Module 4 - Orthographic Projections and Perspective

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-ENGDRAW-2NDSEM-2020-2021
College of Engineering
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. N93/N170/N190/N210

SPECIALIZATION CEM/SE/TE/WRE COURSE TITLE Engineering Drawing and Plans
YEAR LEVEL 1st TIME FRAME WK NO. 7-8 IM NO. 4
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Projections and Perspectives
II. LESSON TITLE
Projections and Perspectives
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
1. Projections
a. Orthographic
b. Isometric
2. Perspectives
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To draw 3D type objects.

• Interpret and analyze on to draw projections.
V. LESSON CONTENT
Projections
Introduction
In the preceding chapters, where the constructions of the geometrical figures having only two dimensions
are discussed, solid geometry is dealt with in this module.
Engineering drawing, particularly solid geometry is the graphic language used in the industry to record
the ideas and information necessary in the form of blue prints to make machines, buildings, structures
etc., by engineers and technicians who design, develop, manufacture and market the products.
Projection
As per the optical physics, an object is seen

when the light rays called visual rays coming
from the object strike the observer's eye. The
size of the image formed in the retina
depends on the distance of the observer from
the object. If an imaginary transparent plane
is introduced such that the object is in
between the observer and the plane, the
image obtained on the screen is as shown in
Figure
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This is called perspective view of the object. Here, straight lines (rays) are drawn from various points on
the contour of the object to meet the transparent plane, thus the object is said to be projected on that
plane.
Types of Projection
A. Orthographic Projection
Orthographic is derived from Greek words orthos and graphos, meaning to write and to draw. It other
words, it describes a type of drawing represented by lines, without shading or rendering.
Orthographic drawing is a special type of drawing, that is easier to understand than the other types
of drawing/projection. The representation of the exact shape of an object in two or more views as
they are seen perpendicularly from its surfaces. For instance, a cube viewed perpendicularly in
relation to any of its sides would appear a square. For a rectangular Prism, some sides would view a
Square and majority would be a rectangle.
The Projection Box
An orthographic drawing can be illustrated with a projection box whose sides are made of either plastic
or glass. These sides are hinged to one another as shown in the figure.
The top side or plane is hinged to the front side and the front side is hinged to the right, left, and bottom
sides of the box. These sides or planes are also called the picture or projection planes. If the box is
opened flat on a table or on the plane of the drawing paper, it will appear as shown in the Figure.
If the object is positioned inside the box so that every part or side of it
can be seen on all sides, its views can be projected perpendicularly
and drawn.
Only three views are projected here, the top view (TV), front view (FV),
and the right-side view (RSV). In the top view the other vertical sides
or surfaces of the object cannot be seen but are represented by the
edges or lines of the top view. The reason for this is that the eyes are
looking perpendicularly at these surfaces when the edges are being
traced on the top plane. In short, a surface perpendicular to the
observer’s eyes will be seen as a line or an edge. This is one of the
principles of orthographic drawing. If the projection box is opened flat,
the positions of the top, front, and right-side views are arranged in an
L shaped, as shown.
Other example of orthographic drawing of a rectangular tub.
In the above drawing, the right and left side view and the rear view are HORIZONTALLY IN LINE with
the front view. Three views are generally required to represent the object. These are the top, front, right-
side views.
Principles of Orthographic Drawing
1. Top view is directly above the front view.

2. The side views are horizontally in line with the from view.
3. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the front view.
4. When a line or an edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane of projection, it appears as a point.
(Figure a)
5. A line or edge parallel to the plane of projection will also appear as a line or edge in its exact or true
length. (Figure b)
6. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter or foreshortened. (Figure c)
7. A surface perpendicular to the projection plane will appear as a line or edge equal in length to the
nearest edge of the surface, which in this case is either its length or its width, depending on its
position. (Figure d)
8. A surface perpendicular to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact true shape and size.
(Figure e)
9. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a surface but smaller in size and
shape. (Figure f)
10. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true length.
Steps in Sketching Orthographic Drawings

