BT 101 Mid Current Solved

MCQS
1. Subset of the food-web (dynamic) is impacted by a change in population Number

2. Y-axis is a logarithmic plot of numbers of survivors X-axis is a linear plot of (age).

3. The first community to become established in an area is called the (pioneer community.)

4. Which animal change it color rapidly (chameleon)

5. Plant algae and cyanobacteria are (photo autotrophs)

6. Plants are (autotrophs)

7. 3 oxygen atom form (ozone.)

8. above thermosphere is (exosphere)

9. Second layer (stratosphere)

10. This process of evaporation through plant leaves is called (transpiration.)

11. (Exotic Species) are species that occur outside of their natural ranges because of human activity

12. Deforestation directly affects rate of (transpiration).

13. • Pere David’s deer was a native species of (China).

14. • mutualism is Long-term relationship between individuals of (different species)

15. • High population (densities) can lead to the accumulation of harmful waste products that kill individuals or
Impair reproduction, reducing the population’s growth.

16. The maximum population (size) of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely.

17. . . . Gross primary productivity Gap Raw rate at which the (primary producers) synthesize new organic matter.

Question and Answers

Define Commensalism?
One species gain benefits while those of the other species is neither benefited nor harmed. Example: Remora fish and
Sharks

Types of Population Growth?

Exponential and Logistic Growth

Different form of energy in ecosystem?

When it comes to the flow of energy in ecosystems there are two types of organisms: producers and consumers.
Plants are a common example of producers in all populations. They are able to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen
and glucose, a common sugar consumed by most organisms.

Hibernation?
Hibernation • Decreased metabolism • Lowered body temperature • May last for weeks or months • Examples:
Rodents, Shrews

Formation of inorganic plant and algal nutrition?

 • Chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the growth of plants and algae – Harmful in large
concentrations

Different type of autotrophs?

 Photoautotrophs. Photoautotrophs are organisms who get the energy to make organic materials from sunlight. ...
 Chemoautotrophs. ...
 Plants. ...
 Green Algae

How pollution could be classified?

Pollution can be classified by its physical nature, by its source, by its recipient, by the sector affected or by its
effects. Pollution may be in the form of a gas, liquid, solid or energy. ... There are different types of pollution:
water pollution, air pollution, solid waste pollution and noise pollution.

Types of Biological clock?

 Circadian rhythms: biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. Sleep follows a circadian rhythm. ...
 In radian rhythms: biological cycles that take longer than twenty-four hours. ...
 Ultrafine rhythms: biological cycles that occur more than once a day.

Role of mine in ecosystem?

Mining operations often contaminate the soil with toxic heavy metals and acids. Acids can lower the pH of the soil,
preventing plants and soil microorganisms from thriving, and can also react with various minerals in the soil that are
required by plants, such as calcium and magnesium.

How to CO2 come from burning gasoline?

20% and 13 % of carbon dioxide emissions comes from the burning of gasoline in internal combustion engines of cars
and trucks

Three properties of thermosphere?

• Temperature increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation.
• Temperature can raise 1700 °C or more.
• Highly diluted gas in this layer can reach 2,500 °C during the day.

Exponential growth?
Exponential growth is a specific way that a quantity may increase over time. It occurs when the instantaneous rate
of change (that is, the derivative) of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself.

Population and Cause?

These are the leading causes:
 Poverty. Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. ...
 Poor Contraceptive Use. ...
 Child Labor. ...
 Reduced Mortality Rates. ...
 Fertility Treatment. ...
 Immigration. ...
 Lack of Water. ...
 Lower Life Expectancy.

Overexploitation?
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing
returns. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource.

Heterotrophs?
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its
intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food
chain, heterotrophs are secondary and tertiary consumers.

Net primary productivity of wetland and Rainfall?

 Net primary production (NPP) is highest in wetlands receiving nutrient enrichment or with high nutrient
turnover. The degree, duration, and periodicity of flooding affect wetland productivity more
than rainfall or temperature. Drainage can promote enhanced productivity by increasing nutrient mineralization.

Define parasitism?
One species gain benefits other species is harmed • Intimate contact (feed off host) • usually do not kill host (parasitoids
do) • Enhances fitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host

What is trophic ozone?

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is another short-lived photochemical pollutant formed in the atmosphere during complex
chemical reactions between motor vehicle and other emissions in combination with sunlight.

