a) What is the change in number of ions per unit volume with decrease in
concentration?
(b) Molar conductivity decreases with increase in concentration as shown in table.
Why?
(c) Find out the limiting molar conductivity of CH3COOH from the values given.
OR
(c) Conductivity and molar conductivity varies differently with change in
concentration. Justify.
2. Read the paragraph and give answers of the questions followed- (1+1+2)
A device used to convert the energy evolved in a redox reaction into electrical energy
is called an electrochemical cell. These devices are also called galvanic cells or
voltaic cells, after the names of Luigi Galvani (1780) and Alessandro Volta (1800)
who were the first to perform experiments on the conversion of chemical energy into
electrical energy.
How exactly the chemical energy of a redox reaction is converted into electrical
energy can be seen from the following example:
Redox reaction between Zn and CuSO4. The reaction is represented as:

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

It may also be written in ionic form as: Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu

The reaction essentially comprises of two half reactions: one for reduction and the
other for oxidation. Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)

Thus, Zn is oxidized to Zn2+ in the oxidation half reaction and Cu2+ is reduced to Cu
in the reduction half reaction. The overall reaction can be obtained by adding the two
half reactions.
 Electrochemical cell based on redox reaction
(a) What is the direction of flow of current in a cell?
(b) Suggest two materials other than hydrogen that can be used as fuels for fuel cell.
(c) The equilibrium can be achieved in chemical reaction at what value of emf?
Or
(c) Why an electrochemical cell stops working after sometime?

3. Read the paragraph carefully and give the answers of the questions followed- (1+1+2)

Recently, a few Researchers have developed a novel Carbon-Based Catalyst called

Laser Carbon to make water electrolysis more efficient. Laser Carbon can replace
expensive metal-based catalysts in the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. The
electrolysis of water consumes a lot of energy. The traditional solution is to use a
catalyst to induce the water molecules to split at a lower energy.
Laser carbon is a porous carbon material containing nitrogen that acts as both a
catalyst and an anode in electrolysis.

During electrolysis, cations are reduced at cathode and anions are oxidized at anode
and a chemical reaction occurs in a non-spontaneous direction. The minimum
potential required for any electrode process to occur is called its discharge potential or
decomposition potential.
Discharge potential is equal to the electrode potential for cathodic (reduction) process
and equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the electrode potential for anodic
(oxidation) process. In many cases, the actual discharge potential exceeds the
expected value. The difference between the two is known as over potential. Over
potential is commonly observed when gaseous products are formed and depends upon
the nature of cathode. Over potential for the discharge of H2 gas is zero on a platinum
cathode but it is 1.5 V on mercury cathode.
1. Electrolysis of NaCl solution gives chlorine at anode instead of O2. Why?
 OR
How much charge is required for the reduction of 1 mole of Cu2+ to Cu?
2. How does the pH of Al-NaCl solution be affected when it is electrolyzed?
3. Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3with platinum electrodes
ANSWERS
1. (a) No of ions in per unit volume decreases with decrease in concentration.
(b) Molar conductivity decreases with increase in concentration because
concentration is inversely related with the molar conductivity. ᴧm= k * 1000/C
(c) ᴧ0m CH3COOH = (ᴧ0m CH3COONa + ᴧ0m HCl) - ᴧ0m NaCl
= (91.5 + 426.1) – 126.4
= 391.2 S.cm2.mol-1
OR
(c) Because conductivity depends on no of ions per unit volume and molar
conductivity depends on total number of ions.
2. (a) The conventional direction of current is taken from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal of the cell. The flow of electrons is from the negative terminal
To the positive terminal of the cell.
(b) Methane and methanol can be used as fuels in fuel cells.
(c) The emf of a cell becomes zero when the chemical reaction attains
equilibrium.
OR
(c) An electrochemical cell stops working after some time because the electrode
potential of both electrodes becomes equal.
3. (a) The over voltage required for formation of chlorine gas is lesser than that of
oxygen. So, chlorine gas is liberated at anode
OR
–
(a) The electrode reaction is Cu + 2e → Cu
2+

So, Quantity of charge required for reduction of 1 mole of Cu2+ = 2F = 2 × 96500

= 193000 C

(b) When Al-NaCl solution is electrolyzed, H2 is liberated at cathode, Cl2 at anode

and NaOH is formed in the solution. Hence pH of solution increases
(c) (i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.
At cathode: Silver ions have lower discharge potential than hydrogen ions. Hence,
silver ions will be deposited in preference to hydrogen ions.
At anode: Silver anode will dissolve to form silver ions in the solution.
Ag→Ag++e−
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
At cathode: Silver ions have lower discharge potential than hydrogen ions. Hence,
silver ions will be deposited in preference to hydrogen ions.
At anode: Hydroxide ions having lower discharge potential will be discharged
in preference to nitrate ions. Hydroxide ions will decompose to give oxygen.
4OH− (aq) →2H2O (l) +O2(g) +4e−
At cathode: Silver ions have lower discharge potential than hydrogen ions.
Hence, silver ions will be deposited in preference to hydrogen ions.
 Chapter – 3: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Q1. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
Rate of a Reaction
Speed of any event is measured by the change that occurs in any interval of time. The speed of
a reaction (reaction rate) is expressed as the change in concentration of a reactant or product
over a certain amount of time. Sometimes it is more convenient to express rates as numbers of
molecules formed or consumed in unit time.

