Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE BSCE COURSE NO. ENG U1

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE ENGINEERING UTILITIES
YEAR LEVEL BSCE 3 TIME FRAME WK NO. 13-15 IM NO. 5

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 5 - PRINCIPLE OF ILLUMINATION

II. LESSON TITLE

PRINCIPLE OF ILLUMINATION

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

1. Principles of Illuminations
2. Types of Lighting Systems
3. Fundamentals of Light
4. Applications of Lighting Systems
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Review DC and AC Circuit, Types of AC and DC circuits
2. Review and apply Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s law

V. LESSON CONTENT

Illumination
Is defined as the intensity of light per unit area. When we talk of illumination, or simply lighting, we
are referring to manmade lighting.Daylight being excellent is not included. Indeed, we assume a
night time condition.

Electric Illumination

Is the production of light by means of electricity and its application to provide efficient, comfortable
and safe vision.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023
Quantity of Light
Refers to the amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area. Can be measured and easily
handled because it deals with the number of light fixture required for a certain area.

Quality of Light
Refers to the distribution of brightness in the lighting installation. It deals with the essential nature or
characteristics of light. Is the mixture of all the items related to illumination other than the quality of light
which includes several elements such as:
1. Brightness
2. Glare
3. Color
4. Psychological reaction to color and fixtures
5. Brightness ratio or contrast
6. Diffuseness
7. Aesthetics
8. Economics

There are four factors that affect illumination

Brightness
Is the light that seems to radiate from an object being viewed. Is the luminous flux (light) emitted,
transmitted or reflected from a surface.

Contrast
Is the difference in brightness or the brightness ratio between an object and its background. The
recommended brightness ratio between an object being viewed and its background is normally 3:1. If a
print on a white paper can be clearly seen on a light background, it is due to the effect called contrast.

Glare
Is a strong, steady, dazzling light or reflection. The quantity of the lighting system must also
include the visual comfort of the system, that is the absence of glare. An excessive luminance and or
excessive luminance ratio in the field of vision is referred to as glare.

There are two types of glare:

Direct Glare
Is an annoying brightness of light in person’s normal field of vision.

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023
Indirect or Reflected Glare
Is much more serious and difficult to control. Technically, reflected glare is a glossy
object.

Diffuseness
Refers to the control of shadows cast by light. Is the degree to which light is shadow less, and
there is a function of the number of directions to which light collides with a particular point and the
comparative intensities. A perfect diffusion is an equal intensity of light clashing from all directions
producing no shadows. A single lamp will cast sharp and deep shadows.

There are three characteristics that define a particular coloration, they are:

Hue
Is the quality attribute by which we recognized and describe colors as red, blue, yellow, green,
violet, a and so on.

Brilliance or Value
Is the difference between the resultant colors of the same hue, such as: white is the most
brilliant of the neutral colors while black is the least.

Saturation
Is the difference from the purity of the colors. Colors of high saturation must be used in a well-lit
spaces

Estimating Illumination and Brightness

 In many respects, it is more important to know luminance measurements and illumination because
the eye is more sensitive to brightness than simple illumination.
 It is more difficult to measure luminance than illumination. However, there are three types of
luminance meter available:

The comparator type

Requires the operator to make a brightness equivalence judgement between the target and the
background.

The Direct Reading type

Is basically an illumination meter equipped with a hooded cell arranged to block oblique light.

The Accurate Laboratory Instrument

That is unsuitable for fieldwork. The quantity of light or level of illumination can be measured or
calculated with the aid of a portable foot-candle meter.

Footcandle (fc)
Is the amount of light flux density. Is the unit of measure used when describing the amount of light in
room and is expressed in lumens per square foot.