1. Study the object – the overall dimensions (Length, Width, and thickness) of the object must be known
in order to know the proportion of its parts to each other and of the parts to the whole.
2. Determine the views and their arrangement on the drawing – Preferably choose the views which will
show the main surfaces of the object. Surface which contain circular or irregular shapes should be
among the three regular views. If two views are enough to describe the object, let them suffice.
3. Determine the size of the views – The size of each view depends on the size of the object itself.
PROPORTION THE VIEWS ACCORDINGLY. If dimensions will be added in the drawing, provide
enough spaces between the views.
4. Block-in the views – this means to draw light horizontal and vertical lines in other to show the size
and location of each view.
5. Draw the details – other parts of the object should be sketched with LIGHT LINES so that any
mistakes can be easily erased.
6. Trace the visible edges – The visible edges of the object should be represented by visible lines.
7. Show hidden edges – Represent these edges with hidden lines. Hidden lines at the corners should
touch each other. (see the rectangular tub as an example)
8. Check the drawing – make certain that all hidden edges are shown in all views. Also check the
proportion if the drawing with the size of the actual or given object.
9. Label the views – The name of the top view should be place above the view and those of the front
and side views should be indicated below each of these views in the same order. Name of all views
should be CAPITALIZED especially in large drawings.
Sample of Orthographic Projection
B. Isometric Projection
The term isometric, iso meaning equal and metric meaning measure. In other words, the size of an
isometric view is in equal measure either to its orthographic views or to the scaled drawing. It is
generally in equal measure to the size of the orthographic views. Hence, all measurements used or
laid out in an isometric drawing are taken from orthographic views. IN some cases, however, the size
of the isometric drawing is proportionately reduced to the size of these views. Isometric also means
equal measure of the angles formed by the three axes shown in the figure below.
The three axes of an isometric drawing are vertical (2) and the 30-deg left and right cross axes (1 and
3), respectively. The three positions involved in drawing these axes are also shown in the figure
above.
The axes in the first position are used when one desires to build up the isometric view from the bottom
of the object. The second position is used when one desires to construct the view from the top of the
object. The angular measurement of the cross-axes is measured to be 30-deg. from the horizontal
line. In sketching, this angle is merely estimated. A slight change in the size of this angle will not affect
the view. It may in fact improve its appearance if the angle is smaller. In this module, however, this
30-deg. angle must be strictly followed.
The isometric axes are VERY LIGHT LINES and are drawn before the visible lines or edges of the
object are shown. All measurements are laid parallel to or along these axes. (See figure below). In
the figure, a hollow block of wood is drawn in orthographic views and its isometric view drawn at the
right side. It will be noted that the principal measurements namely, thickness (T), width (W), and
length (L), of the isometric drawing are made equal in measure to those found in the orthographic
views.
All edges of the object parallel to the axes are called isometric lines and those not parallel to them
are called non-isometric lines.
The most widely used method of drawing an isometric view is the “box method”. In this method, a box
is drawn with its edges parallel to the isometric axes. These edges, or lines, are drawn very lightly
and hence they are sometimes called crate lines or construction lines.
Steps in Box Method
1. Draw the three axes as light and straight as possible. Be sure the cross-axes are 30-deg. from
the horizontal.
2. Lay out the principal measurement of the axes. Get these measurements from the orthographic
views. A piece of paper may be used when transferring the measurements in order to form the
box.
3. Draw the box.
4. Draw the details of the object
5. Check the accuracy of your drawing.
6. Trace the visible edges with heavier lines.
7. Show the hidden edges. The dashes at the corners should touch each other.
8. Label the isometric view.
Perspective Drawing
Perspective is a pictorial view seen by the observer’s eyes. Anything we see is in fact a perspective
view. If on a vertical window glass pane, we draw what we can see through it using a pentel pen, the
resulting drawing will be a perspective. This glass plane is considered the picture plane. Picture plane
(PP) is an imaginary vertical plane where the perspective view is assumed or imagined to be projected
or drawn. The paper having a perspective view can also be called the picture plane if it is held
vertically in front of our eyes.
There is the horizon, eye level, ground level, vanishing point, point of sight or vision, and station point.
To a man on earth, horizon (H) is the imaginary intersection of the sky and the open sea. Any edge
or line of an object parallel to the horizon is considered horizontal.
Eye level (EL) is an imaginary horizontal plane which is in level with the observer’s eyes and the
horizontal. The eye level of a man who is standing would be higher than that of one who is seated.
Ground level (GL) is the plane of the ground. Vanishing Point (VP) is the imaginary point of
intersection of lines projected from the receding horizontal edges of an object. Point of sight/vision is
the point on the horizon or on the object which the observer is directly looking at. Station point (SP)
is the observer’s eyes, not the point on the ground where the observer stands.
Take note of the following:
1. The farther the object is, the smaller it appears.

2. The farther the color, the lighter it appears.
3. Vertical lines or edges do not vanish in the horizon.
4. If extended, all horizontal receding lines or edges of an object seem to vanish in the horizon.
5. Equidistant objects on the ground level such as light posts seem to come closer to each other as
they recede from our view.
6. All horizontal lines or edges below the eye level and receding seem to go up and vanish in the
horizon.
7. All horizontal lines or edges above the eye level and receding seem to go down and vanish in the
horizon.
8. All horizontal lines or edges which are not receding remain horizontal in the picture.
9. Never show hidden lines in the perspective.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Draw one of the figures below in Orthographic View and its Isometric View. (Figure cannot be the same
as your assignment).
Example:
Orthographic View: Isometric View:
VII. ASSIGNMENT
Draw one of the figures below in Orthographic View and its Isometric View. Figure cannot be the same
as your Learning activity (See the example in the Learning Activity).
VIII. REFERENCES
1. N.D. Bhatt, “Engineering Drawing (Plane and Solid Geometry) 15th ed.”, 2011.
2. K.V. Reddy, “Textbook of Engineering Drawing 2nd ed.” 2008
3. DPWH, “National Building Code of the Philippines”
4. ASEP, “National Structural Code of the Philippines 7th ed.” 2016
5. G.M. Manaois, “Drafting Volume 1”, Phoenix Publishing House. 2008.

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. N93/N170/N190/N210

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Projections and Perspectives

II. LESSON TITLE

Projections and Perspectives

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

• To draw 3D type objects.

As per the optical physics, an object is seen

The Projection Box

Other example of orthographic drawing of a rectangular tub.

Principles of Orthographic Drawing

1. Top view is directly above the front view.

Steps in Sketching Orthographic Drawings

Sample of Orthographic Projection

Steps in Box Method

Take note of the following:

1. The farther the object is, the smaller it appears.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Orthographic View: Isometric View:

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