We could also look at the rate of appearance of a product. As a product appears, its
concentration increases. The rate of appearance is a positive quantity. We can also say the rate
of appearance of a product is equal to the rate of disappearance of a reactant.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Write the rate of the chemical reaction with respect to the variables for the given equation.
2A+3B→C+2D
(b) In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L–1 to 0.4 mol
L–1 in 10 minutes. Calculate the rate during this interval?
(c) In the reaction H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + ½ O2(g), the initial concentration of H2O2 is 0.2546 M,
and the initial rate of reaction is 9.32×10–4 M s–1. What will be [H2O2] at t = 35 s?
OR
(c) How is the rate of disappearance of ozone related to the rate of appearance of oxygen in the
following equation?
2O3 (g) → 3O2 (g)
If the rate of appearance of O2 is 60.0 ×10-5 M/s at a particular instant, what is the value of the
rate of disappearance of O3 at this same time?
Q2 Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
Order of the Reaction
The rate law for a chemical reaction relates the reaction rate with the concentrations or partial
pressures of the reactants. For a general reaction, aA + bB→ C with no intermediate steps in
its reaction mechanism, meaning that it is an elementary reaction. The rate law is given by r =
k [A]x [B]y where [A] and [B] express the concentrations of A and B in moles per litre.
Exponents x and y vary for each reaction and are determined experimentally. The value of k
varies with conditions that affect reaction rate, such as temperature, pressure, surface area, etc.
The sum of these exponents is known as overall reaction order. A zero order reaction has
constant rate that is independent of the concentration of the reactants. A first order reaction
depends on the concentration of only reactant. A reaction is said to be of second order when
the overall order is two. Once we have determined the order of the reaction, we can go back
and plug one set of our initial values and solve for k.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Calculate the overall order of the reaction which has the following rate expression:
Rate= k[A]1/2[B]3/2
(b) What is the effect of temperature on rate of the reaction?
(c) What is meant by the rate of reaction?
(d) A first order reaction takes 77.78 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required
for 30% completion of the reaction. (log 10= 1 , log 7=0.8450)
OR
A first order reaction has a rate constant 1x10-3 s-1. How long will 5 gm of this reactant take to
reduce to 3 gm? (log 3= 0.4771 , log 5=0.6990)
Q3 Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
Radio Activity
There are nuclear reactions constantly occurring in our bodies, but these are very few of them
compared to the chemical reactions, and they do not affect our bodies much. All of the physical
processes that take place to keep a human body running are chemical processes. Nuclear
reactions can lead to chemical damage, which the body may notice and try to fix. The nuclear
reaction occurring in our bodies is radioactive decay. This is the change of a less stable nucleus
to a more stable nucleus. Every atom has either a stable nucleus or an unstable nucleus,
depending on how big it is and on the ratio of protons to neutrons. The ratio of neutrons to
protons in a stable nucleus is thus around 1:1 for small nuclei (Z<20). Nuclei with too many
neutrons, too few neutrons, or that are simply too big are unstable. They eventually transform
to a stable form through radioactive decay. Wherever there are atoms with unstable nuclei
(radioactive atoms), there are nuclear reactions occurring naturally. The interesting thing is
that there are small amounts of radioactive atoms everywhere: in your chair, in the ground, in
the food you eat, and yes, in your body. The most common natural radioactive isotopes in
humans are carbon-14 and potassium-40. Chemically, these isotopes behave exactly like stable
carbon and potassium. For this reason, the body uses carbon-14 and potassium-40 just like it
does normal carbon and potassium; building them into the different parts of the cells, without
knowing that they are radioactive. In time, carbon-14 atoms decay to stable nitrogen atoms and
potassium-40 atoms decay to stable calcium atoms. Half-life of C-14 is 6000 years Chemicals
in the body that relied on having a carbon14 atom or potassium-40 atom in a certain spot will
suddenly have a nitrogen or calcium atom. Such a change damages the chemical. Normally,
such changes are so rare, that the body can repair the damage or filter away the damaged
chemicals.
(The Practical Science by Paul B. Kelter, Michael D. Mosher and Andrew Scott states)
Answer the following questions:
(a) Why is Carbon -14 radioactive while Carbon -12 not? (Atomic number of Carbon: 6)
(b) Which are the two most common radioactive decays happening in human body?
(c) Suppose an organism has 20 g of Carbon -14 at its time of death. Approximately how much
Carbon -14 remains after 10,320 years? (Given antilog 0.517 = 3.289)
OR
(C) Approximately how old is a fossil with 12 g of Carbon -14 if it initially possessed 32 g of
Carbon -14? (Given log 2.667 = 0.4260)
Q4 Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
Temperature Dependence of Rate of a Reaction
Temperature influences the rate of a reaction. As the temperature increases, the rate of a reaction
increases. For example, the time taken to melt a metal will be much higher at a lower temperature
but it will decrease as soon as we increase the temperature. It has been found that the rate constant
is nearly doubled for a chemical reaction with a rise in temperature by 10°. The dependence of the
rate of a chemical reaction on temperature can be explained by Arrhenius equation.
k = A e -Ea/RT
According to the Arrhenius equation, a reaction can only take place when a molecule of one
substance collides with the molecule of another to form an unstable intermediate. This
intermediate exists for a very short time and then breaks up to form product. The energy required
to form this intermediate is known as activation energy (Ea). The fraction of molecules with
kinetic energy equal to or greater than E a at a given temperature may lead to the product. As
the temperature rises, the proportion of molecules with energies equal to or greater than
activation energy (≥Ea) increases. As a result, the reaction rate would increase.
Answer the following questions:
(a) How does the half life period of a first order reaction vary with temperature?
OR
For an endothermic reaction, the activation energy of forward reaction will be equal to or less
than or more than activation energy of backward reaction.
(b)The slope of Arrhenius Plot (ln k vs 1/T) of first order reaction is −5×103K. Calculate the
value of Ea of the reaction. [Given R = 8.314JK−1mol−1]
(c) The rate constant of a reaction is 6×10-3 s-1 at 50° and 9×10-3 s-1 at 100° C. Calculate the
energy of activation of the reaction.

Answers:
1 𝛥[𝐴] 1 𝛥[𝐵] 𝛥[𝐶] 1 𝛥[𝐷]
Ans. 1(a) Rate = -2 =-3 = =
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 2 𝛥𝑡
1 [𝐴]− [𝐴𝑜]
(b) Rate = - 2 𝑡
1 [0.4]− [0.5]
Rate = - 2 10
Rate = 5 × 10-3 mol L- min-
𝛥[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]
(c) Rate = 9.32×10–4 Ms–1 = - 𝛥𝑡
[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]− 0.2546 𝑀
9.32×10–4 Ms–1 = - (35−0)𝑠
H2O2 = 0.2220 M
OR
1 𝛥[𝑂3 ] 1 𝛥[𝑂2 ]
Rate = - 2 𝛥𝑡 = 3 𝛥𝑡
𝛥[𝑂3 ] 2 𝛥[𝑂2 ] 2
=- = = 3 (60.0 ×10-5 M/s) = 4.0 ×10-5 M/s
𝛥𝑡 3 𝛥𝑡
Ans. 2 (a) Rate = k[A]1/2[B]3/2,As it is an elementary reaction,
Order of reaction = 1/2 + 3/2 = 2
(b) Rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature.
(c) Rate of reaction is the rate of change in concentration of a reactant per unit time.
(d) For first order reaction
R = 0.693/t1/2 = (0. 693)/(77.78min) = 8.90x 10- 3 min
Time required to complete 30% reaction,
t = (2.303)/k x log a/(a - x)
= (2.303)/(8.9x 10- 3 min- 1) x log(100/(100 - 30))
= ((2.303 x103 x 0.155)/(8.9)
= 40minutes
OR
For a first order reaction
t = (2.303)/k x log a/(a - x)
 = 2.303/1x10- 3x log 5/3
= 2.303x 103 x 0.2219s
= 511 s
Ans. 3 (a) Ratio of neutrons to protons in C-14 is 1.3: 1 which is not the stable ratio of 1:1
while ratio of neutrons to protons in C-12 is 1:1 which is the stable ratio.
(b) carbon-14 atoms decay to stable nitrogen atoms and potassium-40 atoms decay to stable
calcium
(c) t = 2.303/ k log (Co/Ct)
Co = 20 g
Ct = ? t = 10320 years k = 0.693/6000 (half-life given in passage)
Substituting in equation:
10320 = 2.303 / (0.693/6000) log 20/ Ct
0.517 = log 20 / Ct
Antilog (0.517) = 20/Ct
3.289 = 20/Ct
Ct = 6.17 g
OR
t = 2.303/ k log (Co/Ct) Co = 32 g Ct = 12 t=?
k = 0.693/6000 (half-life given in passage)
Substituting in equation:
t = 2.303 / (0.693/6000) log 32/ 12
t = 2.303 x 6000/0.693 log 2.667
t = 2.303x6000x0.4260 /0.693
= 8494 years
Ans 4. (a) Half life period increases with temperature.
OR
The activation energy of forward reaction will be more than activation energy of backward
reaction.
(b) k = Ae -Ea/RT
ln k = ln A – Ea/RT
Slope = -Ea/R = - 5 × 103
Ea = 5 ×103 ×8.314 = 41.57×103 J/mol
(c) k1 = 6 × 10-3 s-1 T1 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
-3 -1
k2 = 9 × 10 s T2 = 100 + 273 = 373 K
Substituting these values in the equation:
log (k2 / k1 ) = (Ea / 2.303 R) × ((T2 – T1) / T1 T2)
log (9 × 10-3 s-1 / 6 × 10-3 s-1 ) = ((Ea / (2.303 × 8.314)) × ((373 – 323) / (373 × 323))
log 9 / 6 = ((Ea / (2.303 × 8.314)) × (50 / (373 × 323))
Ea = 8.124 kJ mol-1.
 Chapter – 4: d-and f-Block Elements