What are type of extinction Species and cause?

Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of
invasive species (such as new predators and food competitors), overhunting, and other influences. Explosive,
unsustainable human population growth is an essential cause of the extinction crisis.

Carrying capacity (K)?

The maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely. • Environment's maximal
load • Population size decreases above carrying capacity

Categories of water pollution?

 Types of water pollution. There are many types of water pollution because water comes from many sources.
...
 Nutrients Pollution. Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. ...
 Surface water pollution. ...
 Oxygen Depleting. ...
 Microbiological. ...
 Suspended Matter. ...
 Chemical Water Pollution. ...
 Oil Spillage.

Bio magnification?
Bio magnification, also known as bio amplification or biological magnification, is any concentration of a toxin, such
as pesticides, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

Flow of energy in ecosystem?

The cycle of energy is based on the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. ... At the first
trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic material through photosynthesis. The
herbivores at the second trophic level, use the plants as food which gives them energy.

Decomposition process?
Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter.
The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space
in the biosphere. ... Animals, such as worms, also help decompose the organic materials.

Difference between Iodine and Koiondoint?

?

Food Web?
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an
image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is consumer-resource system.

Adaptation to avoid dehydration in animal?

Adaptations To avoid dehydration: -
Behavioral Nocturnal mode, burrows/hides –
Physiological Osmoregulation

What factor control ecosystem?

Ecosystems are dynamic entities controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors, such as climate
and the parent material that forms the soil, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work
within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem.

Stage of H2O cycle?

Condensation, Evaperation, Percipitation, Collection

Characteristic of Habitat?
Characteristics of habitats are the abiotic and biotic factors that influence a plant. Among the abiotic factors are
chemical and physical values like light, climate, soil composition, soil consistency, exposition to the sun, etc.

Height of stratosphere and equivalent and pole?

• 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi) at equator
• 10 km (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) at midlatitudes
• 7 km (23,000 ft; 4.3 mi) at the poles

What is aestivation?
Survival in extended period of drying • Avoid temperature damage and dehydration • Examples: Insects, frog, turtle

Major Category of Parasite?

protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

Standard niche?
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Define ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment,
interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy
flows.

Sources of nitrogen? Two main sources of nitrogen?

Sources of Nitrogen • Lightning • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogen Fixation • Animal Residues • Crop residues • Organic
fertilizers

Define Transcription, Percolation and Ground water?

Percolation (Infiltration) • Percolation is an important process. • Rain water soaks into (infiltrates) the ground, into
the soil and underlying rock layers. • Some of this water ultimately returns to the surface at springs or in low spots
downhill.

Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.
Transcription
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Habitat Destruction?
Habitat destruction is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. In this
process, the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed reducing biodiversity.

Explain the process of coevolution by the example of aphid-ant about co evolution?

Coevolution • Two or more species living in same habitat, reciprocally affect each other's evolution. Ants protect
aphids from parasites and predators. • Aphids produce honeydew, source of nutrition for ants. • Specifically coevolved
for ants

Define trophic cascade?

- Species Level Cascade Subset of the food-web dynamic is impacted by a change in population numbers
- Community Level Cascades Change in population numbers has a dramatic effect on the entire foodweb Example:
Distribution of plant biomass.

Limit factor that control population?

Limiting factors regulate population size • Rate of Birth • Rate of Death/mortality • Dispersal • Food Resources • Space
to grow • Environmental factors

Theory of natural selection who and when?

Darwin influenced by Malthus’s ideas, proposed the ground breaking “Theory of natural selection” in 1859.

Water pollution major type? Note on H2O pollution?

Surface Water Pollution: when harmful substances invade water bodies such as oceans, rivers, seas, and lakes.
Oxygen Depletion: when too much biodegradable materials promote microorganism growth, and they use almost all
oxygen in the water.

Camouflage strategies?
1. Crypsis Objects hide and hard to see 2. Mimicry Disguising them as something else 3. Motion dazzle Using visual
illusions • Protect without hiding (Yehi Samjh aayiee)

What is the effect of population growth and size in term of logistic growth?

What is habitat distribution?

Habitat distribution models (HDMs) predict where suitable habitat may exist for a species, based in part on
verified observations of the species in their natural environments.