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023

Footlambert (fl)
 Is defined as ”the luminance of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting one lumen (lm) of
illumination per square foot of area in the direction being viewed or the conventional unit of
brightness or luminance.
 In the same manner, the lumens (l m) are the light output generated continuously by a standard
wax candle.

lumes
footcandle
area

Example No. 1

A 40 watt fluorescent lamp 120 centimetre (48 in.) long produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room
having a general dimensions of 10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.
Solution

lumes
footcandle
area

3,200 lm
footcandle
10 x 20 ft
Fc=16 footcandle

The Footcandle is an important unit of measure in calculating the desired illumination and layout
of fixtures. In the absence of footcandle table of equivalent for a particular fixture, a rule of
thumb 10-30-50 illumination level is here presented
10 - footcandle is adequate for halls and corridors
20 – footcandle is sufficient for areas between work stations such as in offices other than desk
areas.
30 – footcandle is satisfactory on spaces where office work is being done.

However, providing an adequate quantity of light alone is not a guarantee for an efficient and
comfortable vision. In fact, the quality of light is very important especially where difficult visual
needs are required. The luminance

Luminance = Illuumination x Reflectance factor

or
Footlambert = Footcandle x Reflectance factor

Example No.2
From example no. 1, find the luminance if the reflectance factor of the wall is 40%
Solution
Footlambert = Footcandle x Reflectance factor
Footlambert = 16 x 40%
Footlambert = 6.4
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023

Lighting Units in Metric Measures

 In the English System of measure, the distance is expressed in feet and the area is in square
feet. Under the metric system (SI) the distance and the area are expressed in meters
respectively. Meanwhile;
Lumens flux remains in Lumens; but
Illumination or light flux is expressed in Lux. Thus:
Lumens
Lux = Area (sq.m.)

Table 7-1 APPROXIMATE REFLECTANCE FACTOR

Medium value Color Percent

White 80-85

Light Gray 45-70

Dark Gray 20-25

Ivory White 70-85

Ivory 60-70

Pearl Gray 70-75

Buff 40-70

Tan 30-50

Brown 20-40

Green 25-50

Olive 20-30

Azure Blue 35-40

Sky Blue 35-40

Pink 50-70

Cardinal Red 20-25

Red 20-40

In the Metric System, Luminance or Brightness is expressed in Lambert which is defined as “the
luminance or brightness of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting one lumen per square
centimeter.

Millilambert

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023
 Is more conveniently used than the lambert because the value of lambert is greater than what is
usually encountered.

Table 7-2 TABLE OF COMPARISON

Description English Metric (SI)

Length Feet Meter

Area Square Foot Square Meter

Luminous Lumens Lumens

Flux

Illumination Footcandles Lux

Flux Density

Luminance Footlamberts Lamberts

or Miillilamberts

Example No.3

A 40 watts x 120 centimeters long fluorescent lamp produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room
having a general dimension of 10 ft x 20 ft. Compute the illumination on the floor comparing the
English and Metric units.

Solution by Comparison

English Metric (SI)

Light Flux = 3,200 lm 3,200 lm

Area = 10’ x 20’ 10 x 20 / 10.76

= 200 sq. Ft. 18.59 sq.m.

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:ENG U1 1-2S-2022-2023
Illumination = 3,200 lm / 200 sq.ft. 3,200 lm / 18.59 sq.m.

= 16 fc 172.16 lux

Another Solution
Convert: 10 feet to meter = 3,048 m
20 feet to meter = 6,097 m
3,200
Lux = ––––––––––––– = 172.19 lux
3,048 x 6,097

Example No.4

Compute the brightness of a fixture with a 1’x 4’ plastic diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6
and illuminated by 2 pcs. 3,200 lumen lamp assuming 100% use of light flux.

Solution

Total Lumens x Transmission factor

1.Luminance = ––––––––––––––––––––––––
Area of diffuser

2 pcs. X 3,200 x 0.6

= ––––––––––––––––
1’x 4’
= 960 footlambert

1. To obtain the metric equivalent, multiply;

Millilambert = Footlambert x 1.076

= 960 X 1.076
= 1,032.96 millilambert

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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