1. The d-block, which lies between s and p-blocks contains, elements of groups 3-12, in which
d-orbitals are progressively filled in each of four long periods of periodic table. These elements
are also called transition elements or metals.
The elements constituting the f-block are those in which 4 f and 5 f-orbitals are progressively
filled. They are place in a separate panel at the bottom of the periodic table. The elements of f-
block are also called inner-transition
(i) Transition metal are very good catalyst. Why?
(1)
(ii) Transition metals form a large number of interstitial compounds. Give reason.
(1)
(iii) Why the paramagnetic characteristic in 3d- transition series increases up to Cr and then
decreases? (2) Or
Out of La(OH)3 and Lu(OH)3, which is more basic and why?
2. In the periodic table, the elements are classified into mainly four blocks, i.e. s, p, d and f.
The d-block elements are called transition elements. The s-block contains the elements of the
group 3-12. They possess properties that are transitional between the s and p-block elements.
Zn, Cd, Hg do not exhibit characteristic properties of transition elements. All the elements
belong to this section are metals. There are four rows of the transition elements involving filling
of 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d orbitals.
(i) Why does the transition element scandium not exhibit variable oxidation state?
(1)
(ii) Why chromium is a typical hard metal while mercury is a liquid?
(1)
(iii) Reactivity of transition elements decreases almost regularly from Sc to Cu. Why?
(2)
Or
Copper (I) is diamagnetic, whereas copper (II) is paramagnetic.
3. Within the 3d-series, manganese exhibits oxidation states in aqueous solution from +2 to +7,
ranging from Mn2+ (aq) to MnO-4 (aq). Likewise, iron forms both Fe2+ (aq) and Fe3+(aq) as
well as the FeO42- ion. Cr and Mn form oxyions CrO42-, MnO4-, owing to their willingness to
form multiple bonds. The pattern with the early transition metals-in the 3d series up to Mn, and
for the 4d, 5d metals up to Ru and Os-is that the maximum oxidation state corresponds to the
number of "outer shell" electrons. The highest oxidation states of the 3d-metals may depend
upon complex formation (e.g., the stabilization of Co³+ by ammonia) or upon the pH (thus
MnO42-(aq) is prone to disproportionation in acidic solution). Within the 3d-series, there is
considerable variation in relative stability of oxidation states, sometimes on moving from one
metal to a neighbour; thus, for iron, Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+, especially in alkaline
conditions, while the reverse is true for cobalt. The ability of transition metals to exhibit a wide
range of oxidation states is marked with metals such as vanadium, where the standard potentials
can be rather small, making a switch between states relatively easy.

(i) What is the oxidation state of iron in ferric? (1)

(ii) Which is more stable Fe2+ or Fe³+? (1)
(iii) Why is the maximum oxidation state of chromium in its compounds +6? (2)
OR
Vanadium had the ability to exhibit a wide range of oxidation states. Explain why?

4. Potassium permanganate, (KMnO4) is prepared by fusion of pyrolusite, MnO2 with KOH in

the presence of an oxidising agent like KNO3. This produces the dark green potassium
manganate, K2MnO4 which disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give purple
permanganate ion. Potassium permanganate is an important oxidising agent in acidic, alkaline
as well as neutral medium.

(i) What is the state of hybridisation of Mn in MnO4-?

(1)
(ii) Write an application of potassium permanganate.
(1)
(iii) What are the products formed after heating potassium permanganate?
(2)
OR
Draw the structure of permanganate ion. Is it paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

Answer Key (Case-Study)

1. (i) due to
(a) variable oxidation state.
(b) provides suitable surface area for the reactant molecule to adsorb on it.
(ii) because small sized atom such C.H, S etc. occupy the interstitial site.
(iii) because up to Cr the number of unpaired electron increases and there after due to
pairing in d orbital the number of unpaired electron decreases. So magnetic character
decreases.
Or
Size of Lanthanoids ion decreases from La3+ to Lu3+, tendency to give hydroxyl ion
decreases so basic character decreases.

2. (i) outer electronic configuration of Sc{Ar}3d1 4s2. Hence, it shows +3 as the only
oxidation state.
(ii) Cr have 3d5 4s1configuration. Hence, metallic bond is very strong. In Hg, all d –
orbitals are fully filled, hence the metallic bond is very weak.
(iii) It is due to the regular increase in the ionisation enthalpy.
Or
Cu = [Ar] 3d have no unpaired electron so diamagnetic but Cu2+ = [Ar] 3d9
+ 10

configuration so have one unpaired electron hence paramagnetic.

3.(i.) +3
(ii) Fe3+
(iii) The maximum oxidation state of chromium in its compounds is +6 because it has only 6
electrons in ns and (n-1) d-orbitals.
OR
Because the standard potential of vanadium is rather small, making a switch between
oxidation states relatively easy.