Decomposition?
• Plays important role in nitrogen and carbon cycles.
1. Autolysis Breaking down of tissues by the body's own internal chemicals and enzymes
2. Putrefaction • Breakdown of tissues by bacteria. • release compounds such as cadaverine and putrescine causing
decaying odor

Loss of fragmentation?
Habitat destruction and fragmentation is a process that describes the emergences of discontinuities
(fragmentation) or the loss (destruction) of the environment inhabited by an organism. (Internet)

Atmosphere on Earth?
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained
by Earth's gravity.

Biological clocks?
• Biological Clocks - Diurnal Distribution, sleep-wake cycle - Annual Reproduction, migration

Stratosphere height at equator and pole?

Near the equator, the lower edge of the stratosphere is as high as 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi), around 10 km (33,000
ft; 6.2 mi) at midlatitudes, and at about 7 km (23,000 ft; 4.3 mi) at the poles.

Types of grazing?
Types of Grazing 1. Graminivory • Feeding primarily on grass • Specifically "true" grasses in family Poaceae Examples:
Horses, cattle, hippopotamus, grasshoppers

How mimicry different from camouflage?

The first difference is that mimicry involves morphological, behavioral, and physiological adaptations,
whereas camouflage only involves morphological characteristics. Second, in most cases, camouflage relates to the
blending of the animal or plant with its environment. (Internet)

Height of upper and lower layer of mesosphere?

Layer, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere • Lower boundary is 50 to 65 kilometres
• Upper boundary is around 85 to 100 kilometres • It is called as “near space”. (PPTS)

The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The mesosphere is directly above the stratosphere and below the
thermosphere. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet. Temperature decreases with
height throughout the mesosphere. (Internet)

Habitat fragmentation?
Habitat needs to be an intact body. • Least interference is required to protect niches of organisms. • Many species are
too sensitive to tolerate changes in their niches. • e.g. insects

Composition of first atmosphere?

1. First Atmosphere Composition of gases like solar nebula (disc of dirt and gases) Aged 4 billion years ago • Hydrogen
• Methane • Helium • Ammonia • Water vapors

Conventional aviation?
Conventional aviation takes place here. • It contains: • 75% of the atmosphere's mass • 99% of the total mass of water
vapor and aerosols

Effect of noise?
Effects • Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health. • High blood pressure, stress related
illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss • It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and
panic attacks.

Type of air pollution?

The EPA identified six major types of air pollutants deemed especially harmful to human health. These are carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter and lead. Since the Clean Air Act of 1970 and
the identification of these pollutants, air pollution has decreased markedly. (Internet)

Primary productivity decomposer?

Fungi • Primary decomposer • Release digestive enzymes by their hyphae • Absorb organic matter and release CO2

Carbon cycle?
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere,
geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well
as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. (Internet)

Benefit of atmosphere?
The Earth's atmosphere protects and sustains the planet's inhabitants by providing warmth and absorbing harmful
solar rays. In addition to containing the oxygen and carbon dioxide, which living things need to survive,
the atmosphere traps the sun's energy and wards off many of the dangers of space. (Internet)

Omniverse types?
- Frugivores: wolves and orangutans - Insectivores: swallows and pink fairy armadillos - Granivores: large ground
finches and mice

Source of water treatment?

Sources for water purification and for day-to-day use. In general, these resources can be classified as groundwater or
surface water and commonly include underground aquifers, creeks, streams, rivers, and lakes. (Internet)

Secondary waste water?

Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain degree
of effluent quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settleable solids
and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds. (Internet)

Mutualism?
Mutualism • Long-term relationship between individuals of different species • Both individuals get benefit Example:
Hermit crab and sea anemone

Succession type?
There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary. Primary succession is the series of community
changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. For example, a newly quarried
rock face or sand dunes. (Internet)

Name that microorganism that take part in nitrogen fixation?

Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are recognized. The first kind, the free-living (nonsymbiotic) bacteria, includes
the cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia,
and Clostridium. (Internet)
 Name factor that limit population growth? What factor that effect on the rate of growth and size of
population?

Limiting factors regulate population size • Rate of Birth • Rate of Death/mortality • Dispersal • Food Resources • Space
to grow • Environmental factors. (PPTS)
Limiting factors are resources or other factors in the environment that can lower the population
growth rate. Limiting factors include a low food supply and lack of space. Limiting factors can lower birth
rates, increase death rates, or lead to emigration. (Internet)

Define feeding stage? What are different feeding strategies?