4. (i) Sp3
(ii) It is used for the estimation of hydrogen peroxide.
(iii) K2MnO4 , O2 and MnO2 will be formed after heating of potassium permanganate.
or

(due to charge transfer)

Chapter – 5: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

CASE BASED QUESTIONS-1
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Alfred Werner, a Swiss chemist was the first to formulate his idea about the structure of
coordination compounds. He proposed the concept of primary and secondary valences for a
metal ion. The primary valences are normally ionisable and satisfied by negative ions. The
secondary valences are non-ionisable and it is equal to coordination number and is fixed for a
metal. The groups bound by the secondary linkages to metal have spatial arrangements
corresponding to different coordination numbers. Octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar
geometrical shapes are more common in coordination compounds of transition metals.
Double salts and coordination complexes are formed by the combination of two or more
stable compounds in stoichiometric ratio. Double salts are dissociated into simple ions
completely when dissolved in water whereas complexes do not dissociate completely in to
its ions. Werner was the first to discover optical activity in certain coordination compounds.
1. What is the oxidation number of cobalt in coordination entity [ Co (H2O) (CN) (en)2]2+?
2. What is the coordination number of chromium in K [Cr (H2O) (C2O4)2]?
3. Arrange the following complexes in increasing order of conductivity of their solution.
 [Co (NH3)3Cl3], [Co (NH3)4Cl2] Cl, [Co (NH3)6] Cl3, [Co (NH3)5Cl] Cl2
OR
3.i) How many ions are produced from the complex Co (NH3)6Cl2 in solution?
ii) When 1 mole CrCl3.6H2O is treated with excess of AgNO3, 3mol of AgCl are obtained.
Write the formula of complex?

CASE BASED QUESTIONS-2

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Valence bond theory considers the bonding between the metal ion and the ligands as purely
covalent. On the other hand, crystal field theory considers the metal-ligand bond to be ionic
arising from electrostatic interaction between the metal ion and the ligands. In coordination
compounds, the interaction between the ligand and the metal ion causes the five d-orbitals to
split-up. This is called crystal field splitting and the energy difference between the two sets of
energy level is called crystal field splitting energy. The crystal field splitting energy (Δo)
depends upon the nature of the ligand. The actual configuration of complexes is divided by
the relative values of Δo and P (pairing energy)
If Δo < P, then complex will be high spin.
If Δo > P, then complex will be low spin.
Arrangement of ligands in order of their ability to cause splitting Δ is called spectrochemical
series. Ligands which cause large splitting (large Δ) are called strong field ligands while
those which cause small splitting (small Δ) are called weak field ligands. When strong field
ligands approach metal atom/ion, the value of Δo is large, so that electrons are forced to get
paired up in lower energy t2g orbitals. Hence, a low-spin complex is resulted from strong field
ligand. When weak field ligands approach metal atom/ion, the value of Δo is small, so that
electrons enter high energy eg orbitals rather than pairing in low energy t2g orbitals. Hence, a
high-spin complex is resulted from weak field ligands. Strong field ligands have tendency to
form inner orbital complexes by forcing the electrons to pair up. Whereas weak field ligands
have tendency to form outer orbital complex because inner electrons generally do not pair up.
1. What is the electronic configuration of the central atom is K4(Fe(CN)6] on crystal field
theory.
2. On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration of d4 in terms of t2g
and eg in an octahedral field when ΔO < P.
3. Explain the violet colour of [Ti (H2O)6]3+ complex on the basis of the crystal field theory?
OR
3. Which of the following compound is paramagnetic?
a.) Hexaamine chromium (III) ion
b.) Tetraammine zinc (II) ion
CASE BASED QUESTIONS-3
In coordination compound metal show two types of linkages- primary and secondary.
Primary valencies are ionisable are satisfied by negatively charged ions .Secondary valencies
are non- ionisable and are satisfied by neutral or negative ions having lonepair of electrons.
Primary valencies are non-directional while secondary valencies decide the shape of the
complexes
1.If PtCl2.2NH3 does not react with AgNO3 , what will be its formula
2.What is the secondary valency of [CO (en)3]3+
3a. Write the formula of Iron [III] hexacyanidoferrate[II]
3b.Write a IUPAC name of [Co [NH3]5Cl] Cl2
Or
Write the hybridisation and magnetic behaviour of [Ni [CN]4]2-
[Atomic number; Ni = 28]

CASE BASED QUESTION 4

The coordination compounds are of great importance. These compounds are widely present
in the mineral, plant and animal worlds are known to play many important functions in area
of analytical chemistry; metallurgy, biological system, industry and medicine. Formation of
coordination compound is largely used in analytical chemistry for the qualitative detection
and qualitative estimation of metal ions. Coordination compounds also find poisoning caused
by ingestion of poisonous metal by human beings.
1.Which complexing material is added to vegetable oil to remove the ill effects of undesired
metal ions?
2.Which complex is used in the treatment of cancer?
3.How would you detect the presence of nickel in food sample?
Or
What is chelate therapy?
4.Name the red pigment of blood which acts as an oxygen carrier that is a complex of Fe2+
and porphyrin.
ANSWERS
CASE BASED QUESTIONS-1
1. x + 0 + (-1) + (0) x2 = +2 → x = +3. Therefore O.N. of Co is +3
2. Coordination number =6
3. Increasing order [Co (NH3)3Cl3] < [Co (NH3)4Cl2]Cl < [Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl2 <,[Co (NH3)6]Cl3
As no. of ions in solution increases their conductivity also increases.
or
It contains 3 unpaired electrons. A complex is paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired
electrons.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS-2
1: The electronic configuration of the central atom is K4(Fe (CN)6] on crystal field theory is
t2g6eg0
2: The magnitude of Δ0 decides the actual configuration of d-orbitals with the help of mean
pairing energy. If P < Δ0, then pairing of electrons occurs within the same set and forms low
spin complexes due to strong-field ligands. Therefore, it becomes more energetically
favourable for the fourth electron to occupy a t2g orbital with configuration t2g4 eg0
3. [Ti (H2O)6]3+is an octahedral complex. The oxidation state of Ti is +3 with the
coordination number 6. Its outer electronic configuration is 3d1, which means that it has one
unpaired electron. This unpaired electron is excited from t2g level to eg level by absorbing
yellow light and hence appears violet coloured.
OR
Hexaamine chromium (III) ion is paramagnetic.
Cr (III) has electronic configuration [Ar]3d3 4s0.It contains 3 unpaired electrons. A complex
is paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired electrons.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS-3
1.[ Pt (NH3)2 Cl2 ] [ diamminechloridoplatinium(II) ]
2.Secondary valency = coordination number = 6
3.a) Fe4[Fe (CN)6]3 b] pentamminechloridocobalt(III)chloride
Or
In +2 oxidation state (Ni2+ = 3d8 4s0)

Magnetic behaviour : diamagnetic as there is no unpaired electron s present in the complex.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -4
1. EDTA
2.Cisplatin
3.With the help of dimethylglyoxime which forms a red complex with Ni2+ ions.
Or
Chelate therapy is used for the removal of excess of metal ion present in toxic amount in the
body.
4. Heamoglobin

Chapter – 6: Haloalkanes and haloarenesSN1 and SN2

Read the given passage and answer the following questions.
The characteristics reactions of haloalkanes are nucleophilic substitution reactions. The
polarity of the carban- halogen bond is responsible for the nucleophilic substitution reactions
of alkyl halides. These reactions broadly occur by two different mechanism SN1 and SN2. SN1
reaction are two step reactions involving carbocations as the intermediates. The reactivity in
SN1 reactions depend upon the relative stability of carbocation. In contrast, SN2 reactions are
concerted reaction which occur through a transition state and their relative rates depend upon
the steric factors. SN1 reaction of optically active haloalkanes usually give racemic products
with some degree of inversion but SN2 reactions are always accompanied by only inversion of
configuration.
Q. 1 Write the structure of an isomer of compound C4H9Br which is most reactive towards
SN1 reaction. (1)
OR
Arrange the compounds in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane

Q. 2 What happens when CH3Br is treated with KCN ? (1)

Q. 3 A solution of KOH hydrolyses CH3CHClCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl which one of
these is more easily hydrolysed and Why ? (2)
 Case Based Question (Polyhalogen compounds)
Read the given passage and answer the following questions
Chloroflourocarbon (CFC) compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as
freons. They are non-inflammable , extremely stable, non-toxic, noncorrosive and low boiling
liquids. CFC and gas emitted from the exhaust system of supersonics aeroplanes might be
slowly depleting the concentration of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.

Q.1 Write the formula of freon. (1)

Q.2 Give any one use of chloroflourocarbons. (1)
Q.3 Do you think the use of CFCs should be banned? Give reason. (2)
OR
How does freon-12 deplete ozone layer?

Case Based Question (Reactivity of halogen compounds)

Read the given passage and answer the following questions
Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes. The low reactivity of haloarenes can be attributed
to Resonance effect, Sp2 hybridisation of C- X bond ,Polarity of C-X bond , Instability of
phenyl cation repulsion between the electron rich attacking nucleophiles and electron rich
arenes. Reactivity of haloarenes can be increased or decreased by the presence of certain groups
atcertain positions for example, nitro (-NO2) group at ortho or para positions increases there
activity of haloarenes towards nucleophilc substitution reactions.

Q.1 What is the Increasing order of rate of Nucleophilic reaction of following compounds?
(1)

Q.2 What product form when chlorobenzene react with aqueous NaOH ? (1)
Q.3Why Aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction as compare
to
 Alkyl halide. ? (2)
OR
Draw resonance structures of chlorobenzene.
Case Based Question(Melting and BoilingPoints)
Read the given passage and answer the following Questions
Methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl chloride and some chlorofluoromethanes are gases at
room temperature. Higher members are liquids or solids. molecules of organic halogen
compounds are generally polar. Due to greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as
compared to the parent hydrocarbon, the intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and
van der Waals) are stronger in the halogen derivatives. The attractions get stronger as the
molecules get bigger in size and have more electrons. This is because with the increase in size
and mass of halogen atom, the magnitude of van der Waal forces increases. Boiling points of
isomeric dihalobenzens are very nearly the same.
Q.1 Melting point of p-dichlorobenzene is higher than o-dichlorobenzene. Why ? (1)
OR
Arrange methyl chloride, methyl bromide and methyl iodide. Give reason.
Q.2 Arrange 1-bromopropane,2-bromopropane and 2-methyl 2-bromopropane. (1)
In increasing order of boiling point.explain reason.
Q.3 Boiling points of Haloalkanes are considerably higher than those of the hydrocarbons of
Comparable molecular mass. (2)

Answer
Case Based Qestions(Haloalkanes and haloarenes)
1. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (3o)
OR
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane > 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane >2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

2. CH3CN (Ethanenitrile) is formed.

3. CH3CHClCH2CH3 upon ionization give the more stable 20 carbocation while
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl on ionization gives the less stable 10 carbocation therefore
CH3CHClCH2CH3 hydrolyses faster than CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl.
 Answer
Case Based Question (Polyhalogen compounds)
1. CCl2F2
2. It is used in air conditioning and in domestic refrigeration for cooling purposes.
3. CFCs should be banned and its alternative should be used which would be safer and
has no environmental impact. Hydrochloroflourocarbons and Hydro flourocarbons ar
some halogen containing compounds are useful in daily life. Some compounds of this
class are responsible for exposure of flora and fauna to more and more of UV light
which causes
destruction to a great extent..

OR

Freons can diffuse into the stratosphere and in stratosphere, freon is able to initiate
radical chain reactions by using UV rays that can upset the natural ozone balance

Answer
Case Based Question (Reactivity of halogen compounds)
1. a) < b) < (c

2. Phenol
3. Due to resonance C-Cl bond acquire a partial double bond character due to resonance
.as a result the bond cleavage in haloarenes is difficult than haloalkane and there fore
they are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.
OR
 Answer
Case Based Question (Melting and Boiling Points)
Q.1 Melting point of p-dichlorobenzene is higher than o-dichlorobenzene. Why ? (1)
OR
Arrange methyl chloride, methyl bromide and methyl iodide. Give reason.
Q.2 Arrange 1-bromopropane,2-bromopropane and 2-methyl 2-bromopropane. (1)
In increasing order of boiling point. explain reason.
Q.3 Boiling points of Haloalkanes are considerably higher than those of the hydrocarbons of
Comparable molecular mass. (2)

Chapter – 7: Alcohol, Phenol and Ethers.

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
An organic compound (A) having molecular formula C6H6O gives a characteristic colour
with aqueous FeCl3 solution. (A) on treatment with CO2 and NaOH at 400 K under pressure
gives (B), which on acidification gives a compound (C). The compound (C) reacts with acetyl
chloride to give (D) which is a popular pain killer.