Feeding Levels • Food energy passes through different sequence.
• Example: plants → grass hopper → frog → snake → hawk • Many plant species eaten by insects
• Many insects species eaten by frogs

What are the troposphere ozone layer?

The ozone in this layer of air protects plants, animals, and us by blocking the most harmful rays of the
sun. Tropospheric ozone, (ground-level ozone) is found in the troposphere, which is the layer of air closest to
the Earth's surface. ... Ozone does not naturally occur at harmful levels in the troposphere. (Internet)

What are extensive and major cause?

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Sources of land population?

The Main Causes of Land Pollution
 Deforestation.
 Agriculture.
 Industry.
 Mining.
 Landfills and waste.
 Urbanization.
 Other. (Internet)

Energy flow in ecosystem?

The cycle of energy is based on the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. ... At the first
trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic material through photosynthesis. The
herbivores at the second trophic level, use the plants as food which gives them energy. (Internet)

Fundamental of niche?
Fundamental Niche The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and
resource needs.

Layer of atmosphere?
Layers of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth's surface
is called the exosphere. (Internet)

Role of autotrophs?
an organism that serves as a primary producer in a food chain. Autotrophs obtain energy and nutrients by harnessing
sunlight through photosynthesis (photoautotrophs) or, more rarely, obtain chemical energy through oxidation
(chemoautotrophs) to make organic substances from inorganic ones. (Internet)

Detail note on limiting factor?

A limiting factor is a resource or environmental condition which limits the growth, distribution or abundance of an
organism or population within an ecosystem. ... A limiting factor restricts organisms from occupying their
fundamental niche and results instead in the fulfillment of their actual or realized niche. (Internet)

Food Web?
• Complexly interconnected food chains in an ecological community • Represent tiny portion of the complexity of real
ecosystems.
Foraging?
Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an
animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies
the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment where the animal lives. (Internet)

Exponential Growth?
Exponential growth is a specific way that a quantity may increase over time. It occurs when the instantaneous rate
of change (that is, the derivative) of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself. (Internet)

Top down effect mean?

Top-Down Effect • Effect flows down through a trophic chain • From apex predator to lower trophic levels

Name 2 effect habitat?

Habitat needs to be an intact body. • Least interference is required to protect niches of organisms. • Many species are
too sensitive to tolerate changes in their niches. • e.g. insects

Name of stages of foraging?

• These stages form a foraging Cycle. 1. Search 2. Assessment 3. Capture 4. Handling

Fragmentation on species?
Minor fluctuations in climate, resources, or other factors that would be unremarkable and quickly corrected in large
populations can be catastrophic in small, isolated populations. Thus fragmentation of habitat is an important cause
of species extinction. ... Additionally, habitat fragmentation leads to edge effects. (Internet)

Sources of wastewater
Wastewater is a byproduct of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities

Properties are R selected species?

r-selected species • High growth rates • Typically exploit less crowded ecological habitats • Produce many offspring
• Relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood. High reproductive rate supports their survival. • Especially in
unstable environment

Flow of Energy in Ecosystem Feeding Levels

• Food energy passes through different sequence. • Example: plants → grass hopper → frog → snake → hawk • Many
plant species eaten by insects • Many insects species eaten by frogs • this complexity is organized by ecologists. •
Recognized limited number of feeding or trophic levels In Food Chain • Food energy passes through different sequence.
• Level 1: Primary producer Level 2: Primary consumer Level 3: Secondary consumer Level 4: Tertiary Consumer Level
5: Apex Predator

Role of mine wasterwater?

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Role of Wisconsin–Madison in restore ecological?

The University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum has pioneered restoration ecology. a. The restoration of the prairie
was at an early stage in November 1935. b. The prairie as it looks today. This picture was taken at approximately the
same location as the 1935 photograph.

Long 5 Marks
Treatment of waste water? Note on treatment of Wastewater
Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no longer
suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a number of
activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff. (Internet)

Stage of Water Cycle? Define stage of Water cycle? Method of Waste water treatment?
There are four main stages in the water cycle. They are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection.
Let's look at each of these stages. Evaporation: This is when warmth from the sun causes water from oceans, lakes,
streams, ice and soils to rise into the air and turn into water vapour (gas). (Internet)
K and R Species Properties? / Trait of K and R Species? Difference K and R Species?
The two evolutionary "strategies" are termed r-selection, for those species that produce many "cheap" offspring and
live in unstable environments and K-selection for those species that produce few "expensive" offspring and live in
stable environments. (Internet)

Detail note on water pollution?

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies
include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. ... For example, releasing inadequately treated
wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. (Internet)

Global Warming? Effect of Globule Warming?

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is a major aspect of
climate change, and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various
effects of the warming. Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.

Consumer Resources?
Consumer-Resource system • Direct or indirect balance between resources and consumption • Predators indirectly
increase plant growth. • They prevent overgrazing by suppressing herbivores. • The net effect of direct and indirect
relations is called trophic cascades.

What are consumer ecosystem?

Consumer is a category that belongs within the food chain of an ecosystem. It refers predominantly to
animals. Consumers are unable to make their own energy, and instead rely on the consumption and digestion of
producers or other consumers, or both, to survive. (Internet)

Invasion specis?
Colonization, a natural process by which a species expands its geographic range, occurs in many ways. Examples: •
Seed dispersal by birds • Lowering of sea levels join two isolated land masses • Flooding
Types of invasive species 1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Pathogens • They cause an imbalance in the natural environment. •
They outcompete the native species.

Feeding in food chain?

The fundamental purpose of food webs is to describe feeding relationship among species in a community. ... The
second trophic level consists of herbivores. These are first consumers. The remaining trophic levels include carnivores
that consume animals at trophic levels below them. (Internet)

Aposematism?
Aposematism is the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This
unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul
taste or smell, sharp spines, or aggressive nature.

Acid Rain? Rain Water?

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of
hydrogen ions (low pH). ... Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with
the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. (Internet)

Primary and Secondary treatment of wastewater?

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle
to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed
and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. (Internet)

Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain degree of effluent
quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settleable solids and a biological
process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds. (Internet)

Feeding strategies?
• Different feeding strategies Major strategies: 1. Grazers 2. Browsers
1. Grazers • Feeds on plants such as grasses, soft flowering plants (forbs) and algae • Plants are not killed. • Examples:
Deer & Snails
Types of Grazing 1. Graminivory • Feeding primarily on grass • Specifically "true" grasses in family Poaceae Examples:
Horses, cattle, hippopotamus, grasshoppers

2. Browsers • Feed on non-grass plant material • Leaves, soft shoots, twigs, fruits, woody plants such as shrubs
Examples: Goats, deer, giraffe, elephants
Over browsing - Introduction of herbivores - Low productivity of native plants - Less predation pressure

Ozone depleting substance?

Ozone Depleting Substances
• Halocarbon refrigerants
• Solvents
• Propellants in aerosols
• Chlorofluorocarbons
• Hydro chlorofluorocarbons
• Methyl bromide
• Carbon tetrachloride
• Methyl chloroform

Logistic growth?
Logistic Population Growth • Carrying capacity of environment affect population growth. • Environmental resistance •
Growth rate gets smaller as approaches the carrying capacity
Environmental factors affect population growth. • Climate • Food • Space • Competition.

Light pollution and its environmental effect?

Light pollution, also known as photo pollution • Excessive, misdirected or obtrusive artificial light • Major side-effect
of urbanization • It is blamed for compromising health, disrupting ecosystems and spoiling aesthetic environments.
Effects Animals • Negative impacts on plant and animal physiology • Sleep • Foraging behavior • Predation •
Reproduction • Animal navigation • Alter competitive interactions • Change predator-prey relations

Types of Parasites?
Types of Parasites
1. Microparasites: reproduce inside host Bacteria, viruses
2. Macroparasites: release juvenile outside host E.g. trematodes
3. Endo parasites Examples: Liver fluke, tape worm, nematodes
4. Ectoparasites Examples: Ticks, mites, fleas, mosquito, lice

Difference between Waste water treatment and Primary Secondary treatment?

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater – water that is no longer needed or is no longer
suitable for use – into bilge water that can be discharged back into the environment. It's formed by a number of
activities including bathing, washing, using the toilet, and rainwater runoff. (Internet)

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle
to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed
and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. (Internet)

Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain degree of effluent
quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settle able solids and a biological
process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds. (Internet)