1. Name the compound A.

2. How many carbon atoms are there in compound D?
3. Write the equation and name of reaction involved in conversion (A) to (C)
OR
Write the equation for reaction of compound A with neutral FeCl3

2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Alcohol and phenols are acidic in nature. Electron withdrawing group in phenol increases its
acidic strength whereas electron donating groups decreases it. Alcohols undergo nucleophilic
substitution reactions with hydrogen halide to give alkyl halide. Oxidation of primary alcohols
yields aldehydes with mild oxidising agents and carboxylic acids with strong oxidising agents
while secondary alcohols yield ketones. The presence of –OH groups in phenols activates the
ring towards electrophilic substitution. various important products are obtained from phenol
like salicyal aldehyde, salicylic acid, picric acid.
1.Give the structure of alcohol which is resistant to oxidation?
2.Name any one group that increases the acidic character of phenol.
3.Consider the following equation:
X----(i)NaOH,CO2---------- C6H5OH---------(i)CHCl3+ NaOH-----→ Y
 (ii)H+ (ii) H+
Identify X and Y
OR
p-nitrophenol is a stronger acid than phenol while p-cresol is a weaker acid. why?
3. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Although chlorobenzene is inert towards nucleophilic substitution, however it gives
quantitative yield of phenol when heated with aq. NaOH at high temperature and under high
pressure. As far as electrophilic substitution in phenol is concerned the - OH group is an
activating group, hence, its presence enhances the electrophilic substitution at o- and p-
positions.
1. Name the reaction mechanism involved in conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol?
2. Phenol undergoes electrophilic substitution more readily than benzene. why?

3.Phenol on treatment with excess of conc. HNO3 gives a yellow coloured explosive compound
Name the compound and give reaction involved?
OR

Give major product of reaction?

ANSWERS
Case based question 1
1. Phenol
2. 9(C9H8O4)
3. Kolbe reaction
Or
6 C6H5OH + FeCl3 --------→[Fe(O C6H5)6]-3 + 3H+ + 3HCl
Case based question 2
1.(CH3)3---C-OH (2-Methyl propane -2-ol)
2.Nitro group (-NO2)
3.X= salicylic acid, Y= salicylic aldehyde
Or
p-nitro phenol is stronger acid than p- cresol because Nitro group is electron withdrawing group which
reduces electron density on benzene ring resulting in increase in acidic strength.
Case based question 3
1.Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution(SN1)
2.Phenol readily undergoes nucleophilic substitution because hydroxy group in phenol is activation group
Which increases electron density on benzene ring.
3.Picric acid(2,4,6 tri nitro phenol)

Or
2,4,6 tri bromo phenol

Chapter – 8: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -1
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to -CH2- group on treatment with
zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid [Clemmensen reduction] or with hydrazine
followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as
ethylene glycol (Wolf-Kishner reduction). Aldehydes differ from ketones in their oxidation
reactions. Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids on treatment with common
oxidising agents like nitric acid, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate,etc. Even
mild oxidising agents, mainly Tollens’ reagent and Fehlings’ reagent also oxidise aldehydes.
Ketones are generally oxidised under vigorous conditions, i.e., strong oxidising agents and at
elevated temperatures. Their oxidation involves carbon-carbon bond cleavage to afford a
mixture of carboxylic acids having lesser number of carbon atoms than the parent ketone.
(i) Write chemical equations for the following reaction :
.
Acetophenone is treated with Zn(Hg)/Conc. HCl
OR

Identify X and Y in the following reactions :

CH3CHO+ NH2NH2 X KOH/Glycol Y

 (ii) Name the carboxylic acid which gives Tollen’s test?
(iii) (A), (B) and (C) are three non-cyclic functional isomers of a carbonyl compound
with molecular formula C4H8O. Isomers (A) and (C) give positive Tollens’ test
whereas isomer (B) does not give Tollens’ test but gives positive Iodoform test.
Isomers (A) and (B) on reduction with Zn(Hg)/conc. HCl gives the same alkane
(D). Write the structures of (A), (B), (C) and (D).

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -2

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are derived from the names
of the corresponding alkanes by replacing the ending -e with -al and -one respectively. In case
of aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the carbon of the aldehyde
group while in case of ketones the numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl
group. The substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals indicating
their positions in the carbon chain. The same applies to cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl
carbon is numbered one. When the aldehydic group is attached to a ring, the suffix
carbaldehyde is added after the full name of the cycloalkane. The numbering of the ring
carbon atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the aldehyde group. The name of the
simplest aromatic aldehyde carrying the aldehyde group on a benzene ring is benzene
carbaldehyde. H, the common name benzaldehyde is also accepted by IUPAC. Other
aromatic aldehydes are hence named as substituted benzaldehydes.
The following questions ate multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer.
(i) The compound with the structure C6H5 – CH=CHCHO
(a) Cinnamaldehyde (b) Salicylaldehyde (c) Vanillin (d) Acrolein
(ii) Conversion of benzoyl chloride to benzaldehyde using H2/Pd-BaSO4 is an example of
(a) Stephen’s reaction (b) Kolbe’s reaction (c) Rosenmund’s reaction (d) Etard’s reaction
(iii) Aldehydes and ketones give
(a) Electrophilic substitution reaction (b) Electrophilic addition reaction
(c) Nucleophilic substitution reaction (d) Nucleophilic addition reaction
OR
(iii) Which of the following does not give Cannizaro’s reaction?
(a) HCHO (b) C6H5CHO (c) CH3C6H4CHO (d) CH3CHO

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -3

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Aldehydes and ketones are the simplest and most important carbonyl compounds. In aldehydes,
the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen while in the ketones, it is bonded to
two carbon atoms.The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are derived
from the names of the corresponding alkanes by replacing the ending –e with –al and –one
respectively. In case of aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the carbon
of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the numbering begins from the end nearer to
the carbonyl group. The substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals
indicating their positions in the carbon chain. The same applies to cyclic ketones, where the
carbonyl carbon is numbered one. When the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix
carbaldehyde is added after the full name of the cycloalkane. The numbering of the ring carbon
atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the aldehyde group. The name of the simplest
aromatic aldehyde carrying the aldehyde group on a benzene ring is benzenecarbaldehyde.
However, the common name benzaldehyde is also accepted by IUPAC. Other aromatic
aldehydes are hence named as substituted benzaldehydes.

(i)Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes.

(a) CH3CH=CHCHO (b) CH3CH2COCH(C2H5)CH2CH2Cl
(ii) Write the structures of the following compounds.
(a) α-Methoxypropionaldehyde (b) 3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
(iii)What do you mean by a semicarbazone. Draw the structure of Semicarbazone of
cyclobutanone.
OR
(iii)Draw structures of the following derivatives-
(a) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde (b) Cyclopropanone oxime

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -4

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Effect of substituents on the acidity of carboxylic acids:
Substituents may affect the stability of the conjugate base and thus, also affect the acidity of
the carboxylic acids. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of carboxylic acids by
stabilising the conjugate base through delocalisation of the negative charge by inductive
and/or resonance effects. Conversely, electron donating groups decrease the acidity by
destabilising the conjugate base.
 1. Arrange the following compound in increasing order of their acid character-
FCH2COOH, O2N-CH2-COOH, CH3COOH, HCOOH
2. Write the conjugate base of acetic acid.
3. Consider the given statement-
‘Direct attachment of groups such as phenyl or vinyl to the carboxylic acid,
increases the acidity of corresponding carboxylic acid.’
Is it correct statement? Justify your answer.
“OR”
The resonance structures A, B and C; of the carboxylic acid group are shown below,
which of them is the most stable and why?

(A) (B) (C)

ANSWERS
CASE BASED QUESTIONS -1

(i) C6H5 CO CH3 Zn(Hg) +HCl C6H5 CH2 CH3

OR
X= CH3CH=NNH2 Y = CH3CH3
(ii) Formic Acid, HCOOH

(iii) A= CH3CH2CH2CHO B = CH3COCH2CH3 C= (CH3)2CHCHO

D= CH3CH2CH2CH3
CASE BASED QUESTIONS -2
(i)(a) Cinnamaldehyde
(ii) (c) Rosenmund’s reaction
(iii)(d) Nucleophilic addition reaction
(iv) (d) CH3CHO
CASE BASED QUESTIONS -3
(i)(a) But-2-en-1-al or But-2-enal
(b) 6-Chloro-4-ethylhexan-3-one
(ii)(a)
(b)

(iii) Semicarbazone:- A semicarbazone is a derivative of imines formed by a condensation reaction

between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide.

(iii)a) b)

CASE BASED QUESTIONS -4

1. CH3COOH < HCOOH < FCH2COOH < O2N-CH2-COOH
2. CH3COO- or ‘Acetate ion’.
3. Yes, statement is correct. This is because of greater electronegativity of sp2 hybridised
carbon to which carboxyl carbon is attached.
“OR”
The structure (C) is most stable. This is because structure (C) has all the atoms with a
complete octet or duplet, in case of hydrogen.

Chapter – 9: AMINE
CASE/CONTENT BASED QUESTION
Q1 . Reductive alkylation is the term applied to the process of introducing alkyl groups into
ammonia or a primary or secondary amine by means of an aldehyde or ketone in the presence
of a reducing agent. The present discussion is limited to those reductive alkylations in which
the reducing agent is hydrogen and a catalyst or "nascent" hydrogen, usually from a metal acid
combination; most of these reductive alkylations have been carried out with hydrogen and a
catalyst. The principal variation excluded is that in which the reducing agent is formic acid or
one of its derivatives; this modification is known as the Leuckart reaction. The process of
reductive alkylation of ammonia consists in the addition of ammonia to a carbonyl compound
and reduction of the addition compound or its dehydration product. The reaction
usually is carried out in ethanol solution when the reduction is to be effected catalytically

Since the primary amine is formed in the presence of the aldehyde it may react in the same way
as ammonia, yielding an addition compound, a Schiff's base (RCH= NCH2R) and finally, a
secondary amine. Similarly, the primary amine may react with the imine, forming an addition
product which also is reduced to a secondary amine Finally, the secondary amine may react
with either the aldehyde or the imine to give products which are reduced to tertiary amines.

Similar reactions may occur when the carbonyl compound employed is a ketone.

i.) Ethanal on reaction with ammonia forms an imine (X) which on reaction with nascent
hydrogen gives (Y). Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
2
ii) Acetaldehyde is reacted with ammonia followed by reduction in presence of hydrogen as
a catalyst. The primary amine so formed further reacts with acetaldehyde. Name the
Schiff’s base
formed during the reaction
1
 OR
Name the type of reaction of ammonia and its derivatives with aldehydes :

iii). What is produced on the reductive alkylation of ammonia by means of an aldehyde in

presence of hydrogen as reducing agents?
1

Q2. Diazonium salts are important class of organic compounds which are widely used to
prepare a large variety of other organic compounds. These are prepared by adding a cold
aqueous solution of NaNO2 to the solution of an aromatic primary amine in HCl at 273-
278K.This reaction is called diazotisation. Aromatic diazonium salts are much more stable than
aliphatic diazonium salts due to the dispersal of positive charge on the benzene ring.
Arenediazonium salts are highly reactive compounds. This is due to the excellent leaving
ability of the diazo group as N2 gas. Therefore, these undergo a number of substitution
reactions.
i) .Name the main product formed when benzene diazonium chloride is heated with ethanol.
1
ii). Name the reaction-
1

iii).How will you prepare methyl orange by coupling benzene diazonium salt of sulphonic
acid? 2
Or
Aromatic diazonium salts are much more stable than aliphatic diazonium salts. Why?

Q3. Pure aliphatic and alkyl amines can be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide reaction. In this
reaction, phthalimide is treated with ethanolic KOH solution followed by heating with a
suitable alkyl or aralkyl halide to give N-substituted phthalimides. These upon hydrolysis with
dil HCl under pressure give primary amines. Primary amines can also be prepared from amides
by treatment with Br2 and KOH by a reaction known as Hoffmann bromamide degradation
method. Like ammonia, amines behave as Lewis bases because of the presence of a lone pair
of electrons. The basicity of aliphatic amines in aqueous solution depends upon the +I effect of
alkyl group as well as the extent of hydrogen bonding with water molecules and the steric effect
of the alkyl group. However, aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic amines.

i). Gabriel phthalimide reaction cannot be used to prepare aniline. Why ?

2
or
What are the factors on which the basicity of aliphatic amine depends?
ii) .Which one has more pKb value; aliphatic amines or ammonia?
1
iii).What is produced when Ethanamide reacts with Br2 and KOH ?
1

Q4. Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or
more hydrogen atoms of ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl groups. Amines are usually formed
from nitro compounds, halides, amides, etc. They exhibit hydrogen bonding which influences
their physical properties, Alkyl amines are found to be strongest bases than ammonia. In
aromatic amines, electron releasing and withdrawing groups, respectively increase and
decrease their basic character. Reactions of amines are governed by availability of the unshared
pair of electrons on nitrogen. Influence of the number of hydrogen atoms at nitrogen atom on
the type of reactions and nature of products is responsible for identification and distinction
between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Reactivity of aromatic amines can be
controlled by acylation process.

i).Why does aniline not give Friedel-Crafts reaction?

2
Or
How can you distinguish between CH3CH2NH2 and (CH3CH2) NH by Hinsberg test?
ii). Arrange the following in the increasing order of their pKb values:
1
C6H5NH2, NH3, C2H5NH2, (CH3)3N

iii). What are amines?

1

ANSWER KEY

Q1. i). X is CH3CH=NH and Y is CH3CH2NH2

 ii). CH3CH=NHCH2CH3
OR
[or]. Nucleophilic addition reaction
iii). Mixture of all three amines
Q2. i). Benzene
ii). Balz Schiemann reaction
iii) by treating with N.N-dimethylaniline
Or
Aromatic diazonium salts are much more stable than aliphatic diazonium salts due to
the dispersal of positive charge on the benzene ring.
Q3. i). Aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with potassium phthalimide.
Or
The basicity of aliphatic amines in aqueous solution depends upon the +1 effect of
alkyl group as well as the extent of hydrogen bonding with water molecules and the
steric effect of the alkyl group.
ii). Ammonia
iii).Methanamine
Q4. i) Aniline being a Lewis base reacts with Lewis acid such as AlCl3 to form a salt.
C6H5NH2 + AlCl3 → C6H5N+H2AlCl3-
As a result, N of aniline acquires +ve charge, and hence it acts as a strong deactivating
group for electrophilic substitution reactions. Hence, aniline does not undergo Friedal-
Crafts reaction.
Or
CH3CH2NH2 reacts with Hinsbergs reagent(benzene sulphonyl chloride) to form the
product
which is soluble in alkali.

But (CH3CH2)2NH gives product with Hinsbergs reagent which is not soluble in
alkali.

ii). C2H5NH2< (CH3)3N< NH3 < C6H5NH2

iii). Amines are the organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms
of
ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl groups.
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Chapter – 10: BIOMOLECULES
1. Read the paragraph carefully and give the answers of the questions followed. (1+1+2)
Glucose, Galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula but they differ in the
organization of their atoms. The sugars we have looked at so far are linear molecules (straight
chains). That may seem odd because sugars are often drawn as rings. As it turns out both are
correct: many five- and six-carbon sugars can exist either as a linear chain or in one or more
ring-shaped forms. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation. The optical rotation of the solution
depends on the optical rotation of each anomers and their ratio in the solution. Mutarotation
was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1844, when he noticed that
the specific rotation of aqueous sugar solution changes with time. These forms exist in
equilibrium with each other, but equilibrium strongly favours the ring forms (particularly in
aqueous, or water-based, solution). For instance, in solution, glucose’s main configuration is
a six-membered ring. Over 99% of glucose is typically found in this form.

(A) (B) (C)

Even when glucose is in a six-membered ring, it can occur in two different forms with
different properties. During ring formation, the ‘O’ from the carbonyl, which is converted to
a hydroxyl group, will be trapped either “above” the ring (on the same side as
the CH2OHCH2OH) or “below” the ring (on the opposite side from this group).
Answer the following questions:
(a) Why D- Glucose does show mutarotation?
(b) What will be the condensation product of glucose and fructose? Which linkage is
responsible for condensation of monosaccharides?
(c) Mention the difference in anomeric forms of glucose and evidence to support the
cyclic forms of glucose.
OR

Under what conditions glucose is converted to gluconic and saccharic acid? Write
chemical reactions.
2. Read the paragraph carefully and give the answers of the questions followed.(1+1+2)
Proteins are the polymers of α -amino acids and they are connected to each
other by peptide bond or peptide linkage. Chemically, peptide linkage is an amide
formed between–COOH group and –NH2 group. The reaction between two molecules
of similar or different amino acids proceeds through the combination of the amino
 group of one molecule with the carboxyl group of the other. This results in the
elimination of a water molecule and formation of a peptide bond –CO–NH–. The
product of the reaction is called a dipeptide because it is made up of two amino acids.
For example, when carboxyl group of glycine combines with the amino group of
alanine we get a dipeptide, glycylalanine .Structure and shape of proteins can be studied
at four different levels, i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, each level
being more complex than the previous one.

The final shape adopted by a newly synthesized protein is typically the most
energetically favorable one. As proteins fold, they test a variety of conformations before
reaching their final form, which is unique and compact. Folded proteins are stabilized
by thousands of noncovalent bonds between amino acids. In addition, chemical forces
between a protein and its immediate environment contribute to protein shape and
stability. For example, the proteins that are dissolved in the cell cytoplasm have
hydrophilic (water-loving) chemical groups on their surfaces, whereas their
hydrophobic (water-averse) elements tend to be tucked inside. In contrast, the proteins
that are inserted into the cell membranes display some hydrophobic chemical groups
on their surface, specifically in those regions where the protein surface is exposed to
membrane lipids. It is important to note, however, that fully folded proteins are not
frozen into shape. Rather, the atoms within these proteins remain capable of making
small movements.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Name the forces responsible for secondary and tertiary structure.
(b) Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
(c) Write one difference between α-helix and β-pleated sheet structure of protein..
OR
(c) What is the difference between native protein and denatured protein?
3. Read the paragraph carefully and give answers of the questions followed.(1+1+2)
Information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain of a nucleic
acid is called its primary structure. Nucleic acids have a secondary structure also.
James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure for DNA. Two
 nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds
between pairs of bases. The two strands are complementary to each other because the
hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases. Adenine forms hydrogen
bonds with thymine whereas cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. In
secondary structure of RNA single stranded helics is present which sometimes folds
back on itself. RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions.
DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic
information. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different
species of organisms over millions of years. A DNA molecule is capable of self-
duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter
cells.
Answer the following questions:

(a) Name the segment of DNA which acts as the instrumental manual for the
synthesis of proteins.
OR
(b) Name the chemical change in DNA that leads to the synthesis of proteins with
different amino acids.
(c) (i) Write the sequence of chemicals present in nucleic acids.
(ii) What are the different types of RNA found in the cell?

ANSWERS
1. (a) D- Glucose shows mutarotation because it undergoes interconversion between its
α and β (+) Glucopyranose structures.
(b) Sucrose. Glycosidic linkage
(c) In the α-anomer, the hydroxyl on the anomeric carbon is on the opposite side of
the ring from the terminal −CH2OH group (i.e., pointing down). In the β-anomer, it is
on the same side of the ring (pointing up).
Glucose does not give Schiff’s test, Hydrogen sulphite addition product is not formed
with NaHSO3 .The reaction of Pentaacetate of glucose with hydroxylamine does not
take place.(any one )
OR
Glucose is converted to gluconic acid by oxidization with bromine water and to
saccharic acid when oxidation is carried by conc. HNO3.

2. (a) The forces which are responsible for tertiary structure of proteins are hydrogen bonds,
disulphide linkage, vander walls and electrostatic forces of attraction.
(b) On boiling the water soluble globular proteins unfold and helix get uncoiled .During
this change intermolecular hydrogen bond get disturbed. The water molecule gets
attached to the uncoiled proteins molecule through hydrogen bond.
(c) α-Helix structure: The polypeptide chains are held together (stabilized) by
Intramolecular H-bonding.β-Pleated sheet structure: The two neighboring polypeptide
chains are held together by intermolecular H-bonding.
OR
 (c) Proteins found in a biological system with unique 3D-structure and biological
activity is called native protein. When native protein is subjected to physical and
chemical change, protein loses its biological activity and is called denatured protein.
3. (a) Gene OR Mutation
(b) Phosphate- sugar-base
(c) m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA