Final Report LSSP Zamboanga

LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SANITATION
PLAN OF ZAMBOANGA CITY

(2021-2030)
Revision No. 0 I October 2021
OCTOBER 11, 2021
This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the local
government of Zamboanga City and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States
Government.
LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SANITATION PLAN
OF ZAMBOANGA CITY (2021-2030)
Zamboanga City Local Government Unit

______________________________________________________________________
Completion date: October 2021
Prepared by: Zamboanga City Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan Team
With technical assistance from: USAID Strengthening Urban Resilience for

Growth with Equity (SURGE) Project
FOREWORD
Warmest greetings!
It is with honor and pleasure that I present the

Zamboanga City‟s Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan
(2021-2030). On behalf of the City of Zamboanga, I
would like to thank and acknowledge the invaluable
support and assistance of the following organizations
who have devoted their knowledge, time, effort and
resources to assist the City in preparing the LSSP:
the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) through the Strengthening
Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE)
Project and the Zamboanga City LSSP Team.
Being a highly urbanized city, the provision of

universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation
facilities is essential for Zamboanga City. Rapid
urbanization and population growth in the city resulted to the increase in the demand for safe
water and sanitation services and increase in the generation of solid wastes and wastewater.
The absence or lack of proper sanitation management can be linked to several health hazards
specifically water-borne diseases. Untreated wastewater can also cause contamination of water
bodies which are used as water source, food sources via fishing and for recreational activities.
Therefore, it is crucial to establish sanitation interventions to improve health conditions, enhance
quality of life and to protect the environment and its resources.
The Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP) of Zamboanga City was developed based on the
“Guidebook for a Local Sustainable Sanitation Strategy” of the Department of Health (DOH). As
stated in the DOH issued Administrative Order 2010-0021 entitled “Sustainable Sanitation as
National Policy and a National Priority Program of the DOH”, the LGUs shall integrate
sustainable sanitation in their comprehensive development and investment plans and annual
program and budgets.
This LSSP of Zamboanga City is an important milestone in achieving our vision: “Sustainable
access to safely managed water supply and sanitation services and healthy environment for all
by 2030.”
That said, I urge all city official and employees, all residents and stakeholders to support the
implementation of this Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan. No matter what the city government
comes up with now and in the future, it will not succeed without the support and cooperation of
the people. We need to work together towards a better and healthier Zamboanga City.
Muchisimas gracias y vaya con Dios!
MAYOR MARIA ISABELLE CLIMACO-SALAZAR

City Mayor
Zamboanga City
Contents
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Rationale 3
1.2 The LSSP Process 4
1.3 LSSP Sanitation Thematic Areas 7
2. Considerations in the Development of the LSSP 8
2.1 Legal and Policy Framework for Sanitation 8

2.2 Sanitation Targets in the Philippines 17
2.3 Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (2018-2040) 18
2.4 Sustainable Development Goals 20
2.5 Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) 22
2.6 Principle of Circular Economy 23
2.7 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Considerations 24
3. Sanitation Profile of the City 25
3.1 Demography 26
3.2 City Health Profile 29
3.3 Water Supply 32
3.3.1 Household access to Improved Water Supply 32
3.3.2 Water Supply Service Provider 32
3.3.3 Water Sources 32
3.3.4 Current Programs, Projects and Activities 33
3.4 On-site Sanitation Facilities including WASH in Emergencies 33
3.4.1 Household access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities 33
3.4.2 Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) Status 33
3.4.3 Septage Management Program (SMP) 33
3.4.4 WASH in Emergencies 34
3.5 Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management 35
3.5.1 Sewerage System 35
3.5.2 City Drainage 36
3.6 Solid Waste Management 36
3.6.1 Current Programs, Projects, and Initiatives 37
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page i

3.7 Water Quality Management 38
4. Sanitation Problems and Issues 39
4.1 Household Level 41

4.2 Community Level 44
4.3 LGU Level 44
5. Potential Impacts of Identified Sanitation Problems 50
5.1 Health Impacts 50

5.2 Environmental Impacts 50
5.3 Impacts on Economic Development 51
5.4 Socio-economic Impacts 51
6. Sustainable Sanitation Strategy 52
6.1 Vision and Mission Statement 52

6.2 Statement of Goals and Objectives 52
6.3 Implementation Strategies 52
6.4 Programs, Projects and Activities (PPAs) and Targets 55
6.4.1 Strategy 1: Provision and/or construction of required infrastructures and facilities
65
6.4.2 Strategy 2: Formulation and/or updating of relevant policies 72
6.4.3 Strategy 3: Provision of Capacity Building 73
6.4.4 Strategy 3: Implementation of Local Sustainable Sanitation Communication and
Promotion Program 74
6.4.5 Strategy 4: Implementation of monitoring and maintenance program of the
WASH facilities 80
6.5 Disease Surveillance 81
7. Organization, Management and Implementing Mechanism 82
7.1 Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of LSSP 82

7.2 Institutional Structure for the Septage Management Program and Sewerage System 84
8. Financing the LSSP 86
8.1 Government Funding to Sanitation Projects 88

8.2 Government Banking Institutions 89
8.3 Microfinance Loans for Low-income Households 89
9. Annual Implementation Review and Investment Planning 90
10. Monitoring and Evaluation 91
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page ii

11. Institutionalization of the LSSP 92
12. Risk Assessment to LSSP Implementation 93
12.1 CCA-DRR Considerations for Infrastructure Projects 93

13. Environmental Impact Assessment and Safeguards Requirement 97
13.1 Potential Environmental Impacts of the Program, Project and Activities (PPA) 97
13.2 Safeguards Requirement 97
13.2.1 Applicable Environmental Quality Standards 99
13.2.2 Possible Environmental Permit Requirements 104
14 References 107
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page iii
Tables
Table 1-1. Zamboanga City LSSP Team Members (based on Draft EO) 4
Table 2-1. Legislative Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines 8
Table 2-2. Executive Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines 12
Table 2-3. Sanitation Targets in the Philippines 17
Table 2-4. SDG Ladder for Drinking Water 21
Table 2-5. SDG Sanitation Ladder 22
Table 2-6. Manila CWIS Principles 23
Table 3-1. Summary of Sanitation Baseline in Zamboanga City 25
Table 3-2. Projected Population in Zamboanga City per Barangay 26
Table 3-3: Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity in Zamboanga City, 2016-2020 30
Table 3-4: Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality in Zamboanga City, CY 2016-2020 31
Table 3-5: Designated WQMA in Zamboanga City 38
Table 4-1. Summary of Identified Sanitation Problems and Issues 39
Table 5-1. Health Impact of Unsafe Sanitation 50
Table 6-1: Vision and Mission Statement of Zamboanga City 52
Table 6-2: Sanitation Goals, Objectives and Strategies of Zamboanga City 53
Table 6-3: Identified Programs, Projects and Activities 56
Table 6-4: ZCWD Planned and Proposed Water Supply Projects 65
Table 6-5: DPWH Region IX Planned Projects on Water Supply 67
Table 6-6: Proposed Septage Treatment Plants in Zamboanga City 68
Table 6-7: Planned Projects of DPWH Region IX on Drainage 70
Table 6-8. Identified local policies for formulation/updating 72
Table 6-9. List of Capacity Building 73
Table 6-10. Identified Communication and Promotion Activities 76
Table 7-1. Roles and Responsibilities for the Implementation of the LSSP 82
Table 8-1. Financing and Management Options for Sanitation Projects 86
Table 12-1. Climate change adaptation measures for sanitation systems 94
Table 13-1. Safeguards Scope 97
Table 13-2. Mandatory Drinking Water Quality Parameters from 2017 PNSWD 100
Table 13-3. Philippine Water Quality Guidelines for Water Body Classification Applicable to the
Project Site 101
Table 13-4. General Effluent Standards Applicable for Sewage and Septage Treatment Plant
Project 101
Table 13-5. National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (24-Hour Averaging Time) 102
Table 13-6. IFC-EHS Noise Level Guidelines 102
Table 13-7. TCLP Limits for Sludges Prior to Disposal 102
Table 13-8. Allowable Level of Pathogens in Organic Fertilizers, Soil Conditioner, and Organic
Plant Supplements 103
Table 13-9. Limits on Wastewater Quality for Irrigation (DA AO No. 2019-11) 103
Table 13-10. Specific Permitting Requirements for Construction and Operation 104
Figures
Figure 1-1: DOH LSSP Process 4
Figure 2-1. Zamboanga Peninsula WSS Strategic Framework 20
Figure 2-2. Interlinkages of Sustainable Sanitation to SDGs 21
Figure 6-1: Proposed Sewerage Systems in Zamboanga City 71
Figure 7-1: Institutional Structure for the Septage Management Program and Sewerage System
in Zamboanga City 85
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page iv

Annexes
Annex 1: Draft Executive Order: Organizing the Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP Team
of Zamboanga City
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report for Zamboanga City
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page v

Acronyms
AGE Acute gastroenteritis
AO Administrative Order
BHW Barangay Health Worker
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BSWMC Barangay Solid Waste Management Council
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CDRRMO City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
CEO City Engineering Office
CHO City Health Office
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CNC Certificate of Non-Coverage
CSMC City Septage Management Council
CWA Clean Water Act
CWIS Citywide Inclusive Sanitation
DBP Development Bank of the Philippines
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government
DOH Department of Health
DP Discharge Permit
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management
ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate
ECCD Early Child Care and Development
EHS Environmental, Health and Safety
EMB Environmental Management Bureau
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EO Executive Order
ESC Environmental Sanitation Clearance
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FS Feasibility Study
GAD Gender and Development
GES General Effluent Standards
HCF Health Care Facility
HCW Health Care Waste
HUC Highly Urbanized City
HWID Hazardous Waste Generator‟s ID
ICMA International City/County Management Association
IEC Information, Education, Communication
IFC International Finance Corporation
IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations
KPI Key Performance Indicators
LBP Landbank of the Philippines
LCE Local Chief Executive
LDWQMC Local Drinking Water Quality Committee
LDWS Local Drinking Water Surveillance
LGC Local Government Code
LGU Local Government Unit
LSSP Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page vi

LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration
M&E Monitoring and evaluation
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
NOH National Objectives for Health
NSSMP National Sewerage and Septage Management Program
OBO Office of the Building Official
OCENR Office of City Local Environment and Natural Resources
OD Open defecation
PPA Programs, Projects and Activities
PPP Public-private partnerships
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PTO Permit to Operate
PWSSMP Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
RA Republic Act
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
ROW Right-of-way
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SEF Special Education Fund
SLF Sanitary Landfill Facility
SMP Septage Management Program
SP Sangguniang Panlungsod
SpTP Septage Treatment Plant
SURGE Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity
SWM Solid Waste Management
TCLP Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure
THW Toxic and Hazardous Waste
TWG Technical Working Group
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VMGO Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WD Water District
WQG Water Quality Guideline
WQMA Water Quality Management Area
WRS Water Refilling Station
WSP Water Safety Plan
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
ZCWD Zamboanga City Water District
ZCWSC Zamboanga City Water Security Council
ZOD Zero Open Defecation
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page vii
Definition of Terms
Composting – refers to controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly

bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.
Desludging – the process of cleaning or removing the accumulated sludge or septage from a
septic tank and transporting it to treatment facilities.
Drainage System – means drainage pipes of a plumbing system taking the wastewater from
the plumbing fixtures and delivering it to the sewer or some other outlet.
Effluent – general term for any wastewater, partially or completely treated, or in its natural
state, flowing out of a drainage canal, septic tank, building, manufacturing plant, industrial plant,
treatment plant, etc.
Excreta – human waste composed of urine and feces.
Local Drinking Water Quality Committee (LDWQMC) – an entity formed at the city or
municipal level whose mandate is to monitor the safe quality of drinking-water per Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856)
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)- refers to a sloid waste transfer stations or sorting stations,
drop-off center, composting facility or a recycling facility.
Open Defecation - Disposal of human feces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water,
beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste.
Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation (PhATSS) – refers to a sanitation program
strategy and monitoring framework that local government use to move communities from open
defecation status to sustainable sanitation status.
Rainwater Harvesting – is a water conservation strategy involving the collection or storing of
water through scientific techniques from the areas where rain falls.
Residual Waste – refers to solid waste that cannot be recycled, reused or composed.
Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association (RWSA) – a cooperative, non-profit, non-stock
association operating a rural water supply and sanitation system by virtue of E.O 577 (1980),
E.O. 869 (1983) and E.O. 124 (1987).
Safely Managed Drinking Water - Drinking water from an improved water source which is
located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical
contamination.
Safely Managed Sanitation Facilities - Use of improved facilities which are not shared with
other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-
site.
Sanitary Landfill- refers to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and
maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental
impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility.
Sanitary or improved toilet – refers to an approved type of toilet facility used for receiving,
safely containing and disposing of human waste. The type of sanitary toilet includes sanitary pit
privy, ventilated improved pit, pour flush toilet to a receiving sewer, septic tank or leaching pit
and flush toilet to receiving sewer or septic tank.
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page viii
Sanitation – refers to the hygienic and proper management, collection, disposal/reuse of
human excreta (feces and urine) and domestic wastewater to safeguard the health of the
individuals and communities.
Septage – the combination of scum, sludge, and liquid that accumulates in the septic tanks.
Septage Management- refers to comprehensive program for managing septic tanks and the
procedures for proper desludging, transporting, treating, and disposing of septic tank contents.
Septic tank – a water-tight, multi-chambered receptacle that receives sewage from houses or
other buildings and is designed to separate and store the solids and partially digest the organic
matter I the sewage.
Sewage – mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans, which typically
consists of washing water, feces, urine, laundry wastes and ither materials that flows down
drains and toilets from households and other buildings.
Sewer – a pipe or other conduit that carries wastewater from more than on property.
Sewerage System – refers to a system of pipes, pumps, devise and other appurtenant
structures for the collection, transportation, and final disposition of wastewater.
Sludge – precipitated solid matter with highly mineralized content produced by domestic
wastewater treatment process.
Toilet facility- refers to the structure built of materials of any kind inside or as part of a house or
building used by its residents, occupants, visitors, employees, transients or customers as
comfort room and lavatory with septic tank built for the purpose.
Unsanitary or unimproved toilet- refers to toilet facility that does not safely contain or dispose
human waste.
Waste Diversion – refers to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid waste from
waste disposal facilities.
Water District (WD) – a local corporate entity that operates and maintains a water supply
system in one or more provincial cities or municipalities. It is classified as a government-owned
and controlled corporation, existing under the authority of the Provincial Water Utilities Act of
1973.
Water Safety Plan (WSP) - is a management tool which uses a comprehensive assessment
and risk management approach encompassing all steps in water supply from water source
(catchment) to consume
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page ix

Executive Summary
1.
The growing economic activities associated with urbanization and population growth in
Zamboanga City resulted to the increase in the demand for safe water and sanitation
services in the city. Absence or lack of proper and sufficient water supply and sanitation
services may affect the health and wellbeing of the pubic as well as the economy of the city.
Therefore, it is crucial to ensure the universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation
facilities in the city. Sanitation interventions to improve health conditions, enhance the
quality of life and to protect the environment and its resources must be established.
2.
From May to October 2021, the USAID SURGE Project extended the technical assistance to
Zamboanga City for the development of the city‟s Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP)
with 10-year planning period from 2021 to 2030. SURGE also worked with the city LGU to
assist the local officials in issuing executive order (EO) to form their LSSP Team.
3.
The LSSP will serve as the LGU‟s guide in plotting, financing, and implementing activities
that promote safe and sustainable sanitation in the city. The LSSP identified the sanitation
strategies, programs, and activities that the LGU must implement to address the city‟s
current and projected sanitation issues and problems, including water source protection,
public health, and environment-related issues and concerns. The underlying theme of this
plan is the long-term sustainability of water and sanitation programs. These programs must
be interrelated and linked with the community development framework and institutional
support. The LSSP aims to address the issues systematically and holistically, in such a way
that technical, health, cultural, and socio-economic concerns are adequately considered and
incorporated in the sanitation plan. The LSSP is based on the principles of equitable
solutions, financial and technical viability, and mitigations for climate change adaptation and
disaster risk reduction (CCA-DRR).
4.
The LSSP was developed considering all the national and local policies issued to improve
the sanitation in the country. The LSSP is also consistent to the sanitation targets set in the
various national and local sector roadmaps and development plans in the Philippines such
as the Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) 2018-2040,
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, DOH National Objectives for Health (NOH)
2017-2022, and the Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation (PhATSS) 2018-2030.
5.
The LSSP was also developed to contain strategies that can be implemented within the ten-
year period (2021-2030) to attain the targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 6,
particularly Target 6.1 (safe and affordable drinking water), Target 6.2 (end open defecation
and provide access to sanitation and hygiene) and Target 6.3 (improve water quality,
wastewater treatment and safe recycling and reuse).
6.
The development of the LSSP of Zamboanga City followed the prescribed process in the
DOH‟s Guidebook for a Local Sustainable Sanitation Strategy as presented below.
 Step 1: Organize the Local Sustainable Sanitation Strategy Team and conduct a
consultative dialogue
An LSSP team, chaired by the City Mayor, co-chaired by the City Health Office and
composed of members from various key offices of the city LGU and other relevant
stakeholders, was formed to lead the development of the LSSP. The Executive Order
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 1

(EO) to institutionalize the formation of the LSSP Team is still being finalized. The draft
EO is attached in Annex 1.
 Step 2: Craft the Vision and Mission for Local Sustainable Sanitation
Prior to crafting the vision and mission of the city for local sustainable sanitation, it is
important to understand the existing sanitation in the city. A sanitation baseline study
was conducted to assess the existing socio-economic, health and sanitation situation in
the city and to identify the sanitation gaps, problems and issues. The sanitation baseline
report is attached as Annex 2.
The vision and mission statements of Zamboanga City for local sustainable sanitation
are presented in the table below.
 Step 3: Identify Goals and Objectives
Guided by the vision and mission, the sanitation goals of the city were formulated and
specific objectives to achieve these goals were also determined, as shown in the table
below.
 Step 4: Formulate and Map-out Strategies
Strategies are the „how‟ or the means of attaining the goals or objectives. They are the
general approaches or major course of action that are carried out by the implementers to
reach the defined local sanitation goals and objectives.
Programs, projects and activities (PPAs) were also identified to support the
implementation of the strategies. In identifying the PPAs, the principles of equitable
solutions, financial and technical viability and resilience to climate/disaster risks were
considered. For each PPA, key performance indicators (KPI) were assigned to measure
the progress and performance of the city in achieving the targets. The indicative cost,
funding source and lead agency were also identified per PPA.
The development of the LSSP considered five thematic sanitation areas namely water
supply, management of on-site sanitation facilities, wastewater, sewage and drainage
management, solid waste management and water quality management. The analyses of
the existing sanitation conditions, issues and concerns and the identification of the
programs, projects and activities were done per thematic area.
 Step 5: Integrate Sanitation Information into the Components of the LSSP
This step involved the actual writing and updating of the LSSP document by integrating
the health and sanitation data and information gathered and the outputs of the series of
planning workshops conducted from Step 1 to Step 4.
 Step 6: Endorse the LSSP to LCE and SB
This last step in the process is the presentation and endorsement of the LSSP for
approval of the Local Chief Executive (LCE) and other LGU officials including, the
Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP) council. A resolution adopting the LSSP shall be created
to start the implementation of the LSSP. This is to ensure the implementation of the
identified PPAs and the allotment of required funding of the PPAs in the budget of the
city.
Adoption by other key stakeholders or lead implementors like the Water Security
Council, the local Water District, and DPWH is also needed.

“Sustainable access to safely managed water supply and sanitation services and healthy environment for all by
Vision
2030.”
“Provision of safely managed and sustainable water supply and sanitation services, as well as safer and healthier
Mission
environment through innovation, stakeholder partnership and collaboration.”
Goal Objectives Strategies

Goal 1. Establish adequate, 1a. To increase access to safely managed Strategy 1: Provision and/or construction of
inclusive, efficient, climate- drinking water services to 100% in the city required WASH infrastructures and facilities
resilient, and safely managed by year 2030.
 Establish, construct and/or provide adequate,
WASH facilities and 1b. To increase access to safely managed
inclusive, efficient, climate-resilient, and safely
infrastructure including during sanitation services to 100% in the city by
managed water supply and sanitation facilities and
emergencies year 2030.
infrastructure including during emergencies
1c. To achieve, be certified and maintain  Integrate sustainability features/considerations in
ZOD status for all barangays by year 2030 the design, procurement, construction, and
operation of WASH facilities and infrastructures
1d. To prevent and eventually eliminate the and ensure adherence/compliance to applicable
incidence of WASH-related diseases in the regulatory requirements
city  Establish and enhance collaboration and
partnerships with the private sector, donors,
national government, academic institutions, NGOs
for the implementation of WASH programs,
projects and activities (PPAs)
Goal 2. Develop, adopt and 2a. To review, update, and strengthen Strategy 2: Formulation and/or updating of
enforce policies on WASH, enforcement of existing local policies on relevant local WASH policies
environment and other WASH, environmental health protection,  Review and update existing local policies on
relevant areas for the and other relevant areas WASH, environmental health protection, and other
protection of the public health 2b. To develop and enact new policies on relevant areas
WASH, environmental health protection,  Harmonize policies on WASH, environmental
and other relevant areas based on the health protection, and other relevant areas with
identified policy gaps, if any other local, inter-LGU, and higher-level policies
and plans
 Develop new local policies to support the WASH
PPAs including the implementation of emergency

response plans for WASH facilities/infrastructures
and services.
Goal 3. Promote positive 3a. To ensure community participation, Strategy 3: Provision of capacity building and
behavioral change and including vulnerable groups, in the implementation of local sustainable
continuing education on development and implementation of WASH communication and promotion program
WASH in the context of programs, projects, and activities  Conduct IECs, advocacy programs, social
disease prevention, public 3b. To ensure continuing education of the marketing and capacity building, in partnership
health and environmental LGU and other stakeholders on WASH and with NGOs, academic institutions, and national
protection WASH promotion agencies.
 Develop a targeted, community-based approach
and culturally appropriate education and marketing
campaigns for the stakeholders
Goal 4. Ensure sustainable 4a. To establish and maintain database for Strategy 4: Implement monitoring and
delivery of adequate, monitoring of WASH maintenance program of the WASH facilities
inclusive, efficient, and safely facilities/infrastructures and services  Gather and collate data on WASH
managed WASH services for 4b. To strengthen drinking water quality, facilities/infrastructures and services
all even during emergencies sanitation, and environmental health  Establish guidelines on the submission of
protection surveillance and data monitoring monitoring data of the WASH service providers to
of WASH outcomes LGU
 Establish institutional arrangements for the
implementation, M&E of the WASH projects to
ensure sustainability.

1. Introduction
1.1 Rationale
7.
In 2010, the Department of Health (DOH) issued Administrative Order (AO) 2010-0021
entitled “Sustainable Sanitation as National Policy and a National Priority Program of the
DOH”. This AO aims to achieve zero open defecation (ZOD) status and to attain universal
access to safe and adequate sanitary facilities by 2028. The AO states that the local
government unit (LGU) shall integrate sustainable sanitation in their comprehensive
development and investment plans and annual programs and budgets. The LGU is
responsible to carry out sustainable sanitation plan, programs and projects.
8.
The DOH then issued the AO 2019-0054, “Guidelines on the Implementation of the
Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation (PhATSS)”, to provide the implementing
guidelines to achieve the national policy on sustainable sanitation (DOH AO 2010-0021) and
to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on sanitation. SDG 6 aims to achieve
universal access to safely managed water and sanitation particularly Target 6.1 (safe and
affordable drinking water), Target 6.2 (end open defecation and provide access to adequate
and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all) and Target 6.3 (improve water quality by
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and
materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing
recycling and safe reuse globally).
9.
Sanitation problems and challenges remain a public health problem despite the issuance of
the mentioned AOs. The Annual Poverty Indicators Survey conducted by the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2017 reported that only about 27 percent of the households in
the country have access to safely managed drinking water services and five percent still use
unimproved drinking water services. In terms of access to sanitation facilities, about 74
percent of the households have access to basic sanitation services and six percent practice
open defecation1.
10.
Growing economic activities associated with urbanization and population growth in
Zamboanga City resulted to the increase in the demand for safe water and sanitation
services thus also increased the generation of wastewater in the city. Absence or lack of
proper sanitation management may pose health hazards to the public such as water-borne
diseases. Untreated wastewater can also cause contamination of water bodies which are
used as water source, food sources through fishing and for recreational activities in the city.
Therefore, it is crucial to ensure the universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation
facilities in the city. Sanitation interventions to improve health conditions, enhance the
quality of life and to protect the environment and its resources must be established.
11.
The Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP) is a planning tool that can be used as a guide
for the LGU in achieving their vision and mission, goals, and objectives towards sustainable
sanitation. It identifies the sanitation strategies, programs and activities that the LGU must
implement to address the city‟s current sanitation issues and problems. The underlying
theme of this plan is the long-term sustainability of water and sanitation programs. These
programs must be interrelated and linked with the community development framework and
institutional support. The LSSP aims to address the issues systematically and holistically, in
1
https://psa.gov.ph/content/most-filipino-families-have-access-improved-source-drinking-water-results-2017-annual

such a way that technical, health, cultural, and socio-economic concerns are adequately
considered and incorporated in the sanitation plan.
12.
The USAID SURGE Project extended the technical assistance to Zamboanga City for the
development of the city‟s LSSP with 10-year planning period from 2021 to 2030. SURGE
provided subject matter experts to act as point persons and facilitators in building the
technical capacity of Zamboanga City LGU, WD, and relevant stakeholders, as well as in
assisting their LSSP Team in the documentation requirements for the preparation of their
LSSP. SURGE also worked with the city LGU to assist the local officials in issuing executive
order (EO) to form their LSSP Team. The TA was implemented from May to October 2021.
1.2 The LSSP Process

13.
The development of the LSSP of Zamboanga City followed the prescribed process of the
DOH as shown in the figure below.
Source: DOH Guidebook for Sustainable Sanitation Strategy

Figure 1-1: DOH LSSP Process
Step 1: Organize the Local Sustainable Sanitation Strategy Team and Conduct a
Consultative Dialogue
14.
An online meeting was conducted on May 28, 2021 with the various key offices of the City
LGU and other identified stakeholders to identify the composition of the LSSP team and to
define the function of the LSSP Team. The identified LSSP team members of Zamboanga
City are shown in Table 1-1. The Executive Order (EO) to institutionalize the formation of
the LSSP Team is still being finalized. The draft EO is attached in Annex 1.
Table 1-1. Zamboanga City LSSP Team Members (based on Draft EO)
TWG Office
Chairperson City Mayor
Co-Chairperson City Health Officer
Members City Environment and Natural Resources Officer
City Planning and Development Coordinator
City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Officer
City Engineer
OIC-City Administrator

TWG Office
City Social Welfare Development Officer
City Accountant
City Budget Officer
City Agriculture Office
General Manager
Zamboanga City Water District
Public Information Officer
City Housing and Land Management Division
City Health Office
Chairperson, Committee on Health and Sanitation
Sangguniang Panlungsod
Chairperson, Committee on Natural Resources and
Environment Protection
Sangguniang Panlunsod
OIC-Regional Director
Department of Health IX
Regional Director
Environmental Management Bureau IX
Department of Public Works and Highways IX
Department of Education
Western Mindanao State University, Academe
Step 2: Craft the Vision and Mission for Local Sustainable Sanitation
15.
It is important to understand the existing sanitation in the city when setting the vision,
mission, goals and objectives (VMGO) of the LSSP. A sanitation baseline study was
conducted to assess the existing socio-economic, health and sanitation situation in the city
and to identify the sanitation gaps, problems and issues. The results of the baseline study
were presented to the LSSP Team members last August 3, 2020 and a Sanitation Baseline
Report was developed and submitted to both the city and the USAID SURGE Project on
August 31, 2021.
16.
After establishing the existing sanitation conditions and identifying the sanitation issues and
concerns of the city, the next step in developing the LSSP is the setting of VMGO for local
sustainable sanitation. To facilitate discussion on the VMGO, a SWOT analysis was
conducted from the existing sanitation baseline data. An analysis of each of the thematic
areas: water, sanitation, wastewater and WASH on Emergencies, was done in terms of
technical, financial//economic/financing, institutional (policy, communication, capacity
building, environmental) including the mainstreaming of DRR-CCA, which shall serve as the
basis of VMGO setting.
17.
An online session was held last August 4, 2021 with the LSSP TWG members to formulate
the VMGO of the city that is aligned with the national targets and national programs on
sustainable sanitation.
18.
The following were used as guide questions in setting the vision of the city for the LSSP:
 What is the ideal condition of sanitation for the LGU?
 How would things look if sanitation gaps, issues and challenges were completely and
perfectly addressed?

 What is the desired sanitation condition of the LGU?
19.
The crafting of the mission considered the following:
 Grounding the vision in practical terms.
 A mission statement describes the direction that the LGU will take to achieve the vision.
 Looking at the big picture of the how to translate the vision into reality.
 Mission statement should inspire people to action.
Step 3: Identify Goals and Objectives

20.
specific objectives to achieve these goals were also determined. Sanitation goal statements
are broader concepts that interpret the vision and mission statement of the city into
something that is more time-sensitive and meaningful. These are the long-term results that
the city wants to achieve in sanitation that will move closer to its vision and mission.
21.
The objectives are the details of the sanitation goals. Objectives were aligned with the
sanitation strategies of the city and should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and
time-bounded.
Step 4: Formulate Strategies and Map-out Activities
22.
reach the defined local sanitation goals and objectives. Programs, projects and activities
(PPAs) were also identified to support the implementation of the strategies. In identifying the
PPAs, the principles of equitable solutions, financial and technical viability and resilience to
climate/disaster risks were considered.
23.
Another online session was conducted on August 11, 2021 to identify the relevant programs,
projects and activities (PPAs) and the implementation strategies to address the sanitation
issues and concerns of the city and to meet the defined local sanitation goals and
objectives.
24.
An online training was also conducted on August 25, 2021, to present various sanitation
strategies to the LSSP TWG to support the local sustainable sanitation planning of
Zamboanga City.
Step 5: Integrate Sanitation Information into the components of the LSSP
25.
This step involved the actual writing and updating of the LSSP document by integrating the
health and sanitation data and information gathered and the outputs of the series of
planning workshops conducted from Step 1 to Step 4.
Step 6: Endorse the LSSP

26.
This last step in the process is the presentation and endorsement of the LSSP for approval
of the Local Chief Executive (LCE) and other LGU officials including, the Sangguniang
Panlungsod (SP) council. A resolution adopting the LSSP shall be created to start the
implementation of the LSSP.

1.3 LSSP Sanitation Thematic Areas
27.
The development of the LSSP considered five thematic sanitation areas, as discussed
below. The analyses of the existing sanitation conditions, issues and concerns and the
identification of the programs, projects and activities were done per thematic area.
i. Water supply – this refers to the supply of safe water for domestic purposes.
To improve the sanitation condition of the city, it is important to ensure the availability
and accessibility of safe water supply. Access to an adequate and safe water supply is a
vital part of ensuring a safe sanitation service chain within the city.
ii. On-site sanitation facilities including WASH in Emergencies – this refers to the
access of the households safely managed sanitation systems. Safely managed
sanitation systems ensure the separation of human excreta from human contact all
throughout the sanitation service chain, from the toilet to safe use or disposal. This
includes the sanitary toilet facilities, the containment (i.e., septic tanks), transport,
treatment and disposal of the human excreta (i.e., septage management program).
This also includes the availability and provision of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene)
facilities during emergencies, including natural disasters, outbreaks and pandemics. In
emergency settings, it is critical that there are available WASH facilities to prevent the
spread of diseases and to reduce the health impacts of the disasters.
iii. Wastewater, sewage and drainage management – this includes the management of
the domestic wastewater generated in the city from the households, institutional and
commercial establishments, and the provision and maintenance of the city drainage to
reduce the occurrence of flooding in the city.
Disposal of untreated wastewater can cause pollution of the water bodies and
contamination of drinking water sources. The users of the receiving water body may also
be exposed to harmful microorganisms brought by the untreated wastewater which may
lead to infection and diseases.
iv. Solid waste management (SWM) – this pertains to the collection and proper disposal of
the solid wastes and health care wastes in the city.
The disposal of solid wastes in the water bodies may cause pollution. Improper SWM
may also attract disease vectors, which can lead to the spread of infectious diseases.
Flooding also occurs in the city due to the clogging of solid wastes in the drainage
system.
v. Water quality management – this refers to the monitoring and improving the water
quality of the water bodies in the city.
The absence of sanitation facilities, improper management and disposal of human
excreta, wastewater and solid wastes generated in the city may cause degradation of
the water quality of the water bodies.

2. Considerations in the Development of the LSSP
2.1 Legal and Policy Framework for Sanitation
28.
Several laws and policies have already been issued to improve the sanitation in the country.
The legal framework for the implementation of sanitation programs in the Philippines
includes legislative and executive issuances as shown in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2,
respectively.
Table 2-1. Legislative Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines

Legislative Issuances Pertinent Provisions
The 1987 Constitution of Article II. Declaration of Principles and State Policies.
the Republic of the
Philippines Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health
of the people and instill health consciousness among them.
Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature.
Article X. Local Government.
Section 13. Local government units (LGU) may group themselves,
consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for
purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with law.
Republic Act (RA) 7160
– Local Government Chapter II. General Powers and Attributes of Local Government
Code (LGC) of 1991 Units
Section 16. General Welfare. – Within their respective territorial
jurisdictions, LGUs shall promote health and safety, enhance the
right of the people to a balanced ecology, and preserve the
comfort and convenience of their inhabitants.
Section 17. Basic Services and Facilities.
● LGUs shall provide basic services and facilities, which include,
solid waste disposal system or environmental management
system and services or facilities related to general hygiene and
sanitation.
● To ensure the active participation of the private sector in local
governance, LGUs may, by ordinance, sell, lease, encumber, or
otherwise dispose of public economic enterprises owned by
them in their proprietary capacity.
Presidential Decree 198: Title II. Local Water District Law. Chapter II. Purpose and
Local Water Districts Formation
Law of 1973
Section 5. Purpose. – Local water districts (WD) may be formed
for the purpose of providing, maintaining and operating
wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal facilities.
Chapter VII. Powers of District
Section 27. Acquisition of Waterworks. – Purchase, construct, or

otherwise acquire works, water, water rights, land, rights and
privileges useful or necessary to convey, supply, store, collect,
treat, dispose of or make other use of water.
Section 29. Sewerage. – Require, construct, operate and furnish
facilities and services, within or without the district, for the
collection, treatment and disposal of sewage, waste, and storm
water.
Section 32. Protection of Waters of District. – Commence,
maintain, intervene in, defend and compromise actions, and
proceedings to prevent interference with or deterioration of water
quality of the natural flow of any surface, stream or ground water
supply which may be used or useful for any purpose of the district
or to be a common benefit to the lands or its inhabitants.
Chapter IX. Revenues
Section 38. Service and Stand-By Charges for Sewers. –
Prescribe and collect rates and other charges for sewer services
furnished and fix, levy and collect a sewerage and wastewater
service stand-by or availability charge in the event sewer service
is available and no connection is made.
Title III. Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) Law. Chapter
II. Charter and Purpose
Section 48. Charter. – Creation of a national agency to be known
as the “Local Water Utilities Administration.”
Section 49. Purposes. – LWUA shall establish minimum standards
and regulations, furnish technical assistance and personnel
training programs, monitor and evaluate local water standards,
effect system integration, and provide a specialized lending
institution.
Republic Act 9275 – Chapter II. Water Quality Management System. Article I. General
Philippine Clean Water Provisions.
Act (CWA) of 2004
Section 7. National Sewerage and Septage Management Program
(NSSMP).
● The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) shall
prepare a national program on sewerage and septage
management.
● LGUs are directed to appropriate the necessary land, including
the required rights-of-way/road access to the land for the
construction of the sewage and/or septage treatment facilities,
and are authorized to raise funds to subsidize necessary
expenses for the operation and maintenance of sewerage
treatment or septage facility servicing their area of jurisdiction
through local property taxes and enforcement of a service fee
system.
Section 8. Domestic Sewage Collection, Treatment and Disposal.

● The agencies providing water supply and sewerage facilities
and/or concessionaires in Metro Manila and other highly
urbanized cities (HUCs), in coordination with LGUs, shall
connect the existing sewage line found in all subdivisions,
condominiums, commercial centers, and other similar
establishments, including households, to the available sewerage
system subject to service charge/fees.
● In areas not considered as HUCs, the DPWH, in coordination
with other concerned agencies, shall employ septage or
combined sewerage-septage management system.
● The DOH in coordination with other concerned agencies, shall
formulate guidelines and standards for the collection, treatment
and disposal of sewage including guidelines for the
establishment and operation of centralized sewage treatment
system.
Presidential Decree 856 Chapter II. Water Supply
– Code on Sanitation of
the Philippines This chapter in the Code on Sanitation prescribes that before
water is used, distributed or sold for drinking, it should pass the
criteria on standard parameters and values for bacteriological,
physical, chemical, biological, and radiological quality set by the
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW).
Moreover, for monitoring, the Code on Sanitation requires the

local health authority to establish a Water Surveillance Program
and create a Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Committee
(LDWQMC) to oversee the operation of the water systems and the
and the quality of the water being produced and distributed by
service providers and to monitor the implementation of the
provisions of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR).
Chapter XVII. Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal
and Drainage
This chapter in the Code on Sanitation sets the guidelines for the
provision of individual excreta disposal system and proper
disposal of wastewater.
Section 74. Provides the requirements in the operation of
sewerage works and sewage treatment plants.
Section 75. Requires septic tanks in establishments where a
public sewerage system is not available and provides the
minimum requirements of such.
Section 76. Requires septic tank effluent to be treated and to
conform to water quality standards before discharging into a
stream or body of water.
Chapter XVIII. Refuse Disposal
Section 4 of this chapter sets the minimum standards and
requirements for the segregation and storage of refuse/solid

waste. It indicates the standard color coding of the waste
containers per type of waste.
Section 9 of the Chapter 18 sets the specific requirements for the
management of biomedical wastes from health care facilities and
other similar establishments. Management of these wastes must
conform with the standards and guidelines contained in the Health
Care Waste Management Manual of the Department of Health
(DOH).
Chapter XX: Pollution of the Environment
Section 5 of this chapter lists the sanitary requirements that must
be provided by the establishments which include the following:
● Adequate and potable water supply in accordance to
Chapter 2 of PD No. 856 and PNSDW 2017
● Sewage collection and disposal complaint to Chapter 17 of
PD No. 856
● Solid waste management (SWM) in compliance to Chapter
18 of PD No. 856
● Hand washing facilities with adequate water supply and
soap
● Adequate and clean toilet facilities for male and female and
disabled workers and clients
● Proper lighting and ventilation.
Republic Act No. 10121- The DOH, LGUs and national government agencies and other
Philippine Disaster Risk development partners shall ensure that local climate change
Reduction and adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction management
Management Act of (DRRM) plans include WASH in their CCA, disaster prevention,
2010 mitigation, response and recovery actions. The DRRM plans shall
ensure that evacuation centers have safe water supply and safe,
functioning and gender-segregated toilets.
Republic Act No. 9003 – Section 2 Declaration of Policies
Ecological Solid Waste (c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and
Management Act of volume reduction through source reduction and waste
2000 minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use,
recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection,
treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound
SWM facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable
development principles.
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage,

treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and
adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste
management excluding incineration.
Section 12. City and Municipal SWM Board

Each city or municipality shall form a City or Municipal Waste
Management Board that shall prepare, submit and implement a
plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste

generated in areas under its geographic and political coverage.
Section 16. Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans
The province, city or municipality, through its SWM boards, shall
prepare its respective 10-year SWM plans consistent with the
national SWM framework: Provided, That the waste management
plan shall be for the re-use, recycling and composting of wastes
generated in their respective jurisdictions: Provided, further, That
the SWM plan of the LGU shall ensure the efficient management
of solid waste generated within its jurisdiction. The plan shall place
primary emphasis on implementation of all feasible re-use,
recycling, and composting programs while identifying the amount
of landfill and transformation capacity that will be needed for solid
waste which cannot be re-used, recycled, or composted. The plan
shall contain all the components provided in Sec. 17 of this Act
and a timetable for the implementation of the SWM program in
accordance with the National Framework and pursuant to the
provisions of this Act: Provided, finally, that it shall be reviewed
and updated every year by the provincial, city or municipal SWM
board.
Table 2-2. Executive Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines
Executive Issuances Pertinent Provisions
DOH Administrative ● Following their mandates under the LGC, LGUs shall integrate
Order No. 2010-0021: sustainable sanitation in their comprehensive development and
Sustainable Sanitation investment plans and annual programs and budgets. They
as a National Policy and shall make specific assignment of responsibilities among the
a National Priority concerned LGU office to carry out sanitation plans, programs
Program of the DOH and projects.
● LGUs shall encourage and assist barangays in passing
ordinance to address the sanitation problems and needs of the
community.
● By 2022, all LGUs shall have their own local sustainable
sanitation plans (LSSPs) and budgets in place under their
Province-wide Investment Plan for Health, Municipal-wide
Investment Plan for Health or City-wide Investment Plan for
Health.
● As stated in the AO, the national policy on sustainable
sanitation shall include references and integration to other
sanitation related plans and programs (i.e. solid waste,
housing)
● The National Sustainable Sanitation Plan shall include annual
targets for the following:
o LGUs that have declared sustainable sanitation as
priority
o LGUs that have LSSP
o Barangays that will be declared Open Defecation Free

o Cities with septage management program (SMP),

LGUs with LDWQMC;
o Regions with one major river system designated as
WQMA
o Annual targets for reducing Acute Gastroenteritis and
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis.
DOH Administrative ● Provides the implementing guidelines to operationalize the

Order (AO) No. 2019- national policy on sustainable sanitation and achieve
0054: Guidelines on the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on sanitation.
Implementation of the ● Provides LGUs practical sanitation program strategies to
Philippine Approach to gradually achieve sustainable sanitation.
Sustainable Sanitation
● Basic sanitation status is the status of the community wherein
(PhATSS) households, schools, child development centers, and public
institutional facilities have their own sanitary toilets that are
functional; and communities properly manage animal excreta
and properly dispose their solid waste, in addition to
maintaining the norm that open defecation is unacceptable.
● Sustainable sanitation status is the status of the community
wherein households, private establishments and public
institutional facilities have access to safely managed sanitation
services; water service providers pro-actively ensure the safety
of drinking water; and the community can maintain its basic
status and the norm that open defecation is unacceptable.
Section VI. Specific Guidelines.
● LGUs shall organize a local coordination body to implement
this Order, either through an existing local inter-sectoral body
or by establishing a local coordination body to oversee water
and sanitation concerns and shall be responsible for planning,
budgeting, and monitoring, assessing, and verifying of water
and sanitation programs and services, including PhATSS
sanitation levels.
● LGUs shall formulate and promulgate local ordinances,
executive orders, and/or resolutions to implement the different
program components of this Order based on the
recommendation of the local coordination body.
DOH AO No. 2014- ● This policy requires all drinking-water service providers to
0027: National Policy on develop and implement a water safety plan.
Water Safety Plan Section IX. Roles and Responsibilities
(WSP) for All Drinking- J. LGUs shall:
Water Service Providers ● Advocate and create awareness to the general population and
drinking-water service providers on the importance of water
safety plan.
● Extend assistance to the operators of community-managed
water supply systems in the development and implementation
of WSP.
● Establish and make operational the LDWQMC as required by

the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines.

● Monitor the WSP implementation of drinking-water services
through the LDWQMC; and
● Enforce the provisions of the Code on Sanitation and its IRR on
water supply and this Order.
L. Drinking-water service provider shall
● Comply with the provisions of this Order and the applicable
IRR of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines (PD 856).
DOH AO No. 2017-0020 ● This AO sets the norms for drinking water quality. The drinking
– Philippine National water quality surveillance agencies shall ensure the monitoring
Standards for Drinking of the WSP implementation and its effectiveness in meeting
Water of 2017 the PNSDW standards.
● As stated in the AO, the LGUs should develop and implement
a drinking water quality surveillance and establish an
LDWQMC to enforce this Order.
DOH AO No. 2019-0047 Section VI. Specific Guidelines

– National Standard on ● Sets specific and updated standards and criteria for design of
the Design, septic tanks. These includes basis of septic tank size and
Construction, Operation volume computation, emphasis on structure stability and
and Maintenance of watertightness, and need for desludging once every three to five
Septic Tank Systems years.
● Sets guidelines on construction and installation. Provides
emphasis on location and accessibility of the septic tank, as well
as testing to ensure watertightness of the septic tank.
● Specifies provisions on operation and maintenance of septic
tanks such as requirement to be desludged every four years.
Also indicates materials and substances that are prohibited to be
discharged into the septic tank.
Section VII. Roles and Responsibilities
● Provides the roles and responsibilities of concerned actors such
as the LGU who are instructed to facilitate Information Education
and Communication (IEC) campaign on septic tank operation
and maintenance to households and pass a local ordinance that
would implement and enforce the provisions in the AO including
prescribing fines and other penalties for violation.
Household and building owners are given the responsibility to
ensure that their septic tanks conform to the standards set by the
AO and are desludged regularly within the designed cycle period.
DOH AO No. 2017-007 ● One of the essential health service packages that must be
– Guidelines in the provided during emergencies and disasters are WASH facilities.
Provision of Essential WASH services include hygiene promotion, water supply,
Health Service excreta disposal, vector control, solid waste management and
Packages in drainage.
Emergencies and ● The LGU shall formulate plans, procedures and protocols to
Disasters implement this guideline and to provide funds.

DILG Memorandum Reiterates the roles of the LGUs in the implementation of sewage
Circular No. 2019-62 – treatment and septage management system within their respective
Policy and Guidelines on territorial jurisdiction.
Sewage Treatment and ● Enactment of Sewage Treatment and Septage Management
Sewage Management Ordinances
System ● Ensure that all residential, commercial, industrial institutional,
and governmental establishments have proper sewage
treatment and septage management system
● Enforce proper septic tank design
● Implement mandatory desludging of all septic tanks at least once
every five years; and
● Provide assistance in securing necessary permits, right of way,
IEC, and land acquisition to the water utilities in laying down
sewer lines.
Section 6.5. Barangay officials or the designated member of their

respective Barangay Ecological Solid Waste Management
Committee (BESWMC) are advised to accompany and give
assistance to the water utility or private desludging company in the
conduct of desludging activities within their territory.
● Assistance should be in the form of, but not limited to, IEC,
house to house census/campaign, opening and closing of
septic tank manhole covers, if needed, traffic flow regulation.
● Barangay officials should also set availment rate target to
ensure the success of the desludging program.
● Each barangay is required to maintain a registry of household
that availed and did not avail of desludging services.
Department of ● Defines the intended beneficial use of each water body

Environment and Natural classification.
Resources (DENR) AO ● Indicates the concentration of physical parameters, inorganics,
No. 2016-08 – Water metals, and organics for each water body classification.
Quality Guidelines and ● Enforces effluent standards for discharges to maintain the water
General Effluent quality per water body classification.
Standards of 2016 ● Identifies significant effluent quality parameters per
sector/industry category including that for water supply,
sewerage, waste management, and remediation.
DENR AO No. 2021-19: ● Updated the WQG and GES for ammonia, boron, copper as
Updated Water Quality dissolved copper, fecal coliform, phosphate as phosphorus and
Guidelines and General sulfate
Effluent Standards for
Selected Parameters
DENR AO No. 2001-34: Rule VI. Creation of Local SWM Boards.

IRR of the Philippine Section 4. Creation of a City and Municipal SWM Board
Ecological Solid Waste Section 5: Membership of the City and Municipal SWM Board
Management Act of Section 6. Creation of a Barangay SWM Committee

2000. Section 7. Membership of the Barangay SWM Committee

Section 8. Encouraging the Setting up of Multi-purpose
Environmental Cooperative or Association in LGUs
Department of Interior ● Provide standards and guidelines for the implementation of

and Local Government WASH in ECCD program.
(DILG) Joint ● It seeks to provide clean and sustainable water supply,
Memorandum No.01 functional toilets, sanitation and hygiene facilities in all early
Series of 2016 Circular learning centers, specifically day care centers and child
for Water, Sanitation, development centers.
and Hygiene (WASH) in
Early Child Care and The LGU in the provincial, municipal and barangay levels are
Development (ECCD) expected to include allocations from their Special Education Fund
(SEF) and Gender and Development (GAD) fund, in addition to
other local funds to be utilized as:
o Support mechanism for the implementation of WASH in
ECCD program
o Fiscal inputs to organize and support parents‟ associations
to implement the WASH in ECCD Program
o Counterpart funds for the continuing professional
development on WASH in ECCD of their ECCD public
service providers
o Provide facilities for the conduct of the WASH in ECCD
Program
Department of
Agriculture The DA AO provides the standards and guidelines for the quality,
Administrative Order No. quantity and method of distribution and application of the
2019-11: Revised wastewater for agriculture reuse. It was formulated to ensure the
Guidelines on the safe reuse of the wastewater therefore, protection of the
Procedures and environment, human, animal and plant health were all considered
Technical Requirements in the guidelines.
for the issuance of a
Certification allowing the If the wastewater will be used for agriculture purposes, a
safe re-use of certification must be secured from the designated agency of DA. In
wastewater for purposes addition to the certification, a discharge permit must also be
of irrigation and other secured from the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). The
agricultural uses. approved certificate must be submitted to EMB as part of its
application for the discharge permit
Philippine National This Standard applies to organic fertilizers, organic soil

Standards (PNS) Bureau conditioners, microbial inoculants, and organic plant supplements.
of Agriculture and The guidelines put emphasis on minimizing contamination from
Fisheries Standards microbiological, physical, and chemical hazards to ensure safety
(BAFS) 291: 2019 Code of workers and limit the possible environmental hazards
of practice for the associated with the production of organic soil amendments.
production of organic
soil amendments

2.2 Sanitation Targets in the Philippines
29.
Various national and local sector roadmaps and development plans were also developed to
meet the targets on improving sanitation as shown in Table 2-3. These sanitation national
targets and roadmaps were considered in developing the LSSP of Zamboanga City.
Table 2-3. Sanitation Targets in the Philippines

Source Document Sanitation Target
Philippine Water Supply and By 2022, the following are the targets of the
Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) PWSSMP:
2018-2040  6.6 percent of households with no access to safe
water
 58.3 percent of households with access to Level
3 water systems
 100 percent of households have access to
improved sanitation facilities
 0 percent of households are practicing open
defecation
 97 percent of the households have septic tanks
 69 percent of the households have access to
septage collection services
sewerage system
 20 percent of the households are connected to a
sewerage system
By 2030, the following are the targets of the

PWSSMP
 0 percent of households with no access to safe
water
 77.1 percent of households with access to Level
3 water systems
 100 percent of the households have septic tanks
septage collection services
sewerage system
 50 percent of the households are connected to a
sewerage system
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) ● To increase the percentage of households with
2017-2022 access to safe water to 95.16 percent by 2022
● To increase the percentage of households with
access to basic sanitation to 97.46 percent by
2022
● To improve domestic wastewater management
in WDs and LGUs by increasing treatment
facilities
● Protect water resources in water-critical areas
and in Metro Manila by, among others,

Source Document Sanitation Target
expanding sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure
● Under the Basic Education Facilities Fund,
school buildings will be furnished with
complementary sanitation facilities
● Improve the living conditions in congested
prisons by providing them with proper sanitation
facilities
● To increase the solid waste diversion rate to 80
percent by 2022
● To increase the number of barangays with
access to sanitary landfills to 29.26 percent.
National Objectives for Health (NOH) ● To increase the percentage of households with
Philippines 2017-2022 access to safely managed drinking water
services to 62.5 percent by 2022
● To increase the percentage of households with
access to safely managed sanitation facilities,
including a hand-washing facility with soap and
water, to 53 percent by 2022.
Philippine Approach to Sustainable ● All (100%) barangays are ZOD-certified by 2025
Sanitation (PhATSS)
Philippine Sustainable Sanitation ● To attain universal access to safe and adequate
Roadmap 2010-2028 sanitary facilities by 2028
● Superseded by the PWSSMP
National Sewerage and Septage ● By 2020, the NSSMP targets for the areas
Management Program (NSSMP) outside Metro Manila are the following:
2010-2020 o All LGUs have developed septage
management systems
o 17 HUCs have developed sewerage
systems
o About 43.6 million people will have
access to septage treatment facilities and
about 3.2 million will have access to
sewerage treatment facilities
o Php 26.3 billion has been invested in
sanitation improvement projects
o About 346 million kilograms of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) per
year is diverted from the environment
● Period of implementation superseded by the
PWSSMP
2.3 Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (2018-2040)

30.
The Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) 2018-2040 was
formulated to set the direction of the Philippines Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Sector
towards achieving the national targets related to WSS. The vision of the PWSSMP is set on
the universal access to WSS services by 2030.

31.
The PWSSMP aims to address the WSSP gaps and achieve the national targets through
the following:
 delivering infrastructure gaps and sustainable services

 anticipating increase in population
 ensuring climate and disaster resilient structures
 optimizing research and development
 investing on WSS data and data management, and
 addressing the fragmented sector with a viable institutional set-up and financing
schemes.
32.
Eight key reform agenda (KRA), the soft components of the PWSSMP interventions, were
identified to complement the infrastructure component of the PWSSMP and create the
enabling environment that the sector needs to achieve the target goals. Table 2-4 presents
the eight KRA of the PWSSMP and the respective focus of each KRA.
Table 2-4: PWSSMP Eight Key Reform Agenda
KRA Focus
KRA 1: Establishing effective WSS Addressing the fragmented WSS sector
sector institutions
KRA 2: Strengthening the regulatory Regulating and managing water resources and
environment WSPS, including water tariffs.
KRA 3: Creating and ensuring Ensuring appropriate and sustainable operations of
effective WSS services WSS service providers
KRA 4: Balancing water supply and Managing and maximizing finite water resources and
demand end-users
KRA 5: Building climate resiliency Adapting to climate change
KRA 6: Enabling access to funding Improving availability and acquisition of
and financing fund/financing for WSS data
KRA 7: Managing data and Ensuring the availability and accessibility of reliable
information WSS data
KRA 8: Driving research and Investing on research and innovations
development
33.
The PWSSMP estimated that about Php 1.07 trillion worth of physical and non-physical
investments is required to achieve the targets set by PDP and SDG in 2030. Majority of the
required investment is needed from 2020 to 2023 to fund the short-term projects under the
priority investment program of LWUA and DILG that were designed to achieve the PDP
targets by 2023. Fund sources identified include grants, commercial loans, private/user‟s
equity and development loans.
34.
One of the identified strategic interventions to increase the access to improved sanitation in
the country is the incorporation of the LSSP into the WSS sector plan, local development
plan, annual investment plan and local health plan. The sanitation programs should focus on
implementing projects in basic sanitation, zero open defecation, septage management and
sewerage systems.
35.
Regional WSS master plans for the 17 regions in the country were also developed. The
regional WSS master plan sets the regional targets to contribute to the national targets and
contains the strategic framework to achieve these targets. The identified strategies and

PPAs in the LSSP must be aligned with the priorities and strategies identified under the
Zamboanga Peninsula Region WSS Strategic Framework as shown in Figure 2-1.
Source: Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan Databook

Figure 2-1. Zamboanga Peninsula WSS Strategic Framework
2.4 Sustainable Development Goals

36.
The LSSP was also developed to contain strategies that can be implemented within the ten-
year period (2021-2030) to attain the targets of SDG 6, particularly Target 6.1 (safe and
affordable drinking water), Target 6.2 (end open defecation and provide access to sanitation
and hygiene) and Target 6.3 (improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe
recycling and reuse).

37.
In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
comprising 17 SDGs and 169 targets. Goal 6 aims to achieve universal access to safely
managed water and sanitation by 2030. The targets of Goal 6 are interlinked with all other
goals. Sanitation is necessary to achieve other goals including those in relation to poverty,
nutrition, education, gender equality, economic growth, reduction in inequalities and
sustainable cities2 as illustrated in Figure 2-2.
Source: Solving urban sanitation – sustainability and equitability, World Water, 2020
Figure 2-2. Interlinkages of Sustainable Sanitation to SDGs
38.
Unlike the Millennium Development Goals, SDG 6 looks at the entire supply chain rather
than the access alone3. For instance, SDG Target 6.1 aims to achieve the use of safely
managed drinking water services. It considers the type of water source and the accessibility,
availability and the quality of the water. The definition of the service ladder for drinking water
as defined by SDG 6.1 is shown in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5. SDG Ladder for Drinking Water

Drinking water ladder Definition
Safely Managed Drinking water from an improved water source which is located on
premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority
chemical contamination.
2
UN-Water, 2016: Water and sanitation interlinkages across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
3
Leading factors of success and failure in Asian Development Bank Urban Sanitation Projects, ADB, 2018

Drinking water ladder Definition
Basic Drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is
not more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing
Limited Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time
exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing
Unimproved Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring
Surface Water Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal
or irrigation canal
Source: Drinking water | JMP (washdata.org)
39.
For SDG 6.2, sanitation systems should address the containment, emptying, conveyance,
treatment and end use or disposal of excreta, to achieve safely managed sanitation. Table
2-6 shows the sanitation ladder of SDG 6.2.
Table 2-6. SDG Sanitation Ladder

Sanitation ladder Definition
Safely Managed Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other
households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or
transported and treated off-site
Basic Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other
households
Limited Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households
Unimproved Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households
Open Defecation Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of
water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste
Source: Drinking water | JMP (washdata.org)
40.
Lastly, SDG 6.3 seeks to improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping
and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
2.5 Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS)4

41.
The LSSP also considered the CWIS
approach. Through this approach, all the
members of the city should benefit from
adequate and affordable sanitation services
thus, the sanitation plan shall cover all areas
of the city including low-income households
and informal settlers.
42.
To completely achieve the health gains from
sanitation, the entire community shall have
access to sanitation. Without community-
level coverage, those using safe sanitation
facilities are still at risk from the impacts of
the use and practices of unsanitary facilities.
43.
The provision of equitable and sustainable
4
Solving urban sanitation – sustainability and equitability, World Water, 2020

services requires an integrated approach in addressing the basic services such as water
supply, sanitation, wastewater, drainage and solid waste management.
44.
Table 2-7 presents the Manila CWIS principles. These principles provide a framework for
action by setting the broad vision for sustainable and inclusive urban sanitation. To
implement the CWIS approach, there should be a comprehensive planning methodology,
flexible financing mechanisms, capacity building amongst the planners and decision-
makers, enabling policies and regulations, and strong advocacy. It requires a radical shift
from the conventional approach and needs a strong enabling environment to ensure the
operationalization and sustainability of the CWIS principles.
Table 2-7. Manila CWIS Principles

Principle Definition
Equity Everyone in an urban area, including communities
marginalized by gender, social and economic reasons,
benefit from equitable, affordable and safe sanitation
services.
Environment and public Human waste is safely managed along the entire service
health chain, starting from containment to reuse and disposal.
Mix of technologies A variety of sewered and non-sewered sanitation
solutions coexist in the same city, depending on
contextual appropriateness and resource recovery
potential.
Comprehensive planning Planning is inclusive and holistic with participation from all
stakeholders including users and political actors, with
short and long-term vision and incremental perspective
and is synergistic with other urban development goals.
Monitoring and Authorities operate with a clear, inclusive mandate,
accountability performance targets, monitoring requirements, human
and financial resources, and accountability.
Mix of business Sanitation services are deployed through a range of
business models, funding sources, and financial
mechanisms to reach all members equitability.
2.6 Principle of Circular Economy

45.
The principle of circular economy was also incorporated in the LSSP. With the rapid
urbanization and population growth in the city, there is a need to adopt a paradigm change,
from linear to circular economy, to ensure the sustainability of water and sanitations
services.
46.
At present, the water sector‟s economic model has been linear which follows the “Take-Use-
Discharge” strategy wherein the water is withdrawn from the water sources, used by the
population, and wastewater is discharged to the environment. This model constraints the
availability of water sources and increases the wastes disposed to the environment
47.
The concept of circular economy promotes the sustainable management of the water and
wastewater. The circular economy aims to minimize or reduce the consumption of fresh
water supply by reusing treated wastewater as additional water source. Wastewater can be
treated to satisfy the required quality of the potential reuse application. In addition to this, by-

products of the treatment can also be further processed for nutrient recovery which can be
used in agriculture. With this, the availability of wastewater treatment plant and the
integration of resource recovery facility play an important part in the circular economy.
2.7 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Considerations

48.
Climate change is expected to alter the spatial distribution, timing, and intensity of weather-
related events. The anticipated impacts of climate change include (a) more frequent or
intense storms that may increase the occurrence and intensity of flooding, (b) reduction in
rainfall event which may lead to longer dry seasons and may decrease the flow of water on
the surface water and groundwater sources resulting to water scarcity, (c) sea-level rise that
may cause salt intrusion in low-lying zones and higher risk of inundation during extreme
weather events and (d) increase in temperature.
49.
Climate change may worsen the risks that the current climate poses for sanitation, create
new risks, heighten uncertainties, and can increase inequality in sanitation access. The
impacts of climate change in the water supply include damage to infrastructure from
flooding, loss of water sources due to declining rainfall and changes in the water quality of
water sources and within the distribution of water. While for sanitation, the impacts include
damage and loss of services from floods and reduced carrying capacity of waters receiving
wastewater.
50.
The potential consequences of climate change for the sustainability of water and sanitation
services intersect with other causes such as mechanical failure, poor siting or construction,
and underlying institutional, financial and social factors. With this, the development of the
LSSP took into consideration the effects of climate change to the water and sanitation
services and included adaptation measures to ensure the sustainability and resilience of
water and sanitation infrastructures to climate change.

3. Sanitation Profile of the City
51.
A sanitation baseline study was conducted in Zamboanga City to determine the existing
conditions of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene, solid waste management (SWM),
water quality management and to identify sanitation-related hazards that may affect the city.
This section presents the highlights of the existing sanitation profile of the city. The
sanitation baseline report is attached in Annex 2.
52.
Table 3-1 shows the summary of the status of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene,
SWM and water quality management in Zamboanga City as compared to the national
targets set in Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, DOH National Objectives for
Health (NOH) 2017-2022, Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation (PhATSS) 2018-
2030, Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan (PWSSMP) 2018-2040 and the
2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to determine the status of the city towards
meeting these targets.
Table 3-1. Summary of Sanitation Baseline in Zamboanga City

National Target
Component Indicator Baseline
Value Reference
Water Supply Percent households
with access to
90.7% (2020) 95.16% (2022) PDP 2017-2022
improved water
supply
Percent households
PWSSMP
with access to Level 61.1% (2020) 77.1% (2030)
2018-2040
III systems
Percent household 62.5% (2022) NOH 2017-
with access to safely 2022
No data
managed drinking
100% (2030) SDG 6.1
water services
Management Percent households
of on-site with access to 100% (2022) PWSSMP
81.3% (2020)
sanitation improved sanitation 2018-2040
facilities facilities
(toilets, septic Percent households
97% (2022) PWSSMP
tanks, with septic tanks 81.3% (2020)
100% (2030) 2018-2040
septage (on-site system)
management) Percent households
PWSSMP
practicing open No data 0% (2022)
2018-2040
defecation
Percentage of
households with 69% (2022) PWSSMP
No data
access to septage 100% (2030) 2018-2040
collection services
Percent household
NOH 2017-
with access to safely 53% (2022)
2022
managed sanitation
No data
facilities, including a
hand-washing 100% (2030) SDG 6.2
facility with soap

National Target
Value Reference
and water
Percent barangay PhATSS 2018-
0% 100% (2025)
certified ZOD 2030
Wastewater, Percent of
sewage and households 20% (2022) PWSSMP
0.4% (2020)
drainage connected to 50% (2030) 2018-2040
management sewerage system
Percent solid waste 80% (2022)
23.40% (2019) PDP 2017-2022
diversion rate
Percent barangays PDP 2017-2022
29.26% (2022)
with access to 41% (2020)
sanitary landfill
Solid Waste
Percent of municipal
Management
solid waste collected
and managed in
65% (2019) 100% (2030) SDG 11.6
controlled facilities
out of total municipal
wastes generated
Water Quality Percent recreational Two WQMAs in
>80% (2022) PDP 2017-2022
Management waters improving the city
3.1 Demography
53.
Zamboanga City is a first class highly urbanized city (HUC). It has a total land area of
145,327.02 hectares.
54.
According to the census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2020,
Zamboanga City had population of 977,234 which is about 25 percent of the total population
in Zamboanga Peninsula. From 2015 to 2020, the city exhibited an average population
growth rate of 2.68 percent which is higher than the average national and regional growth
rate of 1.63 percent and 1.39 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the average population
density of the city was computed to be 691 persons per square kilometer of land for the
same period.
55.
There are a total of 98 barangays in the city, 58 of which are urban barangays while the
remaining 40 are rural barangays. There are also nine island barangays in the city namely
barangays Tigtabon, Santa Barbara, Pangapuyan, Landang Laum, Landang Gua, Busay,
Pasilmanta, Manalipa and Tumalutab. The projected population in the city per barangay is
presented in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2. Projected Population in Zamboanga City per Barangay

No. Barangay Baseline Number of Average Projected Population
Population Household Household
Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
Urban
1 Arena Blanco 13,671 2,688 4.7 15,927 17,915
2 Ayala 26,658 5,390 4.1 28,526 32,086

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
3 Baliwasan 17,932 6,553 3.7 31,683 35,637
4 Boalan 11,541 1,892 4.6 11,002 12,375
5 Bolong 8,068 1,544 4.2 8,173 9,193
6 Buenavista 8,154 1,444 4.5 8,205 9,229
7 Bunguiao 7,952 1,810 4 9,219 10,370
8 Cabaluay 8,849 1,557 4.1 8,034 9,037
9 Cabatangan 17,812 3,088 4.4 17,308 19,468
10 Calarian 33,563 6,764 4.3 36,562 41,125
11 Camino Nuevo 7,421 1,736 4.4 9,791 11,013
12 Campo Islam 11,730 3,303 3.8 16,258 17,862
13 Canelar 10,512 2,380 4.7 14,043 15,796
14 Cawit 10,244 1,836 5 11,702 13,162
15 Culianan 10,851 1,799 4.6 10,524 11,837
16 Curuan 11,954 2,081 4.2 11,128 12,517
17 Divisoria 13,172 2,053 4.5 11,662 13,118
18 Guiwan 13,231 3,207 4.4 18,095 20,353
19 Kasanyangan 28,819 2,641 5.3 17,857 20,085
20 La Paz 8,724 1,652 4.6 9,561 10,754
21 Labuan 16,095 2,524 4.5 14,495 16,304
22 Licomo 5,888 1,177 4.5 6,727 7,566
23 Limpapa 6,060 1,264 4.6 7,315 8,228
24 Lunzuran 13,232 2,238 4.4 12,564 14,133
25 Maasin 9,267 1,995 4.5 11,333 12,748
26 Malagutay 8,265 1,598 4.2 8,422 9,473
27 Mampang 31,975 7,436 4.6 43,411 48,828
28 Manicahan 11,999 2,129 4.7 12,754 14,346
29 Mariki 6,310 258 6.9 2,246 2,526
30 Mercedes 22,321 3,211 4.6 18,625 20,949
31 Pasonanca 27,215 6,216 4.4 34,633 38,955
32 Patalon 11,127 1,791 4.5 10,283 11,567
33 Putik 22,271 4,451 4.4 24,900 28,007
34 Recodo 23,254 4,126 4.2 22,008 24,754
35 Rio Hondo 8,827 638 5.2 4,208 4,733
36 San Jose 1,240 4.5
Cawa-Cawa 4,292 7,810 8,785
37 San Jose Gusu 16,260 3,984 4.2 21,158 23,798
38 San Roque 28,829 5,905 4.7 35,285 39,688
39 Sangali 26,758 4,754 4.4 26,273 29,552
40 Sinunuc 22,918 3,714 4.4 20,884 23,491
41 Sta. Barbara 6,711 794 5.8 6,025 6,777
42 Sta. Catalina 16,644 3,694 4.7 21,880 24,611
43 Sta. Maria 24,133 5,889 4.3 31,863 35,840
44 Sto. Niño 3,888 1,058 3.8 5,224 5,876
45 Talisayan 11,428 1,482 4.5 10,400 11,698
46 Talon-Talon 37,350 7,724 4.5 44,175 49,688

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
47 Taluksangay 9,437 1,769 5.8 12,952 14,568
48 Tetuan 29,621 7,351 4 37,683 42,386
49 Tigtabon 5,365 1,156 4.6 6,695 7,531
50 Tugbungan 26,538 5,589 4.3 30,158 33,922
51 Tulungatung 11,741 1,944 4.8 11,698 13,158
52 Tumaga 33,399 6,833 4.5 38,998 43,865
53 Vitali 10,716 2,237 4.2 11,900 13,385
54 Zambowood 12,870 2,431 4.2 12,862 14,467
55 Zone I 4,806 553 4.2 5202 5852
56 Zone II 1,802 489 4.1 2711 3050
57 Zone III 1,146 350 4.2 1922 2162
58 Zone IV 1,174 295 4.3 1656 1863
Sub-Total 852,790 167,705 4.4 944,598 1,062,062
Rural
1 Baluno 3,865 711 4.4 3,992 4,490
2 Busay 2,290 825 4.1 4,250 4,780
3 Cacao 1,311 318 4.2 1,704 1,917
4 Calabasa 2,936 775 4.2 4,076 4,585
5 Capisan 1,488 308 4.6 1,781 2,004
6 Dita 2,028 491 4.2 2,638 2,967
7 Dulian (UB) 2,569 658 3.9 3,252 3,657
8 Dulian (UP) 1,489 309 4.3 1,676 1,886
9 Guisao 2,583 812 4.2 4,299 4,836
10 Lamisahan 2,764 581 3.9 2,896 3,257
11 Landang Gua 3,154 628 4.8 3,787 4,259
12 Landang Laum 3,095 940 5.1 6,032 6,785
13 Lanzones 3,689 848 3.9 4,159 4,678
14 Lapakan 1,868 322 4.3 1,743 1,961
15 Latuan 2,615 668 3.7 3,109 3,496
16 Limaong 4,766 892 4.5 5,061 5,692
17 Lubigan 3,249 687 4.3 3,726 4,191
18 Lumayang 1,999 320 4.6 1,861 2,093
19 Lumbangan 4,461 763 4.2 4,093 4,604
20 Manalipa 2,588 462 4.6 2,711 3,050
21 Mangusu 5,608 1,014 4.7 6,051 6,807
22 Muti 3,420 631 4.7 3,774 4,245
23 Pamucutan 4,404 941 4.3 5,135 5,776
24 Pangapuyan 767 133 4.4 746 840
25 Panubigan 982 336 4.8 2,037 2,291
26 Pasilmanta 3,138 515 4.1 2,685 3,020
27 Pasobolong 5,624 925 4.1 4,755 5,348
28 Quiniput 4,015 826 4 4,212 4,737
29 Salaan 3,623 913 4.4 5,153 5,796
30 Sibulao 4,167 980 4.3 5,369 6,040
31 Sinubong 3,601 745 6.3 5,932 6,673

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
32 Tagasilay 3,998 698 4.3 3,759 4,228
33 Taguiti 1,328 324 4.5 1,847 2,078
34 Talabaan 5,907 1,174 4.5 6,756 7,599
35 Tictapul 3,527 796 4.8 4,829 5,432
36 Tigbalabag 2,109 460 3.9 2,281 2,566
37 Tolosa 3,859 673 4.1 3,508 3,946
38 Tumalutab 3,436 548 4.4 3,058 3,440
39 Tumitus 2,731 656 4.6 3,828 4,306
40 Victoria 3,393 659 4.3 3,545 3,987
Sub-Total 124,444 26,265 4.4 146,106 164,343
TOTAL 977,234 193,970 4.4 1,090,704 1,226,405
Sources: PSA 2020, POPCEN 2015; CDP of Zamboanga City 2016-2021
3.2 City Health Profile

56.
The CHO is the primary health agency of the City Government of Zamboanga. The DOH-
licensed health care facilities in the city consist of 14 hospitals (6 government and 8 private),
17 birthing homes, 13 institution-based clinical laboratories (2 government and 11 private)
and five (5) private free-standing facilities. There are also 99 barangay health centers in the
city.
57.
For the past five years, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and diarrhea were recorded as the
leading sanitation-related causes of morbidity in the city. AGE was also recorded to be one
of the leading sanitation-related causes of mortality in city in 2018 and 2019. These can be
attributed to the lack of access to sanitary facilities in the city and due to poor sanitation
practices (see Table 3-3 and Table 3-4).
58.
A rotavirus outbreak happened in the city in 2016. Rotavirus spreads from fecal-oral contact
which usually happens because of poor hand-washing practices or from consuming
contaminated food or water. To stop the spread of the rotavirus, the CHO strengthened its
WASH IEC programs on proper hygiene practices and the importance of the use of sanitary
toilet facilities. The CHO also disinfected the groundwater sources of the households and
strictly monitored the quality of the drinking water from the service providers.

Table 3-3: Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity in Zamboanga City, 2016-2020
Rank 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Acute 34,881 Acute 65,544 Acute 80,473 Acute 57,706 Animal Bite 10,691
Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory
Infection Infection Infection Infection
2 Animal Bite 6,073 Fever 9,993 Systemic Viral 12,640 Animal bites 10,329 Acute 8,024
Illness Respiratory
Infection
3 Fever 5,947 Animal Bite 6,945 Animal Bite 9,041 Systemic Viral 9,691 Wounds/Injuries 4,178
Illness
4 Wounds 4,949 Hypertension 5,590 Hypertension 9,021 Dengue 7,315 Systemic Viral 1,864
Illness
5 Hypertension 3,232 Wounds 5,468 Skin Diseases 6,932 Trauma 6,852 Hypertension 1,603
6 Acute 3,015 Skin Diseases 4,230 Trauma 6,190 Hypertension 4,881 Acute 1,398
Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis*
7 Skin Diseases 2,135 Acute 2,154 Acute 6,085 Acute 3,717 Skin Diseases 1,221
Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis*
8 Urinary Tract 1,521 Diarrhea* 1,865 Tuberculosis 3,181 Tuberculosis 3,414 Tooth ache 1,113
Infection (all forms) (all forms)
9 Injuries 1,386 Injuries 1 683 Urinary Tract 2 121 Skin Diseases 3 081 Urinary Tract 586
Infection Infection
10 Diarrhea* 1,217 Headache 1 455 Dental caries 1 852 Type 2 1 350 Headache 558
Hypersensitivity
Reaction
Source: CHO 2020
*Can be due to poor sanitation access and practices

Table 3-4: Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality in Zamboanga City, CY 2016-2020
Rank 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Diseases of the 730 Diseases of 1180 Diseases of the 1015 Diseases of the 1555 Diseases of the 1610
Heart the Heart Heart Heart Heart
2 Pneumonia 453 Pneumonia 640 Pneumonia 529 Diseases of the 638 Diseases of the 499
Vascular Vascular
System System
3 Malignant 373 Diseases of 561 Diseases of the 397 Pneumonia 525 Cancer (All 492
Neoplasms the Vascular Vascular Types)
System System
4 Diseases of the 367 Malignant 465 Cancer 232 Cancer 495 Pneumonia 419
Vascular Neoplasms (All Types) (All Types)
System
5 Tuberculosis 128 Tuberculosis 148 Tuberculosis 128 Renal Disease 296 Hypertension 219
(All forms) (All forms) (All forms) and its
complications
6 Chronic 86 Diabetes 134 Diabetes and its 107 Tuberculosis 245 Tuberculosis (All 202
Obstructive Mellitus complications (All forms) forms)
Pulmonary
Disease
7 Diabetes 85 Chronic 99 Trauma 78 Trauma 186 Renal Disease 182
Mellitus Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
8 Vehicular 56 Hypertension 89 Chronic 60 Diabetes and its 132 COVID-19 174
Accident and its Obstructive complications confirmed
Complications Pulmonary
Disease
9 Diabetic 53 Asthma 76 Undetermined 57 Chronic 122 Diabetes and its 133
Nephropathy cause of death Obstructive complications
Pulmonary
Disease
10 Aspiration 51 End Stage 71 Acute 54 Acute 79 Chronic 84
Pneumonia Renal Disease Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis* Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
Source: CHO 2020
*Can be due to sanitation access and practices

3.3 Water Supply
3.3.1 Household access to Improved Water Supply

60.
In 2020, about 90.7 percent of the households have access to improved water supply. In
terms of water service level, about 61.1 percent of the households are connected to Level 3
water supply system, 18.9 percent have access to Level 2 water supply system and 10.7
percent have Level 1 water supply system.
61.
Based on the accomplished validation of CHO on the access of improved water supply in
2019, there were 30 barangays that do not have access to Level 3 water supply system.
3.3.2 Water Supply Service Provider

62.
Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD) is the main water service provider in the city. At
present, it serves 61 out of the 98 barangays in the city.
63.
There are also rural/barangay waterworks and sanitation association and communal water
supply systems established in the city that provide water supply to the barangays that are
not covered by ZCWD. In addition to this, there were 378 water refilling stations (WRS) in
the city in 2020. Water from these is used by the households for drinking.
3.3.3 Water Sources

64.
The common water sources of the water service providers in the city include surface water,
d deep well and spring. There are also households that use open shallow well or
unprotected spring as their water source.
65.
The Tumaga River supplies about 60 percent of the water requirement in the city. Water
from this river is treated in the three water treatment plants of ZCWD using conventional
water treatment process. This supplies water to the 14 barangays in the city.
66.
In addition to the treatment plants, ZCWD also operates six water systems in the city
wherein the water is sourced from springs. ZCWD taps the Dumalon Creek to feed water in
the Dumalon Water System, seven spring sources supply the Tolosa Water System and one
spring source each for Lamisahan, Lumayang and Vitali water systems. The spring sources
of ZCWD had average production of 117,552 cubic meters per month in 2020. Water from
these sources is chlorinated prior to distribution.
67.
ZCWD has a total of 24 deep wells located within the city. However, only 13 are being
operated, three were already decommissioned and eight are on stand-by. These deepwells
supply water to barangays Boalan, Divisoria, Pasobolong, Putik and Zambowood. In 2020,
the average production of the deepwells was 434,476 cubic meters per month. Chlorination
is also done in the water from these sources before distribution to the customers.
68.
Lastly, ZCWD also entered an agreement with the PrimeWater Infrastructure Corp for a bulk
water supply to serve 24 barangays in the city.

Other water service providers
69.
The water sources of the other water service providers in the city include developed spring
and deep wells.
70.
The WRS source their water from their own deep wells. However, some WRS operate their
deep well without securing the permit to operate from the Department of Health (DOH).
3.3.4 Current Programs, Projects and Activities

71.
The following are the on-going projects of ZCWD regarding water supply
 Service expansion under the Salintubig Project
 On-going construction of the Ranchio Frio Water System in Brgy. Vitali
 On-going construction of Sumidero Water System in Brgy. Bunguiao
 On-going construction of Cahumban Water System
 On-going construction of water system as part of the Z3R Buld Back Better rehabilitation
project
72.
On the other hand, the following are the existing activities of the CHO regarding water
supply.
 IEC distribution on water supply, sanitation and environmental health
 Site survey of deep well sources
 Regular water sampling (WRS, ice plants and food processing plants, restaurants, water
services providers)
 Water supply disinfection
 Monitoring of household‟s water supply
 Regular monitoring of WRS and water service providers
 Created LDWQMC to monitor the quality management of water supply in the city
3.4 On-site Sanitation Facilities including WASH in Emergencies
3.4.1 Household access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities

73.
There were about 81.3 percent households in the city that have sanitary toilet facilities in
2020. The remaining 18.7 percent were either sharing toilet facilities with other households
or were open defecating. At present, the CHO does not have available data on the number
of households that practice open defecation (OD).
3.4.2 Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) Status

74.
As of 2020, there were no barangays in the city that were certified or declared to have zero
open defecation. The CHO does not yet have a monitoring program for OD.
75.
The ZOD program of the city is implemented through the conduct of WASH IECs in the
communities.
3.4.3 Septage Management Program (SMP)

76.
The City Ordinance No. 2009-153, establishing a SMP in Zamboanga City, was signed and
approved on July 8, 2009. However, despite the issuance of the said ordinance, the city is

not yet implementing a city-wide formal SMP and desludging of septic tanks is not
commonly practiced in the city.
77.
The city LGU and ZCWD entered an agreement for the implementation of the SMP in the
city. ZCWD, in partnership with the city LGU, will take the lead in the implementation of the
SMP in the city which includes the desludging of the septic tanks, operation and
maintenance of the septage treatment plants and collection of the septage fee from its
customers. There are two combined septage-sewage treatment plants being constructed in
the city.
78.
The existing septage management ordinance of the city is being reviewed and updated to
reflect the recent developments regarding the SMP in the city. Guidelines for the desludging
services of ZCWD non-customers must also be developed.
79.
There are three registered private desludgers in the city that provide desludging services to
the households, commercial and institutional establishment upon request. Two of the private
desludgers in the city operate their own septage treatment plant (SpTP). The third private
desludger transports the collected septage to one of the SpTPs for proper treatment and
disposal. Table 3-5 presents the details of the registered private desludgers in the city.
Table 3-5: Registered Private Desludgers in Zamboanga City
Private Desludger Barangays No. of VTU Frequency SpTP Desludging
Served trucks of Location fee
desludging and
Capacity
Christine Haresco Labuan to 1 unit x 2 to 3 trips 50 m3/day Php
Wastewater Curuan and 3700 L per day 3,500.00
Treatment all Brgy. within 10 km
1 unit x
Services barangays Sinubong radius.
4200 L
in between Additional
Php 500.00
for every km
thereafter
Veterans Builders All 98 4 units x 3 trips per Brgy. Php
Ents. barangays 4500 L day Pamucutan 4,000.00-
4,500.00
1 unit x
17,000 L Brgy. Additional
Cabaluay payment
1 unit x depends on
19000 L the distance
K-Gees Services Trucking
services
only.
MOA with
Christine
Haresco
80.
As stated in the existing septage management ordinance of the city, the City Septage
Management Council shall implement an accreditation system and operational guidelines for
the private desludgers in the city however, there is no system yet in place. Nevertheless, the
city allows the operation of the private delsudgers as long as all the necessary regulatory

requirements of the national and local agencies are secured. The CHO conducts quarterly
monitoring of the compliance of the private desludgers. The following must be presented
during the inspection; valid DENR wastewater discharge permit, valid sanitary permit, health
cards of workers and logbook of activities.
3.4.4 WASH in Emergencies

81.
The city has three designated evacuation centers. These are in barangays Cabatangan,
Curuan and Vitali. Also, 75 out of the 98 barangays designated schools and covered courts
as their temporary evacuation centers during emergency situations.
82.
The existing WASH facilities in these evacuation centers are not enough to cater the needs
of the population during emergencies. With this, the CHO and CDRRMO provides additional
temporary WASH facilities during emergencies to ensure that all affected individuals have
access to proper WASH facilities.

83.
The following are the activities of the City LGU regarding on-site sanitation facilities
including WASH in emergencies.
 Together with the barangay officials, provides technical assistance to households for
the construction of toilet facilities.
 Conduct orientation on personal hygiene to elementary and daycare students
 Distribution of hygiene kits to students to schools and daycare centers
 Monitoring of households‟ sanitation facilities
 Provision of hygiene and medical kits during emergency situations
 Assessment and provision of temporary WASH facilities at evacuation centers during
emergencies (i.e., portalets)
 On-going review of existing city septage management ordinance
84.
The following are the current activities of ZCWD:
 On-going construction of combined septage-sewage treatment facilities in Magay
and Vale Vista
 Conducts IEC on WASH as part of its Community Relations and External Affairs
activities
 On-going pre-feasibility study for the proposed septage management program in
Zamboanga City
3.5 Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
3.5.1 Sewerage System

85.
The existing sewerage system in Zamboanga City was constructed from 1933 to 1939 under
the United States Colonial Government. It is a separate system wherein the sewer lines are
directly connected to the households to collect sewage only. However, the collected sewage
from the households is directly discharged to the coastal water without proper treatment.
The operation and maintenance of the sewerage system is done by ZCWD.

86.
The existing sewer lines is only within the Central Business District of the city which covers
barangays Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV. As of 2020, there were 895 households
that are connected to the sewer lines, all of which are ZCWD customers.
87.
The sewage collected from the households is conveyed to the two pumping stations of
ZCWD. Sewage from barangays Zone III and Zone IV are transported to the east pumping
station. From the east pumping station, the sewage is pumped to the west pumping station.
The west pumping station also receives the sewage collected from barangays Zone I and
Zone II. The west pump station then pumps the collected sewage to the outfall in the coastal
water, located near the Zamboanga Port. About 2,300 cubic meters per day of sewage is
collected from the households and discharged to the coastal water.
88.
The ZCWD proposes to rehabilitate and expand the sewer lines in the CBD. At present, the
ZCWD applied for a loan to ADB to rehabilitate the existing sewer lines and expand to about
1.8 kilometers. The ZCWD also plans to further expand the sewer lines to additional 6.84
kilometers.
89.
With the proposed expansion of the sewered areas, the capacities of the existing pumping
stations in the city must be increased and/or additional pumping stations should be installed
to accommodate the additional sewage that will be collected.
3.5.2 City Drainage

90.
The existing drainage system is only available within the 15-km radius from the city proper.
Rural barangays do not have proper drainage system which cause flooding during heavy
rainfall. The city does not yet have a local drainage master plan.

91.
A sewerage system is being constructed in barangays Rio Hondo and Mariki. A sewage
treatment plant is being constructed in Brgy. Rio Hondo to treat the sewage that will be
collected. It will serve about 2,500 households and will have capacity of 1,500 cubic meters
per day. The project is funded by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) as part of
the Zamboanga City Roadmap to Recover and Reconstruction (Z3R) Plan.
92.
A combined septage and sewage treatment plant is also being constructed to serve Vale
Vista Subdivision in Brgy. Kasanyangan. The project will serve about 3,920 households with
capacity of 2,500 cubic meters per day.
93.
A combined septage and sewage treatment plant in Magay will also be constructed by
ZCWD. It will serve barangays Zone 1 to IV, Santa Catalina, Camino Nuevo, Canelar, Santo
Nino and San Jose Cawa-Cawa. The treatment facility will have a capacity of 4,000 cubic
meters per day. Bidding for the construction of this treatment facility is still on-going.
94.
The DPWH Region IX has developed a master plan for the drainage and flood control in the
urban core and central areas in Zamboanga City. For the past years, the DPWH Regional
Office had also implemented several projects to rehabilitate the existing drainage system
and construct new drainage facilities in the city.
3.6 Solid Waste Management

95.
The City Government through OCENR and the barangay units share the responsibility in
collecting the solid wastes from the households. The shared collection services scheme
collects from 40 barangays with an average of 235 tons per day from all sources. This
corresponds to an estimated collection efficiency of the city at 65 percent. About 75% of the
wastes collected are from residential, 5% are commercial waste, 8% are market wastes and
11.5% are recyclables.
96.
The estimated current waste generate rate of the city is 0.45 kg/capita/day. Based on the
waste audit conducted by OCENR, about 42 percent of the total wastes generated in the city
are biodegradable.
97.
Currently, the City Government operates five material recovery facilities (MRF) located in
Bagsakan Center (Sta. Cruz Market), Main Public Market (Magay), City Abattoir (San
Roque), Lumbangan Controlled Disposal Facility, and Sanitary Landfill Facility-MRF
(Salaan). The existing facilities accommodates an average of 28 tons per day of
biodegradable waste or approximately 30 percent of the total biodegradable wastes
disposed daily.
98.
In 2019, the waste diversion rate in Zamboanga City is at 23.40 percent and is targeted to
increase to 40 percent by the end of 2030.
99.
An existing 10.6-hectare Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) in Barangay Salaan is owned and
operated by the City Government of Zamboanga. Based on the design, the SLF will have a
total of six cells. Each cell has a minimum lifespan of three years that can accommodate
292,000 cubic meters of wastes based on the estimated average disposal rate of 200 tons
per day. At present, two disposal cells are already operating. Cell No. 1 is being operated
since March 2015. An additional cell, Cell No. 2, has been constructed and operational since
2019 to cater the city‟s final disposal for the next three years.
100.
The city constructed a medical waste treatment facility in Brgy. Salaan however, it is not yet
being operated. It will have an annual treatment capacity of 9.5 metric tons of medical
wastes or about 150 kilograms per hour. The facility will be operated and maintained by the
City Health Office.
3.6.1 Current Programs, Projects, and Initiatives

101.
OCENR is coordinating with inter-agencies through barangay forum, focus group
discussions (FGDs), print-out advocacies, engagement with social media, and information
and education campaign (IEC). The primary objective of the IEC is to inform the public about
the behavioral change towards ecological SWM practice of waste reduction at the
community, households, and schools.
102.
Furthermore, the City Government offices conduct orientation and action planning
workshops together with the public and private organizations on source reduction and
segregation, reuse and recycling.
103.
The City Government and the concerned academic institutions developed an environmental
education module with the following theme:
 Environmental and health effects of improper waste management
 E‟s of Empowerment- Environmental organization, Education, Engineering, Equity,
Enforcement, and Entrepreneurship
 Related laws and regulations

 3 R‟s of Waste Management (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and Composting
 Establishment of Barangay Ecological Solid Waste Management Programs/Committees
and Action Planning
104.
The existing 10-Year SWMP of the city has a planning period of 2020 to 2030. The
implementation of the SWMP in the city is already on-going. The following are the projects in
the SWMP that were already accomplished or currently being implemented.
 Constructed Cell No. 2 in the sanitary landfill
 Constructed the medical waste treatment facility
 On-going construction of additional transfer stations and city MRFs
 Continuous IEC campaign and promotional programs on proper waste segregation,
source reduction and recycling
3.7 Water Quality Management

105.
There are two designated water quality management areas (WQMA) that covered the city,
as shown in the table below. The EMB Region IX developed the 10-year WQMA action plan
for both WQMAs and were already adopted by the respective governing boards of the
WQMAs.
106.
The River Basin Control Office of DENR also funded the formulation of the Climate Change-
Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plans for the
eight clustered river basins in the city which consists of the Ayala, Bolong, Curuan,
Manicahan, Tumaga and Vitali-Taguite rivers.
107.
In terms of water quality monitoring, EMB Region IX monitors 13 sampling stations for
Tumaga River and six sampling stations for Ayala River. EMB Region IX also monitors
several rivers in Zamboanga City such as Mercedes River, Saaz River and Patalon River.
These rivers are considered as the priority rivers in the whole region.
Table 3-6: Designated WQMA in Zamboanga City

WQMA Legal Basis Cities/Municipalities Covered
Tumaga DAO No. 2013- Zamboanga City (Barangays Pasonanca, Sta. Maria, Tumaga,
River 01 Guiwan, Tetuan, Tugbungan, Lumayang, Lumbangan,
WQMA Lunzuran, Putik, Divisoria, Salaan, Culianan, Mercedes,
Pasobolong, Boalan, Zambowood, Talon-Talon, Mampang)
Ayala River DAO No. 2016- Zamboanga City (Barangays Baluno, La Paz, Cawit,
WQMA 15 Tulungatung, Recodo, Ayala)

4. Sanitation Problems and Issues
108.
The key issues identified in the city in terms of the sanitation thematic areas are summarized
in the table below. These are further discussed in the next subsections.
Table 4-1. Summary of Identified Sanitation Problems and Issues

Component Identified Issues
Water Supply a. About 30 barangays in the city do not have access to Level 3 water
system.
- Remote areas are still utilizing level 1 water source as drinking
water.
- Some barangays do not have available water service provider
(source of water is commonly open well)
- Barangays Muti, Taluksangay and Talabaan use communal water
system as water source which are not maintained to ensure delivery
of safe water.
b. Some areas are experiencing low water pressure
c. In 2016 and 2019, ZCWD experienced low water production/supply due
to drought that resulted to the implementation of water rationing and/or
intermittent water supply to its customers.
d. Some residents have inadequate knowledge on alternative strategies
and procedure/s in provision of safe drinking water.
e. Some WRS are still utilizing deep well source without Permit to Operate
issued by DOH IX
f. Lack of monitoring of households located at far flung barangays with
doubtful sources
g. City Health Office has no capacity to test or conduct water analysis as
required in SDG 6.1
h. The requirement of DOH-approved water safety plans (WSPs) is not
enforced for all water service providers. There is also no local policy
requiring the implementation of WSP by the drinking water service
providers.
i. The city does not have an established local drinking water quality
surveillance program.
j. Existing water sources and water supply infrastructure in the city are
susceptible to landslide and flooding.
k. The city needs to strengthen its IEC on water conservation practices and
safe water handling practices
Management of a. Poor sanitation practices are still observed in the city. There are
on-site sanitation households that share their toilet facilities to other households, use
facilities (toilets, insanitary toilet facilities or practice open defecation.
septic tanks, - The houses-on-stilts, informal settlers and indigenous people in
septage barangays Mariki, Rio Hondo, Sta. Barbara, Sta. Catalina,
management) Kasanyangan, Talon-talon and Zone IV have low access to sanitary
toilet facilities
- Some indigenous communities have difficulty in adapting proper
sanitation practices.
- Households in the island barangays also have low access to sanitary
toilet facilities
- Sanitation facilities provided in houses-on-stilts had been detached

b. The city does not have monitoring system for the households that
practice open defecation. There is also no procedure or guidelines for
ZOD barangay certification and monitoring in place.
c. Weak implementation of sanitation policies and no existing city
ordinance on WASH
d. The existing septage management ordinance of the city must be
reviewed and updated to reflect the recent developments on the
implementation of the SMP in the city.
e. There are septic tanks that are not compliant to the prescribed standard
design of DOH and the households cannot afford to retrofit their septic
tanks.
f. Formal septage management program (SMP) is not yet being
implemented in the city.
g. There is a need to strengthen the IEC programs on proper sanitation
and hygiene practices
h. The city LGU must raise the awareness of the households regarding the
city ordinance on sanitation and the proposed SMP of the city.
i. City LGU representatives/leaders/community lack on training and
awareness on WASH for
j. Lack of training and awareness advocacy on WASH for COVID-19 and
emerging diseases for health care facilities (HCFs) (health workers/
sanitary inspectors)
k. Inadequate financing and resources to establish WASH facilities.
l. Weak coordination and implementation of WASH programs and policies.
m. Lack of potable water supply infrastructure in evacuation centers
n. Inadequate WASH facilities in schools that serve as evacuation centers
o. The city does not have local policy for the provision of WASH facilities
during emergencies
p. Existing sanitation facilities in the city are susceptible to landslide and
flooding.
Wastewater, a. Disposal of untreated wastewater in the environment
Sewage and - Sewer lines are only limited to city proper, and no treatment is
Drainage provided to the collected wastewater
Management b. Lack on policy regarding sewerage system
c. The drainage is reportedly undersized and are usually clogged with solid
wastes which causes flooding in the area.
d. Absence of drainage system outside city proper especially in rural
barangays
e. No maintenance of drainage systems and outfalls
f. No drainage master plan
g. Sewerage and drainage infrastructures in the city are susceptible to
landslide and flooding.
Solid Waste a. There are barangays unserved by the city and barangay waste
Management collection.
b. Limited waste reduction and segregation practice in the city
- Not all barangays have functional MRFs and composting facility
- Inadequate programs to improve diversion rate
- Lack of local market for recyclables and reusable waste
- Lacks information and awareness on effective solid waste

management
- Lack of infrastructure to support the resource recovery initiatives
c. Barangay Solid Waste Management Councils (BSWMCs) of the city are
inactive.
d. Absence of proper on-site treatment and disposal of health care waste
(HCW) in HCFs
e. Lack of training and capacity building on proper HCW management in
the HCFs.
f. Location of the City MRFs, SLF and medical waste treatment facility are
Water Quality a. Lack of information and awareness advocacy of relevant stakeholders in
Management water quality management in the community and commercial
establishments.
b. Presence of informal settlers near bodies of water directly discharging
untreated sewage.
4.1 Household Level
a. Open defecation and Insanitary Toilet Facilities

109.
The city does not monitor the number of households that practice open defecation.
However, in 2020, about 18.77 percent of the households in the city did not have sanitary
toilet facilities. These were either sharing toilet facilities with other households or were open
defecating. Barangays that have low access (less than 10 percent) to sanitary toilet facilities
include the island barangays Landang Gua, Tigtabon, Manalipa and Pangapuyan, and
urban barangay Mariki where houses on stilts and informal settlers were mostly observed.
110.
The houses on stilts in barangays Mariki, Rio Hondo, Arena Blanco, Sta. Catalina and other
coastal barangays were funded by the National Housing Authority. Sanitation facilities with
septic tanks were also provided per household. It is the responsibility of the households to
manage their own sanitation facilities. However, during the inspection of CHO, the sanitation
facilities installed in the houses on stilts were already detached thus, the households resort
to open defecation or sharing of toilet facilities, and the wastes are directly discharged to the
coastal water. Also, it was observed that some of the households converted the space
allotted for the sanitary toilet facility into a living space.
111.
There are also differences on the preferences towards the use of sanitation facilities and the
handling of excreta between the diverse cultures in the city. Cultural norms and social habits
may impair people from using hygienic and sanitary toilet facilities. Therefore, it is important
to consider social and cultural beliefs and traditional practices in developing sanitation
interventions in the city.
112.
Prior to starting an intervention, it is vital to assess and understand the cultural practices,
systems and beliefs, leadership structures, and other existing drivers of change within the
various cultures in the city. This process should help to identify any opportunities or issues
specific to that cultural setting that could be drawn on to facilitate or trigger behavior change.
Each group has different socio-cultural factors that must be identified and be used to
produce culturally appropriate responses to encourage the group to abandon open
defecation.

b. Onsite treatment system
113.
The Office of the Building Official (OBO) requires a properly designed septic tank when
securing building permits for new residential, commercial, institutional or industrial
establishments. The OBO and CHO reviews and evaluates the building plans submitted as
part of the application for building permit. They also monitor and validate the compliance of
the constructed septic tanks in the city.
114.
As stated in City Ordinance No. 2009-152, the ordinance establishing the SMP of the city, all
residential establishments shall have an approved excreta disposal system for treatment of
domestic sewage. The ordinance requires that all water users that are discharging below 40
cubic meters of sewage per day shall have at least two-closed chamber septic tank; 41 to
500 cubic meters of sewage per day shall have at least three-closed chamber septic tank
and 501 to 1,000 cubic meters shall have at least five-closed chamber with pond. All
establishments that generate more than 1,000 cubic meters shall have its own wastewater
treatment facility or shall have an existing contract of service with any duly accredited
wastewater treatment facility.
115.
However, despite these local policies, the city still has low access to sanitary toilet facilities
with properly designed septic tanks. In 2020 about 81.3 percent of the households have
septic tanks but not all are compliant to the standards. Based on the sanitation survey
conducted, about 57 percent of the households have septic tanks with only one chamber
and about 35 percent have septic tanks that are not water-tight or bottomless. This may
contaminate the water from the nearby deep wells or shallow wells.
116.
There is a need to retrofit the septic tanks of the households to be compliant to the design
requirement of the DOH. It shall be noted that as stated in the DOH AO No. 2019-0047
“National Standard on the Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Septic
Tanks Systems”, a septic tank should have a minimum of two chambers and must be
watertight.
117.
Desludging of septic tanks is not commonly practiced in the city. The sanitation survey
revealed that about 74 percent of the households have septic tanks that were never
desludged. This shows the lack of knowledge or awareness of the households on the proper
maintenance or operation of the septic tanks. As required by the DOH, desludging of septic
tanks must be done every four years. Also, this is because the city does not yet have a
formal city wide SMP implemented. There are available private desludgers in the city
however, their services are only upon request.
c. Demand for sanitary toilet facilities

118.
The households are responsible for constructing their own sanitary toilet facilities and septic
tanks. Based on the sanitation survey, majority of households that do not have sanitary toilet
facilities were willing to install one. They are also keen to construct their own septic tanks.
However, despite the willingness of the households, there are barriers that hamper them
from having their own toilet facilities which include their financial ability, status of tenure,
unavailability of space within their home, terrain and soil conditions of the available land, or
lack of access to water supply.
119.
The city LGU must provide technical assistance to the households and provide alternative
options to reduce the footprint and cost requirement of the sanitary toilet facilities. For the

households that lack land ownership, the city LGU may consider introducing portable toilet
facilities.
d. Awareness for importance of toilet facilities
120.
The problem on sanitation is related to the practices and behavior of the households.
Residents lack knowledge about proper hygiene behavior and sanitary practices and are
used to certain ways of living which are difficult to change. The prevailing conditions, culture
and practices of the residents play a significant role in developing technical options for water
and sanitation. Behavior change among the stakeholders is essential for the sanitation
interventions to be successful in improving the public health.
121.
The households recognize the health risks associated to poor sanitation. Based on the
survey, the households answered that the reasons why having a toilet facility is important
include to have clean and safe environment and to protect the health of the family members.
Also, according to the households, the impacts of poor sanitation systems and practices
include groundwater contamination, foul odor of drainage system and increase in water-
borne diseases. Furthermore, the households answered that septic tanks should be installed
to avoid excreta from contaminating the ground water.
122.
However, there are still households who practice open defecation thus, the city LGU must
continue and strengthen its information and education campaigns to the households on the
importance of sanitary toilet facilities.
e. Affordability and access to financing of the households
123.
The main challenge for the households in constructing their own sanitary toilet facility is the
costs. Based on the survey conducted, more than half of the households have an average
monthly income of below Php 10,000. Of the households surveyed, less than four percent
are paying a monthly house rent which can go as high as Php 8,000. They are also paying
monthly cost for water which ranges from Php 500 to Php 3,000. Based on 2018 report of
PSA, a family of five needed at least Php 10,481 per month to meet both basic food and
non-food needs. In 2018, the PSA reported that the city has poverty incidence of 6.6 percent
and subsidence incidence of 0.6 percent.
124.
With the limited income, daily expenditures and inability to save, it is difficult for the
households to spend a significant part of their budget on sanitation. In addition to this, the
households also have poor access to financing. There are very limited financial options for
the households to get loans or financial assistance for the construction of the sanitary toilet
facilities.
125.
The city LGU may partner with financial institutions such as microfinance institutions or
institutions that offer blended financing to help the households have access to subsidies or
loans. The city LGU must work with the financial institutions to develop an acceptable
payment scheme for the households. In this way, the households will be more eager to
install their own toilet facilities.

f. Water Demand Management and Wastewater Minimization and Re-use Awareness
and Practices
126.
With the increasing population in the city and the robust commercial and tourism activities,
more water is used thus, more wastewater is also generated. There is a need to raise
awareness and to promote different water conservation practices and efficient use of water
to the households.
127.
Wastewater minimization and re-use in the city are not being practiced. The city LGU may
explore the possible reuse of treated effluent for irrigation and other non-potable water uses.
4.2 Community Level
a. Sharing of Toilet Facilities

128.
Sharing of toilet facilities is a common practice of low-income families and informal settlers.
Based on the survey conducted, about 17 percent of the households were sharing
households with other households. Sharing of toilet facilities is unhygienic and may increase
the health risks of the users especially if poorly maintained.
b. Informal settlements
129.
There are informal settlements in the coastal areas of the city. These are located in
barangays Mariki, Rio Hondo, Sta. Barbara, Sta. Catalina, Kasanyangan, Talon-talon and
Zone IV. For the past years, the city government of Zamboanga City is working with the
national government to provide relocation areas and housing projects for these informal
settlers. There are thirteen government-owned and managed resettlement areas available in
the city for the informal settlers.
130.
These informal settlers/families do not have access to sanitation facilities. Since access is
not available, they recourse to open defecation or the use of insanitary toilet facilities
wherein human wastes end up to the waterbodies. This behavior poses high risks to the
health of the families and creates an unclean, unsafe and unsanitary living environment.
4.3 LGU Level
a. Septage management program in the city

131.
At present, the city is not implementing a formal SMP. However, there are three registered
private desludgers in the city that provide sanitation services to the households, commercial
and institutional establishment upon request. Two of the private desludgers in the city
operate their own septage treatment facility. The third private desludger transports the
collected septage to one of the SpTPs for proper treatment and disposal.
132.
In desludging of the septic tanks, it is important to consider the existing condition of the
septic tank. Based on the assessment done to the septic tanks during the survey, it was
observed that about 24 percent of the septic tanks do not have proper manholes and about
16 percent are not accessible.
133.
The households will have to pay a septage fee once the SMP of the city is implemented.
This means additional expenses for them. The survey revealed that 60 percent of the

households are willing to avail of the desludging services and about 40 percent do not want
to avail of the desludging services mainly because of the cost of the services. However,
some of the households especially those from rural barangays said that they are willing to
avail but cannot afford to pay the corresponding desludging fee.
134.
For the desludging cost, majority of the households are willing to pay less than Php 1,000
per desludging service. In terms of payment, most of the households preferred to have a
monthly installment payment scheme and were willing to pay Php 60 per month.
b. Sewerage system in the city
135.
The city has an existing sewerage system however, it is limited within the central business
district of the city. Collected sewage from the households are discharged directly to the
coastal water without treatment. The existing sewerage system is already antiquated and
must be rehabilitated. The ZCWD proposes to rehabilitate and expand the sewer lines in the
CBD. At present, the ZCWD applied for a loan to ADB to rehabilitate the existing sewer lines
and expand to about 1.8 kilometers. The ZCWD also plans to further expand the sewer lines
to additional 6.84 kilometers.
136.
Sewerage system is an essential component in any urban, developed, highly populated
areas as septage management only partially addresses domestic sanitation issues. It is
known that septage management alone is merely an intermediate response to address the
long-standing issues on sanitation. The resulting effluent of septic tanks are partially treated
sewage that when left unregulated, may cause a gradual build-up of fecal contamination in
receiving water bodies. Presence of sewerage systems yield the most environmentally
beneficial effects; however, it is largely capital-intensive and thus making it an afterthought
unless carefully planned.
137.
Due to budgetary constraints, the city may consider prioritizing the provision of sewerage
system in urban barangays since these are typically the most densely populated areas and
it is expected that essential infrastructures are already laid-out such as road networks for
sewer pipe routing, and drainage system.
138.
Decentralized wastewater treatment facilities can also be installed in the barangays that will
not be covered by the proposed sewerage system of the city. However, this may be
challenging to implement due to lack of available land, resistance from the households and
the availability and limited technical capacity of manpower to operate the treatment plant.
139.
The city also requires the subdivisions to construct and operate their own sewage treatment
plant however, it is not being strictly implemented. The city may promote the pond system to
be constructed inside the subdivision to enhance the quality of the wastewater before
discharging. This pond system can be a lagoon or a constructed wetland. This system is
simple and requires limited manpower.
c. Program on wastewater and biosolid reuse
140.
At present, there are no programs on wastewater and biosolid reuse in the city. The city may
consider reusing the treated effluent of the treatment plants as alternative water sources for
non-potable applications to reduce the use of fresh water supply. The treated effluent can be
applied as irrigation or landscaping, cleaning of streets and drainage systems and other
non-potable uses.

141.
On the other hand, the treated biosolids can be reused as soil conditioner or fertilizer. The
city may explore the possibilities of partnering with the local farmers to promote the reuse of
the treated effluent and biosolids. Also, may also consider co-composting the biosolids with
municipal waste. Another option is to use the biosolids as landfill cover.
142.
However, the city must ensure that the reuse of wastewater and biosolids should comply to
the guidelines and requirements of DENR, DOH and DA to ensure the protection of the
environment and public.
143.
The city must also promote the reuse of treated wastewater to the industries and
commercial establishments that are operating their own sewage treatment plants.
Information and education campaign to these establishments must be initiated by the LGU.
d. Siting of sanitation facilities
144.
In siting the treatment facilities, one of the factors that should be considered is the
susceptibility of the proposed site to geohazards, among others. The design of the
structures should consider the possible effects of the geohazards in the operation of the
treatment plants.
145.
There are four climate-related hazards identified in the city namely, flooding, rain-induced
landslides, drought and tsunami. Based on the hazard assessment conducted to the existing
and proposed sanitation facilities in the city, most of the facilities are susceptible to
landslide, flooding and tsunami.
146.
Other factors that should be considered in selecting the location of the treatment facilities
include accessibility, area capacity, space availability, zoning, availability of utilities (e.g.,
power and water), proximity to water sources and the classification of the receiving water
body.
e. Awareness of the stakeholders to sanitation project
147.
As stated in the Septage Management Program City Ordinance of Zamboanga City, the City
Septage Management Council (CSMC) shall plan and implement an information and
education program on the city‟s septage management system and on wastewater
management.
148.
Based on the survey conducted, about 13.6 percent of the households were not aware of
the city ordinance on sanitation. This was observed mostly in barangays Baliwasan, Campo
Islam, Dulilan, Mampang, San Jose Gusu and Victoria. Furthermore, about 35.4 percent do
not know or never heard about the proposed SMP of the city. These households were
mostly from the rural barangays.
149.
The city LGU must work together with the barangay leaders to develop a targeted,
community-based approach and conduct education and marketing campaigns for the
stakeholders regarding the sanitation projects. It is important that the stakeholders
understand the importance of the sewerage system and SMP in protecting the environment
and public health. This is to get acceptance from the stakeholders and for them to avail the
services willingly. The public must also be consulted in all stages of the project cycle, from
planning until the actual operation.
f. Provision of access to safe water

150.
Contamination of water sources is a health risk to the city, especially to the households who
rely to groundwater sources for water supply. Water sources can be contaminated due to
open defecation and the discharge of untreated wastewater to the waterways. Flooding from
nearby rivers can also worsen the risks as it can bring polluted water in direct contact with
the people or may contaminate the water supply.
151.
Therefore, the city LGU shall ensure that the households have access to piped water supply
and discourage the use of doubtful water sources. The city has been implementing several
water supply projects together with the ZCWD and DPWH Region IX to increase the access
of the households to safe water.
152.
The city is also vulnerable to drought which reduces the availability of water supply from
surface water and groundwater resources in the city. In 2016 and 2019, ZCWD experienced
low water production/supply that resulted to the implementation of water rationing and/or
153.
The city LGU together with the ZCWD shall also plan on alternative water sources,
especially in the island barangays, to always ensure the availability of water supply.
154.
The city must also advocate and promote the installation of rainwater harvesting facilities to
institutional, commercial and industrial establishments as alternative water source for non-
potable uses of water.
g. Monitoring of Drinking Water Quality

155.
From 2016 to 2020, AGE is one of the top leading causes of morbidity in Zamboanga City
and also one of the top leading causes of mortality in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, city LGU
shall regularly monitor the quality of the water sources of the households and the water
supplied by the water service providers in the city to ensure that it is safe and complies to
the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) 2017.
156.
The city already created its Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Committee (LDWQMC)
however, a drinking water quality surveillance program is not yet established.
157.
The CHO is regularly collecting water samples from all the drinking water service providers
in the city to validate its compliance to the standards. However, the analysis of the water
samples collected is limited only to the presence or absence of E. coli. The city does not yet
have a laboratory that can analyze the water samples based on the PNSDW mandatory
parameters.
158.
Also, as required by the Department of Health (DOH), all the drinking water suppliers in the
city should develop and implement their own DOH-approved water safety plan (WSP).
However, this is not yet being implemented in the city.
h. Solid waste and drainage management

159.
Flooding is caused by the city‟s lack of proper drainage system and improper maintenance
of the existing drainage system. The drainage system is limited only to the city proper and
were reported to be undersized. Rural barangays do not have drainage system experience
flooding during heavy rain, especially those located near the rivers.

160.
Also, solid wastes were observed to be blocking the drainage. This also contributes to the
flooding during heavy rains. With this, the city must strengthen the implementation of its
solid waste management program.
i. Hygiene and sanitation program

161.
While the city LGU recognizes the importance of having sanitary toilet facilities, the limited
budget and competing public priorities make sanitation not the top priority of the LGU.
However, the LGU are still working on to support the poorest households that have limited
financial resources, especially the informal settlers.
162.
The access to sanitary toilet facilities must not only be limited to the households. It is also
important to provide proper WASH facilities to public places and institutions such as schools
and health care facilities. Safe sanitation in healthcare facilities is an essential component of
quality of care and infection prevention and control strategies, especially for preventing
exposure of health service users and staff to infection. Improved sanitation conditions in
schools also affect child health and well-being.
163.
WASH facilities during emergency situations including natural disasters, outbreaks and
pandemic should also be readily available. Special attention should be paid to sanitation
during these situations. In emergency settings, it is critical that there are available WASH
facilities to prevent the spread of diseases and to reduce the health impacts of the disasters.
The proper disposal of wastewater and solid wastes during emergencies must be provided.
164.
With the presence of open defecation in the city, there is a need to intensify the campaign
on the importance of having sanitary toilet facilities. The targeted campaign should not only
feature the health and hygiene issues but must also aim to change the behavior of the
households with regards to sanitation.
165.
Also, targeted IEC on proper hand washing must be conducted in schools. Handwashing
with soap after using the toilet should be promoted and supported by the availability of soap
and water close to sanitation facilities.
j. Capacity development
166.
Capacity building shall be provided to those involved in the implementation of the LSSP to
develop and/or enhance their skills and knowledge. Service providers should receive
training in business as well as technical skills to promote efficiency, minimize costs and,
ultimately, improve sustainability of the projects.
k. Ordinance and policies in place
167.
Local policies and regulations must be enacted and implemented to institutionalize, promote
and ensure the sustainability of the sanitation projects. The policies shall set the procedures,
rules and allocation mechanisms that will serve as basis for the implementation of the
projects. Existing local policies must be reviewed and updated to integrate the new plans.
The city must ensure that health considerations are firmly embedded in sanitation policies
and that sanitation is embedded in relevant health policies.
168.
The septage ordinance of the city must be revised to update the amount of the septage fee
to be collected, improve implementing mechanisms and arrangement, and to include the
guidelines for the desludging of non-ZCWD customers. Provisions on the reuse of biosolids

and treated effluent from the septage treatment plant can also be incorporated in the
ordinance.
169.
The city does not yet have an ordinance for the operation of the sewerage system.
170.
The city recently created the Zamboanga City Water Security Council (ZCWSC) through the
Executive Order No. BC-661-2021. The ZCWSC shall collaborate with other concerned
government agencies and other stakeholders to craft the Zamboanga City Water Security
Master Plan which shall include the following thematic areas.
- Water recharge area restoration, protection and management (watershed area
protection)
- Water resources protection, development, and management (source development,
water supply systems)
- Renewable water resources (i.e., rainwater harvesting, surface runoff)
- Water conservation and efficiency
- Wastewater and sewage treatment and re-use
- Septage management
- Point and non-point water pollution
- Water remediation and rehabilitation
- Water supply and sanitations services in emergencies
l. Institutional Arrangements
171.
Coordination and collaboration between different sectors and stakeholders are important to
ensure the successful implementation of the sanitation programs. Institutional arrangements
for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the sanitation projects must be
defined and established.
172.
ZCWD, in partnership with the LGU, will take the lead in the implementation of the SMP and
sewerage system in the city. ZCWD shall form new units within its existing organization that
will be responsible for managing and delivering the septage management services within its
service area. The ZCWD or the city LGU may also tap the services of the private
desludgers. The private desludgers must be accredited by the City Septage Management
Board (CSMB).
173.
The city should establish and enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private
sector, donors, national government, academic institutions, NGOs for the implementation of
the sanitation projects.
174.
The city must also explore different financing and management options for the
implementation of the sanitation projects.

5. Potential Impacts of Identified Sanitation Problems
175.
Access to safely managed water, safely managed sanitation and proper hygiene practices
are essential to achieve the health, social and economic goals of the city. The potential
impacts of the identified sanitation problems are discussed in the succeeding subsections.
5.1 Health Impacts

176.
The primary purpose of the use of sanitary toilet facilities from a public health perspective is
to eliminate the possibility of human contact to human excreta (faeces and urine) and
excreta-related pathogen transmission. The lack of safe sanitation system leads to infection
and diseases such as diarrheal diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne
diseases. The potential health impacts of the use of unsanitary toilet facilities are
summarized in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. Health Impacts of Unsafe Sanitation5
Direct impact Conditions caused by Broader well-being
(infections) preceding infection
Faecal-oral infections Stunting/growth faltering Immediate
 Diarrheas (incl. (related to repeated diarrhea,  Anxiety from shame
cholera) helminth infections, and embarrassment
 Dysenteries environmental enteric due open defecation
 Poliomyelitis dysfunction) and shared sanitation
 Typhoid  Adverse birth
Consequences of stunting outcomes due to
(obstructed labor, low healthcare facilities
birthweight) with inadequate
sanitation
Helminth infections Impaired cognitive function Long-term
 Ascariasis (infect brain, muscle, or  School absenteeism
 Trichiniasis other tissue, and are a  Poverty
 Hookworm infection major cause of adult onset  Decreased economic
 Cysticercosis seizures) productivity
(Taenia Pneumonia (related to  Anti-microbial
solium/infection) repeated diarrhea in resistance
 Schistosomiasis undernourished children)
 Foodborne
trematodes Anemia (related to hookworm
infections)
Insect vector diseases
 Lymphatic filariasis
 West Nile Fever
 Trachoma
5.2 Environmental Impacts

177.
Open defecation, discharge of untreated wastewater and disposal of solid wastes to the
water bodies may cause pollution of groundwater sources and surface water contamination
5
Guidelines on Sanitation and Health (WHO, 2018)

in the city. Domestic wastewater is high in fecal coliform, biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD), total suspended solids, ammonia, nitrogen, phosphate and surfactants.
178.
Most households have septic tanks to pre-treat their wastewater before discharging to the
environment. However, effluent from the septic tank is not compliant with the required
standards thus, may also affect the ambient quality of the receiving water body. There are
also septic tanks that are „bottomless‟ or those without concrete flooring which cause
seepage of wastewater to the ground and may contaminate the groundwater sources.
5.3 Impacts on Economic Development

179.
Poor water and sanitation services may also affect the economic development of the city.
The major economic activities in the city include fisheries and tourism. Poor sanitation and
discharge of untreated wastewater significantly contribute to water pollution, thus reducing
the production of fishes in the sea.
180.
With the influx of tourists in the city, water demand increases, and more wastewater and
solid wastes are generated. Poor liquid and solid waste management practices, combined
with inadequate water supply, may contribute to the degradation of the surrounding
environment of the city. These practices make the surroundings unclean, unattractive, and
unsafe for swimming, thus making the tourism unsustainable. Also, if visiting tourists are
dissatisfied with the water and sanitation services of the city, there is a possibility that they
will not return and may also discourage other tourists to visit.
5.4 Socio-economic Impacts

181.
Poor sanitation including poor hygiene causes health problems and premature deaths to the
households. These impacts are expected to cause financial losses to people who must pay
for health services, who pay more to access clean water supplies, or who may lose income
due to reduced or lost productivity because of poor health.
182.
Decrease in tourism activities may also affect the local community since tourism generates
employment and income in the city. Many businesses in the city such as hotels and
restaurants will also be greatly affected by the decrease of the tourist arrival.

6. Sustainable Sanitation Strategy
6.1 Vision and Mission Statement
183.
The Vision-Mission Statements developed by the LSSP Team during the VMGO city
workshop are presented in Table 6-1. These statements were drawn consistent with the
current City‟s Vision-Mission presented in the comprehensive land use plan (CLUP).
Table 6-1: Vision and Mission Statement of Zamboanga City on WASH

Vision Statement
“Sustainable access to safely managed water supply and sanitation services and healthy
environment for all by 2030.”
Mission Statement
“Provision of safely managed and sustainable water supply and sanitation services, as well as
safer and healthier environment through innovation, stakeholder partnership and
collaboration.”
6.2 Statement of Goals and Objectives

184.
specific objectives to achieve these goals were also determined and are shown in Table 6-
2.
6.3 Implementation Strategies

185.
reach the defined local sanitation goals and objectives. Based on the assessment and
analysis conducted on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the
existing sanitation in the city, different alternative strategies were identified by the LSSP
Team. The strategies that will be pursued to achieve the sanitation goals and objectives of
the city are shown in Table 6-2. These are further discussed in the next sub-sections.

Table 6-2: Sanitation Goals, Objectives and Strategies of Zamboanga City
Goal 1. Establish adequate, 1a. To increase access to safely managed Strategy 1: Provision and/or construction of
inclusive, efficient, climate- drinking water services to 100% in the city required WASH infrastructures and facilities
resilient, and safely managed by year 2030.
 Establish, construct and/or provide adequate,
WASH facilities and 1b. To increase access to safely managed
inclusive, efficient, climate-resilient, and safely
infrastructure including during sanitation services to 100% in the city by
managed water supply and sanitation facilities
emergencies year 2030.
and infrastructure including during emergencies
1c. To achieve, be certified and maintain  Integrate sustainability features/considerations
ZOD status for all barangays by year 2030 in the design, procurement, construction, and
operation of WASH facilities and infrastructures
1d. To prevent and eventually eliminate and ensure adherence/compliance to applicable
the incidence of WASH-related diseases in regulatory requirements
the city  Establish and enhance collaboration and
partnerships with the private sector, donors,
national government, academic institutions,
NGOs for the implementation of WASH
programs, projects and activities (PPAs)
Goal 2. Develop, adopt and 2a. To review, update, and strengthen Strategy 2: Formulation and/or updating of
enforce policies on WASH, enforcement of existing local policies on relevant local WASH policies
environment and other relevant WASH, environmental health protection,  Review and update existing local policies on
areas for the protection of the and other relevant areas WASH, environmental health protection, and
public health 2b. To develop and enact new policies on other relevant areas
WASH, environmental health protection,  Harmonize policies on WASH, environmental
and other relevant areas based on the health protection, and other relevant areas with
identified policy gaps, if any other local, inter-LGU, and higher-level policies
and plans
 Develop new local policies to support the
WASH PPAs including the implementation of
emergency response plans for WASH
facilities/infrastructures and services

Goal 3. Promote positive 3a. To ensure community participation, Strategy 3: Provision of capacity building and
behavioral change and including vulnerable groups, in the implementation of local sustainable
continuing education on WASH development and implementation of communication and promotion program
in the context of disease WASH programs, projects, and activities  Conduct IECs, advocacy programs, social
prevention, public health and 3b. To ensure continuing education of the marketing and capacity building, in partnership
environmental protection LGU and other stakeholders on WASH with NGOs, academic institutions, and national
and WASH promotion agencies.
 Develop a targeted, community-based approach
and culturally appropriate education and
marketing campaigns for the stakeholders
Goal 4. Ensure sustainable 4a. To establish and maintain database for Strategy 4: Implement monitoring and
delivery of adequate, inclusive, monitoring of WASH maintenance program of the WASH facilities
efficient, and safely managed facilities/infrastructures and services  Gather and collate data on WASH
WASH services for all even 4b. To strengthen drinking water quality, facilities/infrastructures and services
during emergencies sanitation, and environmental health  Establish guidelines on the submission of
protection surveillance and data monitoring monitoring data of the WASH service providers
of WASH outcomes to LGU
 Establish institutional arrangements for the
implementation, M&E of the WASH projects to
ensure sustainability.

6.4 Programs, Projects and Activities (PPAs) and Targets
186.
Programs, projects and activities (PPAs) were identified to support the implementation of the
mentioned sanitation strategies. Table 6-3 lists the identified PPAs per sanitation
intervention area. For each PPA, key performance indicators (KPI) were assigned to
measure the progress and performance of the city in achieving the targets. The indicative
cost, funding source and lead agency were also identified per PPA.
187.
The identified sanitation projects and policies must be integrated in the objectives of the
Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan that will also be developed.

Table 6-3: Identified Programs, Projects and Activities
Goal 1: Establish adequate, inclusive, efficient, climate-resilient, and safely managed WASH facilities and infrastructure including during eme
Objectives: 1a. To increase access to safely managed drinking water services to 100% in the city by year 2030
1b. To increase access to safely managed sanitation services to 100% in the city by year 2030
1c. To achieve, be certified and maintain ZOD status for all barangays by year 2030
1d. To prevent and eventually eliminate the incidence of WASH-related diseases in the city
Strategy Provision and/or construction of required WASH infrastructures and facilities
 Establish, construct and/or provide adequate, inclusive, efficient, climate-resilient, and safely managed water supply and sanitatio
 Integrate sustainability features/considerations in the design, procurement, construction, and operation of WASH facilities and inf
regulatory requirements
 Establish and enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, donors, national government, academic institutions
activities
TARGETS & TIMEFRAME ESTIMATE

PROGRAMS, SHORT- MEDIUM- LONG- SHORT- M
INTERVENTION KEY PERFORMANCE
PROJECTS, Baseline TERM TERM TERM TERM
AREA INDICATORS (KPI)
ACTIVITIES (2021- (2024- (2027- (2021-
2023) 2026) 2030) 2023)
Water Supply Source development, Percent household with
service expansion, safely managed drinking
facility rehabilitation to water services No data 70% 80% 100% 3.0 B
increase the Level 3
Water supply in the city
Installation of rainwater Percent public
harvesting facility in institutions with rainwater
public institutions harvesting facilities No data 100%
Develop alternative Percent island

water sources in island barangays with
No data 50% 100% 10M
barangays alternative water sources
Management of Assist the households Percent ZOD certified

on-site in the construction of Barangay 0% 100%
sanitation improved sanitation
facilities (toilet, facilities Percent household with 81.3%
sanitary toilet facilities 100%
septic tank and (2020)
ACTIVITIES (2021- (2024- (2027- (2021-
2023) 2026) 2030) 2023)
Construct WASH Percent evacuation
facilities in designated centers with WASH
evacuation centers and facility
other Disaster Risk No data 50% 75% 100% 50M
Reduction (DRR)-
related facilities in
barangays
Implementation of Percent household septic
-
Septage Management tanks desludged
Program (SMP) in the Number of commercial
city including Resource and institutional
Recovery Program establishments -
desludged
Volume of septage
properly treated (m3/day) - 292 292
Volume of reused treated

-
effluent (m3/day)
Volume of reused
-
biosolids (m3/day)
Wastewater, Implementation of Number of households
- 3,939
Sewage and Sewerage System in connected
Drainage Mariki including Volume of wastewater
- 1,500
Management Resource Recovery safely treated (m3/day)
Program Volume of reused treated
-
effluent (m3/day)
Volume of reused
-
biosolids (m3/day)
Implementation of Number of households
- 2,500
Sewerage System in connected
Vale Vista Subdivision Volume of wastewater
3 - 2,000
ACTIVITIES (2021- (2024- (2027- (2021-
2023) 2026) 2030) 2023)
Solid Waste Operation of City Volume of health care
Management Medical Waste wastes (HCWs) treated - 9.5 9.5 9.5 27.8 M
Treatment Facility (MT/year)
Construction of Number of disposal cell
dedicated disposal cell for treated HCW
- 1 1 1
for treated HCW in the
SLF
Goal 2: Develop, adopt and enforce policies on WASH, environment and other relevant areas for the protection of the public health
Objectives: 2a. To review, update, and strengthen enforcement of existing local policies on WASH, environmental health protection, and other
2b. To develop and enact new policies on WASH, environmental health protection, and other relevant areas based on the identified
Strategy Formulation and/or updating of relevant local policies
 Review and update existing local policies on WASH, environmental health protection, and other relevant areas
 Harmonize policies on WASH, environmental health protection, and other relevant areas with other local, inter-LGU, and highe
 Develop new local policies to support the WASH programs, projects and activities including the implementation of emergency r
TARGETS & TIMEFRAME

INTERVENTION KEY PERFORMANCE SHORT- MEDIUM- LONG- SH
PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, ACTIVITIES TERM TERM TERM TE
(2021- (2024- (2027- (2
2023) 2026) 2030) 20
Water Supply Review, updating of existing and/or development
of new local policies on water supply
development and protection such as:
● Update City EO No. BC 396-2019
● Resolution to support the development
and implementation of the City Water
Security Master Plan
● Local ordinance requiring all drinking
water service providers to have water
safety plans (WSP) Number of ordinances
● Local ordinance requiring all WRS to reviewed, passed, and 8 0
secure permit to operate (PTO) from updated
DOH Region IX
● EO on Implementation of Local Drinking
Water Quality Surveillance
● Policy on prioritizing provision of water to
waterless barangays
● Local policy to regulate groundwater
extraction
● Local policy to monitor groundwater
source
Management of Review, updating, and amendment of existing
on-site and/or development of new local policies on
sanitation excreta disposal (toilet and septic tank) including
TARGETS & TIMEFRAME
INTERVENTION KEY PERFORMANCE SHORT- MEDIUM- LONG- SH
PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, ACTIVITIES TERM TERM TERM TE
(2021- (2024- (2027- (2
2023) 2026) 2030) 20
● Local ordinance to comply to DOH AO
2017-007 Guidelines in the Provision of
the Essential Health Service Packages in
Emergencies and Disasters
● Local policy mainstreaming WASH and
DRR-CCA at the barangay level
Wastewater, Review, updating of existing and/or development
Sewage and of new local policies such as
Drainage ● Local ordinance for the sewerage system
Number of ordinances
Management ● IRR for the sewerage system
reviewed, passed, and 3 0
● Local policy on the rehabilitation and
updated
provision of proper drainage system in
the city and formulation of drainage
master plan
Solid Waste Review, updating, and amendment of existing
Management and/or development of new local policies such as
 City ordinance to include treated HCWs
from city managed HCFs in the collection
services of the city
updated
 Resolution for the construction of
dedicated disposal cell for HCW in the
SLF
Water Quality Review, updating of existing and/or development
Management of new local policies on water quality
management:
● Local policies and guidelines on water
quality management at barangay level
● Local policy on operationalization of
updated
Tumaga River water quality management
area (WQMA) Action Plan
● Local policy on operationalization of
Goal 3 Promote positive behavioral change and continuing education on WASH in the context of disease prevention, public health and en
Objectives: 3a. To ensure community participation, including vulnerable groups, in the development and implementation of WASH programs, p
3b. To ensure continuing education of the LGU and other stakeholders on WASH and WASH Promotion
Strategy Provision of capacity building and implementation of local sustainable communication and promotion program
 Conduct IECs, advocacy programs, social marketing and capacity building, in partnership with NGOs, academic institutions, an
 Develop a targeted, community-based approach, culturally appropriate education and marketing campaigns for the stakeholder
TARGETS & TIMEFRAME ESTIMATED COS

KEY
INTERVENTION PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, SHORT- MEDIUM- LONG- SHORT- MEDI
PERFORMANCE
AREA ACTIVITIES TERM TERM TERM TERM TER
INDICATORS (KPI)
(2021-2023) (2024-2026) (2027-2030) (2021-2023) (2024-2
Water Supply Provide
orientation/training/capacity
building on the following: 4 3 3 0.4 M 0.3
● Development and
implementation of WSPs
 Implementation of water
demand management 2 2 2 0.2 M 0.2
including water auditing Number of
training/orientation/
● Local drinking water capacity building 0.2 M 0.2
quality surveillance conducted 2 2 2
program
● Proper procedure for 0.4 M 0.3
4 3 3
water sampling
● Rainwater harvesting 0.2 M 0.2
2 2 2
program
● Water testing procedures 4 3 3 0.4 M 0.3
Conduct advocacy/social
marketing/IEC Program on:
● Water conservation, safe 98 98 98 3M 3M
water storage, handling, Number barangays
and use including during where IEC
KEY
PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS (KPI)
(2021-2023) (2024-2026) (2027-2030) (2021-2023) (2024-2
● Proper design of septic 2 2 2 0.2M 0.2
tanks
● Provision of WASH
facilities during 2 2 2 0.2M 0.2
emergencies
● Septage treatment 1 1 1 0.1M 0.1
process
● Bio-solids reuse and 1 1 1 0.1M 0.1
disposal
● Development and
implementation of 1 1 1 0.1M 0.1
sanitation safety plan
Conduct advocacy/social
marketing/IEC Program on:
98 98 98 3M 3M
● Zero open defecation
(ZOD)
● Low-cost and water
efficient sanitary toilet 98 98 98 3M 3M
facilities
● Installation of properly Number barangays
where IEC 98 98 98 3M 3M
designed septic tanks
programs/social
● Proper and sanitary marketing
behavior and use of implemented 98 98 98 3M 3M
sanitation facilities
● WASH during
emergencies (natural 98 98 98 3M 3M
disasters, pandemic)
● Septage management 98 98
98 3M 3M
program
KEY
PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS (KPI)
(2021-2023) (2024-2026) (2027-2030) (2021-2023) (2024-2
● Proper wastewater marketing
implemented 98 98 98 3M 3M
management
● Safe reuse of sanitation
residuals (treated 98 98 98 3M 3M
effluent, biosolids)
Solid Waste Provide
Management orientation/training/capacity
building on the following:
2 2 2 0,2M 0,2
● Proper health care waste
Number of
management according
training/orientation/
to DOH manual
capacity building
 Proper management of conducted
toxic and hazardous 2 2 2 0,2M 0,2
waste (THW)
● Proper use and 2 2 2 0,2M 0,2
maintenance of MRFs
● Composting techniques 2 2 2 0,2M 0,2
Conduct social marketing/IEC
activities on:
● Proper waste 98 98 98 3M 3M
segregation to Number barangays
households and recycling where IEC
of wastes programs/social
marketing
● Composting of yard implemented
waste, kitchen waste/ 98 98 98 3M 3M
food scraps
Water Quality Conduct IEC Program on: Number barangays

Management where IEC 98 98 98 3M 3M
● Importance of watershed
programs/social
Goal 4: Ensure sustainable delivery of adequate, inclusive, efficient, and safely managed WASH services for all even during emergencies
Objectives: 4a. To establish database for existing WASH facilities/infrastructures and services
4b. To strengthen drinking water quality, sanitation, and environmental health protection surveillance and data monitoring of WASH o
Strategy Implement monitoring and maintenance program of the WASH facilities
 Gather and collate data on WASH facilities/infrastructures and services
 Establish guidelines on the submission of monitoring data of the WASH service providers to LGU
 Establish institutional arrangements for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the WASH projects to ensure sustainab
TARGETS & TIMEFRAME E

INTERVENTION PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, KEY PERFORMANCE SHORT- MEDIUM- LONG- SHORT
AREA ACTIVITIES INDICATORS (KPI) TERM TERM TERM TERM
(2021-2023) (2024-2026) (2027-2030) (2021-202
Water Supply Implement local drinking water Percent drinking water
quality surveillance program providers monitored and
audited
Establish city-owned DOH-
accredited water laboratory in the Number of operating DOH-
1 1
city for analysis of PNSDW- accredited laboratory
mandatory parameters.
Management of on- Implement ZOD monitoring Percent ZOD-certified
site sanitation program barangays 100%
facilities (toilet,
septic tank and Develop market-based systems Number of developed
septage for reuse products including system
management) pricing options
including WASH in
Emergencies
Solid Waste Review and update the 10-year
Management Solid Waste Management Plan Number of updated SWMP 1 1 1 0.1M
(SWMP)
Water Quality Coordination with EMB Region IX
Number of water quality
Management for water quality monitoring and
monitoring activities
improvement of Tumaga River
conducted
WQMA and Ayala River WQMA
6.4.1 Strategy 1: Provision and/or construction of required infrastructures and
facilities
188.
This strategy focuses on the construction or provision of required infrastructures to increase
the access of the city to safely managed drinking water services, safely managed sanitation
facilities, proper hygiene, proper wastewater management, proper solid waste management,
and water quality management.
A. Water Supply
a. Source development, service expansion and facility rehabilitation for water supply
189.
The following are the planned and proposed water supply projects of ZCWD and DPWH
Region IX to increase the access on safely managed drinking water supply of the
households in Zamboanga City.
190.
The ZCWD should also develop and implement an action plan to manage and reduce the
non-revenue water in their water supply system.
Table 6-4: ZCWD Planned and Proposed Water Supply Projects

Project Status Target year of Barangays to be Estimated
Implementation served Project Cost
Design, supply, Still in progress 2024 Existing service 333.09M
installation, for some area of Dumalon
testing and detailed Water system
commissioning engineering (West Coast
of filtration adjustments barangays)
system for
existing
Dumalon Water
System
Design, supply, For funding 2022 Existing service
installation and source area at Central to
construction 20 East coast area
MLD complete
water treatment
facility Benefit the
existing 26,000
households for
pressure and
supply
improvement
distribution
Construction of For feasibility 2022-2023 Lanzones
40MLD Riverbed study (FS) Guisao
Filtration System Cacao
Tolosa
Culianan

Pasobolong
Mercedes
Proposed Bog For FS 2022-2023 West Coast 785.93M
Lake Water Barangays up to
System the Central
20MLD WTP Business District
24,000
households‟
beneficiaries
Proposed On-going 2021 East Coast 76.04M
Cahumban implementation Barangays up to
Water System the Central
Business District
1,867 households‟
beneficiaries
Construction of For FS 2025 Labuan 779.82M
50MLD East Limpapa
Coast Patalon
transmission
and distribution
Pipeline
Proposed water With concept 2024 Bunguiao 120.31M
source design and Sangali
development at costing Bolong
Sitio Latap,
Barangay
Limpapa
Proposed On-going To date Vitali 58.84M
Bunguiao Water implementation Mangusu
System (DPWH) Tictapul
Construction of On-going To date Upper 8.66M
Rancho Frio implementation Cabatangan
Water System (DPWH)
Proposed water On-going For turnover, 55 locations of 7.71M
system project implementation 2021 feederline
at Dulian- (DPWH) expansion of
Cabatangan different
barangays
Proposed For funding 2022 20M
feederline
expansion
projects

Proposed On-going Entire service 30 billion as
construction of implementation area of ZCWD per USAID
high dam in of feasibility and additional Pre-FS
Tumaga River studies areas
Intake
Source: ZCWD
Table 6-5: DPWH Region IX Planned Projects on Water Supply

Project Status
Construction of Water Supply Level III, Brgy. (Under GAA 2021, On-Going)
Manicahan, Zamboanga City
Construction of Water Supply and Distribution (Under Regional Budget Proposal for 2022,
System at ELUM Air Station, Hill 900, La Paz, Proposed)
Zamboanga City
Source: DPWH Region IX
191.
The City LGU should ensure that all the barangays in the city have access to Level 3 water
supply systems. For the barangays that are not within the service areas of ZCWD, the city
may assist the barangay LGUs in constructing and operating a community-managed water
supply system.
b. Develop alternative water sources in island barangays
192.
Since the households in the island barangays of the city are not within the service area of
ZCWD, the city LGU should provide technical assistance to the households to develop safe
alternative water supply system.
c. Installation of rainwater harvesting facilities in public facilities
193.
As an alternative water source, rainwater harvesting facilities will be constructed in public
schools, healthcare facilities and other public places in the city. It is an effective option,
particularly in areas where other water sources are unreliable or are simply not available. As
stated in City Ordinance No. 524, an initial budget of Php 10 million pesos is appropriated to
ensure the immediate installation of the rainwater collectors by the city for its own structures.
194.
The city must also advocate the installation of rainwater harvesting facilities in commercial,
institutional and industrial establishments to be used as additional water source and reduce
the requirement for fresh water supply.
B. Management of On-site Sanitation Facilities including WASH in

Emergencies
a. Assist the households in the construction of sanitary toilet facilities and provision of
WASH facilities in houses on stilts and island barangays
195.
The city LGU may partner with private sectors, donors and other NGOs to provide financial
assistance to the poorest households in the city that do not have their own toilet facilities,
especially those who are living in the houses on stilts and island barangays. This is to help

decrease the practice of open defecation and to achieve ZOD status to all the barangays.
However, the city must ensure that the household has access to water supply, has available
land area where the sanitation facility will be constructed and has the willingness to
construct the sanitation facility including a septic tank.
196.
The city may also link the households with microfinance institutions or other credit sources
that can provide loan assistance for the construction/improvement of toilets and septic
tanks. Low-cost, water-efficient and culturally accepted sanitary toilet facilities shall also be
introduced to the households.
197.
The CHO must also expand their sanitation monitoring data to include the number of
households that are open defecating, number of households that have insanitary toilet
facilities and number of households that are sharing toilet facilities.
198.
As part of the planning stage of this PPA, the CHO should identify the location of the houses
on stilts and the number of households that do not have safely managed WASH facilities.
199.
It is also vital to assess and understand the cultural practices, systems and beliefs,
leadership structures, and other existing drivers of change within the various cultures in the
city. This process can help to identify any opportunities or issues specific to that cultural
setting that could be drawn on to facilitate or trigger behavior change. Each group has
different socio-cultural factors that must be identified and be used to produce culturally
appropriate responses to encourage the group to abandon open defecation.
b. Implementation of Septage Management Program (SMP)
200.
The SMP in Zamboanga City will be implemented and operated by ZCWD, in partnership
with the city LGU. Three septage treatment plants (SpTP) will be constructed in the city to
cover all the inland barangays.
201.
At present, the combined septage-sewage treatment plant in Vale Vista is being constructed
as shown in the table below. Another combined septage-sewage treatment plant in Magay is
yet to be constructed. Lastly, a pre-FS, also under the USAID SURGE Project, was
conducted for the SpTP in Cabatangan.
Table 6-6: Proposed Septage Treatment Plants in Zamboanga City

Septage
Target
Barangays Design
SpTP Status operating Funding
to be served Capacity
year
(m3/day)
All inland 15 For bidding 2025 NSSMP
SpTP in barangays (LGU),
Magay Landbank
loan (ZCWD)
SpTP in Vale All inland 15 On-going 2024 LWUA
Vista barangays construction
SpTP in All inland 260 Pre-FS To be To be
Cabatangan barangays conducted determined determined

c. Improvement of WASH facilities in Primary Health Facilities
202.
The provision of basic WASH services is important to ensure that quality care is provided in
the health care facilities, and that the risk of the spread of infection, both within the facility
and in surrounding communities, is reduced or prevented. Emerging and growing threats
from antimicrobial-resistant infections, infectious disease outbreaks, and pandemics (e.g.,
COVID-19) may be significantly reduced by reliable WASH services.
d. Provision of WASH facilities in Evacuation Centers
203.
The provision of adequate WASH facilities must be included in the disaster preparedness
planning of the city. The city must provide enough safe water supply, sanitary toilet facilities,
hand washing facilities and proper management of domestic wastewater and solid wastes in
the designated evacuation and/or isolation centers. These are essential components of
quick and effective responses during emergencies (including natural disasters, outbreaks,
and pandemics) and helps bring emergencies under control when they occur.
204.
The sanitary toilet facilities must be gender separated, accessible, well lighted and adequate
in number. The needs of the people with disabilities, children, women‟s privacy, safety and
menstrual hygiene needs must also be taken into consideration. The sanitation facilities
shall also have properly designed septic tanks to contain the sewage that will be generated.
Proper treatment and disposal of the sewage must also be provided.
C. Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
a. Implementation of Sewerage System in CBD

205.
The ZCWD and the ZC LGU entered an agreement to construct a combined sewage and
SpTP in Barangay Zone 1. The facility will be designed to treat up to 6,000 cubic meters per
day of sewage that will be collected from existing sewer lines. The city LGU availed the
NSSMP subsidy while the ZCWD availed of a loan from Landbank to fund the project. About
50% of the NSSMP grant was already downloaded by the ZC LGU through the DPWH
region IX Office while the other half will be given upon completion of the project.
206.
Expansion of the sewer lines within the CBD is also being proposed. The ZCWD applied for
an ADB loan to expand the sewer lines to 1.8 kilometers to serve additional 20
establishments within the CBD. Another 6.8 kilometers of sewer line expansion is being
proposed by ZCWD that will benefit about 200 households.
207.
This sewerage system will serve barangays Zone I to IV, Camino Nuevo, Tetuan, Santa
Catalina and Santa Barbara.
b. Implementation of Sewerage System in Vale Vista Subdivision
208.
Under the Z3R project, a separate sewerage system is being constructed in Vale Vista
Subdivision. The sewerage system includes the installation of sewer lines and construction
of a combined septage-sewage treatment plant in Brgy. Kasanyangan. The treatment plant
will treat the sewage that will be collected from the 3,929 households. It will have a capacity
of 2,000 cubic meters of sewage per day. The project is funded by LWUA.

209.
Based on the TOR, a recycled water system will be provided in the STP to enable the reuse
of the treated effluent for landscaping, equipment washing and toilet flushing. A dedicated
pipe network for the reuse will also be provided.
c. Implementation of Sewerage System in Barangay Mariki
210.
Also under the Z3R project, a sewage treatment plant is being constructed in Brgy. Rio
Hondo to treat the sewage from Brgy. Rio Hondo and Mariki. It has a design capacity of
1,500 cubic meter per day, Sewer lines are being constructed in the barangays that will
serve 2,500 households. The project is also funded by LWUA.
211.
A recycling facility will also be provided in the STP.
d. Rehabilitation and/or construction of drainage system
212.
The inadequate drainage system contributes to the flooding in the city. The city must
rehabilitate the existing drainage system of the city and increase the sizes of the drainage
mains and laterals. The capacity of the rivers and waterways must also be improved to
mitigate the flooding in some areas. Regular maintenance of the drainage system must also
be observed to ensure there are no solid wastes clogging.
213.
A drainage master plan of the city must also be prepared and developed.
Table 6-7: Planned Projects of DPWH Region IX on Drainage

Project Name Scope of Works Implementor
Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Drainage DPWH Zamboanga City
Barangay Sangali, Zamboanga City Structure District Engineering Office
(ZCDEO)
Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Drainage DPWH ZCDEO
Barangay Sta. Catalina, Structure
Zamboanga City
Construction of Drainage System, Construction of Drainage DPWH ZCDEO
Barangay Tugbungan, Zamboanga Structure
City
D. Solid Waste Management
a. Operation of City Medical Waste Treatment Facility

214.
A medical waste treatment facility was constructed in Brgy. Salaan. It will have an annual
treatment capacity of 9.5 metric tons of medical wastes or about 150 kilograms per hour.
The facility will be operated and maintained by the City Health Office (CHO).
215.
The medical waste treatment facility will cater to all medical wastes generated by CHO,
Crispino Paragas Memorial Hospital, health centers, rural health units, city government
owned lying-in clinics and city government operated COVID-19 quarantine and isolation
centers. Collection and treatment of medical wastes from private hospitals, clinics and
laboratories shall be subjected for further study.

Figure 6-1: Proposed Sewerage Systems in Zamboanga City

6.4.2 Strategy 2: Formulation and/or updating of relevant policies
216.
The following are the identified relevant local policies per thematic area that must be
formulated and enacted in addition to the existing policies of the city. There are also existing
local policies that must be updated.
217.
The city shall review and update, amend if needed, its existing septage management
ordinance to align with the recent DOH issuances regarding sanitation such as the DOH AO
No. 2019-0047 for the design and construction of septic tanks and the revised implementing
rules and regulations (RIRR) of the Chapter 17: Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta
Disposal and Drainage of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines. The implementing rules
and regulations (IRR) for the implementation of the SMP in city must also be updated to
include the services for ZCWD non-customers and to update the desludging fee.
218.
The city must also create a local policy on sewage collection and disposal following the
RIRR of Chapter 17. An implementing rules and regulations (IRR) must also be developed
for the implementation of the sewerage system in the city. The IRR must include guidelines
and procedures on how to operationalize the sewerage projects in the city including
institutional arrangements.
Table 6-8. Identified local policies for formulation/updating

Thematic Area Local policies for formulation or updating
Water Supply ● Updating of City Executive Ordinance No. BC 396-2019:
Creation of LDWQMC
● IRR for the monitoring and evaluation of rainwater
harvesting facilities
● Local ordinance requiring all drinking water service
providers to have WSP
● Local ordinance requiring all WRS to secure PTO from
DOH Region IX
● EO on Implementation of Local Drinking Water Quality
Surveillance Program
● Policy on prioritizing provision of water to waterless
barangays
● Local policy to regulate groundwater extraction
● Local policy to monitor groundwater source
Management of On-site ● Updating of CO 2009-152: Septage Management
Sanitation Facilities System in Zamboanga
including WASH in ● Update IRR for the implementation of SMP, including
Emergencies adoption of reuse programs
● EO for the creation of WASH Committee
● Local ordinance for the adaption of PhATSS
● Local ordinance to end open defecation and creation of
ZOD verification and certification team
● Local policy on the implementation of LSSP
● Local ordinance to comply to DOH AO 2017-007
Guidelines in the Provision of the Essential Health
Service Packages in Emergencies and Disasters
● Local policy mainstreaming WASH and DRR-CCA at the

Thematic Area Local policies for formulation or updating
barangay level
Wastewater, Sewage and ● Local ordinance for the sewerage system
Drainage Management ● IRR for the sewerage system
● Local policy on the rehabilitation and provision of proper
drainage system in the city and developing a drainage
master plan
Solid Waste Management  City ordinance to include treated HCWs from city
managed HCFs in the collection services of the city
 Resolution for the construction of dedicated disposal cell
for HCW in the SLF
Water Quality Management
 Local policies and guidelines on water quality
management at barangay level
 Local policy on operationalization of Tumaga River
water quality management area (WQMA) Action Plan
 Local policy on operationalization of Ayala River WQMA
Action Plan
6.4.3 Strategy 3: Provision of Capacity Building

219.
Table 6-9 shows the list of identified capacity building and the corresponding target
participants. The city may also consider hiring external consultants or experts to provide
guidance on the proper planning and implementation of the sanitation projects.
220.
The city may consider partnering with the NGOs, private sectors, academe institutions and
national government agencies such as the DOH, LWUA and DPWH for the capacity
building.
Table 6-9. List of Capacity Building

Topic Target Participants
Water Supply
Creation and operationalization of local drinking City LGU, LDWQMC
water surveillance program
Development and implementation of WSP City LGU, Water Service Providers,
DOH, ZCWD
Rainwater harvesting program City LGU, ZCWSC
Proper procedure for water sampling Sanitary inspectors
Water testing procedures City LGU
Non-revenue water management and reduction ZCWD, Water Service Providers
Water demand management including water ZCWD, Water Service Providers, City
auditing LGU
Orientation, updating and M&E of the City Water City LGU, Water Service Providers,
Security Master Plan DOH, ZCWD, ZCWSC
On-site Sanitation Facilities including WASH in emergencies
Philippine approach to Sustainable Sanitation Barangay LGU
(PhATSS)
Low-cost and water efficient sanitary toilet City LGU, Barangay LGU

Topic Target Participants
designs
Proper design of septic tanks City LGU, Barangay LGU
Provision of WASH during emergencies Barangay LGU, City LGU
Septage treatment process City LGU, CSMC, ZCWD
Bio-solids and treated effluent re-use and City LGU, CSMC, ZCWD, ZCWSC
disposal
Development and implementation of sanitation City LGU, CSMC, ZCWD
safety plan
Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
Sewage treatment alternatives including low-cost City LGU, CSMC
options
Safe reuse of sanitation residuals (treated City LGU, ZCWD, CSMC
effluent, biosolids)
Drainage and sewerage maintenance City LGU, ZCWD, CSMC
Development of drainage master plan City LGU, DPWH, ZCWD
Solid Waste Management
Proper health care waste management City LGU, HCFs
Proper management of THW City LGU
Proper use and maintenance of MRFs Barangay LGU
Composting techniques Barangay LGU
6.4.4 Strategy 3: Implementation of Local Sustainable Sanitation Communication

and Promotion Program
221.
Behavior change among the stakeholders is essential for the sanitation interventions to be
successful in improving the public health. Advocacy and communications of the LSSP are
critical to ensure that the implementation is sustainable and effective. A local sustainable
promotion program must be developed and realized to properly promote and communicate
the LSSP to all key stakeholders. The objective of this is to increase awareness and
educate all communities that will benefit or be affected by the programs and projects
indicated in the LSSP and to inculcate proper sanitation as a necessity for all individuals.
222.
A robust sanitation behavior change strategy must be implemented to the stakeholders to
ensure that the sanitation interventions are effective in improving public health. Improving
communications and building cooperative agreements among the key stakeholders will
ensure that sanitation programs and projects will be fulfilled with full support from the
community.
223.
There are six approaches that can be used to achieve this are (i) information, education and
communication approach, (ii) behavior change communication (iii) social marketing, (iv)
training, (v) advocacy and (vi) mobilization. Frequently, a combination of these approaches
is used to successfully achieve sanitation and hygiene behavior change among the public.
This can be done through the following methods.
a. Individual Methods – home visits, personal letters, focus interviews
b. Group Methods – meetings, study tours, group workshops, FGD
c. Multi-Media – newspaper publication, radio broadcast, web posting, social media posts
d. Printed Information Materials – flyers, pamphlets, tarpaulins, posters, newspapers
e. Audio Visual Presentations – videos, films

224.
Any material that will be used in the promotion and communication of the sanitation plan
must be in the language that can be easily understood by the community, preferably in the
local language and dialect, and in a manner that is informative, cohesive and complete.
225.
Sanitation behavior change is not a singular and one-off event, but rather an ongoing
process. The communication and promotion activities should be regarded as a continuous
or sustained effort that must level up overtime. The activities must be designed and funded,
from the onset, in a way that regular monitoring and adaptation is possible to ensure that the
objectives of the activities are met. Pre-testing materials and activities and developing M&E
systems are also needed.
226.
In designing the communication and promotion activities, the city must also consider the
cultural differences in the city. The city should coordinate with the cultural leaders before
engaging with the indigenous people groups.
227.
Table 6-10 lists the advocacy, communication and promotion activities for Zamboanga City.

Table 6-10. Identified Communication and Promotion Activities
Activity Target/Objective Partners Target Audience Materials
Water Supply
Social marketing For the commercial and • City government • Commercial • FGD
and advocacy on institutional establishments • DILG establishments • Printed materials
rainwater harvesting to install rainwater • DepEd • Schools • Social media
harvesting facilities • DOH • Hospitals
• ZCWD • Institutional
• ZCWSC establishments
IEC on safe water For the public to observe • City government • Commercial • FGD
practices water conservation, safe • DepEd establishments • Printed materials
water storage, handling and • DOH • Schools • Audio Visual
usage • ZCWD • Hospitals Presentations
• ZCWSC • Households with Level • Social media
1 and Level 2 water
systems
IEC on safely To promote the importance • City government • Commercial • FGD
managed drinking of safely managed drinking • DepEd establishments • Printed materials
water supply water supply • ZCWD • Schools • Audio Visual
• Hospitals Presentations
• Households with Level • Social media
1 and Level 2 water •
systems
Promotion of water To promote water • City government • Households • FGD
demand conservation practices, • LWUA • Water service • Printed materials
management efficient and equitable use • ZCWSC providers • Audio Visual
principles and of water and alternative • ZCWD • Commercial Presentations
practices sources of water • EMB establishments • Social media
• Institutional
establishments
• Industries
On-site Sanitation Facilities including WASH in emergencies
IEC on ZOD For the households to • CHO • Informal settlers • FGD
abandon open defecation • Barangay health • Houses on stilts • Multimedia
and adopt safe sanitation workers (BHW) • Riverside dwellers • Printed materials
facilities • DepEd • Households without • Audio Visual

• DOH toilets Presentations
• Cultural leaders • School children
• Indigenous people
Social marketing on For the households to • CHO • Informal settlers • FGD
low-cost and water- abandon open defecation • BHW • Houses on stilts • Multimedia
efficient sanitary and adopt safe sanitation • DOH • Riverside dwellers • Printed materials
toilet facilities facilities • Cultural leaders • Households without • Audio Visual
toilets Presentations
• Indigenous people • Social media
IEC on proper use To increase awareness on • CHO • Informal settlers • Printed materials
of WASH facilities the proper use and • BHW • Houses on stilts • Audio Visual
importance of WASH • DepEd • Riverside dwellers Presentations
facilities • DOH • Households without • Social media
• Cultural leaders toilets
• ZCWSC • Indigenous people
IEC on WASH in To promote the importance • CHO • Barangay LGUs • FGD
emergencies of WASH facilities during • DOH • Households • Printed materials
emergencies • DILG • Audio Visual
• ZCWSC Presentations
• Social media
Social marketing of For the public to avail the • City government • Households • Printed materials
SMP desludging services and • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Audio Visual
regularly desludge their • DILG establishments Presentations
septic tanks • DepEd • Social media
• DOH
• ZCWD
• ZCWSC
Advocacy for ZOD For the households to • City government • Informal settlers • FGD
abandon open defecation • Cultural leaders • Houses on stilts • Printed materials
• Riverside dwellers • Audio Visual
• Households without Presentations
toilets • Social media
• Indigenous people
Advocacy for SMP • To encourage the public • City government • Households • Printed materials

to avail the desludging • ZCWD • Commercial • Audio Visual
services • ZCWSC establishments Presentations
• To increase the • Social media
willingness of the
households to pay for
the sanitation services
Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
Social marketing of For the public to connect to • City Government • Households • Printed materials
sewerage system the sewerage system • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Audio Visual
• DILG establishments Presentations
• DepEd • Social media
• DOH
• ZCWD
• ZCWSC
IEC on wastewater To promote and advocate • City Government • Households • Printed materials
management the importance of healthy • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Audio Visual
environment and good • DILG establishments Presentations
hygiene • DepEd • Social media
• DOH
• ZCWD
• ZCWSC
Advocacy for • To encourage the public • City government • Households • Printed materials
sewerage system to connect to the • ZCWSC • Commercial • Audio Visual
sewerage system establishments Presentations
• To increase the • Social media
willingness of the
households to pay for
the sanitation services
Advocacy for the • To encourage the • City government • Households • Printed materials
safe reuse of private sectors to reuse • ZCWD • Commercial/Industrial • Audio Visual
treated effluent and treated effluent and • ZCWSC establishments Presentations
biosolids biosolids • Social media
• To increase awareness

of the public on the
benefits of the safe
reuse of treated effluent
and biosolids
Solid Waste Management

IEC on proper solid For the public to practice • City Government • Households • FGD
waste management proper waste segregation, • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Printed materials
recycling and disposal • DILG establishments • Social media
• DepEd • School
• DOH
IEC on composting For the public to practice • City Government • Households • FGD
of yard waste, backyard composting • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Printed materials
kitchen waste/food • DILG establishments • Social media
scraps • DepEd • School
• DOH •
Water Quality Management
IEC on the To raise awareness to the • City Government • Households • FGD
importance of public on the importance of • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Printed materials
watershed the watershed • DILG establishments • Social media
• DOH
• ZCWD
IEC on water-borne To educate the public on • City Government • Households • FGD
diseases water-borne diseases • Barangay LGU • Commercial • Printed materials
• DILG establishments • Social media
• DOH
• ZCWSC

6.4.5 Strategy 4: Implementation of monitoring and maintenance program of the
WASH facilities
228.
The monitoring and maintenance programs shall be implemented to ensure the
sustainability and evaluate the performance of the city in implementing the WASH programs.
229.
Adequate financial and human resources must be provided to support the implementation of
the WASH PPAs. The mobilization of the resources must be strengthened to ensure that all
the projects are implemented within the timeframe.
a. Implement local drinking water surveillance program

230.
The LDWQMC shall carry out a local drinking water surveillance (LDWS) program to ensure
the quality of the drinking water supplied in the city. However, the city must first have local
ordinance on the creation of the LDWQMC and the implementation of the surveillance
program.
231.
As part of the surveillance program, the city must require all the drinking water service
providers to develop and implement their own DOH-approved WSP. The effectiveness of
the implementation of the WSPs shall be regularly monitored and audited by the LDWQMC.
b. Establish City-owned DOH-accredited Laboratory for Drinking Water Quality Analysis

232.
To enhance the capacity of the CHO in monitoring the provision of safely managed drinking
water in the city, a DOH-accredited laboratory that is capable to analyze the mandatory
parameters of the PNSDW 2017 must be established.
c. Review and Update the 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan
233.
As prescribed by the National Solid Waste Management Commission, the City Solid Waste
Management Plan must be reviewed every two years to ensure its sustainability, viability,
effectiveness and relevance in relation to local and international developments regarding
solid waste management.
d. Develop and implement City Action Plan for Tumaga River WQMA
234.
The LGU will develop and implement a local action plan for Tunaga River WQMA based on
the regional action plan.
e. Develop and implement City Action Plan for Ayala River WQMA
235.
The LGU will develop and implement a local action plan for Ayala River WQMA based on
the regional action plan.
f. Coordination with EMB Region IX for water quality monitoring and improvement of
WQMAs and other priority water bodies within its jurisdiction
236.
The City LGU shall maintain coordination with the Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB) Region IX, as well as other LGUs and stakeholders who are part of the WQMA
Governing Boards, for the water quality monitoring and improvement activities conducted for
Tumaga River, Ayala River, and other priority water bodies within its jurisdiction.

a. Provision of adequate financial and human resources support for the implementation
of WASH programs, projects, and activities
237.
The implementation of the sanitation projects requires financial and human resources.
Failure to commit sufficient resources may lead to failure to achieve the sanitation targets.
238.
A dedicated government budget line for sanitation must be established and disbursement
mechanism must be defined to ensure the sustainable implementation of the projects.
Realistic budgets must be allotted for the implementation of each PPA that shall cover both
the capital expenses as well as the costs for the operation and maintenance. The budgets
should be programmed to cover the continuous implementation and operation of the PPAs
all throughout the planning period.
239.
The implementation of the PPAs also requires manpower. Adequate human resources must
also be allocated to deliver and oversee the sanitation projects.
6.5 Disease Surveillance

240.
A disease surveillance focusing on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and soil-transmitted
helminth (STH) will be implemented in all barangays within the city, with varying degrees of
intensity. Barangays will be stratified into high, medium, and low-risk categories based on
incidence of AGE and STH, presence of environmental factors contributing to spread of
AGE and STH, and pervasiveness of behavioral factors that promote the spread of AGE and
STH.

7. Organization, Management and Implementing Mechanism
7.1 Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of LSSP
241.
The implementation of specific programs, projects, activities (PPAs) will be assigned to the
various LGU agencies and committees as identified in Table 6-3. The lead agencies shall
develop a more detailed implementation plan for the assigned PPAs in order to achieve the
sanitation goals and objectives. Coordination is required to harmonize the actions of the
multiple stakeholders involved in the implementation of the different sanitation projects.
242.
The table below shows the summary of the roles and responsibilities of the different LGU
offices and committees for the implementation of the LSSP.
Table 7-1. Roles and Responsibilities for the Implementation of the LSSP
Office Roles and Responsibilities
Barangay Councils  Responsible for implementing the sanitation programs
within their respective barangay with technical support
provided by the CHO.
City Health Office (CHO)  Responsible for monitoring incidence of water-borne

and sanitation-related diseases in the city
 Regulate and monitor the operation and compliance of
the water service providers specially the water refilling
stations (WRS)
 In coordination with the barangay officials, the CHO
will also take the lead in implementing and monitoring
the Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) Program within the
city to eliminate open defecation.
 Take the lead in improving and tracking the health and
sanitation-related reporting system, aligned with
national/regional/provincial key performance indicators
and targets.
 Will take the lead in the promotion of sanitation and
hygiene practices and the conduct of IECs to the
identified stakeholders
 Shall take the lead in the development of local drinking
water quality surveillance program
City Engineering Office (CEO)  Will take charge on the construction of water and
sanitation infrastructure projects of the city.
 Shall be responsible for the master planning and
maintenance of the city drainage system, in
coordination with the City Planning and Development
Office and DPWH, and with ZCWD should the city
adopt a combined sewerage system in some parts of
the city.
Office of the Building Official  Advocate the installation of the rainwater harvesting

(OBO) facilities in the buildings
 Ensure compliance of the households and commercial
establishments with the standards in septic tank design
Office of the City Environment  Shall be responsible in implementing the local solid
and Natural Resources waste management program of the city.
(OCENR)  Responsible for implementing IEC campaigns,
garbage collection, and sanitary landfill management.
 Monitor the activities of all septage and wastewater
treatment facilities in the city
 Coordinate and provide Secretariat support for the
programs and activities of the Water Security Council
City Disaster Risk Reduction  Must ensure that evacuation centers have safe water
and Management Office supply and safe, functioning and gender-segregated
(CDRRMO) toilets and other needed WASH facilities
Zamboanga City Water District  In coordination with the City LGU, will be responsible
(ZCWD) for setting up and implementation of the septage
management program (SMP) in the city.
 Ensure the availability of safe water supply in the city.
 To expand its water service area
 Operate sewerage system of the city
Zamboanga City Water Security  Review and recommend to the Local Chief Executive
Council (ZCWSC) (LCE) and the City Legislative Council relevant and
responsive policies, strategies, guidelines and
innovations on water supply and sanitation
development and management.
 Monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Water
Security Master Plan
Zamboanga City Septage  To accredit and license private septage or desludging

Management Council (CSMC) service providers or wastewater treatment facilities
 Shall plan and implement an information and education
program on wastewater and septage management
systems
City Solid Waste Management  To update the solid waste management plan of the city
Board  To oversee and monitor the implementation of the city
solid waste management plan
Barangay Solid Waste  Implement solid waste management within their

Management Council (BSWMC) barangays.
Local Drinking Water Quality  Monitor and audit the water service providers in the
Monitoring Committee city
(LDWQMC)

 Implement the LDWS program of the city
7.2 Institutional Structure for the Septage Management Program and Sewerage
System
243.
The City Ordinance No. 2009-152, also known as the “Septage Management System
Ordinance” created the CSMC who will be in charge of policy making, planning,
accreditation of desludgers and IEC activities related to the SMP.
244.
As stated in the Ordinance, the City Government of Zamboanga may operate its own
wastewater treatment facility and desludging services. However, the city also has the option
to contract with private service providers, for desludging and/or treatment services, provided
that they are financially capable to shoulder the necessary expenditures. It is also stated in
the Ordinance that the city LGU may enter an agreement with the ZCWD for the collection of
the desludging fee of Php 1.75 per cubic meters of water consumed per month to its
customers. The ZCWD must remit the net amount monthly to the City Treasure as General
Fund.
245.
The Septage Management System Ordinance is currently being updated to include the
provision of the sewerage system in the city.
246.
Recently, the city LGU and ZCWD entered an agreement for the implementation of the SMP
and the operation of the sewerage system in the city.
247.
At present, ZCWD has its Sewerage Division that is responsible for the operations of the
sewage treatment plant (sewerage plant operations section) and the maintenance of the
sewer lines (sewerage maintenance and connection section). For the implementation of
SMP in the city, the ZCWD may consider adding another section that will be responsible for
the desludging operations. The operation of the septage treatment plant can be lodged
under the sewerage plant operations section of the city.
248.
ZCWD is responsible in collecting the septage fees from its customers. For non-customers,
desludging may be done by request and payment will be collected per service. The ZCWD
may also consider entering a desludging service agreement with the CSMB-accredited
private desludgers in the city to provide services to the non-customers.
249.
The LGU shall create a project team that will regularly monitor the operational performance
of as well as financial performance of the septage and sewerage projects in the city.
250.
Figure 7-1 shows the institutional arrangement for the implementation of the SMP and
sewerage system in Zamboanga City.

Figure 7-1: Institutional Structure for the Septage Management Program and Sewerage
System in Zamboanga City

8. Financing the LSSP
251.
The city shall allocate appropriate funds to ensure the sustainable implementation of the
LSSP. The indicative cost and funding source for the identified PPAs are shown in Table 6-
3.
252.
In financing the sanitation projects such as septage management program and sewerage
system project, the following financing and management options can be considered by the
city.
Table 8-1. Financing and Management Options for Sanitation Projects6

Financing and Management Options Definition
LGU-financed and managed The LGU finances the investment from its income
and other resource available to it (e.g., ITA, locally
generated taxes, grants) or borrows from financial
institution. It then establishes a profit center within
the LGU office with a separate cost accounting
system. Under this arrangement, the LGU directly
manages the operations of the commercial risk. It
may also allocate from additional IRA funds from
the devolved functions and funding from National
Government (Mandanas funds).
It can also manage or assign any and all national
grants and subsidy accorded the local governments.
Service contract The LGU finances the investment and directly

operates and manages the system. It enters into
contract with a private party to undertake billing and
collection and/or repair and maintenance activities
for a fee. The LGU maintains a profit center within
the LGU office and assumes the commercial risk.
Management contract The LGU finances the investment and enters into
contract with a private party to manage the system.
The private party collects the tariffs set by the LGU,
operates and manages the system and in turn, is
paid a management fee by the LGU. The LGU
maintains a profit center within the LGU office and
assumes the commercial risk.
Lease contract The LGU finances the capital expenditures and
leases the facility to the private sector. The private
sector assumes the commercial risks and the
responsibility to operation and maintenance. To
recover its costs, the private party is allowed to
collect user fees as well as any other charges on
behalf of the LGU.
Concession contract The LGU enters into contract with a private party to
undertake the investment. The private party
6
Review of the National Government-Local Government Unit (NG-LGU) Cost Sharing Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation,
MDGIF, 2011

Financing and Management Options Definition
assumes the assets of the LGU and undertakes to
expand the services according to the terms and
condition of the contract. The private party is
allowed to operate the system and collect user fees
to recover its costs and earn a reasonable return on
its investment. After the contract expires, the
system reverts to the LGU or may be contracted out
again by the LGU.
Local water district The local water district (WD) finances the
investment from a loan from the LWUA, GFIs, or
other financing institutions and operates, manages,
and maintains the system. The local WD is
regulated by LWUA.
Build-Operate-Transfer Under the BOT scheme, the private sector finances
the investment or any of its variants, operates it for
a certain period of time after which the asset is
transferred to the LGU. The private party is allowed
to collect user fees to recover its costs and earn a
reasonable rate of return on its investment. The
LGU and the BOT proponent negotiate on the risk
sharing.
Joint Venture Agreement Under a joint venture agreement, the LGU and the
private party share in the risks of the project and
operate the system through a shared management
and organizational structure.
253.
Implementing the LSSP projects and activities may not necessarily be the whole
responsibility of the city LGU. Nowadays, investment planning considers possible financiers
for particular development investments. Possible financing sources which can help the city
in effectively and efficiently implementing its LSSP program, projects and activities are the
following:
a. Subsidies and/or grants from the national and local government which are into health
and sanitation development needs of cities and municipalities
b. Area Water Quality Management Fund;
c. Subsidies and/or grants from international sources (i.e., USAID, UNICEF, World Bank,
Asia Development Bank, JICA)
d. Loans from different funding institutions, national banks (i.e., Development Bank of the
Philippines, Landbank, Philippine National Bank) and private financing institutions/banks
e. Microfinance loans provided to the households for the construction of sanitation facilities
(i.e., toilet facilities, septic tanks), paying for desludging services, and for the access to
water supply system.
f. Revolving funds (i.e., Project Development and Monitoring Facility) for sanitation
projects
g. Blended financing

254.
Even if facilities are already constructed, the funds must be made available to cover for the
recurring operation and maintenance costs. Even if capital costs are subsidized, all
sanitation systems must aim for sustainable cost recovery to cover operational, regular
maintenance and capital maintenance and replacement costs, as well as planned expansion
of the systems.
8.1 Government Funding to Sanitation Projects

255.
The National Government, through the National Sewerage and Septage Management
Program (NSSMP) of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), allocated
funds to provide 50 percent subsidy to the LGUs for sewerage, septage and combined
sewerage-septage projects. The target beneficiaries include the 17 highly urbanized cities
(HUCs), non-HUCs and first-class municipalities. The city may consider in availing the
subsidy to finance the sanitation projects in the city. The NSSMP may be expanded once
the PWSSMP is implemented. To apply for the subsidy, the city shall submit to DPWH the
required documents listed below7:
a. Local Ordinance for sewerage/septage management - Sets out the sanitation rationale,
user fees, operation, management and penalties for the locality.
b. Feasibility Study - Single or separate documents that set out the technical and financial
specifications for the design, construction and operation of the sanitation infrastructure.
c. Memorandum of Understanding - Where a partnership is proposed, such as between a
city government and a utility builder/operator, a MoU is needed to set out the obligations
and responsibilities of all parties, e.g., billing, collection, operations management, fee
sharing, etc.
d. Loan Agreement(s) - This is the contract signed between the project owner(s) and the
bank(s) providing loans to (partly) finance the project.
e. Building/Occupancy permit - These are ancillary regulations that relate to the nature and
amount of sewerage/septage produced by different dwellings.
f. Environmental Permit(s) and other regulations - An Environmental Sanitation Clearance
(ESC) must be secured by the project proponent from the Centre for Health
Development of the DOH. In addition, an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
and Discharge Permit (DP) must be obtained from DENR for proposed waste treatment
facilities.
g. LWUA Exemption - WDs that have existing loans with LWUA are required to obtain a
waiver from LWUA before they can avail of loans from other lenders.
h. Technical Working Group (TWG) & Community Participation Mandate - Successful
projects will typically have a TWG established to oversee the project and assist with its
implementation, as well as some formal community engagement process.
i. Duly filled-up Application Form – found on p. 181 of the NSSMP Program Operations
Manual (copy available online at www.dpwh.gov.ph).
256.
The city LGU was granted with the NSSMP subsidy worth Php 77.7 million to finance the
proposed combined sewage and septage treatment plant in Magay. The city is on the
process of downloading 50 percent of the fund through DPWH Region IX while the
remaining 50 percent will be provided upon completion of the project.
7
Department of Public Works and Highways

8.2 Government Banking Institutions
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)

257.
The Water for Every Resident (WATER) Program of the DBP aims to provide financial
assistance to private corporations, WDs, LGUs, other water service providers and private
financial institutions and micro finance institutions to expand the coverage of water supply to
waterless areas. Eligible projects for this program include source development,
rehabilitation/expansion/upgrading of water transmission, distribution system and water
treatment facilities, investment in NRW reduction and investment in CCA technologies such
as rainwater collection system.
258.
DBP also launched its Lending Initiative for Sanitation (LINIS) Program to help the national
government in achieving universal access to sanitation. The program provides credit
assistance to LGUs, WDs, private companies, cooperatives and associations for the
development of sanitation facilities such as septage and sewerage systems and for the
proper collection, transport, treatment and disposal of wastewater.
Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP)

259.
The Water Program for Everyone (H2OPE) Program of LBP aims to provide assistance to
the LGUs and Water Districts to provide a sustainable, piped and safe water to all Filipinos.
8.3 Microfinance Loans for Low-income Households

260.
Microfinance loans are provided to finance the construction of sanitation facilities at the
household level (e.g., construction of toilets and septic tanks, connection to sewers,
replacements using water-efficient fixtures, desludging services, etc.) that are otherwise not
covered in the bigger sanitation or wastewater projects. The targets of microfinance are
usually the low-income households that have no access to sanitation facilities.
Water.org Philippines
261.
Water.org is an international nonprofit organization
that pioneers market-driven financial solutions to the
global water and sanitation crisis. Water.org
provides assistance to the households by linking
them to different microfinance institutions. Through
its water credit program, Water.org is working with various microfinance institutions to offer
affordable water and sanitation loans to poor households. Water.org also has its water
connect program wherein they work with the water service providers to provide capacity
building, training services and technical assistance.

9. Annual Implementation Review and Investment Planning
262.
The 10-year LSSP Plan may serve as the City‟s long-term development and investment plan
for sanitation. It will guide the city in investing and implementing the indicative sanitation
projects and activities that they have laid out in the said LSSP development plan. Like any
other long-term plan, this may be translated into respective annual plans so that the city can
have the option to invest on priority sanitation and sanitation-related projects and activities
within their budget. Moreover, the annual investment plan can facilitate easy review for the
LGU to analyze if they have efficiently delivered their projects and activities for the year.
Thus, investment planning for the next year can be drawn up better and more efficiently. It
can also serve as reference plan for the review and updating of other related development
plans, such as master drainage plan, solid waste management plan, the local water district‟s
business plan and water safety plan, CLUP, zoning ordinance, etc.)
263.
An operational plan and a sanitation investment program will be formulated annually to flesh
out the details of this plan. Annual implementation review will be conducted to track the
progress of the work plan and to feed into the annual implementation planning and budget
preparation process of the city government. The annual implementation plan will incorporate
all the barangay sanitation plans that require matching grants from the city government.
Barangay sanitation plans requiring matching grants should be submitted prior to the budget
preparation period of the city.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation
264.
To improve the implementation of LSSP activities, the LSSP Team will conduct an annual
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of activities based on the key performance indicators
identified in the LSSP. The results of these monitoring activities will be used to improve and
enhance the implementation and communication activities. The key performance indicators
and the means of verification will form part of the LSSP annual M&E report.

11. Institutionalization of the LSSP
265.
The LSSP Team shall submit and present the plan to the Local Chief Executive (LCE),
Zamboanga City Water Security Council (ZCWSC), other LGU key officials, ZCWD, and the
Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP) for approval and adoption. A city resolution for the adoption
of the LSSP must be provided to ensure the institutionalization of the plan.

12. Risk Assessment to LSSP Implementation
266.
The following are the potential risks associated to the implementation and adoption of the
LSSP of Zamboanga City.
● Lack of support from the government. The LSSP should be approved by the LCE,
other LGU officials and the Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP) and be adopted formally
by a resolution. This is to ensure the implementation of the identified PPAs and the
allotment of required funding of the PPAs in the budget of the city. Adoption by other
key stakeholders or lead implementors like the Water Security Council, the local
Water District, and DPWH is also needed.
● Lack of community participation. Community participation is essential for the

successful implementation of the LSSP activities. Effective communication to the
community is fundamental for sustaining the sanitation projects.
● Lack of available funding. The LSSP activities requires investment in capital and
operation expenditure, including initial infrastructure construction and recurring
operation and maintenance costs. The city should consider different financing
mechanisms to sustain the implementation of the sanitation projects.
● Lack of space for the sanitation facilities. With the rapid urbanization, congestion
in the city may result to lack of space available for the construction of new sanitation
facilities.
● Impacts of climate change. Climate change may affect the availability of water
resources, increase the vulnerability of communities in low lying areas and increase
the susceptibility of coastal communities to storm surges. Higher temperatures will
result in water shortages, and increased rainfall may induce flooding. Climate change
may also cause degradation of the quality of the water sources and may increase the
demand and use of the sanitation services. All these factors must be considered to in
the design of the sanitation infrastructures to make it resilient and climate change-
proof.
12.1 CCA-DRR Considerations for Infrastructure Projects

267.
Climate change may affect the safety and sustainability of the sanitation projects. Climate
variability and climate change increases the risks caused by inadequate sanitation by
placing considerable strain on sanitation systems. The potential impacts of climate change
should be considered to ensure sanitation technologies and services are designed, operated
and managed in a way that minimizes associated public health risks. Appropriate
precautionary measures should be employed during the construction and operation phases
of the project to avoid any complication and negative environmental impacts in the long run.
268.
The impacts of climate change on water supply include damage to infrastructure from
flooding, loss of water sources due to declining rainfall and changes in the water quality of
water sources and within the distribution of water. While for sanitation, the impacts include
damage and loss of services from floods and reduced carrying capacity of waters receiving
wastewater.

269.
Climate change may also affect the affordability of water and sanitation services. Changes
in the quality of the water sources may require additional treatment which entails additional
expenses. Increase in water demand while the availability of water sources decreases will
result to rising prices for water. Moreover, when water and sanitation infrastructure is
destroyed, the necessary reconstruction will also result in turning services more expensive.
270.
Table 12-1 shows the potential impacts of climate change to specific sanitation systems and
the recommended adaptation measures.
8
Table 12-1. Climate change adaptation measures for sanitation systems
Sanitation System Potential Impact Recommended Adaptation

Measures
Rainwater harvesting  There may be fewer rainy days  Ensure proper design and
and longer drought periods. sizing of RWH facilities
More storage may be required to  Build in redundancy for
bridge low rainfall periods. potential reduced rainfall
 Rainfall events may be more and longer dry seasons.
intense. Danger of damage and  Ensure protection against
contamination from flooding. flooding.
Septic tanks  Increased water scarcity  Ensure proper design and
reducing water supplies and siting of the septic tanks.
impeding tank function.  Community education on
 Rising groundwater levels, tank maintenance, and on
extreme events and/or floods, hygiene and safe
leading to structural damage to behaviors during/after
tanks, flooding of drain fields and extreme events
households, tank flotation, and  Strong occupational health
environmental contamination and safety practices during
 Increased influent pathogen load emptying
in times of outbreak
Sewerage system –  Extreme rainfall events causing  Installation of non-return
Sewer lines discharge of excess, untreated valves on pipes to prevent
wastewater into environment. back flows
 Extreme rainfall events causing  Construction of simplified
back flooding of raw sewage into sewer networks to
buildings. withstand flooding and
 Extreme events damaging flotation, or shorter
sewers and causing leakage, networks connected to
resulting in environmental decentralized treatment
contamination. facilities to reduce sewer
 Sea-level rise raising water overload and failure.
levels in coastal sewers, causing
back-flooding in infrastructure
and buildings.
 Increased water scarcity
reducing water flows in sewers,
increasing solid deposits and
8
Climate, Sanitation and Health, WHO, 2019

Measures
blockages
Sewerage system –  Extreme weather events or  Install flood, inundation
Sewage Treatment floods destroying/damaging the and run-off defenses (e.g.,
Plant sewage treatment plant, causing dykes) and undertake
discharge of untreated sewage sound catchment
and sewerage overflow, creating management
contamination.  Invest in early warning
 Extreme events including storm systems and emergency
surges, damaging low-lying response equipment (e.g.,
treatment plants, causing mobile pumps stored off-
environmental contamination. site, non-electricity based
 Increased water scarcity causing treatment systems)
obstruction that reduces capacity  Prepare a rehabilitation
in rivers or ponds receiving plan for the treatment
wastewater. works
 Where feasible, site
systems in locations less
prone to floods, erosion,
etc.
 The design for the facilities
should conform to the
general standards for
climate-resilient facilities
and infrastructure to
withstand strong typhoons
and coastal surges.
 Construction of above
ground treatment facility
and elevated electro-
mechanical appurtenances
are recommended.
 Insurance coverage and
provision for emergency
fund
Septage Treatment  Extreme weather events or  stall flood, inundation and

Plant (SpTP) floods destroying/damaging the run-off defenses (e.g.,
septage treatment plan, causing dykes), undertake sound
discharge of untreated septage catchment management,
and overflow of the untreated and hardening measure
effluent, creating contamination.  Invest in early warning
 Extreme events damaging low- systems and emergency
lying treatment plants, causing response equipment (e.g.,
environmental contamination. mobile pumps stored off-

Measures
 Increased water scarcity causing site, non-electricity based
obstruction that reduces capacity treatment systems)
in rivers or ponds receiving  Prepare a rehabilitation
wastewater. plan for the treatment
works.
 Where feasible, site
systems in locations less
prone to floods, erosion,
storm surges, etc.
 The design for the facilities
should conform to the
general standards for
climate-resilient facilities
and infrastructure to
withstand strong typhoons
and coastal surges.
 Construction of above
ground treatment facility
and elevated electro-
mechanical appurtenances
are recommended
 Insurance coverage and
provision for emergency
fund

13. Environmental Impact Assessment and Safeguards Requirement
13.1 Potential Environmental Impacts of the Program, Project and Activities
(PPA)
271.
Environmental screening of the proposed PPAs with infrastructure components is done
based on the type, location, scale, environmental sensitivity, and the magnitude of its
potential environmental impacts of each PPA.
272.
The environmental impacts of the proposed PPAs with infrastructure components are
expected to be site-specific. In most cases, mitigation measures can be designed and
implemented easily. Most of the PPAs will be located in developed or built-up areas of the
city; hence, disturbance on ecological environment will be limited. As needed, an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be prepared, implemented, and monitored to
address all potential environmental impacts and manage residual impacts and risks to
acceptable levels. The EMP will identify the resource requirements, institutional
mechanisms, including possible capacity building requirements for its implementation and
monitoring.
13.2 Safeguards Requirement9

273.
Safeguards are measures taken to avoid or minimize and manage the negative impacts of
aid investments on people and the environment. The scope of safeguards is defined in
terms of the following:
Table 13-1. Safeguards Scope

Type of Safeguard Coverage
Environmental 1) Safeguards from environmental impacts
a) Environmental quality impact management including the
aesthetics and natural landscape;
b) Sustainable use of natural resources;
c) Biodiversity and ecosystem impact management with special
consideration on the preservation of endemic and endangered
species of flora and fauna; and
d) Health and safety considerations including post-project
implementation/post-construction risks and hazards
management.
2) Resilience to man-made and natural hazards including climate
change hazards
3) Climate change mitigation (e.g., reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions)
Displacement 1) Right-of-way (ROW) acquisition, including acquisition of private and
public properties, resettlement of informal settler families and
relocation of utilities;
2) Dismantling of affected structures;
3) Management of affected employees; and
4) Compensation and livelihood restoration.
9
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Governing Board Resolution No. 2018-12-02, December 14, 2018. “Safeguards in PPP:
Mainstreaming Environmental, Displacement, Social and Gender Concerns”

Type of Safeguard Coverage
Social and Gender 1) Considerations for Indigenous People;
2) Protection and consideration for vulnerable groups (persons with
disability, senior citizens, children, poor);
3) Culture and heritage preservation; and
4) Gender equality/responsiveness and women empowerment.
274.
The following shall serve as guidance to the implementing agency to prevent avoidable
delays and to ensure that safeguard concerns are addressed in the project development.
a) Environmental Safeguards
● Environmental impact assessment (EIA) shall be conducted simultaneously with the
conduct of feasibility study (FS).
● For projects requiring Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) or Certificate of
Non-Coverage (CNC), the implementing agency shall follow the requirements and
procedures set forth in the EMB Revised Procedural Manual for DENR
Administrative Order (AO) No. 30, Series of 2003, and any amendments thereof, to
avoid delays in securing the same due to non-compliant applications. This shall
include the preparation of the appropriate type of EIA report (e.g., Environmental
Impact Statement or EIS or Initial Environmental Examination Checklist/Report) and
securing the ECC or CNC.
● In addition to the project‟s impact to the environment, the implementing agency shall
consider resiliency to man-made and natural hazards, including climate change risks
by:
o Including the vulnerability to short- and long-term impacts of natural hazards
as part of the criteria in selecting the project location;
o Assessing disaster risk through the identification of applicable climate and
natural hazards, and considering these in the project‟s risk allocation matrix;
o Coming up with an adaptation and risk management plan containing
appropriate disaster resiliency measures, and incorporating the same in the
project design, and if applicable, in the business continuity plan for projects
with operations and maintenance components; and
o Documenting in the FS climate change mitigation strategies (e.g.,
energy/water conservation measures, green building).
● Other project-specific environmental safeguard requirements (e.g., geotechnical
studies, hydrological studies, charting and geotagging of trees) shall be identified
and a corresponding compliance plan should be prepared during project
development. These shall serve as inputs to the project siting, design, and cost, and
are subject to validation during the implementation stage when the detailed
engineering design has been finalized.
b) Displacement Safeguards
● The extent of physical and economic displacement shall be considered in deciding
on project location alternatives. Whenever possible, forced displacement shall be
avoided by considering all viable alternative actions or design options.

● For ROW and resettlement requirements, the implementing agency shall follow the
rules and procedures in RA 10752 (Right of Way Act) and RA 7279 (Urban
Development and Housing Act), their IRRs, and any amendments thereof.
● The implementing agency shall prepare a ROW/Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for
each project, as may be applicable. A summary of the RAP shall be incorporated in
the project FS and design, and shall include, but is not limited to the following:
o People and assets (i.e., land and improvements) that will be affected,
including information on their socio-economic profile and restoration of their
compensation and livelihood;
o Extent of the impact of the required ROW and the measures to mitigate these
impacts;
o Resettlement requirements, including whether the resettlement shall be
onsite, in-city, or off-site, in line with the National Housing Authority
Memorandum Circular No. 2015-0015, and any amendments thereof; and
o Schedule, timing, and costs of the required activities under the RAP.
● In projects with displacement concerns as identified in the RAP, the implementing
agency is advised to coordinate with key shelter agencies, LGUs, and affected
stakeholders. The implementing agency is further advised to develop a consultation
plan.
● For projects that require national government support, including resettlement costs,
the implementing agency shall submit to the Department of Budget and Management
a request for the
● For projects involving the acquisition of government properties, the implementing
agency may execute an agreement with the concerned government agency detailing
the terms of the transfer of the property, such as the terms of replication, restoration,
and/or removal of existing structures and/or facilities; other activities such as
geotagging or tree accounting as may be applicable; appropriate compensation as
may be applicable; and other obligations of the parties to ensure the smooth delivery
of required ROW.
c) Social and Gender Safeguards
● In deciding the project location alternatives, the compatibility with existing/proposed
development plans (e.g., CLUP) and national development plans (e.g., sectoral
plans, multi-sectoral plans) shall be taken into consideration.
● Accessibility or universal design concept shall be incorporated in the project design
including the physical facility, and information and communication technologies (e.g.,
websites).
● Gender analysis shall be undertaken to identify gender issues that the proposed
project must address and anticipate, such as those that might arise from the
implementation of the project. Goals, objectives, outcomes, and outputs that include
gender and development (GAD) statements that will address identified gender issues
shall be incorporated in the FS report. the implementing agency may refer to the
Harmonized GAD Guidelines and any amendments thereof, for guidance on
designing gender-responsive sector-specific projects (i.e., infrastructure, IEC).
13.2.1 Applicable Environmental Quality Standards

275.
The environmental quality standards that are applicable to the proposed LSSP PPAs with
infrastructure components are discussed in the succeeding paragraphs.
a) Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW)
276.
Issued under DOH AO No. 2017-010, the PNSDW of 2017 prescribes the standards and
procedures on drinking-water quality to project public health. It applies to all drinking-water
service providers, including government and private developers and operators, bulk water
suppliers, water refilling station (WRS) operators, and water vending machine operators; ice
manufacturers, all food establishments, residential, commercial, industrial and institutional
buildings that shall use/supply/serve drinking water, water testing laboratories, health and
sanitation authorities, the general public and all others whore involved in determining safety
of public‟s drinking-water. Table 13-2 presents the mandatory parameters for drinking water
quality monitoring.
Table 13-2. Mandatory Drinking Water Quality Parameters from 2017 PNSWD
Parameter Unit Standard Value
Thermotolerant Coliform MPN/100mL <1.1
E. Coli mg/L <1.1
Arsenic mg/L 0.01
Cadmium mg/L 0.003
Lead mg/L 0.01
Nitrate mg/L 50
Color (Apparent) CU 10
Turbidity NTU 5
pH - 6.5 – 8.5
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 600
Disinfectant Residual - 0.3 min and 1.5 max
Source: 2017 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water, Department of Health.
b) Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards

277.
Issued under DENR AO No. 2016-08, the Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General
Effluent Standards (GES) were adopted and promulgated pursuant to Section 19e and 19f
of RA 9275 (“Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004”) with the following objectives: providing
guidelines and classification of water bodies in the Philippines; determining time trends of
deterioration/enhancement in water quality; setting limits for effluent discharges; evaluating
the need for taking actions in preventing, controlling, or abating, water pollution; and
designating water quality management areas (WQMA).
278.
The DENR also issued DENR AO No. 2021-19 to update the WQG and GES for ammonia,
boron, copper as dissolved copper, fecal coliform, phosphate as phosphorus and sulfate.
279.
The WQG applies to all water bodies in the country. The GES, meanwhile, applies to all
point sources of pollution, regardless of volume, that discharge to receiving body of water or
land. The GES shall be used regardless of the industry category. Table 13-3 presents
relevant parameters from WQG, while Table 13-4 presents the portions of the GES that will
be applied particularly for wastewater discharges.
Table 13-3. Philippine Water Quality Guidelines for Water Body Classification Applicable
to the Project Site
Water Classification
Parameter Unit Class Class
Class A Class B Class C
SA SB
pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.0 7.0 – 8.5 7.0 – 8.5
Temperature* °C 26 – 30 26 – 30 25 – 31 26 – 30 26 – 30
Color TCU 50 50 75 5 50
Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL 50 100 200 20 100
BOD mg/L 3 5 7 n/a n/a
Nitrate mg/L 7 7 7 10 10
Phosphate mg/L 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.1 0.2
Total mg/L 50 65 80 25 50
Suspended
Solids
Ammonia mg/L 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06
Oil and Grease mg/L 1 1 1 1 2
● Class A Public Water Supply Class II – intended as sources of water supply requiring conventional treatment (coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) to meet latest PNSDW;
● Class B Recreational Water Class I – intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, etc.);
● Class C 1. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and aquatic resources; 2. Recreational Water Class II – for
boating, fishing, or similar activities; 3. for agriculture, irrigation, and livestock watering;
● Class SA 1. Protected Waters or water designated as national or local marine parks, reserves, sanctuaries, and other areas
established by law (Presidential Proclamation 1801 and other existing laws), and/or declared as such by appropriate
government agency, LGUs, etc.; 2. Tourist Zones – for ecotourism and recreational activities; 3. Recreational Water Class I
– intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.);
● Class SB 1. Fishery Water Class II or waters suitable for commercial propagation of shellfish and intended as spawning
areas for milkfish (Chanos chanos) and similar species; 2. Tourist Zones – for ecotourism and recreational activities; 3.
Recreational Water Class I – intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.).
Notes: (*) The natural background temperature as determined by EMB shall prevail if the temperature is lower or higher than the
WQG; provided that the maximum increase is only up to 10% and that it will not cause any risk to human health and the
environment; MPN/100ml – Most Probable Number per 100 milliliters; n/a – Not Applicable; TCU – True Color Unit.
Source: DENR AO 2016-18, DENR AO 2021-19
Table 13-4. General Effluent Standards Applicable for Sewage and Septage Treatment
Plant Project
SA SB
pH - 6.0 – 9.0 6.0 – 9.0 6.0 – 9.5 NDA 6.0 – 9.0
Temperature °C Change 3 3 3 NDA 3
Color TCU 100 100 150 NDA 100
Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL 100 200 400 NDA 200
BOD mg/L 20 30 50 NDA 30
Nitrate mg/L 14 14 14 NDA 20
Phosphate mg/L 1 1.5 4 NDA 2
Total
Suspended mg/L 70 85 100 NDA 70
Solids
Ammonia mg/L 2 3 4 NDA 3
Oil and Grease mg/L 5 5 5 NDA 5
Chloride mg/L 350 350 450 NDA n/a
Fluoride mg/L 2 2 2 NDA 3
Iron mg/L 5 5 7.5 NDA 7.5
SA SB
Surfactants mg/L 2 3 15 NDA 500
Notes: NDA – No Discharge Allowed; n/a – Not Applicable
Source: DAO 2016-18, DENR AO 2021-19
c) Ambient Air Quality and Noise Guidelines

280.
This national ambient air quality guideline value is under Rule VII Section 1 stipulated in
DENR AO 2000-81 (IRR of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999). The 24-hour averaging
time national ambient air quality guideline values are shown in Table 13-5.
Table 13-5. National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (24-Hour Averaging Time)
Parameter Standard Value (µg/Ncm)
Nitrogen Dioxide 150
Sulfur Dioxide 180
Suspended Particulate Matter
 Total Suspended Particles ( 230
 Particulate Matter 10 150
Source: DAO 2000-81
281.
Table 13-6 presents the International Finance Corporation – Environmental, Health and
Safety Guidelines (IFC-EHS) for noise level at different receptors. Noise impacts should not
exceed the levels presented in the table below or result in a maximum increase in
background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor off-site.
Table 13-6. IFC-EHS Noise Level Guidelines
One Hour LAeq (dBA)
Receptor Daytime (07:00 – Nighttime (22:00 –
22:00) 07:00)
Residential; institutional; 55 45
educational
Industrial; commercial 70 70
Source: IFC-EHS Guidelines
d) Standards for Sludge Disposal

282.
Sludges from the treatment facilities must comply with the toxicity characteristics leaching
procedure (TCLP) limits prior to disposal to landfills as shown in Table 13-7.
Table 13-7. TCLP Limits for Sludges Prior to Disposal
Parameter TCLP Limits (mg/L)
Arsenic 1.0
Barium 70
Cadmium 0.3
Chromium 0.3
Lead 1.0
Mercury 0.1
Selenium 1.0
Reference: DAO 2013-22
e) Land Application of Biosolids
283.
If there are agricultural areas near the treatment plant, the biosolids may be applied as soil
conditioner or alternative fertilizers to selected crops such as sugarcane and corn.
Considering public health issues, not all agricultural crops may accept biosolids from
septage as soil conditioner. Such information must be obtained from the Department of
Agriculture or from the local City Agricultural Office prior to any land application.
284.
PNS/BAFS 183, which cancels and replaces PNS/BAFS 183:2016, specifies the minimum
standards of organic fertilizer, soil conditioner, and plant supplement. According to the
standards, these soil amendments may come in solid or liquid form. Such reuse of sludges
is covered by standards prescribed by the Department of Agriculture. The limits for
pathogens are shown in Table 13-8.
Table 13-8. Allowable Level of Pathogens in Organic Fertilizers, Soil Conditioner, and
Organic Plant Supplements
Pathogens Allowable Level
Fecal Streptococci <5 x 102 CFU/g
<2 MPN/g
Total Coliforms <5 x 102 CFU/g
<2 MPN/g
Salmonella Absent in 25 g
Reference: PNS/BAFS 183: 2020
f) Effluent Reuse
285.
Wastewater re-use for irrigation must also comply with prescribed standards issued by the
Department of Agriculture. For non-agricultural purposes, effluent may only be recycled (i.e.,
facility washing) after meeting the GES. The limits on selected wastewater quality
parameters for irrigation are shown in Table 13-9.
Table 13-9. Limits on Wastewater Quality for Irrigation (DA AO No. 2019-11)
Parameters Unit Landscape and Crop Irrigation
Health-based
Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL <200
Not detectable a
For crop productivity and protection of the environment
BOD5 mg/L <150
Electrical conductivity uS/cm <2,000
<1,000a, b
Bicarbonates mg/L <500
Free residual chlorine mg/L <1
pH 6.5 to 8.0
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) <18
Sodium meq/L <3
Total Nitrogen mg/L <30
Total Phosphorous mg/L <30
Total Suspended Solids mg/L <140
Aluminum mg/L 5.00
Parameters Unit Landscape and Crop Irrigation
Chemical Parameters - Trace metals
Barium mg/L 6.0
Beryllium mg/L 0.1
Boron mg/L 0.75
Cobalt mg/L 0.05
Fluoride mg/L 1.00
Iron mg/L 1.00
Lithium mg/L 2.50
Manganese mg/L 0.20
Molybdenum mg/L 0.01
Nickel mg/L 0.20
Selenium mg/L 0.02
Vanadium mg/L 0.10
Zinc mg/L 2.00
Chemical Parameters - Heavy Metals
Arsenic mg/L 0.1
Cadmium mg/L 0.01
Chromium mg/L 0.10
Copper mg/L 0.20
Lead mg/L 0.20
Mercury mg/L 0.002
Note:
a. Foods eaten raw and not commercially processed
b. Food crops commercially processed
13.2.2 Possible Environmental Permit Requirements

286.
Depending on the scale and components of the sanitation projects, requirements of the
following environmental laws shall be complied.
a. Presidential Decree No. 1586: Environmental Impact Statement System
b. Republic Act No. 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
c. Republic Act No. 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
d. Republic Act No. 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
e. Republic Act No. 6969: Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Act
f. Presidential Decree No. 856: Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
287.
Before the construction and operation of the sanitation projects, there are specific permitting
requirements needed. Table 13-10 shows the permitting requirements needed to secure
including its issuing agency and submission schedule.
Table 13-10. Specific Permitting Requirements for Construction and Operation
Issuing Submission
Permit Remarks
Agency Schedule
Issuing Submission
Permit Remarks
Agency Schedule
ECC DENR-EMB Prior to ▪ ECC is document issued by
construction DENR-EMB certifying that the
proposed project has complied
with all the requirements of the
EIS System and has committed
to implement its approved EMP
to address the environmental
impacts.
Locational LGU Prior to ▪ Locational Clearance is issued
Clearance construction by LGUs as pre-requisite in the
issuance of Building Permit to
ensure the project‟s conformity
with City‟s CLUP and Zoning
Ordinance.
● Building Permit LGU Prior to ▪ Issued by the LGU to ensure
● Clearance / construction that the design, plans, and
Fencing / specifications of the facility
Excavation conforms to the Building Code
Permit of the Philippines.
● Permit to Install
Mechanical
Equipment
ENR Clearance, LGU Prior to ▪ The Proponent shall submit the
COC and Sticker operation desludging trucks for emission
test prior to issuance of ENR
Clearance, COC and Sticker
Pollution Control DENR-EMB Prior to ▪ PCO shall be accredited based

Officer (PCO) Operations on the categorization of
Accreditation establishments. This
Certificate categorization defines the
needed qualifications of PCO.
● Hazardous DENR-EMB Prior to ▪ HWID is issued to facilities
Waste Operations generating hazardous wastes
Generator‟s ID regardless of size. The permit
(HWID) maybe amended as necessary
● PTO-Air (e.g. additional hazardous
Pollution Source waste classification generated)
Installation ▪ PTO is issued to facilities that
(PTO-APSI) have air pollution source and
● Discharge control installations. The permit
Permit (DP) is valid for 5 years, subject for
renewal.
▪ DP is issued to facilities that
have wastewater discharges.
The permit is renewed
annually.
Issuing Submission
Permit Remarks
Agency Schedule
Environmental DOH Prior to ▪ ESC is issued to stationary and
Sanitation Operations mobile service providers
Clearance (ESC) allowing the collection,
handling, transport, treatment
and disposal of domestic
sludge or septage.
14 References
● Climate Change-Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and
Development Master Plans for the 8 Clustered River Basin, DENR-RBCO
● Climate, Sanitation and Health, World Health Organization 2019
● DOH Field Health Services Information System Annual Report, 2016-2020
● Guidebook for a Local Sustainable Sanitation Promotion Program, Department of
Health, 2010
● Guidebook for a Local Sustainable Sanitation Strategy, Department of Health,
2010
● Guidebook for a Sustainable Sanitation Baseline Study, Department of Health,
2010
● Guidelines on Sanitation and Health, World Health Organization, 2018
● Leading factors of success and failure in Asian Development Bank Urban
Sanitation Projects, ADB, 2018
● Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, Abridged Version, 2018-
2040
● Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Governing Board Resolution No. 2018-12-02,
December 14, 2018. “Safeguards in PPP: Mainstreaming Environmental,
Displacement, Social and Gender Concerns”
● Review of the National Government-Local Government Unit (NG-LGU) Cost
Sharing Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation, MDGIF, 2011
● Solving urban sanitation – sustainability and equitability, World Water, 2020
● UN-Water, 2016: Water and sanitation interlinkages across the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development
● Zamboanga City Comprehensive Development Plan, 2016-2021
● Zamboanga City Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 2016-2025
● Zamboanga City Enhanced Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Plan, 2019-2022
● Zamboanga City Local Climate Change Action Plan, 2016-2030
● Zamboanga City Local Climate Change Action Plan, 2017-2019
● Zamboanga City Roadmap to Recovery and Reconstruction, 2014
● Zamboanga City Socio-economic Profile, 2020
● Zamboanga City Solid Waste Management Plan, 2020-2030
● Zamboanga City Water District Water Safety Plan, 2018
Annex 1:
Executive Order for the Creation of the
Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan
Team for Zamboanga City
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. __ Series of 2021
ORGANIZING THE LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SANITATION PLAN (LSSP)

TEAM OF THE CITY OF ZAMBOANGA
WHEREAS, it is a declared policy of the State to afford full protection and the advancement of the right
of the people to a healthy environment in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;
WHEREAS, the health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public services should
be directed towards protection and promotion of health for all;
WHEREAS, the Local Government Code of the Philippines of 1991 empowers the local government
units to exercise its broad powers necessary towards the promotion of the general welfare including
sanitation and protection of public health;
WHEREAS, the National Sustainable Sanitation Plan (NSSP) which serves as the basis for all plans and
activities on sustainable sanitation in the country, encourage the LGUs to develop their local sustainable
plans and programs, and streamline such to the components of the NSSP goals and objectives for
sustainable sanitation;
WHEREAS, upholding the vision of healthy people and environment, it is of utmost interest to formulate
a Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP) which shall rationalize and streamline all existing local efforts
concerning local sanitation with the end-goal of holistically addressing all intersecting issues on
environment, health and sanitation and other sectors;
WHEREAS, there is a need to organize the LSSP Team who will lead, oversee and ensure that the
LSSP shall be drafted, approved, adopted and sustainable sanitation programs and projects are
implemented and subsequently monitored and evaluated.
WHEREAS, the support and cooperation of different stakeholders shall bring about a balanced and
coherent approach in the process of developing policies, strategies and plans, and make better use of
resources towards long-term improvements;
WHEREAS, some members of the team belong to other government offices and agencies being
stakeholders with vital role in the development of the LSSP, thus in respect to the authority of their
respective agency/office are enjoined to support this initiative by allowing their representative to attend
and participate in the series of LSSP activities as member, and make this an official part of their task to
ensure the unification of the plan;
WHEREAS, recognizing that USAID‟s Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE)
Project seeks to advance the development of the city as instrument for growth that is inclusive,
environmentally sustainable and resilient by providing a range of technical assistance, drawing from
resources in economic growth, health, energy, environment, governance and education, thus USAID
SURGE oversight is essential to the development of the LSSP.
WHEREAS, in view of the fact that LSSP development will support the thrusts and vision of the city
administration and having potential to impact the local economy, it is necessary to implement and follow
the timeline by the LSSP Team;
ACTIVITIES TARGET DATE

Development of the LSSP draft May to October 2021
Presentation of the draft LSSP to the Local Health November 2021
Board
Presentation of the adopted LSSP January 2022
NOW, THEREFORE, I, ______________, City Mayor of ___________________, by the power vested in

me by law, do hereby create, organize and order, as follows.
Section 1. COMPOSITION OF THE LSSP TEAM. The LSSP Team shall be composed of:
Chairperson: Maria Isabelle Climaco-Salazar

City Mayor
Co-Chairperson: Dr. Dulce Amor D. Miravite, MPH
City Health Officer
Members: Engr. Reynaldo S. Gonzales

City Environment and Natural Resources Officer
Engr. Rodrigo S. Sicat

City Planning and Development Coordinator
Dr. Elmeir E. Apolinario

City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Officer
Engr. Christopher Q. Navarro

City Engineer
Cesar G. Raz
OIC-City Administrator
Ma. Socorro A. Rojas

City Social Welfare Development Officer
Joann S. Hamili
City Accountant
Geraldine M. Dela Paz

City Budget Officer
City Agriculture Office
Mr. Leonardo Rey D. Vasquez

Manager
Belen Sheila E. Covarrubias

Public Information Officer
Rodrigo Pagotaisidro
Housing and Homesite Regulation Officer V
City Housing and Land Management Division
Engr. Joy P. Sese

Sanitary Engineer/ Sanitary Inspector
City Health Office
John M. Dalipe
Chairperson, Committee on Health and Sanitation
Sangguniang Panlungsod
Khymer Adan T. Olaso

Chairperson, Committee on Natural Resources and Environment
Protection
Sangguniang Panlunsod
Dr. Joshua G. Brillantes, MPH, CESE

OIC-Regional Director
Department of Health IX
Engr. Alex D. Jimenez

Regional Director
Environmental Management Bureau IX
Department of Public Works and Highways IX
Department of Education
Western Mindanao State University, Academe
Section 2. FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE LSSP TEAM. The LSSP Team shall render
technical services in formulating the Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan specifically:
1. Conduct workshops and meetings required by the planning process.

2. Conduct baseline data gathering and information to characterize water, sanitation and hygiene
status of communities thru focus group discussion and key informant interviews.
3. Consolidate and organize data culled from baseline surveys conducted by the city government
and from other valid sources.
4. Identify and do risk assessment of sanitation problems, its impact and develop Problem Tree
Analysis.
5. Analyze, evaluate, and assess current programs, projects and actions addressing sanitation
problems of the city and propose other interventions.
6. Conduct consultation activities with major stakeholders and implementors of the LSSP.
7. Engage partnership with various city government offices, national agencies and other sectors to
address the identified gaps or challenges with meaningful response plan.
8. Design and formulate information, education and communication (IEC) and advocacy campaign
strategy.
9. Develop the vision, mission, goals and objectives of the LSSP and strategies for implementation
of programs, projects and activities.
10. Develop methods of monitoring and evaluation strategies to ensure the LSSP programs are
working and conducted successfully in the local level.
11. Validate the output by conducting stakeholders‟ validation workshop.
12. Ensure proper validation of all activities of the LSSP Team.
13. Finalize the LSSP and submit to the LCE and City Council for approval, adoption and
implementation.
Section 3. EFFECTIVITY. This Executive Order shall take effect immediately and remains to be in force
until revoked and/or modified by the undersigned. Any and all other executive issuance/s contrary or
inconsistent herewith are deemed superseded.
Section 4. SEPARABILITY. Should any part of this Order be found unconstitutional or inconsistent with
any higher issuance/s, the remaining provisions shall not be disturbed.
Done this ___ day of ________ 2021 in the City of ____________.
________________________________________
MAYOR MARIA ISABELLE CLIMACO-SALAZAR
City Mayor
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report
LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SANITATION PLAN
OF ZAMBOANGA CITY (2021-2030)
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report
Zamboanga City Local Government Unit

______________________________________________________________________
Completion Date: October 2021

Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 3
1.2 Methodology 1
1.2.1 Secondary Data Collection 1
1.2.2 Sanitation Survey 4
1.2.3 Drainage Inspection 4
1.2.4 SWOT Analysis 4
1.2.5 Baseline Validation Online Session 4
2. City Profile 5
2.1 Local Government Setup 5

2.1.1 Management Services 5
2.1.2 Technical Services A 5
2.1.3 Technical Services B 5
2.1.4 Technical Services C 5
2.1.5 Special Divisions under the Office of the City Mayor 6
2.2 Geophysical Profile 8
2.2.1 Location 8
2.2.2 Land Use and Classification 8
2.2.3 Climate and Weather Conditions 14
2.3.4 Geology and Soil Types 14
2.3.5 Water Bodies 15
2.3 Demography and Socio-economic Profile 16
2.3.1 Population and Population Projection 16
2.3.2 Gender Ratio 19
2.3.3 Major Economic Activities 22
2.3.4 Vital Health Indices 22
2.3.5 Heath Facilities 25
2.4 Natural Hazards 29
2.41 Flooding 29
2.4.2 Rain-induced Landslide 29
2.4.3 Tsunami 29
2.4.4 High Temperature or Drought 29
2.4.6 Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge 30
2.5 Climate Projections 30
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page i

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan of CDI City Zamboanga (2021-2030)
3. Existing Access, System and Programs on Sanitation 34
3.1 Water Supply 34

3.1.1 Household Access to Improved Water Supply 34
3.1.2 Water Service Provider 40
3.1.3 Water Supply System and Sources 44
3.1.4 Water Availability and Demand 48
3.1.5 Water Tariff 48
3.1.6 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring 50
3.1.7 Current Programs, Projects, and Activities for Water Supply 51
3.1.8 Local Policies on Water Supply 51
3.1.9 Existing Institutional Mechanism 53
3.2 Management of On-site sanitation facilities (toilet, septic tanks and septage
management) including WASH in Emergencies 56
3.2.1 Household Access to Sanitary Toilet 56
3.2.2 Status of Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) 59
3.2.3 Septage Management Program (SMP) 61
3.2.4 WASH in Emergencies 65
3.2.5 Current Programs, Projects and Activities for on-site sanitation facilities and
WASH in emergencies 70
3.2.6 Local Policies on On-site sanitation facilities and WASH in emergencies 70
3.3 Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management 74
3.3.1 Sewerage System 74
3.3.2 City Drainage 78
3.3.3 Point Sources of Pollution 87
3.3.4 Current Programs, Projects and Activities for Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage
Management 88
3.3.5 Local policies on Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management 91
3.4 Solid Waste Management 92
3.4.1 Solid Waste Generation and Composition 92
3.4.2 Current Solid Waste Management System 92
3.4.3 Health Care Waste Management 98
3.4.4 SWM Revenues 98
3.4.5 Current Programs, Projects, and Initiatives on Solid Waste Management 98
3.4.6 Local Policies on Solid Waste Management 99
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page ii

3.5 Water Quality Management 102
4 Summary of Baseline 107
5 Identified Problems and Issues 109
6 SWOT Analysis 112
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page iii

Tables
Table 1-1. List of Documents and Information for Secondary Data Collection ............................. 2
Table 2-1. Land Classification in Zamboanga City ........................................................................ 8
Table 2-2. Comparative Land Uses in Zamboanga City, 1997-2012 and 2016-2025................... 9
Table 2-3. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Rainfall Normals (1981 to 2010) ................................... 14
Table 2-4. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Temperature Normals (1981-2010) .............................. 14
Table 2-5. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Climatological Extremes (as of 2012) ........................... 14
Table 2-6: Type of Landforms in Zamboanga City....................................................................... 14
Table 2-7. Major River System in Zamboanga City ..................................................................... 15
Table 2-8: Zamboanga City Baseline and Projected Population ................................................. 16
Table 2-9: Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity in Zamboanga City, 2016-2020 ....................... 23
Table 2-10: Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality in Zamboanga City, CY 2016-2020................ 24
Table 2-11: Licensed Health Care Facilities in Zamboanga City ................................................. 25
Table 2-12: List of Barangays with Barangay Health Centers in Zamboanga City ..................... 26
Table 2-13: List of Affected Areas by Flooding of the River Systems ......................................... 29
Table 2-14: Climate Projections in 2020 and 2050 in Provinces in Region 9 ............................. 31
Table 3-1:Household Access to Drinking Water Services in Zamboanga City (2019) ................ 35
Table 3-2: Total Number of Active Service Connections per Classification (as of 2020)............ 40
Table 3-3: Other Water Service Providers in Zamboanga City (2020) ........................................ 42
Table 3-4: Water Sources of ZCWD (2020) ................................................................................. 44
Table 3-5: Water Sources of Other Water Service Providers ...................................................... 45
Table 3-6: Approved Water Rates of ZCWD ................................................................................ 48
Table 3-7: Water Service Charges of Other Water Service Providers ........................................ 50
Table 3-8: Water Quality Monitoring Activities in Zamboanga City ............................................. 50
Table 3-9: Existing Local Policies on Water Supply..................................................................... 51
Table 3-10: Household Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities (2019) ............................................. 56
Table 3-11: Registered Private Desludgers in Zamboanga City ................................................. 61
Table 3-12: List of Temporary Evacuation Centers in each barangay ........................................ 67
Table 3-13: Existing Local Policies on On-site sanitation facilities and WASH in emergencies . 70
Table 3-14: Existing Sewer Lines in Zamboanga City ................................................................. 74
Table 3-15: Sewage Quality Monitoring in ZCWD Pumping Stations ......................................... 74
Table 3-16: Photos of Drainage Outfalls Inspected (July 28, 2021) ............................................ 80
Table 3-17: List of Establishments in Zamboanga City with Wastewater Treatment Facilities ... 87
Table 3-18: Past Projects of DPWH Region IX regarding the Drainage of the City .................... 89
Table 3-19: Existing Local Policies on Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management ........ 91
Table 3-20: Shared Collection Services in Zamboanga City ....................................................... 93
Table 3-21. Costs and Revenues of the SWM System................................................................ 98
Table 3-22: Local Laws/Regulations on Solid Waste Management ............................................ 99
Table 3-23: Designated WQMA in Zamboanga City .................................................................. 102
Table 4-1. Summary of Sanitation Baseline in Zamboanga City ............................................... 107
Table 5-1. Summary of Identified Sanitation Problems and Issues ........................................... 109
Table 6-1: SWOT Matrix for Water Supply ................................................................................. 113
Table 6-2: SWOT Matrix for Management of On-site Sanitation Facilities ................................ 114
Table 6-3: SWOT Matrix for WASH in Emergencies ................................................................. 115
Table 6-4: SWOT Matrix for Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management....................... 116
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page iv

Figures
Figure 2-1. Organizational Chart of the City Government of Zamboanga, February 2016 ........... 7
Figure 2-2. Zamboanga City Location Map .................................................................................. 10
Figure 2-3. Zamboanga City General Land Use Map (1997-2012) ............................................. 11
Figure 2-4. Zamboanga City General Land Use Map (2016-2025) ............................................. 12
Figure 2-5: Zamboanga City Proposed Urban Land Use Map (2016-2025) ............................... 13
Figure 2-6: Population Map in Zamboanga City (2020) ............................................................... 20
Figure 2-7: Population Density Map in Zamboanga City (2020).................................................. 21
Figure 2-8: Healthcare Facilities in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map .. 28
Figure 2-9. Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptible Map ........................................... 32
Figure 2-10: Tsunami Hazard Map of Zamboanga City ............................................................... 33
Figure 3-1: Household Access to Improved Safe Water Supply ................................................. 39
Figure 3-2: Household Access to Water Supply per Service Level ............................................. 40
Figure 3-3: ZCWD Served Barangay Map ................................................................................... 43
Figure 3-4: Annual Water Production of the Water Sources of ZCWD ....................................... 45
Figure 3-5: ZCWD Production Wells Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map ............................ 46
Figure 3-6: ZCWD Water Supply Systems Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map .................. 47
Figure 3-7: Project Water Demand in Zamboanga City (m3/year) ............................................... 48
Figure 3-8: Household Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities .......................................................... 59
Figure 3-9: Evacuation Centers in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map ... 66
Figure 3-10: Existing Sewerage System in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility
Map ............................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 3-11. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility of the Visited Drainage Outfalls ....................... 79
Figure 3-12: Zamboanga City Solid Waste Composition ............................................................. 92
Figure 3-13. Zamboanga City Waste Diversion Targets .............................................................. 96
Figure 3-14: City MRFs Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map ................................................ 97
Figure 3-15: 2019 Annual Average BOD at Tumaga River Monitoring Stations ....................... 102
Figure 3-16: Annual Trend of Average DO Concentration in the Priority Rivers ....................... 104
Figure 3-17: Annual Trend of Average BOD Concentration in the Priority Rivers .................... 105
Figure 3-18: Annual Trend of Average TSS Concentration in the Priority Rivers ..................... 106
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page v

Acronyms
AGE Acute gastroenteritis
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BSWMC Barangay Solid Waste Management Council
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CDRRMO City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
CHO City Health Office
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CPDO City Planning and Development Office
CSMC City Septage Management Council
CSWMB City Solid Waste Management Board
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOH Department of Health
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EMB Environmental Management Bureau
EO Executive Order
FHSIS Field Health Systems Information System
IEC Information, Education, Communication
LDWQMC Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Committee
LGU Local Government Unit
LSSP Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
NOH National Objectives for Health
NSSMP National Sewerage and Septage Management Program
OBO Office of the Building Official
OCENR Office of City Local Environment and Natural Resources
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
PDP Philippine Development Plan
PhATSS Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SLF Sanitary Landfill Facility
SMP Septage Management Program
SURGE Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity
SWMP Solid Waste Management Plan
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WQMA Water Quality Management Areas
WRS Water Refilling Station
WSP Water Safety Plan
ZCWD Zamboanga City Water District
ZOD Zero Open Defecation
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page vi

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.
This report presents the existing conditions of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene, solid
waste management and water quality management of the city. Key sanitation issues that
must be addressed in the Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan (LSSP) of the city were also
identified.
2.
Five thematic sanitation areas were considered in the analyses of the existing sanitation
baseline in the city, as discussed below.
a. Water supply – this refers to the availability and access of the households to safe water
supply in the city.
b. Management of on-site sanitation facilities including WASH in Emergencies – this

refers to the access of the households to safely managed sanitation systems. Safely
managed sanitation systems ensure the separation of human excreta from human
contact all throughout the sanitations service chain, from the toilet to safe use or
disposal. This includes the sanitary toilet facilities, the containment (i.e., septic tanks),
transport, treatment and disposal of the human excreta (i.e., septage management
program (SMP)).
This also includes the availability and provision of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene)
facilities during emergencies, including natural disasters, outbreaks and pandemics. In
emergency settings, it is critical that there are available WASH facilities to prevent the
spread of diseases and to reduce the health impacts of the disasters.
c. Wastewater, sewage and drainage management – this includes the management of
the domestic wastewater generated in the city from the households, institutional and
commercial establishments, and the provision and maintenance of the city drainage to
reduce the occurrence of flooding in the city.
d. Solid waste management – this pertains to the collection and proper disposal of the
solid wastes and health care wastes in the city.
e. Water quality management – this refers to the monitoring and improving the water
quality of the water bodies in the city.
3.
The baseline of the city was also compared to the national targets set in Philippine
Development Plan (PDP) 20217-2022, Department of Health (DOH) National Objectives for
1.2 Methodology
1.2.1 Secondary Data Collection

4.
The latest available secondary data were collected from the members of the LSSP
Technical Working Group (TWG) of Zamboanga City. The table below summarizes the
document and information that were requested to the respective LSSP TWG members.
Annex 2: Sanitation Baseline Report Page 1

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan of Zamboanga City (2021-2030)
Table 1-1. List of Documents and Information for Secondary Data Collection
Section Data/Information Responsible
City Profile Organization chart of the City City Planning and
Government Development Office (CPDO)
Comprehensive Land Use Plan
Population and household
projection until 2030
Comprehensive Development Plan
Socio-economic Profile
City CCA-DRR Hazard maps (SHP files) City Disaster Risk and
Local Climate Change Adaptation Reduction Management
Plan (2017-2019) Office (CDRRMO)
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan 2019-2022
Health Profile Top ten leading causes of City Health Office (CHO)
morbidity (for the past 5 years)
Top ten leading causes of mortality
(for the past 5 years)
List of health care facilities
(hospitals, barangay health
stations, birthing facilities, rural
health units, etc.)
Water Supply Household access to improved CHO
water supply per barangay (for the
past 5 years)
Household access per water
supply level (Level 1, 2, 3, doubtful
sources) per barangay
Household access to safely
managed water services per
barangay
List of all water service providers CHO, Zamboanga City Water
in the city (e.g., water district, District (ZCWD)
RWSA, BWSA, private water
service providers)
List and location of water sources
in the city
Water tariff rates
Number of service connections of ZCWD
ZCWD (per barangay per type of
service connection)
Monitoring activities regarding CHO
drinking water quality
Past and/or on-going programs, CHO
projects and activities of the city
regarding water supply
Local policies regarding water CHO
supply
Budget allotted for water supply CHO
Source of budget

On-site sanitation Household access to sanitary toilet CHO
facilities facilities per barangay
Number of households that are
open defecating per barangay
Status of ZOD barangays (list of
barangays that are ZOD-certified)
SMP CHO
- List of accredited Office of City Environment
desludgers and Natural Resources
- Septage fee (OCENR)
- Septage Collection Area ZCWD
- Number of HH already
served for the past years
- Number of HH to be served
- Number of
commercial/institutional
establishments served
and/or to be served
- Location of septage
treatment plant (SpTP)
- Capacity of SpTP
- Number of vacuum trucks
Past and/or on-going programs, CHO
projects, activities regarding
sanitation
Local policies on sanitation and
hygiene
Budget allotted for sanitation
Source of budget
WASH in Emergency List of designated evacuation CDRRMO
centers
Wastewater and Drainage master plan Office of the City Engineer
drainage (OCE)
Location of outfalls ZCWD, OCE
Sewerage system ZCWD
- Sewered areas
- Capacity of STP
List of commercial/institutional OCENR
establishments and industries with
own WWTP
Past and/or on-going programs, OCE
projects, activities regarding
wastewater and drainage
Local policies on wastewater and
drainage
Budget allotted for wastewater and
drainage
Source of budget
Solid Waste 10-year Solid Waste Management OCENR
Management Plan (SWMP)

List of barangays with operating
Material Recovery Facilities
(MRFs)
List of barangays with operating
composting facility
List of barangays with active
Barangay Solid Waste
Management Committee
Past and/or on-going programs,
projects, activities regarding solid
waste management
Local policies on solid waste
management
Budget allotted for solid waste
management
Source of budget
Water Quality Climate change responsive OCENR
Management integrated river basin management
and development of master plans
for the 8 clustered river basins
1.2.2 Sanitation Survey

5.
With the technical assistance from Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity
(SURGE), a household sanitation survey was conducted in the city on August 18 to 23,
2021. The main objective of the survey was to determine the current situation of water and
sanitation systems and the sanitation practices of the city. The sampling size of the survey
was 425 households, considering 95 percent confidence level and 5 percent margin of error.
The survey was conducted to the 89 inland barangays only.
1.2.3 Drainage Inspection

6.
Selected outfalls in the city that are located along the coastal area and within the poblacion
areas were visited and inspected on July 28, 2021. The main objective of this activity was to
check the existing conditions of the outfalls.
1.2.4 SWOT Analysis

7.
To facilitate discussion on the VMGO, a SWOT analysis was conducted on the existing
sanitation baseline data of the city. An analysis to each of the thematic areas was done
according to technical, financial//economic/financing, institutional (policy, communication,
capacity building, environmental) including the mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction-
Climate Change Adaption (DRR-CCA), which served as the basis of VMGO setting.
1.2.5 Baseline Validation Online Session

8.
An online session was conducted on August 3, 2021, to present the collected data to the
and the results of the SWOT analysis to the LSSP TWG members of the city. The agenda of
the activity was to validate the data collected and to determine additional data that can be
included in the baseline study.

2. City Profile
2.1 Local Government Setup
9.
The city government of Zamboanga is headed by the Office of the Mayor for administrative
and executive functions, and by the Office of the Sangguniang Panlungsod for the legislative
role. Figure 2-1 shows the organizational chart of the City of Zamboanga as provided in the
Comprehensive Development Plan 2016-2021.
10.
There are four subgroups of various city departments which are headed by the Office of the
City Administrator, under the Office of the City Mayor. These subgroups are categorized
according to services rendered such as management services, technical services A,
technical services B, and technical services C. In addition, there are special divisions under
the Office of the City Mayor.
2.1.1 Management Services

11.
The following departments and offices fall under this category of services:
 Office of the City Human Resource Management
 Office of the City Planning and Development Coordinator
 Office of the City Budget
 Office of the City Accountant
 Office of the City Legal
 Office of the City General Services
2.1.2 Technical Services A

12.
 Office of the City Treasurer
 Office of the City Assessor
 Office of the City Civil Registrar
 Office of the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
 Office of the City Social Welfare and Development
 Office of the City Health
2.1.3 Technical Services B

13.
 Office of the City Engineer
 Office of the City Agriculturist
 Office of the City Veterinarian
 Office of the City Environment and Natural Resources
2.1.4 Technical Services C

14.
The following institutions fall under this category of services:
 Ayala Technical/ Vocational School
 Cristino Paragas Memorial Community Hospital
 Vitali Technical/ Vocational School

2.1.5 Special Divisions under the Office of the City Mayor
15.
The following divisions fall under this category of services:
 Permits and Licensing Division
 Tourism Promotion and Development Services Division
 Maintenance of Sports Complex, Athletic Fields and Playgrounds
 Internal Audit Division
 Procurement, Acquisition and Awards Division
 Housing and Land Management Division
 Parque de Ciencia/ Museum Services
 Computer Services Division
 Information Division
 Public Affairs and Assistance Division
16.
The city is subdivided into two districts with 37 and 61 barangays, respectively. Each of the
barangay is headed by the Punong Barangay or barangay captain as the chief executive
and the Sangguniang Barangay or barangay council as the legislative body of the Barangay
government). The Barangay serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of
government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community. 10
10
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 384.

Source: Comprehensive Development Plan 2016-2021
Figure 2-1. Organizational Chart of the City Government of Zamboanga, February 2016

2.2 Geophysical Profile
2.2.1 Location
17.
The City of Zamboanga is a 1st class highly urbanized city (HUC) in the Zamboanga
Peninsula. It is in the southwestern-most part of Zamboanga Peninsula and within the
geographical coordinates of 6°54‟ North latitude and 122°4‟ East longitude. The city is
bounded by the Provinces of Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga Sibugay to the north,
Moro Gulf to the east, Basilan Island, Basilan Strait and Celebes Sea to the south, and Sulu
Sea to the west. Zamboanga City is approximately 505 nautical miles south of Manila, 365
nautical miles northeast of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, and 345 nautical miles northeast of
Manado, Indonesia. Figure 2-2 presents the location map of Zamboanga City.
2.2.2 Land Use and Classification

18.
The lands of public domain in Zamboanga City are classified into timber or forestland,
alienable and disposable land, and national park. Out of the total area, 63,156.70 hectares
or 43.46 percent is classified as timber or forestland. It is followed by alienable and
disposable land of 62,604.99 hectares or about 43.08%, and national park covers 17,771.50
hectares or 12.23 percent. The remaining 1,793.83 hectares is still unclassified. Table 2-1
shows the land classification in Zamboanga City.
Table 2-1. Land Classification in Zamboanga City

Land Classification Area (ha) Percent (%)
Timberland/Forestland 63,156.70 43.46
Alienable and Disposable Land 62,604.99 43.08
National Park 17,771.50 12.23
Unclassified 1,793.83 1.23
TOTAL 145,327.02 100.00
Source: Zamboanga City CLUP 2016-2025
19.
The City of Zamboanga has a total land area of 145,327.02 hectares. The general land use
in the city is categorized into forest, agriculture, water/fishery, urban use, and other uses.
During the period of 1997-2012, the forest covers about 88,991 hectares or 60 percent of
the total land area. It is followed by agriculture land use with 31,633 hectares (21%), and
urban use with 16,567 hectares (12%).
20.
In the proposed general land use of the city for 2016-2025, there was a significant reduction
on the allocated land area for forest and urban use. The decrease in the total forest area
and urban use is allocated for agriculture, water/fishery and other uses. Other uses in the
city include waterfront, lake, parks and recreational, salt bed/buffer/greenbelt, historical
preservation, and cemetery/memorial park. Table 2-2 presents the comparative land uses of
the city. Meanwhile, the general land uses maps are presented in Figure 2-3 and Figure
2-4, respectively.
21.
The urban land use in the city consists of residential, commercial, industrial, institutional,
ecozone, utilities/transport and tourism. There was about 17.5 percent decrease on the land
area dedicated for urban land use in 2016-2025. The proposed urban land use map of the
city is shown in Figure 2-5.

Table 2-2. Comparative Land Uses in Zamboanga City, 1997-2012 and 2016-2025
Area (ha)
Category
1997-2012 2016-2025
Forest 88,991.15 68,014.49
Protection 68,836.78 38,231.30
Production 4,455.10 14,201.80
Ecozone (Reserve) 15,699.27 15,581.39
Agriculture 31,632.81 51,375.49
Protection 3,004.17 2,553.49
Production 28,628.64 48,322.99
Agri-Industrial 519.47
Water/Fishery 10,807.66 11,434.43
Fishpond 4,506.02 4,896.87
Mangrove 6,301.64 6,453.59
Foreshore Land 16.55
Urban Use 16,566.65 13,634.16
Residential 8,678.25 5,290.73
Commercial 3,286.24 3,708.73
Industrial 3,194.75 2,056.51
Institutional 305.82 453.77
Ecozone (Industrial) 736.92 801.66
Utilities/ Transport 364.67 707.44
Tourism 662.27
Other Uses 322.17 868.45
Waterfront (Rivers & Creeks) 2.85 166
Lake 113.49 140.38
Parks & Recreational 88.74 165.37
Salt Bed/ Buffer/ Greenbelt 100.7 242.58
Historical Preservation 16.39
Cemetery/ Memorial Park 154.12
TOTAL 148,320.44 145,327.02
Contested Area 8,828.40

Figure 2-2. Zamboanga City Location Map

Figure 2-3. Zamboanga City General Land Use Map (1997-2012)

Figure 2-4. Zamboanga City General Land Use Map (2016-2025)

Figure 2-5: Zamboanga City Proposed Urban Land Use Map (2016-2025)

2.2.3 Climate and Weather Conditions
22.
The climate in Zamboanga City is classified as Type III under the Modified Corona‟s
Classification System used by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA). Areas under this climate type has seasons which are
not very pronounced, and dry seasons lasting from one to three months.
23.
Table 2-3 shows the monthly and annual rainfall normals from 1981 to 2010 recorded from
the PAGASA station in Zamboanga Del Sur – the nearest climatic station to the city. As
shown in the table, the average annual rainfall recorded for this period is about1,266.5 mm.
The month of July recorded the highest average monthly rainfall of 152.6 mm, while
February recorded the lowest with 43.7 mm.
Table 2-3. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Rainfall Normals (1981 to 2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Mean,
49.7 43.7 56.3 69.0 90.0 149.1 152.6 144.9 144.9 178.9 120.6 66.8 1266.5
mm
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
24.
Table 2-4 presents the recorded temperature normal from 1981 to 2010 with recorded mean
annual temperature of 28.3°C. The month of January recorded the coldest average
temperature of 27.9°C while the warmest average temperature recorded is in the months of
April and May at 28.8°C.
Table 2-4. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Temperature Normals (1981-2010)
Maximum
32.3 32.6 33 33.1 32.8 32.1 31.8 32.1 32.3 32.2 32.5 32.5 32.4
(°C)
Minimum
23.5 23.6 24 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.2 24.3 24.2 24 23.9 23.7 24.1
(°C)
Mean
27.9 28.1 28.5 28.8 28.8 28.2 28.0 28.2 28.3 28.1 28.2 28.1 28.3
(°C)
25.
Climatological extremes provide the highest or lowest values ever recorded in the location.
Table 2-5 presents the climatological extremes from Zamboanga Del Sur as of 2012.
Table 2-5. Zamboanga Del Sur Station Climatological Extremes (as of 2012)
Greatest Daily
128 156.5 79.6 106 88.9 123.5 140.4 136.6 193.2 199.1 163.3 161 199.1
Rainfall, mm
Highest
Temperature 35.5 35.5 36 36.9 36.1 36 35.2 35.7 35.8 36 35.5 35.2 36.9
(°C)
2.3.4 Geology and Soil Types

26.
The City of Zamboanga has seven broad landforms as enumerated by the Bureau of Soil
and Water Management. These landforms are coastal landscape, broad alluvial plain, minor
alluvial plain, plain, hills, mountain, and miscellaneous. The landforms in the city are
described in the table below.
Table 2-6: Type of Landforms in Zamboanga City
Type of Landform Description

Type of Landform Description
Coastal landscape Located along the northeastern coast of the city. The
areas with this type of landforms are mostly lower alluvial
lowlands and small low-lying areas. These areas have
soil texture of clay to silty clay and very deep
Broad alluvial plain Composed of areas in the valley floors and flood plains.
Soil in this type of landform is from deposition and
accumulation of unsorted and unconsolidated sand, silt,
clay, pebbles, and boulders
Minor alluvial plain Has the same characteristics with the broad alluvial plain.
Soils are silty clay loam and moderately deep
Plain landform Comprises of low-lying areas with silty clay loam soils
which are moderately deep.
Hills Covers a large portion of the city. This type of landform is
formed from sedimentary rock formations, and soils are
clay to loam which are moderately deep
Mountain areas Has clay soil texture which has moderate depth.
Meanwhile, miscellaneous areas consist of urban areas
and salt bed
2.3.5 Water Bodies

27.
There are several river systems traversing the City of Zamboanga. These river systems
originate from the watershed forest reserves in the city and consist of main river, primary,
secondary and its tributaries. This group of rivers usually discharges to a sea or bay. Table
2-7 enumerates the major river systems in the city from watershed forest reserves to their
respective service areas, and outfall.
28.
There are six major river systems that are considered as potential water supply source in the
city. These are the Vitali River, Curuan River, Bolong River, Manicahan River, Culianan
River and Ayala River.
Table 2-7. Major River System in Zamboanga City

Major River Watershed Forest
Service Area (Barangay) Outfall
System Reserve
Talisayan, Tulungatung, Ayala, Recodo,
Ayala River Ayala Sulu Sea
Cawit
San Ramon River Ayala La Paz, Pamucutan, Talisayan Sulu Sea
Patalon River Ayala Sulu Sea
Saaz River Ayala
Pasonanca, Sta. Maria, Tumaga, Basilan
Tumaga River Pasonanca
Tetuan, Guiwan, Tugbungan Strait
Culianan River Culianan Tolosa, Culianan, Zambowood Moro Gulf
Mercedes River Culianan Moro Gulf
Bolong River Bolong Bunguiao, Bolong Moro Gulf
Victoria, Manicahan,
Manicahan River Manicahan Moro Gulf
Lamisahan
Curuan River Curuan Curuan Moro Gulf
Vitali River Vitali Vitali Moro Gulf

2.3 Demography and Socio-economic Profile
2.3.1 Population and Population Projection

29.
There are a total of 98 barangays in the city of which, 58 are urban barangays while the
remaining 40 are rural barangays. There are also nine island barangays in the city namely
barangays Tigtabon, Santa Barbara, Pangapuyan, Landang Laum, Landang Gua, Busay,
Pasilmanta, Manalipa and Tumalutab.
30.
According to the census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2020,
Zamboanga City had population of 977,234 that is about 25 percent of the total population in
Zamboanga Peninsula. About 87.27 percent of the total population resides in the urban
barangays and the remaining 12.73 percent are in the rural barangays. Also, about three
percent were living in the island barangays.
31.
From 2015 to 2020, the city exhibited a population growth rate of 2.68 percent which is
higher than the national and regional growth rate of 1.63 percent and 1.39 percent,
respectively. Furthermore, the population density of the city was computed to be 691
persons per square kilometer of land.
32.
In 2015, the city had a total number of households 193,970 households with average
household size of the city of 4.4.
33.
The projected population in the city per barangay is presented in Table 2-8. Population
projections are used to estimate the basic needs and resources that would be needed to
support the next generations. They give an insight to what needs to be developed to support
the future population. Given the current growth rate of Zamboanga City, the population size
is expected to increase significantly and may reach up to 1,226,405 by 2030.
Table 2-8: Zamboanga City Baseline and Projected Population

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
Urban
1 Arena Blanco 13,671 2,688 4.7 15,927 17,915
2 Ayala 26,658 5,390 4.1 28,526 32,086
3 Baliwasan 17,932 6,553 3.7 31,683 35,637
4 Boalan 11,541 1,892 4.6 11,002 12,375
5 Bolong 8,068 1,544 4.2 8,173 9,193
6 Buenavista 8,154 1,444 4.5 8,205 9,229
7 Bunguiao 7,952 1,810 4 9,219 10,370
8 Cabaluay 8,849 1,557 4.1 8,034 9,037
9 Cabatangan 17,812 3,088 4.4 17,308 19,468
10 Calarian 33,563 6,764 4.3 36,562 41,125
11 Camino Nuevo 7,421 1,736 4.4 9,791 11,013
12 Campo Islam 11,730 3,303 3.8 16,258 17,862

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
13 Canelar 10,512 2,380 4.7 14,043 15,796
14 Cawit 10,244 1,836 5 11,702 13,162
15 Culianan 10,851 1,799 4.6 10,524 11,837
16 Curuan 11,954 2,081 4.2 11,128 12,517
17 Divisoria 13,172 2,053 4.5 11,662 13,118
18 Guiwan 13,231 3,207 4.4 18,095 20,353
19 Kasanyangan 28,819 2,641 5.3 17,857 20,085
20 La Paz 8,724 1,652 4.6 9,561 10,754
21 Labuan 16,095 2,524 4.5 14,495 16,304
22 Licomo 5,888 1,177 4.5 6,727 7,566
23 Limpapa 6,060 1,264 4.6 7,315 8,228
24 Lunzuran 13,232 2,238 4.4 12,564 14,133
25 Maasin 9,267 1,995 4.5 11,333 12,748
26 Malagutay 8,265 1,598 4.2 8,422 9,473
27 Mampang 31,975 7,436 4.6 43,411 48,828
28 Manicahan 11,999 2,129 4.7 12,754 14,346
29 Mariki 6,310 258 6.9 2,246 2,526
30 Mercedes 22,321 3,211 4.6 18,625 20,949
31 Pasonanca 27,215 6,216 4.4 34,633 38,955
32 Patalon 11,127 1,791 4.5 10,283 11,567
33 Putik 22,271 4,451 4.4 24,900 28,007
34 Recodo 23,254 4,126 4.2 22,008 24,754
35 Rio Hondo 8,827 638 5.2 4,208 4,733
36 San Jose 1,240 4.5
Cawa-Cawa 4,292 7,810 8,785
37 San Jose Gusu 16,260 3,984 4.2 21,158 23,798
38 San Roque 28,829 5,905 4.7 35,285 39,688
39 Sangali 26,758 4,754 4.4 26,273 29,552
40 Sinunuc 22,918 3,714 4.4 20,884 23,491
41 Sta. Barbara 6,711 794 5.8 6,025 6,777
42 Sta. Catalina 16,644 3,694 4.7 21,880 24,611
43 Sta. Maria 24,133 5,889 4.3 31,863 35,840
44 Sto. Niño 3,888 1,058 3.8 5,224 5,876
45 Talisayan 11,428 1,482 4.5 10,400 11,698
46 Talon-Talon 37,350 7,724 4.5 44,175 49,688
47 Taluksangay 9,437 1,769 5.8 12,952 14,568
48 Tetuan 29,621 7,351 4 37,683 42,386
49 Tigtabon 5,365 1,156 4.6 6,695 7,531
50 Tugbungan 26,538 5,589 4.3 30,158 33,922
51 Tulungatung 11,741 1,944 4.8 11,698 13,158
52 Tumaga 33,399 6,833 4.5 38,998 43,865
53 Vitali 10,716 2,237 4.2 11,900 13,385
54 Zambowood 12,870 2,431 4.2 12,862 14,467
55 Zone I 4,806 553 4.2 5202 5852
56 Zone II 1,802 489 4.1 2711 3050
57 Zone III 1,146 350 4.2 1922 2162

Size
2020 2015 2015 2025 2030
58 Zone IV 1,174 295 4.3 1656 1863
Sub-Total 852,790 167,705 4.4 944,598 1,062,062
Rural
1 Baluno 3,865 711 4.4 3,992 4,490
2 Busay 2,290 825 4.1 4,250 4,780
3 Cacao 1,311 318 4.2 1,704 1,917
4 Calabasa 2,936 775 4.2 4,076 4,585
5 Capisan 1,488 308 4.6 1,781 2,004
6 Dita 2,028 491 4.2 2,638 2,967
7 Dulian (UB) 2,569 658 3.9 3,252 3,657
8 Dulian (UP) 1,489 309 4.3 1,676 1,886
9 Guisao 2,583 812 4.2 4,299 4,836
10 Lamisahan 2,764 581 3.9 2,896 3,257
11 Landang Gua 3,154 628 4.8 3,787 4,259
12 Landang Laum 3,095 940 5.1 6,032 6,785
13 Lanzones 3,689 848 3.9 4,159 4,678
14 Lapakan 1,868 322 4.3 1,743 1,961
15 Latuan 2,615 668 3.7 3,109 3,496
16 Limaong 4,766 892 4.5 5,061 5,692
17 Lubigan 3,249 687 4.3 3,726 4,191
18 Lumayang 1,999 320 4.6 1,861 2,093
19 Lumbangan 4,461 763 4.2 4,093 4,604
20 Manalipa 2,588 462 4.6 2,711 3,050
21 Mangusu 5,608 1,014 4.7 6,051 6,807
22 Muti 3,420 631 4.7 3,774 4,245
23 Pamucutan 4,404 941 4.3 5,135 5,776
24 Pangapuyan 767 133 4.4 746 840
25 Panubigan 982 336 4.8 2,037 2,291
26 Pasilmanta 3,138 515 4.1 2,685 3,020
27 Pasobolong 5,624 925 4.1 4,755 5,348
28 Quiniput 4,015 826 4 4,212 4,737
29 Salaan 3,623 913 4.4 5,153 5,796
30 Sibulao 4,167 980 4.3 5,369 6,040
31 Sinubong 3,601 745 6.3 5,932 6,673
32 Tagasilay 3,998 698 4.3 3,759 4,228
33 Taguiti 1,328 324 4.5 1,847 2,078
34 Talabaan 5,907 1,174 4.5 6,756 7,599
35 Tictapul 3,527 796 4.8 4,829 5,432
36 Tigbalabag 2,109 460 3.9 2,281 2,566
37 Tolosa 3,859 673 4.1 3,508 3,946
38 Tumalutab 3,436 548 4.4 3,058 3,440
39 Tumitus 2,731 656 4.6 3,828 4,306
40 Victoria 3,393 659 4.3 3,545 3,987
Sub-Total 124,444 26,265 4.4 146,106 164,343
TOTAL 977,234 193,970 4.4 1,090,704 1,226,405
Sources: PSA 2020, POPCEN 2015; CDP of Zamboanga City 2016-2021

2.3.2 Gender Ratio
34.
The gender ratio of a population has significant effects on other demographic statistics such
as the birth rate and death rate. It can also affect the number of families in the Local
Government Unit (LGU) as well as influence incidences of certain diseases that are gender
specific. According to the 2015 data the population of Zamboanga City comprised of 49.79
percent female and 50.21 percent male. This results in a gender ratio of almost 100 males
for every 100 females.

Figure 2-6: Population Map in Zamboanga City (2020)

Figure 2-7: Population Density Map in Zamboanga City (2020)

2.3.3 Major Economic Activities
35.
The economic structure of Zamboanga City is categorized into primary, secondary and
tertiary levels. Primary economic activities include agriculture and fishing due to vast
agricultural land and settlements situated in coastal areas in the city. Agricultural production
includes major crops such as banana, mango, corn, and rubber. Meanwhile, fishery
comprises of seaweeds, Big-eyed Scad (Matangbaka), Frigate Tuna (Tulingan), and
Roundscad (Galunggong).
36.
The secondary sources of the city‟s economy are major industries such as canning and fish
processing. Zamboanga City is labeled as the Sardines Capital of the Philippines since it
provides 75 percent of the country‟s domestic requirements for canned sardines. In addition,
another major manufacturing venture in the city is shipbuilding and repair.
37.
Lastly, the tertiary economic activities in Zamboanga City are wholesale and retail
businesses. In 2020, there are about 12,611 registered business establishments in the city.
38.
Tourism also contributes to the city‟s economy. From 2016 to 2019, there were a total of
1,745,031 recorded number of tourist arrivals in the city.
39.
The boost in the economic activities of the city results to the increase in the demand on the
water supply, sanitation, and other urban services and infrastructure utilities of the locality.
Thus, the LSSP must be integrated in the comprehensive development and investment
plans of Zamboanga City.
2.3.4 Vital Health Indices
Morbidity
40.
Table 3-3 presents the ten leading causes of morbidity in Zamboanga City, including the
number of cases recorded from 2016 to 2020. For the past five years, acute gastroenteritis
(AGE) was recorded to be one of the leading causes of morbidity in the city. The occurrence
of AGE can be attributed to the lack of access to sanitary facilities in the city and due to poor
sanitation practices. Diarrhea was also observed to be one of the leading causes of
morbidity in 2016 and 2017.
Mortality
41.
Table 3-4 presents the ten leading causes of mortality in the city, including the number of
cases recorded from 2016 to 2020. As shown, AGE was also recorded to be one of the
leading causes of mortality in city in 2018 and 2019.
42.
A rotavirus outbreak happened in the city in 2016. Rotavirus usually spreads from fecal-oral
contact which usually happens because of poor hand-washing practices or from consuming
contaminated food or water. To stop the spread of the rotavirus, the CHO strengthened its
WASH IEC programs on proper hygiene practices and the importance of the use of sanitary
toilet facilities. The CHO also disinfected the groundwater sources of the households and
strictly monitored the quality of the drinking water from the service providers
Sanitation Baseline Report Page 22

Table 2-9: Top 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity in Zamboanga City, 2016-2020
Rank 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Acute 34,881 Acute 65,544 Acute 80,473 Acute 57,706 Animal Bite 10,691
Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory
Infection Infection Infection Infection
2 Animal Bite 6,073 Fever 9,993 Systemic Viral 12,640 Animal bites 10,329 Acute 8,024
Illness Respiratory
Infection
3 Fever 5,947 Animal Bite 6,945 Animal Bite 9,041 Systemic Viral 9,691 Wounds/Injuries 4,178
Illness
4 Wounds 4,949 Hypertension 5,590 Hypertension 9,021 Dengue 7,315 Systemic Viral 1,864
Illness
5 Hypertension 3,232 Wounds 5,468 Skin Diseases 6,932 Trauma 6,852 Hypertension 1,603
6 Acute 3,015 Skin Diseases 4,230 Trauma 6,190 Hypertension 4,881 Acute 1,398
Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis*
7 Skin Diseases 2,135 Acute 2,154 Acute 6,085 Acute 3,717 Skin Diseases 1,221
Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis*
8 Urinary Tract 1,521 Diarrhea* 1,865 Tuberculosis 3,181 Tuberculosis 3,414 Tooth ache 1,113
Infection (all forms) (all forms)
9 Injuries 1,386 Injuries 1 683 Urinary Tract 2 121 Skin Diseases 3 081 Urinary Tract 586
Infection Infection
10 Diarrhea* 1,217 Headache 1 455 Dental caries 1 852 Type 2 1 350 Headache 558
Hypersensitivity
Reaction
Source: CHO 2020
*Can be due to poor sanitation

Table 2-10: Top 10 Leading Causes of Mortality in Zamboanga City, CY 2016-2020
Rank 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Diseases of the 730 Diseases of 1180 Diseases of the 1015 Diseases of the 1555 Diseases of the 1610
Heart the Heart Heart Heart Heart
2 Pneumonia 453 Pneumonia 640 Pneumonia 529 Diseases of the 638 Diseases of the 499
Vascular Vascular
System System
3 Malignant 373 Diseases of 561 Diseases of the 397 Pneumonia 525 Cancer (All 492
Neoplasms the Vascular Vascular Types)
System System
4 Diseases of the 367 Malignant 465 Cancer 232 Cancer 495 Pneumonia 419
Vascular Neoplasms (All Types) (All Types)
System
5 Tuberculosis 128 Tuberculosis 148 Tuberculosis 128 Renal Disease 296 Hypertension 219
(All forms) (All forms) (All forms) and its
complications
6 Chronic 86 Diabetes 134 Diabetes and its 107 Tuberculosis 245 Tuberculosis (All 202
Obstructive Mellitus complications (All forms) forms)
Pulmonary
Disease
7 Diabetes 85 Chronic 99 Trauma 78 Trauma 186 Renal Disease 182
Mellitus Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
8 Vehicular 56 Hypertension 89 Chronic 60 Diabetes and its 132 COVID-19 174
Accident and its Obstructive complications confirmed
Complications Pulmonary
Disease
9 Diabetic 53 Asthma 76 Undetermined 57 Chronic 122 Diabetes and its 133
Nephropathy cause of death Obstructive complications
Pulmonary
Disease
10 Aspiration 51 End Stage 71 Acute 54 Acute 79 Chronic 84
Pneumonia Renal Disease Gastroenteritis* Gastroenteritis* Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
Source: CHO 2020
*Can be due to poor sanitation

2.3.5 Heath Facilities
43.
The CHO is the primary health agency of the City Government of Zamboanga. The DOH-
licensed health care facilities in the city consist of 14 hospitals (6 government and 8 private),
17 birthing homes, 13 institution-based clinical laboratories (2 government and 11 private)
and five private free-standing facilities (see Table 2-11). There are also 99 barangay health
centers in the city.
Table 2-11: Licensed Health Care Facilities in Zamboanga City

No. of
Type of
Ownership Licensed Name of Licensed Facilities
Facility
Facilities
Hospitals Government 6  Cristino Paragas Memorial Hospital
 Edwin Andrews Airbase Hospital
 Labuan Public Hospital
 Mindanao Central Sanitarium
 Zamboanga City Medical Center
 Camp Navarro General Hospital
Private 8  Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc.
 Ciudad Medical Zamboanga
 Hospital de Zamboanga
 Universidad de Zamboanga Medical Center
 West Metro Medical Center
 Zamboanga City Puericulture
 Zamboanga Doctor's Hospital
 Zamboanga Peninsula Medical Center
Birthing Government 17  Ayala Lying-in Clinic
Homes Private  Baliwasan Lying-in
 Calarian Health Center
 Canelar Health Center
 Labuan Health Center
 Sta. Catalina Health Center
 Sta. Maria Health Center
 Talon-talon Health Center
 Tugbungan Health Center
 Curuan Health Center
 Guiwan Health Center
 Manicahan Health Center
 Mercedes Health Center
 Tetuan Main Health Center
 Sangali Main Health Center
 Tumaga Health Center
 Brent Hospital & Colleges, Inc.
Institution- Government 2  Zamboanga City Health Office
based  Western Mindanao State University
Private 11  Dr. Sac Memorial Hospital
 BP Diagnostic and Clinical Laboratory
 Speed Medicheck

No. of
Type of
Ownership Licensed Name of Licensed Facilities
Facility
Facilities
 JAR Medical Networker and Mobile Service
(2)
 ZC Heart Laboratory
 T.L. Estacio Clinical Laboratory
 St. Vincent Diagnostic Center
 Dia-Meth Drug Testing and Clinical
Laboratory
 Pointcare Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory
 ZC New Seajer Clinical Laboratory
Free Private 5  SIA Clinical Laboratory
Standing  AMPI Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory
 Qualimed Diagnostic Laboratory
 Corteza Clinical Laboratory
 Jocel Clinical Laboratory
Sources: DOH- Regional Office IX Masterlist of Licensed Birthing Facilities as of August 2016;
DOH-Regional Office IX List of Licensed Clinical Laboratories as of 2016
City Health Office 2020
Table 2-12: List of Barangays with Barangay Health Centers in Zamboanga City
No. Barangay No. Barangay No. Barangay
1 Canelar 34 Talon-Talon Loop 67 Patalon
2 Sto. Niño 35 Talon-Talon 68 Latap
3 San Jose Cawa-Cawa 36 Manalipa 69 Cabaluay
4 Camino Nuevo 37 Tictabon 70 Manicahan
5 Zone I 38 Zone III & IV 71 Guisao
6 Zone II 39 Divisoria 72 Tolosa
7 Sta. Maria 40 Putik 73 Lanzones
8 Km. 7 Pasonanca 41 Boalan 74 Landang Gua
9 Pasonanca 42 Guiwan 75 Lapakan
10 Shanty Town (Luyahan) 43 Pasobolong 76 Tumalutap
11 Dulian Upper Pasonanca 44 Mercedes 77 Cacao
12 Cabatangan 45 Culianan 78 Pasilmanta
13 Rio Hondo 46 Talabaan 79 Landang Laum
14 Mariki 47 Zambowood 80 Sangali
Dulian, Upper
15 Sta. Catalina 48 Salaan 81 Bunguiao
16 Sta. Barbara 49 Taluksangay 82 Lamisahan
17 Kasanyangan 50 Culianan 83 Victoria
18 Campo Islam 51 Mercedes 84 Bunguiao
19 San Jose Gusu 52 Ayala 85 Sangali
20 Star Apple Baliwasan 53 Tulungatung 86 Vitali
21 Baliwasan 54 Recodo 87 Limaong
22 Calarian 55 Baluno 88 Tigbalabag
23 Malagutay 56 Maasin 89 Tagasilay
24 Southcom Village 57 Cawit 90 Licomo
25 Capisan 58 Ayala 91 Sibulao
26 San Roque 59 Labuan 92 Tumitus

No. Barangay No. Barangay No. Barangay
27 Tugbungan 60 Talisayan 93 Curuan
28 Tetuan 61 Labuan 94 Calabasa
29 Lumbangan 62 Lapaz 95 Dita
30 Lunzuran 63 Sinubong 96 Buenavista
31 Tumaga 64 Limpapa 97 Latuan
32 Lumayang 65 Pamucutan/Annuling 98 Lubigan
33 Mampang 66 Camp Susana 99 Muti
Source: City Health Office 2020

Figure 2-8: Healthcare Facilities in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

2.4 Natural Hazards
2.41 Flooding
44.
Based on the study conducted by Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) Mines and Geosciences Bureau, at least 77 barangays in the city are highly
susceptible to flooding. These barangays are located mostly in coastal areas. In addition,
five river systems greatly contribute to flooding in the city namely, Tumaga River, Putik
River, Culianan River, San Jose Gusu River, and Vitali River.
45.
The areas within the city center are also susceptible to flooding due to its low-lying elevation
of five meters above mean sea level. Table 2-13 presents the list of affected areas by
flooding of the river systems, while Figure 2-9 shows the landslide and flood susceptible
map of the city.
Table 2-13: List of Affected Areas by Flooding of the River Systems

River System Areas
Tumaga River Barangays Sta. Maria, Tumaga, Guiwan, Tetuan,
Tugbungan
Putik River A&W Subdivision, low lying areas within Sitio Caputatan,
areas downside of Marcos Drive in Putik, Sitio Tibak in
Divisoria
Culianan River Barangay Pasobolong
San Jose Gusu River San Jose Gusu, San Roque, Baliwasan
Vitali River -
2.4.2 Rain-induced Landslide

46.
Among all the barangays, at least 44 barangays are highly susceptible to landslide. The city
has recorded actual occurrences of landslides or down slope movement in the following
areas.
 Sitio Muruk, Barangay Pasonaca (July 2007)
 Sitio Tres Tabukan, Barangay Tulungatung (February 2008)
 Kalambuan Housing Project-Phase III (June 2008)
 Sitio Tuwalang, Barangay Muti (July 2008)
 Sitio Daap, Barangay Victoria (July 2008)
47.
The landslide susceptibility map of the city is presented in Figure 2-9.
2.4.3 Tsunami
48.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) identified Zamboanga
City as one of the tsunami prone areas in the country. Portions of the 80 barangays in the
city are prone to tsunami. Coastal barangays may experience tsunami from 2 kilometers
(km) to 5 km landward. The waves may also reach up to the Central Business District area.
This hazard can cause damage to the coastal settlements, business, commercial,
institutional buildings, and educational establishments.
2.4.4 High Temperature or Drought

49.
Based on the study conducted by the Manila Observatory, 12 barangays have been
identified as drought prone. In addition, the Office of the City Agriculturist recorded about
2,179 hectares of rice lands, covering more than 20 barangays, are susceptible to drought.
The affected agricultural farms were situated in barangays Mercedes, Boalan, Putik, San
Roque, Mampang, Lapakan, Bolong, Talabaan, Cabaluay and Mangusu.
50.
Possible impacts of this type of hazard include drying of communal irrigation, decrease in
production capacity of water sources and lesser water supply. Drought may worsen the
availability and access to safe water supply in the city.
2.4.6 Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge

51.
All 54 coastal and island barangays in Zamboanga City are highly susceptible to sea level
rise and storm surge. The possible impacts of this hazard include total/massive settlement
and livelihood displacement and destruction.
2.5 Climate Projections

52.
From PAGASA projection in 2020 and 2050 in Table 2-14, Region IX would experience
higher temperatures during summer season and increased rainfall during the rainy season
by year 2020 and 2050. Higher temperatures will result in water shortages, and increased
rainfall may induce flooding.
53.
Frequency of extreme events under medium-range emission scenario will also increase in
2050. Considering these figures, appropriate precautionary measures must be employed
during the construction and operation phases of the sanitation projects to avoid any
complication in the long-run.

Table 2-14: Climate Projections in 2020 and 2050 in Provinces in Region 9
Seasonal temperature increases (in °C) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission scenario in provinces in
Region 9
OBSERVED BASELINE (1971-2000) CHANGE IN 2020 (2006-2035) CHANGE IN 2050 (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
Region 9
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE 27.0 27.9 27.6 27.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR 26.8 27.6 27.3 27.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY 27.1 27.9 27.5 27.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0
Seasonal rainfall change (in %) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission scenario in provinces in Region 9
OBSERVED BASELINE (1971-2000) CHANGE IN 2020 (2006-2035) CHANGE IN 2050 (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
Region 9
ZAMBOANGA DEL
324.5 279.7 599.1 718.1 11.0 3.2 -3.2 13.8 2.6 1.7 -0.7 5.4
NORTE
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR 294.5 298.7 593.8 663.2 11.2 2.2 -0.4 13.8 3.6 0.0 9.9 7.1
ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY 284.1 290.5 597.2 674.1 9.9 6.6 6.5 14.8 4.8 10.3 22.0 8.9
Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission scenario in provinces in Region 9
NO. OF DAYS W/ Tmax > NO. OF DAYS W/ RAINFALL >
NO. OF DRY DAYS
PROVINCES STATIONS 35°C 300mm
OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050
ZAMBOANGA DEL Dipolog
217 2155 4004 7481 5384 5470 0 5 2
NORTE
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR Zamboanga 54 114 714 8531 7058 6781 0 1 4
Sources PAG-ASA

Figure 2-9. Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptible Map

Figure 2-10: Tsunami Hazard Map of Zamboanga City

3. Existing Access, System and Programs on Sanitation
3.1 Water Supply
3.1.1 Household Access to Improved Water Supply

54.
In 2020, about 90.7 percent of the households have access to improved water supply. The
historical data on the access of households to improved water supply is presented in Figure
3-1. As shown in the figure, the percentage of households with access to improved water
supply decreased in 2016 to 2018 and the number of households without access increased.
The highest number of households without access to improved water supply was recorded
in 2018 with 28,717 households or about 15% of the total households in the city.
55.
Improved water supply includes piped water, public taps, boreholes, protected dugwells,
protected sprigs and rainwater collection. The access of the households to level 1, 2 and 3
water systems are shown in Figure 3-2.
56.
Based on the accomplished validation of CHO on the access of improved water supply in
2019, there were 30 barangays that do not access to Level 3 water supply system (see
Table 3-1).
57.
The CHO is not yet capacitated to monitor SDG 6.1 indicator that is the percent households
with access to safely managed drinking water.

Table 3-1:Household Access to Drinking Water Services in Zamboanga City (2019)11
Barangay Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Improved Water Supply
Total Household
HH % HH % HH % HH %
Ayala 5,164 - 0% - 0% 4,812 93% 4,812 93%
Tulungatong 2,118 - 0% 29 1% 1,904 90% 1,933 91%
Recodo 3,984 - 0% 43 1% 3,718 93% 3,761 94%
Baluno 723 - 0% 105 15% 452 63% 557 77%
Cawit 2,118 - 0% 35 2% 1,904 90% 1,939 92%
Maasin 2,052 - 0% 18 1% 1,835 89% 1,853 90%
Sinunuc 3,781 - 0% 36 1% 3,584 95% 3,620 96%
Labuan 2,624 849 32% 49 2% 1,398 53% 2,296 87%
Talisayan 1,882 379 20% 57 3% 1,153 61% 1,589 84%
La Paz 1,731 282 16% 108 6% 1,047 60% 1,437 83%
Pamucutan 930 188 20% 101 11% 393 42% 682 73%
Sinubong 1,074 667 62% 54 5% 101 9% 822 77%
Limpapa 1,324 1,000 76% 53 4% - 0% 1,053 80%
Patalon 1,861 1,142 61% 343 18% 88 5% 1,573 85%
Calarian 6,619 - 0% 642 10% 5,369 81% 6,011 91%
Capisan 322 21 7% 167 52% 100 31% 288 89%
Malagutay 1,525 17 1% 703 46% 481 32% 1,201 79%
San Roque 6,387 - 0% 886 14% 4,916 77% 5,802 91%
Baliwasan 5,735 - 0% 602 10% 4,676 82% 5,278 92%
San Jose Gusu 3,830 - 0% 868 23% 2,578 67% 3,446 90%
Campo Islam 2,875 - 0% 542 19% 1,973 69% 2,515 87%
Guiwan 3,276 - 0% 283 9% 2,525 77% 2,808 86%
Putik 4,507 - 0% 569 13% 3,544 79% 4,113 91%
Divisoria 2,111 - 0% 314 15% 1,455 69% 1,769 84%
Boalan 1,992 - 0% 390 20% 1,361 68% 1,751 88%
Zambowood 2,328 428 18% 62 3% 1,004 43% 1,494 64%
11
Based on the accomplished validation of CHO in 2019

Total Household
HH % HH % HH % HH %
Pasobolong 861 200 23% 102 12% 352 41% 654 76%
Salaan 933 454 49% 43 5% 200 21% 697 75%
Mercedes 3,371 250 7% 436 13% 2,141 64% 2,827 84%
Talabaan 1,223 200 16% 240 20% 438 36% 878 72%
Taluksangay 2,345 350 15% 510 22% 1,004 43% 1,864 80%
Culianan 1,905 365 19% 142 7% 1,104 58% 1,611 85%
Guisao 778 401 52% 53 7% 28 4% 482 62%
Lanzones 753 254 34% 98 13% 18 2% 370 49%
Tolosa 635 229 36% 121 19% 28 4% 378 60%
Cacao 309 107 35% 18 6% 64 21% 189 61%
Cabaluay 1,454 173 12% 304 21% 597 41% 1,074 74%
Lapakan 316 105 33% 93 29% 46 15% 244 77%
Manicahan 2,309 53 2% 131 6% 1,633 71% 1,817 79%
Busay 769 390 51% 100 13% - 0% 490 64%
Pasilmanta 486 175 36% 75 15% - 0% 250 51%
Landang Gua 685 272 40% 148 22% - 0% 420 61%
Landang Laum 1,092 589 54% 311 28% - 0% 900 82%
Tumalatub 554 210 38% 200 36% - 0% 410 74%
Victoria 642 323 50% 154 24% - 0% 477 74%
Lamisahan 524 200 38% 204 39% - 0% 404 77%
Sangali 4,756 800 17% 2,300 48% 600 13% 3,700 78%
Bunguiao 1,669 562 34% 700 42% 39 2% 1,301 78%
Dulian 589 130 22% 272 46% - 0% 402 68%
Bolong 1,480 750 51% 550 37% - 0% 1,300 88%
Panubigan 369 320 87% - 0% - 0% 320 87%
Lubigan 674 460 68% 120 18% - 0% 580 86%
Dita 477 160 34% 253 53% - 0% 413 86%
Quiniput 762 246 32% 387 51% - 0% 633 83%
Curuan 2,015 615 31% 528 26% 390 19% 1,533 76%

Total Household
HH % HH % HH % HH %
Latuan 563 360 64% 120 21% - 0% 480 85%
Calabasa 738 210 28% 250 34% - 0% 460 62%
Buenavista 1,485 453 30% 764 51% - 0% 1,217 82%
Muti 683 320 47% 310 45% - 0% 630 92%
Tagasilay 680 430 63% 38 6% - 0% 468 69%
Sibulao 972 740 76% 55 6% - 0% 795 82%
Tigbalabag 413 230 56% 15 4% - 0% 245 59%
Tumitus 693 450 65% 80 12% - 0% 530 76%
Taguiti 334 210 63% 51 15% - 0% 261 78%
Mangusu 1,095 910 83% 103 9% - 0% 1,013 92%
Vitali 2,154 1,500 70% 62 3% 110 5% 1,672 78%
Limaong 916 750 82% 30 3% - 0% 780 85%
Tictapul 874 550 63% 150 17% - 0% 700 80%
Licomo 1,218 1,060 87% 10 1% - 0% 1,070 88%
Canelar 2,542 - 0% 48 2% 2270 89% 2,318 91%
Camino Nuevo 1,772 - 0% 33 2% 1,543 87% 1,576 89%
Sto. Nino 946 - 0% 15 2% 847 90% 862 91%
Zone I 942 - 0% 29 3% 762 81% 791 84%
San Jose Cawa Cawa 1,414 - 0% 39 3% 1,202 85% 1,241 88%
Zone 2 491 - 0% - 0% 362 74% 362 74%
Sta. Maria 5,768 - 0% - 0% 5,169 90% 5,169 90%
Cabatangan 3,133 - 0% - 0% 2,453 78% 2,453 78%
Pasonanca 6,269 - 0% - 0% 5,719 91% 5,719 91%
Dulian 304 - 0% - 0% 185 61% 185 61%
Sta. Catalina 3,961 - 0% - 0% 3,507 89% 3,507 89%
Kasanyangan 3,232 - 0% 1,198 37% 1,795 56% 2,993 93%
Sta. Barbara 1,091 - 0% 11 1% 714 65% 725 66%
Zone 3 348 - 0% - 0% 233 67% 233 67%
Zone 4 300 - 0% - 0% 186 62% 186 62%

Total Household
HH % HH % HH % HH %
Mariki 406 - 0% 203 50% 81 20% 284 70%
Rio Hondo 762 - 0% 35 5% 682 90% 717 94%
Talon Talon 7,997 - 0% 800 10% 6,433 80% 7,233 90%
Mampang 7,858 - 0% 742 9% 5,950 76% 6,692 85%
Arena Blanco 2,883 - 0% 987 34% 1,567 54% 2,554 89%
Tigtabon 1,212 - 0% 1,050 87% - 0% 1,050 87%
Manalipa 491 - 0% 450 92% - 0% 450 92%
Pangapuyan 135 - 0% 98 73% - 0% 98 73%
Tetuan/Sta Cruz 6,822 - 0% - 0% 5,801 85% 5,801 85%
Tugbungan 5,459 - 0% - 0% 4,840 89% 4,840 89%
Tumaga 7,059 - 0% - 0% 6,457 91% 6,457 91%
Lunzuran 2,274 - 0% - 0% 1,856 82% 1,856 82%
Lumbangan 741 - 0% - 0% 665 90% 665 90%
Lumayang 337 - 0% - 0% 298 88% 298 88%
TOTAL 197,375 22,489 11% 23,428 12% 122,740 62% 168,657 85%

Source: FHSIS (2016-2018, 2020), CHO (2019)
Figure 3-1: Household Access to Improved Safe Water Supply

Source: FHSIS (2016-2018, 2020), CHO (2019)
Figure 3-2: Household Access to Water Supply per Service Level
3.1.2 Water Service Provider

58.
Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD) is the main water service provider in the city.
ZCWD, formerly known as the Zamboanga City Waterworks and Sewerage System, was
created through the City Resolution No. 446 (amended by Resolution No. 77 dated March 6,
1974) that was passed on November 8, 1973.
59.
As of December 2020, ZCWD serves 61 out of the 98 barangays (see Figure 3-3) in the city
with a total of 66,462 active service connections (ASC). This consists of 59,483 residential,
4,852 commercial, 1,535 semi-commercial, 524 government, 25 industrial ASC and 43
ZCWD facility ASCs. The table below shows the number of ASCs per barangay.
Table 3-2: Total Number of Active Service Connections per Classification (as of 2020)
Barangay Commer Governm Industr Residen Semi- ZCWD
cial ent ial tial commercial Facility
Ayala 135 12 2 1,761 32 3
Baliwasan 152 16 3 1,956 73 1
Baluno - 3 - 117 - -
Boalan 26 3 - 558 6 1
Cabaluay 24 3 - 550 6 1
Cabatangan 23 18 - 1,345 3 2
Cacao 2 2 - 105 - -
Calarian 123 31 - 2,648 35 -

Camino Nuevo 233 3 - 585 50 -
Campo Islam 4 1 - 2 279 -
Canelar 281 4 - 1,481 102 1
Capisan - 5 - 121 - 1
Cawit 2 1 - 240 1 -
Divisoria 77 5 - 1,336 21 1
Dulian 2 2 - 50 - 1
Guisao - 2 - 34 1 -
Guiwan 230 3 - 2,806 76 1
Kasanyangan 34 2 - 507 5 -
La Paz - - - 28 - -
Labuan 6 6 - 188 6 -
Lamisahan 9 1 - 190 1 -
Lanzones 1 2 - 90 - -
Licomo - - - 8 - -
Lumayang - 4 - 101 - -
Lumbangan 4 3 - 231 - -
Lunzuran 21 2 - 737 4 -
Maasin 20 - - 214 1 -
Malagutay 24 29 - 1,092 3 -
Mampang 27 4 2 581 5 -
Pamucutan 4 3 - 125 - -
Pasobolong 13 8 - 509 4 -
Pasonanca 122 27 - 4,758 39 9
Patalon 1 4 - 128 - -
Putik 171 6 - 2,725 42 3
Recodo 49 3 4 529 7 -
Rio Hondo 3 21 - 82 1 -
San Jose 159 29 - 575 94 -
San Jose Cawa - -
Cawa 15 - 63 7
San Jose Gusu 100 4 - 1,713 28
San Roque 136 17 1 3,734 46 5
Sangali 19 2 523 7 -
Sinunuc 50 10 1 1,994 25 -
Sta. Barbara 4 - - 67 5 -
Sta. Catalina 62 2 1 1,021 31 -
Sta. Maria 370 48 - 4,264 103 2
Sto. Niño 95 2 - 528 58 -
Talisayan 10 - 4 73 - -
Talon-Talon 145 8 1 3,135 80 -
Tetuan 542 11 2 4,493 159 2

Tictapul 1 4 - 111 - -
Tolosa - 6 - 138 - -
Tugbungan 113 4 - 1,681 64 -
Tulungatung 17 5 - 607 11 1
Tumaga 202 15 - 4,165 115 2
Vitali 11 6 - 190 4 -
Zambowood 19 1 - 611 10 -
Zone I 227 24 1 221 58 -
Zone II 230 5 - 233 33 -
Zone III 185 3 1 262 23 -
Zone IV 317 79 - 286 50 6
Total 4,852 524 23 59,206 1,814 43
Source: ZCWD, 2020
Other Water Service Providers

60.
Other water service providers that operate in the city are shown in the table. These serve
barangays that are not within the service area of ZCWD.
61.
In addition to this, there were 378 water refilling stations (WRS) in the city in 2020. Water
from these is used by the households for drinking.
Table 3-3: Other Water Service Providers in Zamboanga City (2020)

Water Service Provider Served Barangay Number of Served
Households
Communal water source Muti
Communal water source Taluksangay and Talabaan
Curuan Parish Water System Quiniput and Curuan 581
Manicahan Rural Waterworks
Victoria and Manicahan 1,700
and Sanitation Association
Culianan Rural Waterworks
Culianan 350
Monte Verde Resort Water
Boalan and Divisoria 400
System
Talisayan Rural Waterworks
Talisayan
Mercedes Barangay Mercedes, Part of Talabaan,
Waterworks and Sanitation Part of Culianan, Part of
5,191
Association Pasobolong, Part of
Zambowood
Taguinod Water System Buenagatas Boalan 225
Budda Water System Lunzunan 187
Source: CHO

Source: ZCWD
Figure 3-3: ZCWD Served Barangay Map

3.1.3 Water Supply System and Sources
62.
The common water sources of the water service providers in the city include surface water,
d deep well and spring. There are also households that use open shallow well or
unprotected spring as their water source.
63.
The Tumaga River supplies about 60 percent of the water requirement in the city. Water
from this river is treated in the three water treatment plants of ZCWD using conventional
water treatment process. This supplies water to the 14 barangays in the city.
64.
In addition to the treatment plants, ZCWD also operates six water systems in the city
wherein the water is sourced from springs. ZCWD taps the Dumalon Creek to feed water in
the Dumalon Water System, seven spring sources supply the Tolosa Water System and one
spring source each for Lamisahan, Lumayang and Vitali water systems. The spring sources
of ZCWD had average production of 117,552 cubic meters per month in 2020. Water from
these sources is chlorinated prior to distribution.
65.
ZCWD has a total of 24 deep wells located within the city. However, only 13 are being
operated, three were already decommissioned and eight are on stand-by. These deepwells
supply water to barangays Boalan, Divisoria, Pasobolong, Putik and Zambowood. In 2020,
the average production of the deepwells was 434,476 cubic meters per month. Chlorination
is also done in the water from these sources before distribution to the customers.
66.
Lastly, ZCWD also entered an agreement with the PrimeWater Infrastructure Corp for a bulk
water supply to serve 24 barangays in the city.
Table 3-4: Water Sources of ZCWD (2020)

Water Source Water System Barangays Served
Tumala River WTP 1, WTP 2, WTP in Cabatangan, Camino Nuevo, Canelar,
Old Reservoir Guiwan, Lumbangan, Lunzuran,
Mampang, Pasonaca, Sta. Maria, Ston.
Nino, Talon-Talon, Tetuan, Tugbungan,
Tumaga
Deep well Boalan, Divisoria, Pasobolong, Putik,
Zambowwod
Spring Dumalon Water System Baluno, Capisan, Dulian
Vitali Water System Licomo, Vitali
Labuan Water System Labuan, Patalon
Lamisahan Water Cabaluay, Lamisahan, Sangali
System
Lumayang Water System Lumayang, Tictapul
Tolosa Water System Cacao, Guisao, Lanzones, Tolosa
Bulkwater Ayala, Baliwasan, Calarian, Campo Islam,
Cawit, Kasanyangan, La Paz, Maasin,
Malagutay, Pamucutan, Recodo, Rio
Hondo, San Jose Cawa Cawa, San Jose
Gusu, San Roque, Sinunuc, Sta.
Barbaram Sta. Calamba, Talisayan, Zones
1 to 4

67.
The annual water production of the water sources of ZCWD is shown in Figure 3-4. In 2020,
about 51 million cubic meter of water was produced by ZCWD.
Source: ZCWD
Figure 3-4: Annual Water Production of the Water Sources of ZCWD
68.
Based on the hazard susceptibility maps of Zamboanga City, the production wells and water
systems of ZCWD are susceptible to flooding, landslide and prone to tsunami.
Other water service providers
69.
The water sources of the other water service providers in the city are shown in Table 3-5.
70.
The WRS source their water from their own deep wells. However, some WRS operate their
deep well without securing the permit to operate from the Department of Health (DOH).
Table 3-5: Water Sources of Other Water Service Providers

Water Service Provider Water source
Communal water source Developed spring
Communal water source Deep well
Curuan Parish Water System Deep well
Manicahan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation
Spring
Association
Culianan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation
Deep well
Association
Monte Verde Resort Water System Deep well
Talisayan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation
Deep well
Association
Mercedes Barangay Waterworks and
Deep well with 11 pumping stations
Sanitation Association
Taguinod Water System Deep well
Budda Water System Deep well

Figure 3-5: ZCWD Production Wells Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

Figure 3-6: ZCWD Water Supply Systems Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

3.1.4 Water Availability and Demand
71.
Based on the survey conducted, more than half (53 percent) reported that their water supply
is available all year round. However, about 20 percent have water that is not sufficient
during summer and about 13 percent have water that is insufficient all year round.
72.
In 2016, ZCWD observed that there has been a drastic change in the water level in Tumaga
and Saaz Rivers.
73.
The average unit water consumption in the city is 165 liters per day per capita12. Using this,
the annual water demand from the population was projected and estimated to reach 73.9
million cubic meters per year in 2030.
Figure 3-7: Project Water Demand in Zamboanga City (m3/year)
3.1.5 Water Tariff

74.
The approved water tariff of ZCWD is presented in Table 3-6 while the water tariffs of the
other water service providers are shown in Table 3-7.
Table 3-6: Approved Water Rates of ZCWD

Minimum Commodity Charges
Classification Size
Charge 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-Up
Residential/ 1/2" 210.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
Government 3/4" 336.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
1" 672.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
1 1/2" 1,680.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
2" 4,200.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
3" 7,560.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
4" 15,120.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
6" 25,200.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
8" 40,320.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
12
Zamboanga City Water District MDS

Classification Size
Charge 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-Up
10" 57,960.00 29.50 30.65 35.20 39.75 44.25
Commercial/ 1/2" 420.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
Industrial 3/4" 672.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
1" 1,344.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
1 1/2" 3,360.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
2" 8,400.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
3" 15,120.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
4" 30,240.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
6" 50,400.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
8" 80,640.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
10" 115,920.00 59.00 61.30 70.40 79.50 88.50
Commercial A 1/2" 367.50 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
3/4" 588.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
1" 1,176.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
1 1/2" 2,940.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
2" 7,350.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
3" 13,230.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
4" 26,460.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
6" 44,100.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
8" 70,560.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
10" 101,430.00 51.60 53.60 61.60 69.55 77.40
Commercial B 1/2" 315.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
3/4" 504.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
1" 1,008.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
1 1/2" 2,520.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
2" 6,300.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
3" 11,340.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
4" 22,680.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
6" 37,800.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
8" 60,480.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
10" 86,940.00 44.25 45.95 52.80 59.60 66.35
Commercial C 1/2" 262.50 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
3/4" 420.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
1" 840.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
1 1/2" 2,100.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
2" 5,250.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
3" 9,450.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
4" 18,900.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
6" 31,500.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
8" 50,400.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
10" 72,450.00 36.85 38.30 44.00 49.65 55.30
Bulk/ Wholesale 1/2" 630.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
3/4" 1,008.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
1" 2,016.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
1 1/2" 5,040.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
2" 12,600.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
3" 22,680.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
4" 45,360.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75

Classification Size
Charge 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-Up
6" 75,600.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
8" 120,960.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
10" 173,880.00 88.50 91.95 105.60 119.25 132.75
Table 3-7: Water Service Charges of Other Water Service Providers
Water Service Provider Water source
Communal water source Free
Communal water source Free
Curuan Parish Water System Php 95 for first 10 m3
Additional Php 5 per cubic meter
Manicahan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Php 200 for first 10 m3
Association Additional Php 10 per cubic meter
Culianan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Php 150 for first 5 m3
Association Additional Php 20 per cubic meter
Monte Verde Resort Water System Php 300 for first 10 m3
Talisayan Rural Waterworks and Sanitation
Association
Mercedes Barangay Waterworks and Php 15.00 per m3 for bonafide member
Sanitation Association Php 18.00 per m3 for honorary member
Taguinod Water System
Budda Water System Php 320 for first 10 m3
3.1.6 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring

75.
The City Health Office (CHO) regularly monitors the quality of the water supplied by the
service providers in the city. The sanitary inspectors of the city conduct site survey to the
deep well sources in the city. Also, the CHO issues the sanitary permit and certificate of
potability to all drinking water service providers in the city. As a requirement, the CHO
collects water samples from the service providers to check their compliance with the
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2017.
76.
The CHO is regularly collecting water samples from all the drinking water service providers
in the city to validate its compliance to the standards. However, the analysis of the water
samples collected is limited only to the presence or absence of E. coli. The city does not yet
have a laboratory that can analyze the water samples based on the PNSDW mandatory
parameters.
77.
In addition to this, the city also created its Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring
Committee (LDWQMC). The members of the LDWQMC regularly meet to discuss the water
supply in the city.
78.
In 2020, there were 378 WRS in the city however, only 248 secured a Certificate of
Potability from CHO.
Table 3-8: Water Quality Monitoring Activities in Zamboanga City

Sampling Points Frequency of sampling
Deep wells Microbiological Analysis - Monthly

Sampling Points Frequency of sampling
Physical and Chemical Analysis- Every Six (6) months
Water Refilling Stations Microbiological Analysis - Monthly
Physical and Chemical Analysis- Every Six (6) months
3.1.7 Current Programs, Projects, and Activities for Water Supply

79.
The following are the on-going projects of ZCWD regarding water supply
 Service expansion under the Salintubig Project
 On-going construction of the Ranchio Frio Water System in Brgy. Vitali
 On-going construction of Sumidero Water System in Brgy. Bunguiao
 On-going construction of Cahumban Water System
 On-going construction of water system as part of the Z3R Buld Back Better rehabilitation
project
80.
On the other hand, the following are the existing activities of the CHO regarding water
supply.
 Information, Education, Communication (IEC) distribution on water supply, sanitation
and environmental health
 Site survey of deep well sources
 Regular water sampling (WRS, ice plants and food processing plants, restaurants, water
services providers)
 Water supply disinfection
 Monitoring of household‟s water supply
 Regular monitoring of WRS and water service providers
 Created LDWQMC to monitor the quality management of water supply in the city
3.1.8 Local Policies on Water Supply

81.
The existing local ordinances and policies in Zamboanga city regarding water supply are
summarized in the table below.
Table 3-9: Existing Local Policies on Water Supply

Local Ordinance Features
City Ordinance No. 519 – The Section 4. Scope of Powers:
Environment Code of Zamboanga Water efficiency. It requires the adoption of efficient
practices, materials, fixtures, equipment and methods that
Article XII reduce water consumption resulting in cost savings. Its
Urban and Development and scope includes water fixtures and water management (i.e.,
Green Design rainwater harvesting and water recycling)
Signed: January 27,2020

City Ordinance No. 500 – The Chapter V. Water Supply
Sanitation Code of Zamboanga Section 18. No public water system shall be constructed
nor a well intended for public use shall be dug in any place
without the previous approval of the CHO.
Section 19. No new source of public water supply shall be
place in service or used until a sample water from the same
source has been collected by the CHO.

City Executive Order (EO) No. BC An Act Constituting the Composition of the Local Drinking
396-2019 Water Quality Monitoring Committee of the City of
Zamboanga
Signed: July 19, 2018
City Ordinance No. 524 The Ordinance is enacted to promote the collection,
The Rainwater Harvesting, storage and harvesting of rainwater from rooftops of
Storage and utilization Ordinance houses, buildings, as well as from agricultural land and
of the City of Zamboanga other land development to augment water supply,
contribute to groundwater recharges, and reduce demand
for non-potable water. It also aims to reduce run-off and
Signed: April 1, 2020 consequently, flooding in sealed ground surfaces.
Title III: Coverage and Standard Rainwater Harvesting

System (RHS)
The installation of RHS is mandatory for the following:

 Residential, commercial, institutional and industrial
buildings with at least 50 square meters total roof
area
 Subdivisions and human settlement area
 Golf course
Title VII: Penal Provisions

Section 19. Penal Clause – a fine of Php 5,000.00 or
imprisonment of not more than one year will be
imposed to those who will be found violating this
Ordinance.
Section 20. Administrative Fine – an administrative fine of

Php 5,000.00
EO No. BC-661-2021 The EO was executed for the following objectives.
An Executive Order Creating the  Strengthen the enabling environment for sustainable
Zamboanga City Water Security management of water supply and water demand;
Council (ZCWSC)  Strengthen the capacity of water supply and
wastewater treatment service providers to expand
Signed: June 14, 2021 and improve services;
 Strengthen the collection, analysis and sharing of
water and climate data;
 Reduce risks from climate, natural and other related
disasters;
 Engage multi-stakeholders participation in
governance of water resources;
 Improve capacity of service providers in ensuring
long-term water security; and,
 Engage the expert services and adoption of water
conservation-related technologies in ensuring water
quality standards.

3.1.9 Existing Institutional Mechanism
Local Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Committee (LDWQMC)

82.
The LDWQMC is chaired by the City Health Officer and co-chaired by the General Manager
of ZCWD. The following are the members.
- Chairperson, Committee on Health and Sanitation
- City Planning and Development Coordinator
- City Engineer
- Regional Director, Department of Science and Technology
- CENRO, DENR
- Director, DOH Region IX
- Sanitary Engineer, CHO
- President, Pollution Control Association of the Philippines region IX Chapter
- Rural Health Units
83.
As stated in City EO No. BC 396-2019, the LDWQMC shall be responsible for:
 Regular collection/analysis of water samples
 Evaluating laboratory results as to their compliance to standards
 Conducting regular or immediate sanitary survey during the existence of a potential
cause of contamination
 Instituting remedial measures to correct the deficiency of the water system
 Informing the public of the latest quality of drinking water in the locality
 Performing other functions related to water quality assurance
Rainwater Harvesting, Storage and Utilization Ordinance of the City of Zamboanga
84.
The Office of City Engineer (OCE) and the Office of the Building Official (OBO) are
responsible to implement and enforce the City Ordinance No. 524. One of the requirements
of the building and occupancy permits must be the compliance of the building to the
provisions of this ordinance.
85.
The OCE and OBO together with the Office of the City Environment and Natural Resources
(OCENR), Office of the City Agriculture, CHO and the barangays in monitoring the
implementation of RHS in city. An annual report on the impact of the RHS in terms of
decreasing the water demand and reducing the occurrence of flooding in the city must be
submitted by the monitoring team. The CHO can inspect the RHS of the buildings to ensure
that it is not used as potable water.
86.
The OCE and OBO, in coordination with the Office of the City Assessor, must issue a Notice
to Comply and Reminder to all building owners regarding the Ordinance. After the grace
period of three year, a Notice of Violation will be issued to those who have not complied yet
with the ordinance.
87.
The Watershed Management Council and/or River Basin Management Council must
develop a simplified technical manual on the planning and development of RHS.
88.
An initial budget of Php 10,000,000 shall be appropriated to ensure the immediate
installation of the rainwater collectors by the City for its own structures.

Zamboanga City Water Security Council (ZCWSC)
89.
The ZCWSC, as stated in EO BC-661-2021, is chaired by the City Vice Mayor and co-
chaired by ZCWD while the vice chairperson and technical secretariat is the OCENR. The
following are the members of the ZCWSC.
 Chair, SP Committee on Energy and Public Utilities
 Chair, SP Committee on Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
 Chair, SP Committee on Health and Sanitation
 City Administrator
 City Planning and Development Coordinator
 City Agriculturist
 City Health Officer
 City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Officer
 Office of the City Mayor, Division Head, Barangay Affairs Office
 Regional Executive Director, DENR IX
o Regional Director, EMB IX
o CENRO Zamboanga City
o PENRO Zamboanga Sibugay
 President, Western Mindanao State University
o Department Head, Environmental Engineering Department
o Department Head, Sanitary Engineering
 President, Ateneo de Zamboanga University
o Head, Ateneo Center for Environment and Sustainability
 President, Zamboanga City Chamber of Commerce and Industry Foundation Inc
 President, Industrial Group of Zamboanga, Inc.
90.
The following are the functions of the members of the ZCWSC.
 Collaborates with concerned government and non-government agencies, water service
providers, and stakeholders in crafting the Zamboanga City Water Security Master Plan
and the Zamboanga City Septage Management Plan.
 Review and recommend to the Local Chief Executive (LCE) and the City Legislative
Council relevant and responsive policies, strategies, guidelines and innovations on water
supply and sanitation development and management that‟s serve as bases in
establishing the targets and directions for water and sanitation expansion and
improvement [programs along the following thematic areas of concerns.
o Water recharge area restoration, protection and management (watershed area
protection)
o Water resources protection, development, and management (source
development, water supply systems)
o Renewable water resources (i.e., rainwater harvesting, surface runoff)
o Water conservation and efficiency
o Wastewater and sewage treatment and re-use
o Septage management
o Point and non-point water pollution
o Water remediation and rehabilitation
o Water supply and sanitations services in emergencies

 Reinforces public information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns,
advocacies and promotions on water conservation and proper and efficient water use
including the installation/use of rainwater harvesting systems
 Promotes use of water efficient fixtures and products in publics and private structures in
coordination with the business sector which shall make available fixtures, products, and
appliances that are water efficient, and
 Reviews plan and programs on the construction of small impounding dams and other
water supply system projects in strategic areas across the city and provide
recommendations to the LGU and water service providers.
91.
A technical working group (TWG) was also formed composing of OCENR, CPDO, DENR-
CENRO Zamboanga City, WMSU-Environmental Engineering Department and ZCWD. The
main function of the TWG is to provide administrative and technical support to the ZCWSC.
92.
The ZCWSC, upon the recommendation of the TWG, shall review, deliberate and approve
any water and sanitation-related interventions including the utilization of the city‟s water
resources.

3.2 Management of On-site sanitation facilities (toilet, septic tanks and septage
management) including WASH in Emergencies
3.2.1 Household Access to Sanitary Toilet

93.
The household access to sanitary toilet facilities from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Figure 3-8.
There were about 81.3 percent households in the city that have sanitary toilet facilities in
2020. The remaining 18.7 percent were either sharing toilet facilities with other households
or were open defecating. At present, the CHO does not have available data on the number
of households that practice open defecation (OD).
94.
Sanitary toilet facilities include sanitary pit privy, ventilated improved pit, pour flush toilet to a
receiving sewer, septic tank or leaching pit and flush toilet to receiving sewer or septic tank.
95.
Barangays that have low access (less than 10 percent) to sanitary toilet facilities include the
island barangays Landang Gua, Tigtabon, Manalipa and Pangapuyan, and urban barangay
Mariki where houses on stilts and informal settlers were mostly observed (see Table 3-10).
96.
The houses on stilts in barangays Mariki, Rio Hondo, Arena Blanco, Sta. Catalina and other
coastal barangays were funded by the National Housing Authority. Sanitation facilities with
septic tanks were also provided per household. However, during the inspection of CHO, the
sanitation facilities installed in the houses on stilts were already detached thus, the
households resort to open defecation or sharing of toilet facilities and the wastes are directly
discharged to the coastal water. Also, some of the households converted the space allotted
for the sanitary toilet facility into a living space.
97.
Based on the household survey conducted, there are still households that use insanitary
toilet facilities such as flush toilet to open drain, composting toilet, hanging toilet/latrine, pit
latrine with slab and open pit.
Table 3-10: Household Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities (2019)13

Barangay Total Household Sanitary Toilet Facility
HH %
Ayala 5,164 4,954 96%
Tulungatong 2,118 1,975 93%
Recodo 3,984 3,830 96%
Baluno 723 559 77%
Cawit 2,118 1,930 91%
Maasin 2,052 1,844 90%
Sinunuc 3,781 3,770 99%
Labuan 2,624 1,950 74%
Talisayan 1,882 1,345 71%
La paz 1,731 1,421 82%
Pamucutan 930 725 78%
Sinubong 1,074 865 81%
Limpapa 1,324 1,013 76%
13
Based on the accomplished validation of CHO in 2019

HH %
Patalon 1,861 1,524 82%
Calarian 6,619 5,580 84%
Capisan 322 268 83%
Malagutay 1,525 1,217 80%
San roque 6,387 5,136 80%
Baliwasan 5,735 4,617 81%
San jose gusu 3,830 3,117 81%
Campo islam 2,875 2,150 75%
Guiwan 3,276 2,640 81%
Putik 4,507 3,545 79%
Divisoria 2,111 1,689 80%
Boalan 1,992 1,680 84%
Zambowood 2,328 1,985 85%
Pasobolong 861 760 88%
Salaan 933 750 80%
Mercedes 3,371 2,578 76%
Talabaan 1,223 886 72%
Taluksangay 2,345 1,556 66%
Culianan 1,905 1,290 68%
Guisao 778 525 67%
Lanzones 753 379 50%
Tolosa 635 456 72%
Cacao 309 180 58%
Cabaluay 1,454 540 37%
Lapakan 316 155 49%
Manicahan 2,309 1,116 48%
Busay 769 350 45%
Pasilmanta 486 100 21%
Landang gua 685 50 7%
Landang laum 1,092 123 11%
Tumalatub 554 145 26%
Victoria 642 395 62%
Lamisahan 524 375 72%
Sangali 4,756 2,560 54%
Bunguiao 1,669 1,225 73%
Dulian 589 375 64%
Bolong 1,480 1,050 71%
Panubigan 369 300 81%
Lubigan 674 557 83%
Dita 477 390 82%
Quiniput 762 655 86%
Curuan 2,015 1690 84%

HH %
Latuan 563 407 72%
Calabasa 738 620 84%
Buenavista 1,485 1250 84%
Muti 683 620 91%
Tagasilay 680 548 81%
Sibulao 972 714 73%
Tigbalabag 413 370 90%
Tumitus 693 510 74%
Taguiti 334 235 70%
Mangusu 1,095 827 76%
Vitali 2,154 1,781 83%
Limaong 916 654 71%
Tictapul 874 750 86%
Licomo 1,218 956 79%
Canelar 2,542 2073 82%
Camino nuevo 1,772 1,053 59%
Sto. Nino 946 540 57%
Zone I 942 562 60%
San jose cawa cawa 1,414 948 67%
Zone 2 491 227 46%
Sta. Maria 5,768 4,653 81%
Cabatangan 3,133 2,632 84%
Pasonanca 6,269 5,362 86%
Dulian 304 252 83%
Sta. Catalina 3,961 3,502 88%
Kasanyangan 3,232 2,802 87%
Sta. Barbara 1,091 777 71%
Zone 3 348 279 80%
Zone 4 300 260 87%
Mariki 406 2 0.5%
Rio hondo 762 342 45%
Talon talon 7,997 6,594 82%
Mampang 7,858 6,553 83%
Arena blanco 2,883 552 19%
Tigtabon 1,212 22 2%
Manalipa 491 18 4%
Pangapuyan 135 4 3%
Tetuan/sta cruz 6,822 5,398 79%
Tugbungan 5,459 4,778 88%
Tumaga 7,059 6,170 87%
Lunzuran 2,274 1,558 69%
Lumbangan 741 556 75%

HH %
Lumayang 337 298 88%
TOTAL 197,375 151,849 77%
Source: FHSIS (2016-2018, 2020), CHO (2019)

Figure 3-8: Household Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities
3.2.2 Status of Zero Open Defecation (ZOD)

98.
As of 2020, there were no barangays in the city that were certified or declared to have zero
open defecation. The CHO does not yet have a monitoring program for OD.

99.
The ZOD program of the city is implemented through the conduct of WASH IECs in the
communities.
2021 Household Sanitation Survey Results – Septic Tank Profile
Based on the survey, about 80.5 percent (74.4% owned, 6.1% shared) of the households
have septic tanks. The following are the existing conditions of the septic tanks in the city
based on the survey.
 About 64 percent are water-tight or has concrete bottom while 35 percent are
bottomless.
 Majority of the septic tanks (73%) do not have an outlet for the overflow or are
bottomless in which the waste is being seeped underground.
 More than half (56.70%) of the existing septic tanks has one chamber only, about
42 percent have two chambers while less than one percent have more than three
chambers.
 About 76 percent has septic tanks with manhole and 24 percent does not have
manhole provided.
 About 84 percent of the septic tanks are accessible; 81 percent are located
outside the house and 3 percent located inside the house
2021 Household Sanitation Survey Results – Willingness to Install Sanitary Toilet
Facilities
About 73 percent of the households that do not have their own sanitary toilet facilities are
willing to construct their own facility. However, 19 percent of the households who were
willing said that they do not have enough space within their property to construct the
sanitary toilet facility.
The households that are not willing to construct their own sanitary toilet facilities had the
following reasons:
 No available space within the property (46.7%)
 Do not have enough budget (41.6%)
 Do not own the land or house (11.2%)
 Informal settler (4.5%)
2021 Household Sanitation Survey Results – Willingness to Install/Retrofit Septic

Tanks
Majority (76%) of the households are willing to install a new septic tank or to retrofit their
existing septic tanks to comply to the standards of the DOH. However, about 9.5 percent
of the willing households do not have available space within their property.
The following were the reasons why the households are not willing to install a new septic
tank or retrofit their existing septic tanks:
 No available space within the property (19.6%)
 Do not have enough budget (54.3%)
 Do not own the land or house (10.1%)
 Informal settler (15.9%)

3.2.3 Septage Management Program (SMP)
100.
At present, the city is not yet implementing a city-wide formal SMP. However, there are three
registered private desludgers in the city that provide desludging services to the households,
commercial and institutional establishment upon request. Two of the private desludgers in
the city operate their own septage treatment facility. The third private desludger transports
the collected septage to one of the SpTPs for proper treatment and disposal (see Table 3-
11).
Table 3-11: Registered Private Desludgers in Zamboanga City

Private Desludger Barangays No. of VTU Frequency SpTP Desludging
Served trucks of Location fee
desludging and
Capacity
Christine Haresco Labuan to 1 unit x 2 to 3 trips 50 m3/day Php
Wastewater Curuan and 3700 L per day 3,500.00
Treatment all Brgy. within 10 km
1 unit x
Services barangays Sinubong radius.
4200 L
in between Additional
Php 500.00
for every km
thereafter
Veterans Builders All 98 4 units x 3 trips per Brgy. Php
Ents. barangays 4500 L day Pamucutan 4,000.00-
1 unit x 4,500.00
17,000 L
1 unit x Brgy. Additional
19000 L Cabaluay payment
depends on
the distance
K-Gees Services Trucking
services
only.
MOA with
Christine
Haresco
101.
The city LGU and ZCWD plans to operate and implement the city-wide SMP. The city LGU
and ZCWD entered an agreement for the implementation of the SMP in the city. ZCWD, in
partnership with the city LGU, will take the lead in the implementation of the SMP in the city
which includes the desludging of the septic tanks, operation and maintenance of the
septage treatment plants and collection of the septage fee from its customers. There are two
combined septage-sewage treatment plants being constructed in the city.
102.
Once the SMP is implemented, the households will have to pay a septage fee. This means
an additional expense for them. The survey revealed that 60 percent of the households are
willing to avail the desludging services and about 40 percent do not want to avail the
desludging services mainly because of the cost of the services. However, some of the
households especially those from rural barangays said that they are willing to avail but
cannot afford to pay the corresponding desludging fee.

103.
Based on the survey conducted, about 35.4 percent of the households are not aware of the
SMP of the city. Also, there were 13.6 percent of the households that do not know the
sanitation local ordinance of the city.

2021 Household Sanitation Survey Results – Desludging of Septic Tanks
About 74 percent of the households never emptied their septic tank or a new septic tank
has been constructed once full. Meanwhile, the remaining 27 percent had desludged their
septic tank in the past years.
Majority or about 31 percent observed desludging of their septic tanks every two years
and 21 percent desludge their septic tanks every year. Other desludging frequencies are
every three, four, and five years. About six percent claimed that their septic tank is being
emptied every more than five years.

2021 Household Sanitation Survey Results – Desludging of Septic Tanks
In terms of the cost of desludging, majority claimed that they paid for less than Php 5,000
per desludging activity. About six percent claimed that they spent more than Php 15,000
for the desludging services.

3.2.4 WASH in Emergencies
104.
The city has three designated evacuation centers. These are in barangays Cabatangan,
Curuan and Vitali. Also, 75 out of the 98 barangays designated schools and covered courts
as their temporary evacuation centers during emergency situations.
105.
The existing WASH facilities in these evacuation centers are not enough to cater the needs
of the population during emergencies. With this, the CHO and CDRRMO provides additional
temporary WASH facilities during emergencies to ensure that all affected individuals have
access to proper WASH facilities.

Figure 3-9: Evacuation Centers in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

Table 3-12: List of Temporary Evacuation Centers in each barangay
Barangay Temporary Barangay Temporary Barangay Temporary
Evacuation Center Evacuation Center Evacuation Center
Ayala Central School Landang Laum None San Jose Cawa-Cawa none
Arena Blanco None Lanzones Buenakapuk E/S and San Jose Gusu Elementay School and
Near Barangay Hall Armor Village
Baliwasan Central School Lapakan none San Roque Elementary School
and Near Barangay
Hall
Baluno Near Barangay Hall Latuan Near Barangay Hall Sibulao National High School
Boalan Elementary School Licomo Near Barangay Hall Sinubong National High School
and Near Barangay and Near Barangay
Hall Hall
Bolong None Limaong None Sinunuc National High School
and Near Barangay
Hall
Buenavista Elementary School Limpapa National High School & Sta. Maria Don Pablo Lorenzo
Along the road MHS and Central
School
Bunguiao None Lubigan Near Barangay Hall Sta. Catalina Don Gems Memorial
School
Busay Near Day Care Lumayang Near Barangay Hall Sta. Barbara Elementary School
Center
Cabaluay Gym and Mini- Lumbangan Near Barangay Hall Sto. Niño None
Covered Court at
E/S
Cabatangan Near Barangay Hall Lunzuran Near Barangay Hall Tagasilay National High School
Cacao None Maasin Near Barangay Hall Taguiti Near Barangay Hall
and Elementary School
Calabasa Elementary School Malagutay Camp General Arturo Talabaan Near Barangay Hall
T. Enrile
Calarian Flamingo and Mampang Elementary School and Talisayan National High School
Elementary Scool Another one
Camino Nuevo None Manalipa None Talon-Talon Elementary School
and High School

Campo Islam None Manicahan Central School Taluksangay Tuan Datu High
School and Near
Barangay Hall
Canelar Elementary School Mangusu Near Residence of Tetuan Central School and
Former Brgy. Chairman ZCHNS Main
Capisan None Mariki none Tictabon Elementary School
Cawit Attached to Mercedes Central School and Tictapul Near Barangay Hall
Barangay Hall National High School and Elementary
School
Culianan Culianan Barangay Muti Near Barangay Hall Tigbalabag Near Barangay Hall
Complex
Curuan Gymnasium Pamucutan Near Barangay Hall Tolosa Near Barangay Hall
and National High
School
Divisoria Lobregat NHS, Near Pangapuyan None Tugbungan Elementary School
Barangay Hall &
Mini Covered Court
at Elementary
School
Dita Elementary School Panubigan Near Barangay Hall Tumaga NIA / Catalina Vda. De
Jalon Memorial School
Dulian- Elementary School Pasilmanta none Tumalutab Sitio Luuk
Bunguiao
Dulian- Near Barangay Hall Pasobolong Elementary School Tumitus none
Pasonanca
Guisao None Pasonanca Shanty Town, Luyahan/ Tulungatung Near Barangay Hall
Upper Pasonanca E/S /
Near ZCWD / Regional
Training Center
(NAPOLCOM)
Guiwan Near Barangay Hall Patalon Near Barangay Hall Victoria Elementary School
(mini-covered court)
Labuan Don Enriquez High Putik Central School / Vitali Voctech / High School
School and Along Lobregat Village / and Elementary

Highway Perez Drive School
Kasanyangan None Quiniput None Zambowood Elementary School
Lamisahan Calibato and Recodo Barangay Hall Zone I Zamboanga Central
Elementary School Complex, NHS School
La Paz Elementary School Rio Hondo Elementary School Zone 2 None
Landang Gua Near Barangay Hall Salaan Elementary School and Zone 3 None
Near Barangay Hall
Sangali Sitio Malasugat Zone IV None
(fronting Barangay Hall)

3.2.5 Current Programs, Projects and Activities for on-site sanitation facilities
and WASH in emergencies
106.
The following are the activities of the City LGU regarding on-site sanitation facilities
including WASH in emergencies.
 Together with the barangay officials, provides technical assistance to households for
the construction of toilet facilities.
 Conduct orientation on personal hygiene to elementary and daycare students
 Distribution of hygiene kits to students to schools and daycare centers
 Monitoring of households‟ sanitation facilities
 Provision of hygiene and medical kits during emergency situations
 Assessment and provision of temporary WASH facilities at evacuation centers during
emergencies (i.e., portalets)
 On-going review of existing city septage management ordinance
107.
The following are the current activities of ZCWD:
 On-going construction of combined septage-sewage treatment facilities in Magay
and Vale Vista
 Conducts IEC on WASH as part of its Community Relations and External Affairs
activities
 On-going pre-feasibility study for the proposed septage management program in
Zamboanga City
3.2.6 Local Policies on On-site sanitation facilities and WASH in emergencies

108.
The existing local ordinances and policies in Zamboanga City regarding the management of
on-site sanitation facilities are summarized in the table below.
Table 3-13: Existing Local Policies on On-site sanitation facilities and WASH in
emergencies
City Ordinance No. 500 – The Sanitation
All dwelling, houses and buildings shall be
Code of Zamboanga provided with suitable kind and number of
privy accommodations.
City Ordinance No. 2009-153 – Septage  The ordinance requires that all water
Management System Ordinance users that are discharging below 40 cubic
meters of sewage per day shall have at
least two-closed chamber septic tank; 41
to 500 cubic meters of sewage per day
shall have at least three-closed chamber
septic tank and 501 to 1,000 cubic meters
shall have at least five-closed chamber
with pond. All establishments that
generate more than 1,000 cubic meters
shall have its own wastewater treatment
facility or shall have an existing contract
of service with any duly accredited
wastewater treatment facility.

 The City Government of Zamboanga may
operate a wastewater or treatment facility
and/or desludging services and in the
absence of service facilities may contract
with Private Service Providers, either
desludging, transporting or wastewater
treatment facility, provided that they shall
have the necessary funds to support
capital expenditures and operating and
maintenance expenses of their septage
management systems.
 The Zamboanga City Water District is
hereby authorized to collect user‟s fees
and shall remit the same to the City
Treasurer and shall accrue to the General
Fund.
Implementing Rules and Regulations of City  The Septage Management System
Ordinance No. 2009-153 Ordinance (SMSO) shall apply to all
buildings, facilities and structures whether
public or private, residential or
commercial, industrial, institutional,
recreational, proposed/planned or existing
or any activity/endeavor that are currently
connected and supplied with water by the
Zamboanga City Water District (ZCWD).
A supplemental IRR will be formulated in
the future for those who are not currently
connected and supplied with water from
ZCWD.
 The City Government has three options
that it may exercise: (1) purchase septage
trucks and build a septage treatment
facility, which shall be operated and
maintained through administration or
management contract(s); (2) enter into a
contract with the ZCWD to provide
septage collection, treatment and
disposal services; and/or (3) enter into a
contract(s) with private companies to
provide septage collection, treatment and
disposal services.
Section 14. User fee

 The amount of P1.75 per cubic meter of
water consumed per month will be
collected from all residents, government
offices and other agencies, and added to
the Zamboanga City Water District
(ZCWD) monthly water bill.
 Commercial establishments that have

their own water source shall be required
to install a production meter. The quantity
of water produced shall be the basis for
computing the cost of desludging the
septic tank
 Users who have their own onsite
wastewater treatment system, certified by
the City Government as functioning and
compliant and those who are connected
to the existing ZCWD sewerage pipe shall
be exempt from paying the required user
fee.
City Ordinance 107 An ordinance regulating and controlling the
discharge of industrial wastes and other
wastes within the territorial limits of the City of
Zamboanga for the purpose of environmental
protection from the hazards of pollution,
providing penalties for violation thereof and
for other purposes
City Ordinance No. 519 – The Environment Section 4. Scope of Powers
Code of Zamboanga
D. Sanitation Maintenance
Article X: Waste Management and Sanitation The duty to enforce the provisions of the
Maintenance Sanitary Code shall be the responsibility of
the City Health Officer and his/her duly
Signed: January 27,2020 authorized representatives.
City Septage Management Council (CSMC)

109.
The CSMC is headed by the City Mayor or his duly authorized representative while the
Secretariat is assigned to OCENR. The following are the members of the CMSC:
 SP Chairperson, Com. On Health and Sanitation
 SP Chairperson, Com. On Environment and Natural Resources
 City Engineer
 City Treasurer
 City Licensing Office
 Zamboanga City Water District
 Environmental Management Bureau Region 9
 Representative from DOH- Center for Health and Development Region 9
 Representative from Pollution Control Officer Association of the Philippines –
Zamboanga City Chapter
 Representative from the Barangay
 Representative from Industrial Sector

110.
As stated in the City Ordinance 2009-152, the following are the responsibilities of the
CSMC.
 To oversee the conduct of a survey of all properties and premises in coordination with
barangay officials to determine if a septic tank is present, and if it is accessible for
desludging.
 To accredit and license private septage or desludging service providers or wastewater
treatment facilities.
 To review and approve application for service providers and to recommend the same
approval of the SP thru the Office of the City Mayor.
 If a septic tank is not present or it is inaccessible for desludging, the CSMC shall serve
notices of non-conformance to the provisions of this Ordinance to the
owners/administrators, or occupants. At this time, information on proper methods of
complying with this Ordinance will be disseminated.
 The CSMC, or its authorized representatives in coordination with the deputized
barangay official shall be permitted to visit properties for the purpose of inspection,
observation, measurement, sampling and testing. A prior notice shall be given property-
owners to facilitate inspection and provide assistance to the CSMC or barangay
representatives.
 For those property owners, administrators or occupants served with notices of non-
conformance, a compliance period shall be set by the property owners, administrators or
occupants and the CSMC. The compliance period shall be based on the proper
installation of an acceptable septic tank of which design is specified in this Ordinance
and by national law.
 For new developments, the occupancy permit issued by the building officials shall serve
as certificate of compliance until the CSMC conducts another round of inspection.
 The CSMC shall plan and implement an information and education program on
wastewater management and the city‟s septage management system.

3.3 Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
3.3.1 Sewerage System

111.
The existing sewerage system in Zamboanga City was constructed from 1933 to 1939 under
the United States Colonial Government. The existing sewerage system is a separate system
wherein the sewer lines are directly connected to the households to collect sewage only.
However, the collected sewage from the households is directly discharged to the coastal
water without treatment. The operation and maintenance of the sewerage system is done by
ZCWD.
112.
The existing sewer lines is only within the Central Business District of the city which covers
barangays Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV. In 2017, there were 887 households that
are connected to the sewer lines, all of which are ZCWD customers. The average flow rate
is about 2,500 cubic meters per day of sewage.
113.
The sewer lines are composed of vitrified clay pipes with a total length of 11.4 kilometers.
The sizes of the sewer pipes are shown in the table below.
Table 3-14: Existing Sewer Lines in Zamboanga City
Diameter, mm Length, meters
100 830
150 5,390
250 4,960
300 220
114.
The sewage collected from the households is conveyed to the two pumping stations of
ZCWD. Sewage from barangays Zone III and Zone IV are transported to the east pumping
station. From the east pumping station, the sewage is pumped to the west pumping station.
The west pumping station is also receiving the sewage collected from barangays Zone I and
Zone II. The west pump station then pumps the collected sewage to the outfall.
115.
The existing sewerage system is already antiquated and must be rehabilitated. The ZCWD
proposes to rehabilitate and expand the sewer lines in the CBD. At present, the ZCWD
applied for a loan to ADB to rehabilitate the existing sewer lines and expand to about 1.8
kilometers. The ZCWD also plans to further expand the sewer lines to additional 6.84
kilometers.
116.
ZCWD is monitoring the sewage quality in the east and west pumping stations as presented
in Table 3-15. The values presented were based on the average concentrations of the
monitoring results of ZCWD. These are compared to the general effluent standards of EMB
for Class SC water. As expected, the sewage disposed in the outfall does not comply to
GES since there is no treatment provided prior to disposal.
Table 3-15: Sewage Quality Monitoring in ZCWD Pumping Stations
Station 2017 2018 2019
BOD, mg/L
East Pumping Station 287.4 205.0 404.5
West Pumping Station 234.6 108.6 315.5
EMB GES for Class SC (DAO 2016-08) 100

Station 2017 2018 2019
O&G, mg/L
Phosphate, mg/L
Nitrate, mg/L
East Pumping Station No Data 24.0 0.75
West Pumping Station No Data 58.00 1.2
COD, mg/L
East Pumping Station No Data 580 467
West Pumping Station No Data 341 517
Ammonia, mg/L
East Pumping Station No Data 24.0 27.2
West Pumping Station No Data 58.00 30
TSS, mg/L
East Pumping Station No Data No Data 124
West Pumping Station No Data No Data 155
Note: Red items – Failed to meet GES
DAO 2016-08, DAO 2021-19
*Concentrations were based on the average of the available monthly monitoring results of ZCWD.
Source: ZCWD

2021 Household Sanitation Survey Result - Wastewater Discharge Point of Households
Majority or about 46 percent of the households were discharging their domestic wastewater
directly to their own septic tank. Other households discharge their wastewater directly to their
backyard/ground, to the municipal drainage canal, to the nearby bodies of water, and to a
shared septic tank. About two percent discharge their wastewater to a city sewer lines It was
noted during the survey that there are no existing canals in some barangays. Based on the
interview, there are areas with no existing drainage outfalls.

Figure 3-10: Existing Sewerage System in Zamboanga City Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

3.3.2 City Drainage
117.
The existing drainage system is only available within the 15-km radius from the city proper.
Rural barangays do not have proper drainage system which cause flooding during heavy
rainfall. The city does not yet have a drainage master plan.
118.
Selected drainage outfalls located along the coastal area and población areas in the city
were inspected last July 28, 2021. The photos and location of the drainage outfalls visited
are shown in Table 3-16.

Figure 3-11. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility of the Visited Drainage Outfalls

Table 3-16: Photos of Drainage Outfalls Inspected (July 28, 2021)
Geographical Coordinates
Photo Location
Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
Outfall of existing
6°54'11.89" 122° 4'13.11"
sewerage system
(1) Downstream
Brgy. Campo Islam 6°54'44.09" 122° 3'0.84"
(2) Drainage

Photo Location
Brgy. Tetuan 6°55'33.58" 122° 5'3.10"
(3) Outlet Drainage RCPC
Brgy. San Jose Gusu 6°55'10.34" 122° 3'13.51"
(4) Upstream

Photo Location
Brgy. San Jose Gusu 6°54'49.88" 122° 2'59.95"
(5) Sidewalk Outlet Drainage
Brgy. Tugbungan 6°55'21.96" 122° 6'22.88"
(6) Outlet Drainage Box

Photo Location
Brgy. Guiwan 6°55'29.84" 122° 5'22.99"
Brgy. Sta Maria 6°55'59.26" 122° 4'42.29"

Photo Location
Brgy. Zone 1 6°54'18.01" 122° 4'23.30"
(9) Sidewalk Outlet Drainage
Brgy. Zone 1 6°54'22.11" 122° 4'24.98"
(10) Downstream

Photo Location
Brgy. Canelar 6°54'37.03" 122° 4'25.87"
(11) Upstream
Brgy. San Roque 6°56'11.08" 122° 2'37.86"
(12) Upstream

Photo Location
Brgy. Sta Maria 6°55'53.52" 122° 4'20.47"

3.3.3 Point Sources of Pollution
119.
Possible point sources of water pollution in the city are from the following. Discharge of
untreated wastewater from these sources may cause pollution of the rivers and may also
contaminate the ground water sources.
 Sewage from households
 Industrial agriculture – crop production, livestock and poultry
 Major industries – canning and fish processing
 Commercial establishments – malls, restaurants
 Institutional establishments - hospitals
 Manufacturing industries
120.
As of May 2021, there are 44 establishments in the city that have operational wastewater
treatment facilities14.
Table 3-17: List of Establishments in Zamboanga City with Wastewater Treatment
Facilities
Firm Name Type of Industry
Aquatic Food Mfg. Corp. Fish Canning
Ayala Seafoods Corp. Fish Canning
Bigfish Foods Corp. Fish Canning
Brent Hospital & Colleges, Inc. Hospital
Century Pacific Food, Inc. Fish Canning
Chaoching Marine Corp. Buying Station of Marine Products
Coca Cola FEMSA Phils., Inc. Beverage Manufacturing
CTK Asia Rubber Corp. Rubber Processing
Filinvest Land, Inc. Housing
Garden Orchid Hotel & Resorts Corp. Hotel & Restaurant
Goldstar Seafoods Fish Canning
Jollibee - Camins Branch Food Establishment
Jollibee - Sta. Cruz Branch Food Establishment
KCC Mall de Zamboanga Commercial Establishment
Labuan Public Hospital Hospital
Marcel Trading Corp. Carrageenan Manufacturing
Mega Fishing Corp. - Talisayan Fish Canning
Mega Polygums Corp. Seaweeds Processing
Millenium Ocean Star Corp. Ice Plant
MKBVI Poultry Dressing Plant Dressing Plant
Myler Agribusiness, Inc. - Pamucutan Poultry Farm
Pepsi Cola Products Phils., Inc. Beverage Manufacturing
Permex Producer & Exporter Corp. Fish Canning
Phil. Fisheries Dev't. Authority Port
Prime DDG Commercial Centers, Inc. Commercial Establishment
Seachamp Int'l. Export Corp. Marine Product Processing
14
DENR-EMB Region IX

Firm Name Type of Industry
SM City Mindoro Commercial Establishment
Southway Square Commercial Establishment
Southwest Asian Canning Corp. Fish Canning
Ten Point Mfg. Corp. Marine Product Processing
Toyota - Zamboanga City Car Dealer
Universal Canning, Inc. Fish Canning
Universidad de Zamboanga Medical Center Hospital
Western Mindanao Power Corp. Power Plant
YL Fishing Corp. (Cold Storage & Blast Freeze) Cold Storage & Blast Freeze
Yubenco - Tetuan Commercial Establishment
Yubenco Starmall - Putik Commercial Establishment
Z.C. E & L Corp. Fish Canning
Zamboanga Carrageenan Mfg. Corp. Carrageenan Manufacturing
Zamboanga City Medical Center Hospital
Zamboanga Doctors Hospital, Inc. Hospital
Zamboanga GNS Corp. - Sta. Catalina Feed Mill & Cold Storage
Zamboanga Peninsula Medical Center Hospital
Zamboanga United Food Processing, Inc. Poultry Dressing
Source: DENR-EMB Region IX
3.3.4 Current Programs, Projects and Activities for Wastewater, Sewage and
Drainage Management
121.
Sewerage systems in barangays Rio Hondo and Mariki are being constructed. The
sewerage system in Rio Hondo will serve about 2,500 households and will have an STP
with capacity of 1,500 cubic meters per day. The project is funded by the Local Water
Utilities Administration (LWUA) as part of the Zamboanga City Roadmap to Recover and
Reconstruction (Z3R) Plan.
122.
A combined septage and sewage treatment plant is also being constructed to serve Vale
Vista Subdivision in Brgy. Kasanyangan. The project will serve about 3,920 households with
design capacity of 2,500 cubic meters per day.
123.
A combined septage and sewage treatment plant in Magay will also be constructed by
ZCWD. It will serve barangays Zone 1 to IV, Santa Catalina, Camino Nuevo, Canelar, Santo
Nino and San Jose Cawa-Cawa. The treatment facility will have a capacity of 4,000 cubic
meters per day.
124.
In terms of improving the drainage system in the city, the projects implemented by DPWH
Region IX in the city are presented in Table 3-18. The DPWH Region IX also developed a
master plan for the drainage and flood control in the urban core and central areas in
Zamboanga City.

Table 3-18: Past Projects of DPWH Region IX regarding the Drainage of the City
Year Project Name Scope of Works Remarks
2016 Zamboanga City-Labuan-Limpapa Rd (Calarian Section) - Construction of Drainage along ZCDEO Project
Construction of Drainage Structure along Road Road
2016 Pagadian City-Zamboanga City Rd - Construction of Construction of Drainage along Regional Office
Drainage Structure along Road Road
2017 Construction of Drainage Structure along Road - Construction of Drainage along ZCDEO Project
Zamboanga City-Labuan-Limpapa Rd Road
Pagadian City-Zamboanga City Rd Road
Pagadian City-Zamboanga City Rd Road
2018 Construction of Flood Mitigation Structure - Flood Contol Construction of Flood Mitigation Regional Office
for Urban Core and Central District of Zamboanga City to Structure
include Pumping Station and RROW, Zamboanga City
(Package I)
2018 Construction of Flood Mitigation Structure - Flood Contol Construction of Flood Mitigation Regional Office
for Urban Core and Central District of Zamboanga City to Structure
include Pumping Station and RROW, Zamboanga City
(Package II)
2019 Construction of Drainage Structure - Construction of Rehabilitation / Major Repair of ZCDEO Project
Drainage System and Outfall at RT Lim Boulevard, Drainage Structure
Campo Islam, Lower Calarian, Zamboanga City
2019 Rehabilitation / Major Repair of Drainage Structure - Rehabilitation / Major Repair of ZCDEO Project
Construction/Rehabilitation of Drainage Facilities, Drainage Structure
Barangay Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
Barangay Tumaga, Zamboanga City
Barangay Upper Calarian, Zamboanga City
Drainage System, Barangay Kasanyangan, Zamboanga Drainage Structure
City

Year Project Name Scope of Works Remarks
Drainage System, Barangay Guiwan, Zamboanga City Drainage Structure
Drainage System, Barangay Culianan, Zamboanga City Drainage Structure
Drainage System at MC Enriquez Drive, Barangay Drainage Structure
Tetuan, Zamboanga City
Drainage System, Barangay Manicahan, Zamboanga City Drainage Structure
Drainage System, Barangay Sta. Catalina, Zamboanga Drainage Structure
City
Drainage System at AS Alvarez Drive, Barangay Tetuan, Drainage Structure
Zamboanga City
Drainage System at Dona Maria Drive, Barangay Tetuan, Drainage Structure
Zamboanga City
Drainage System at Tugbungan Elementary School, Drainage Structure
Barangay Tugbungan, Zamboanga City
Source: DPWH Region IX

3.3.5 Local policies on Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
125.
The existing local ordinances and policies in Zamboanga city regarding wastewater, sewage
and drainage management are summarized in the table below.
Table 3-19: Existing Local Policies on Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management
City Ordinance 107 An ordinance regulating and controlling the
discharge of industrial wastes and other
wastes within the territorial limits of the City of
Zamboanga for the purpose of environmental
protection from the hazards of pollution,
providing penalties for violation thereof and
for other purposes
City Ordinance No. 519 – The Environment Section 4. Scope of Powers
Code of Zamboanga
B. Wastewater Management
Article X: Waste Management and Sanitation  Multi-sectoral governing board shall be
Maintenance established to manage water quality
issues within their jurisdiction.
Signed: January 27,2020  The governing board shall formulate
strategies to coordinate policies
necessary for the effective
implementation of the Clean Water Act;
create a multi-sectoral group to establish
and effect water quality surveillance and
monitoring
 All owners or operators of facilities that
discharge wastewater are required to get
a permit to discharge from the DENR.
 Anyone discharging wastewater into a
water body shall have to pay a
wastewater charge.
 All possible discharges are required to put
up an Environmental Guarantee Fund
(EGF) as part of their environmental
management fund.

3.4 Solid Waste Management
3.4.1 Solid Waste Generation and Composition

126.
The estimated daily waste generation rate of the city is 0.45 kilograms per person. Based on
the waste audit conducted by OCENR, about 42 percent of the total wastes generated in the
city are biodegradable. Biodegradable wastes include yard waste, fruits and vegetable
peels, wet papers, food waste, textile and cloth, and other organics. The remaining 58
percent are non-biodegradable or recyclables which consist of waste plastics, special
hazardous, dry paper/cardboard, polyethylene terephthalate, metal, glass, and residuals.
Figure 3-12 shows the waste composition per category in Zamboanga City.
Source: Zamboanga City Solid Waste Management Plan 2020-2030

Figure 3-12: Zamboanga City Solid Waste Composition
3.4.2 Current Solid Waste Management System

127.
The City of Zamboanga has an existing 10-Year SWMP covering the period of 2020 to
2030. The current solid waste management system of the city was divided into the following
approaches:
1. Source Reduction
2. Collection
3. Transfer
4. Waste Diversion
5. Final Disposal

Source Reduction
128.
The following are the practices in the city to reduce the generation of the residual wastes in
the city.
 Non-biodegradable plastic sando bags are not allowed to be used as bagging materials
every Saturday and Sunday.
 The OCENR is also coordinating with inter-agencies to inform the public on how to
minimize solid waste generation through barangay forum, focus group discussions, print-
out advocacies, engagement with social media, and information and education
campaign (IEC).
 Plastic shopping bags when going to the market are reused, use of bottles/jars are
reduced, and old newspapers and boxes are being used as wrapping or packaging
materials
 In the City Government offices, printable reverse side of old forms are being reused in
photocopying and various reproductions.
 The use and bringing of a single-use plastic within the campus are banned in most of the
schools in the city.
Collection
129.
As shown in Table 3-20, the City Government, through OCENR, and the barangay units
share the responsibility in collecting the solid wastes from the households.
130.
The shared collection services scheme collects from 40 barangays with an average
collection rate of 235 tons per day. About 75 percent of the wastes collected are from
residential, 5 percent are commercial waste, 8 percent are market wastes and 11.5 percent
are recyclables.
131.
The city designated 22 regular waste collection routes to serve the core area, and an
additional 12 waste collection schedules are used for the expansion area.
Table 3-20: Shared Collection Services in Zamboanga City
Shared Collection Services
Barangays Waste
Provision of Brgy. Trucks
Collection Manpower Coverage
fuel & Status
Vehicle
OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Baliwasan 2 running;
Remaining
Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 Barangay;
Areas
1 Private
OCENR Barangay Barangay Main Road
Calarian
Barangay Barangay Barangay 2 running Entire Brgy
Camino Nuevo OCENR OCENR OCENR Entire Brgy
Campo Islam OCENR OCENR OCENR Entire Brgy
Canelar
OCENR Barangay Barangay Interior
Divisoria OCENR OCENR OCENR along hi-way
Guiwan OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road

Barangays Waste
fuel & Status
Vehicle
Remaining
Barangay Barangay Barangay 2 running
Areas
OCENR Barangay Barangay Interior
Kasanyangan OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Lunzuran OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Mariki OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
OCENR OCENR Barangay Entire Brgy
Pasonanca
Putik Remaining
Areas
Rio Hondo OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
San Jose
Cawa OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Cawa
Designated
OCENR OCENR OCENR
Route
San Jose Gusu
1 running & 1 Remaining
Barangay Barangay Barangay
reserved Areas
OCENR OCENR Barangay Entire Brgy
San Roque
Sta. Barbara OCENR OCENR OCENR Entire Brgy
Designated
OCENR OCENR OCENR
Route
Sta. Catalina OCENR Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 running Entire Brgy
OCENR Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
Sta. Maria 3 running
units
Sto. Niño OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Driver
OCENR Barangay OCENR & Entire Brgy
Talon-Talon Barangay
1 running; 1
down
OCENR OCENR OCENR Entire Brgy
Tetuan 3 running
units
Tugbungan OCENR OCENR Barangay 2 running Entire Brgy
Designated
OCENR OCENR OCENR
Tumaga Route
OCENR OCENR Barangay Remaining

Barangays Waste
fuel & Status
Vehicle
Areas
2 running
Barangay Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
units
Zone I OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Zone II OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Zone III OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Zone IV OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Expansion
Cabatangan OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Boalan OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Mampang Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 running unit Entire Brgy
Culianan Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 running unit Entire Brgy
Mercedes Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 running unit Entire Brgy
Sinunuc OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Cawit OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
Maasin OCENR OCENR OCENR Main Road
2 running
Labuan Barangay Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
units
2 running
Manicahan Barangay Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
units
2 running
Ayala Barangay Barangay Barangay Entire Brgy
units
Sangali Barangay Barangay Barangay 1 running unit Entire Brgy
Transfer
132.
While the final closure is on-going, the Lumbangan Controlled Disposal Facility is being
used as a temporary transfer station to store wastes that are collected at night.
133.
The City Government allocated Php 20 Million to construct transfer station facilities in the
west and east coasts of the city.
Waste Diversion
134.
Currently, the City Government operates five material recovery facilities (MRF) located in
Bagsakan Center (Sta. Cruz Market), Main Public Market (Magay), City Abattoir (San
Roque), Lumbangan Controlled Disposal Facility, and Sanitary Landfill Facility-MRF
(Salaan).
135.
All the city MRFs have installed a total of 152 units of 2-tonner rotary stainless steel
composter drums with bioreactor that is donated by the Villar Foundation to produce sun-
dried compost. The sun-dried composts are packaged and sold to the local farmers. The
maximum amount of biodegradable wastes that the facilities can process is 34.5 tons per
day.

136.
At present, the existing facilities accommodates an average of 28 tons per day of
biodegradable waste or approximately 30 percent of the total daily biodegradable wastes
disposed in the city.
137.
Barangay San Roque also has one unit bioreactor with a capacity of 0.5 ton per day.
138.
For private operated facility, Atech Renewable Energy in Barangay Lapakan operates a
plastic waste recycling facility with a capacity of 10 tons per day. The facility is producing
OILTECH through the process of converting plastic wastes into petroleum fuels to serve as
an alternative to Light Diesel Oil.
139.
In 2019, the waste diversion rate in Zamboanga City is at 23.40 percent and is targeted to
increase to 40 percent by the end of 2030. As presented in Zamboanga City SWMP 2020-
2030, Figure 3-13 shows the waste diversion targets in the city.

Figure 3-13. Zamboanga City Waste Diversion Targets
Final Disposal
140.
An existing 10.6-hectare Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) in Barangay Salaan is owned and
operated by the City Government of Zamboanga. Based on the design, the SLF will have a
total of six cells. Each cell has a minimum lifespan of three years that can accommodate
292,000 cubic meters of wastes based on the estimated average disposal rate of 200 tons
per day.
141.
At present, two disposal cells are already operating. Cell No. 1 is being operated since
March 2015. An additional cell, Cell No. 2, has been constructed and operational since 2019
to cater the city‟s final disposal for the next three years.
142.
The City also plans to establish waste-to-energy facilities in order to recycle, reuse and treat
all wastes, to reduce the demand for landfill space and to reduce potential environmental
risk of land filling.

Figure 3-14: City MRFs Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

3.4.3 Health Care Waste Management
143.
The city constructed a medical waste treatment facility in Brgy. Salaan however, it is not yet
being operated. This is to treat the wastes generated from the city-managed health care
facilities prior to disposal. It will have an annual treatment capacity of 9.5 metric tons of
medical wastes or about 150 kilograms per hour. The facility will be operated and
maintained by the City Health Office.
144.
The private health care facilities in city are responsible for their own health care waste
management through at source treatment and on-site septic vaults or private partnership
with other facilities.
145.
The SLF does not accept treated health care waste and hazardous waste.
3.4.4 SWM Revenues

146.
The costs and revenues of the current SWM system in the city from 2017 to 2019 are
summarized in Table 3-21. The city has collected Php 20,675,418.36 in 2018 and Php
13,281,067.49 for the first semester of 2019. Garbage fees are only collected from
commercial/business establishments as part of the business permits.
Table 3-21. Costs and Revenues of the SWM System
Object of Expenditure Appropriation
Current Operating Expenses 2017 2018 2019
Personal Services 22,385,559.76 24,232,202.82 27,532,953.17
MOOE 56,885,377.00 65,833,150.00 78,490,932.68
Capital Outlay 23,070,000.00 51,690,000.00 30,000,000.00
TOTAL 102,340,936.76 141,755,352.82 136,023,885.85
3.4.5 Current Programs, Projects, and Initiatives on Solid Waste Management

147.
OCENR is coordinating with inter-agencies through barangay forum, focus group
discussions, print-out advocacies, engagement with social media, and information and
education campaign (IEC). The primary objective of the IEC is to inform the public about the
behavioral change towards ecological SWM practice of waste reduction at the community,
households, and schools.
148.
Furthermore, the City Government offices conduct orientation and action planning
workshops together with the public and private organizations on source reduction and
segregation, reuse and recycling.
149.
The City Government and the concerned academic institutions developed an environmental
education module with the following theme:
 Environmental and health effects of improper waste management
 E‟s of Empowerment- Environmental organization, Education, Engineering, Equity,
Enforcement, and Entrepreneurship
 Related laws and regulations
 3 R‟s of Waste Management (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and Composting

 Establishment of Barangay Ecological Solid Waste Management Programs/Committees
and Action Planning
150.
The city donated 90-units of garbage vehicles to the barangays.
151.
The existing 10-Year SWMP of the city has a planning period of 2020 to 2030. The
implementation of the SWMP in the city is already on-going. The following are the projects in
the SWMP that were already accomplished or currently being implemented.
 Constructed Cell No. 2 in the sanitary landfill
 Constructed the medical waste treatment facility
 On-going construction of additional transfer stations and city MRFs
 Continuous IEC campaign and promotional programs on proper waste segregation,
source reduction and recycling
3.4.6 Local Policies on Solid Waste Management

152.
The local laws on solid waste management in Zamboanga City are listed in the following
table:
Table 3-22: Local Laws/Regulations on Solid Waste Management
Ordinance Relevant Provisions
Ordinance No. 2016-176 An Ordinance Establishing the Integrated Solid Waste
Management System of the City of Zamboanga, Prescribing
Rates and Charges, Providing Penalties for Violation Thereof,
and for Other Purposes
Ordinance No. 2002-092 Regulating and prescribing fees for the sale of compost
fertilizers produced by the Materials Recovery Facilities
Ordinance No. 211 An Ordinance codifying all existing sanitary ordinances, rules
and regulations, to provide suitable changes and
modifications, and other purposes
Ordinance No. 92-013 An ordinance prescribing guidelines to regulate the mode of
operation of the City garbage collection system and imposing a
fee in the disposal of garbage in the City of Zamboanga and
providing penalty for violations thereof
Ordinance No. 108 An ordinance amending Section 184, Chapter XVIII of
Ordinance No. 500, Series of 1952
Ordinance No. 43 An ordinance amending Section 2, Chapter 1 of Ordinance No.
500, Series of 1952
Ordinance No. 500 An Ordinance codifying all existing sanitary ordinances, rules
and regulations to provide suitable changes and modifications
and other purposes
City Ordinance No. 519 – The Section 4. Scope of Power
Environment Code of
Zamboanga C. Health Care Waste Management including toxic
substances and hazardous wastes
Article X: Waste Management  The handling of health care wastes must be compliant to
and Sanitation Maintenance the provisions of RA 8749, RA 6969, RA 9003 and the Doh
Health Care Waste Management Manual.
Signed: January 27,2020

City Solid Waste Management Board (CSWMB)

153.
The CSWMB is headed by the City Mayor. As required by the City EO No. BC 208-2016, the
following are the members of the CSWMB.
 Chairperson, Committee on Health and Sanitation, SP
 Chairperson, Committee on Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, SP
 President, Sangguniang Kabataan Federation
 City Engineer
 City Public Services Officer
 City Agriculturist
 Regional Director or representative, Department of Science and Technology IX
 Regional Director or representative, Environmental Management Bureau IX
 Regional Director or representative, Department of Trade and Industry IX
 Regional Director or representative, National Economic & Development Authority IX
 School Divisions Superintendent, Department of Education IX
 Representative, Junkshop Owners
Barangay Solid Waste Management Committee (BWSMC)
154.
As stated in the City Ordinance No. 2016-176, the BSWMC is headed by the Barangay
Captain. The following are the composition of the BSWMC.
 Barangay Kagawad (Chairman on Environmental Protection, Health and Sanitation)
 SK Chairman\President
 Homeowners‟ Association
 Public/Private School Principal or representative
 President of School‟s Parents-Teachers Association
 President of representative of the religious organizations
 President or representative from the business community (commercial or industrial
sector)
 NGO representative (with concern on environment)
 President of Market Vendors Association
 Junkyard owners
155.
The following are the duties and responsibilities of the BSWMC.
 Formulate a community Solid Waste Management Program consistent with the City
SWMP
 Segregate and collect biodegradable, compostable, reusable waste
 Establish a Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
 Allocate barangay funds
 Organize core coordinators
 Submit SWM monthly reports; and - Enter into contract or MOA with any private entity
regarding the Solid Waste Management, subject to the concurrence of Sangguniang
Panlungsod.

156.
The City Mayor may deputize Barangay Officials, Tanods and Purok Officials of the
respective barangays and other law enforcers in the issuance of citation tickets in violation
of the Ordinance as provided under this Ordinance

3.5 Water Quality Management
157.
Table 3-23 enumerates the watershed and river systems in Region IX which were
designated as water quality management areas (WQMAs).
Table 3-23: Designated WQMA in Zamboanga City
WQMA Legal Basis Cities/Municipalities Covered
Tumaga DAO No. 2013- Zamboanga City (Barangays Pasonanca, Sta. Maria, Tumaga,
River 01 Guiwan, Tetuan, Tugbungan, Lumayang, Lumbangan,
WQMA Lunzuran, Putik, Divisoria, Salaan, Culianan, Mercedes,
Pasobolong, Boalan, Zambowood, Talon-Talon, Mampang)
Ayala DAO No. 2016- Zamboanga City (Barangays Baluno, La Paz, Cawit,
River 15 Tulungatung, Recodo, Ayala)
WQMA
158.
The above-mentioned laws and policies aim to effectively implement the prevention, control,
and abatement of pollution thus improving the water quality and contributing to the
enhancement of cities and municipalities covered by this WQMA.
159.
The EMB Region IX developed the 10-year WQMA action plan for both WQMAs and were
already adopted by the respective governing boards of the WQMAs.
160.
The River Basin Control Office of DENR also funded the formulation of the Climate Change-
Responsive Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plans for the
eight clustered river basins in the city which consists of the Ayala, Bolong, Curuan,
Manicahan, Tumaga and Vitali-Taguite rivers.
161.
In terms of water quality monitoring, EMB Region IX monitors 13 sampling stations for
Tumaga River and six sampling stations for Ayala River (6). Figure 3-15 below shows the
2019 annual average biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at six monitoring stations of
Tumaga River.

Figure 3-15: 2019 Annual Average BOD at Tumaga River Monitoring Stations

162.
From 2014 to 2019, EMB Region IX monitored several rivers in Zamboanga City such as
Mercedes River, Saaz River and Patalon River. These rivers are considered as the priority
rivers in the whole region.
163.
Mercedes River is monitored at three stations, two of which are classified as Class B and
the remaining as Class C water body. Saaz River and Patalon River have four monitoring
stations each wherein two are classified as Class B and the other two as Class A.
164.
Figure 3-16 to Figure 3-18 show the annual trends of average dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD
and TSS concentration for the priority rivers. Water quality monitoring results were
compared with the established water quality guideline specified in DAO 2016-08.

10
9
8
Downstream of Mylers
7 Poultry (C)
6 Culianan Bridge (C)
mg/L
5
4 Spillway (B)
3
WQGV (Class B & C)
2
1
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Mercedes River
36
31 Downstream (B)
26
Quarrying Site (B)
21
mg/L
Approx 200 m from

16 Upper Patalon (A)
Upper Patalon (A)
11
6 WQGV (Class A & B)
1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Patalon River
9
8.5
San Ramon Bridge (B)
8
7.5
PCA Compound (B)
7
mg/L
6.5 Approx 2 km from PCA

Compound (A)
6
5.5 Approx 500 m from
sta 3 (A)
5
WQGV (Class A & B)
4.5
4
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Saaz River
Figure 3-16: Annual Trend of Average DO Concentration in the Priority Rivers

40
35
Downstream of Mylers
30 Poultry (C)
Culianan Bridge (C)
25
mg/L
20 Spillway (B)
15
WQGV (Class B)
10
WQGV (Class C)
5
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Mercedes River
6
Downstream (B)
5
Quarrying Site (B)
4
200 m from Upper
mg/L
3 Patalon (A)
Upper Patalon (A)
2
WQGV (Class A)
1
WQGV (Class B)
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Patalon River
5.5
5 San Ramon Bridge (B)
4.5
4 PCA Compound (B)
3.5
Approx 2 km from PCA
3
mg/L
Compound (A)
2.5
Approx 500 m from
2 sta 3 (A)
1.5 WQGV (Class A)
1
0.5 WQGV (Class B)
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Saaz River
Figure 3-17: Annual Trend of Average BOD Concentration in the Priority Rivers

120
100 Downstream of Mylers

Poultry (C)
80 Culianan Bridge (C)
mg/L
60 Spillway (B)
40 WGQV (Class B)
20 WGQV (Class C)
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Mercedes River
70000
Downstream (B)
60000
Quarrying Site (B)
50000
40000 200 m from Upper

mg/L
Patalon (A)
30000 Upper Patalon (A)
20000
WQGV (Class A)
10000
WGQV (Class B)
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Patalon River
110
100 San Ramon Bridge
90
80 PCA Compound
70
Approx 2 km from PCA
60
mg/L
Compound
50
Approx 500 m from
40 sta 3
30 WQGV (Class A)
20
10 WGQV (Class B)
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Saaz River

Figure 3-18: Annual Trend of Average TSS Concentration in the Priority Rivers

4 Summary of Baseline
165.
Table 4-1 shows the summary of the status of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene,
SWM and water quality management in Zamboanga City as compared to the national
targets set in Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, DOH National Objectives for
Table 4-1. Summary of Sanitation Baseline in Zamboanga City
National Target
Value Reference
Water Supply Percent households
with access to
90.7% (2020) 95.16% (2022) PDP 2017-2022
improved water
supply
Percent households
PWSSMP
with access to Level 61.1% (2020) 77.1% (2030)
2018-2040
III systems
Percent household 62.5% (2022) NOH 2017-
with access to safely 2022
No data
managed drinking
100% (2030) SDG 6.1
water services
Management Percent households
of on-site with access to 100% (2022) PWSSMP
81.3% (2020)
sanitation improved sanitation 2018-2040
facilities facilities
(toilets, septic Percent households
97% (2022) PWSSMP
tanks, with septic tanks 81.3% (2020)
100% (2030) 2018-2040
septage (on-site system)
management) Percent households
PWSSMP
practicing open No data 0% (2022)
2018-2040
defecation
Percentage of
households with 69% (2022) PWSSMP
No data
access to septage 100% (2030) 2018-2040
collection services
Percent household
NOH 2017-
with access to safely 53% (2022)
2022
managed sanitation
facilities, including a No data
hand-washing
100% (2030) SDG 6.2
facility with soap
and water
Percent barangay PhATSS 2018-
0% 100% (2025)
certified ZOD 2030
Wastewater, Percent of
sewage and households 20% (2022) PWSSMP
0.4% (2020)
drainage connected to 50% (2030) 2018-2040
management sewerage system

National Target
Value Reference
Percent solid waste 80% (2022)
23.40% (2019) PDP 2017-2022
diversion rate
Percent barangays PDP 2017-2022
29.26% (2022)
with access to 41% (2020)
sanitary landfill
Solid Waste
Percent of municipal
Management
solid waste collected
and managed in
65% (2019) 100% (2030) SDG 11.6
controlled facilities
out of total municipal
wastes generated
Water Quality Percent recreational Two WQMAs in
>80% (2022) PDP 2017-2022
Management waters improving the city

5 Identified Problems and Issues
166.
The key issues identified in the city in terms of water supply, excreta disposal, wastewater
and drainage management, solid waste management, water quality management, and
WASH in emergency are summarized in the following table.
Table 5-1. Summary of Identified Sanitation Problems and Issues
Water Supply a. About 30 barangays in the city do not have access to Level 3 water
system.
- Remote areas are still utilizing level 1 water source as drinking
water.
- Some barangays do not have available water service provider
(source of water is commonly open well)
- Barangays Muti, Taluksangay and Talabaan use communal water
system as water source which are not maintained to ensure delivery
of safe water.
b. Some areas are experiencing low water pressure
c. In 2016 and 2019, ZCWD experienced low water production/supply due
to drought that resulted to the implementation of water rationing and/or
d. Some residents have inadequate knowledge on alternative strategies
and procedure/s in provision of safe drinking water.
e. Some WRS are still utilizing deep well source without Permit to Operate
issued by DOH IX
f. Lack of monitoring of households located at far flung barangays with
doubtful sources
g. City Health Office has no capacity to test or conduct water analysis as
required in SDG 6.1
h. The requirement of DOH-approved water safety plans (WSPs) is not
enforced for all water service providers. There is also no local policy
requiring the implementation of WSP by the drinking water service
providers.
i. The city does not have an established local drinking water quality
surveillance program.
j. Existing water sources and water supply infrastructure in the city are
k. The city needs to strengthen its IEC on water conservation practices and
safe water handling practices
Management of a. Poor sanitation practices are still observed in the city. There are
on-site sanitation households that share their toilet facilities to other households, use
facilities (toilets, insanitary toilet facilities or practice open defecation.
septic tanks, - The houses-on-stilts, informal settlers and indigenous people in
septage barangays Mariki, Rio Hondo, Sta. Barbara, Sta. Catalina,
management) Kasanyangan, Talon-talon and Zone IV have low access to sanitary
toilet facilities
- Some indigenous communities have difficulty in adapting proper
sanitation practices.
- Households in the island barangays also have low access to sanitary
toilet facilities

- Sanitation facilities provided in houses-on-stilts had been detached
b. The city does not have monitoring system for the households that
practice open defecation. There is also no procedure or guidelines for
ZOD barangay certification and monitoring in place.
c. Weak implementation of sanitation policies and no existing city
ordinance on WASH
d. The existing septage management ordinance of the city must be
reviewed and updated to reflect the recent developments on the
implementation of the SMP in the city.
e. There are septic tanks that are not compliant to the prescribed standard
design of DOH and the households cannot afford to retrofit their septic
tanks.
f. Formal septage management program (SMP) is not yet being
implemented in the city.
g. There is a need to strengthen the IEC programs on proper sanitation
and hygiene practices
h. The city LGU must raise the awareness of the households regarding the
city ordinance on sanitation and the proposed SMP of the city.
i. City LGU representatives/leaders/community lack on training and
awareness on WASH for
j. Lack of training and awareness advocacy on WASH for COVID-19 and
emerging diseases for health care facilities (HCFs) (health workers/
sanitary inspectors)
k. Inadequate financing and resources to establish WASH facilities.
l. Weak coordination and implementation of WASH programs and policies.
m. Lack of potable water supply infrastructure in evacuation centers
n. Inadequate WASH facilities in schools that serve as evacuation centers
o. The city does not have local policy for the provision of WASH facilities
during emergencies
p. Existing sanitation facilities in the city are susceptible to landslide and
flooding.
Wastewater, a. Disposal of untreated wastewater in the environment
Sewage and - Sewer lines are only limited to city proper, and no treatment is
Drainage provided to the collected wastewater
Management b. Lack on policy regarding sewerage system
c. The drainage is reportedly undersized and are usually clogged with solid
wastes which causes flooding in the area.
d. Absence of drainage system outside city proper especially in rural
barangays
e. No maintenance of drainage systems and outfalls
f. No drainage master plan
g. Sewerage and drainage infrastructures in the city are susceptible to
landslide and flooding.
Solid Waste a. There are barangays unserved by the city and barangay waste
Management collection.
b. Limited waste reduction and segregation practice in the city
- Not all barangays have functional MRFs and composting facility
- Inadequate programs to improve diversion rate
- Lack of local market for recyclables and reusable waste

- Lacks information and awareness on effective solid waste
management
- Lack of infrastructure to support the resource recovery initiatives
c. Barangay Solid Waste Management Councils (BSWMCs) of the city are
inactive.
d. Absence of proper on-site treatment and disposal of health care waste
(HCW) in HCFs
e. Lack of training and capacity building on proper HCW management in
the HCFs.
f. Location of the City MRFs, SLF and medical waste treatment facility are
Water Quality a. Lack of information and awareness advocacy of relevant stakeholders in
Management water quality management in the community and commercial
establishments.
b. Presence of informal settlers near bodies of water directly discharging
untreated sewage.

6 SWOT Analysis
167.
To guide the LSSP team in setting their vision, mission, goals and objectives (VMGOs) and
in determining the strategies to improve the sanitation in the city, the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the city were identified based on the
assessment of the present conditions of each thematic area.
168.
With the whole picture of the current situation in place, setting the vision, mission, goals and
strategies will become strategic by capitalizing the strength and opportunities and
overcoming the weaknesses and threats of the sanitation in the city.
169.
Different alternative strategies were identified by the LSSP Team considering the following.
The SWOT matrices for each sanitation intervention area are presented in the succeeding
tables.
 Strength-Opportunity (SO) Strategies. – These are based on using key internal
strength to take advantage of external opportunities.
 Weakness-Opportunity (WO) Strategies. – The are based on overcoming of
weakness by taking advantage of opportunities.
 Strength-Threat (ST) Strategies. – These are based on using strengths to avoid
threats.
 Weakness-Threat (WT) Strategies. – There are strategies to minimize the weakness
and avoid the threats.

Table 6-1: SWOT Matrix for Water Supply
Strengths (S)
Infrastructure In
 Existing water supply infrastructures of ZCWDs and 
RWSAs 
 Availability of water supply sources including partnership 
of ZCWD with Primewater
Policy/Plans 
 Institutionalized and functional LDWQMC through EO
 Created Zamboanga City Water Security Council and TWG 
WATER SUPPLY  Adoption of Water Demand Management program
 Water sufficiency is included in the Local Climate Change IE
Action Plan of the city 
 Policy on rainwater harvesting
IEC, Monitoring Activities 
 Implementation of IEC on water supply
 Regular monitoring of drinking water quality 
Opportunities (O) Strength-Opportunity Strategies

 Increase in demand for water supply due to increase in population  Enhance existing availability of water through the development of 
 Availability of alternative water sources additional water sources, and installation, upgrading and
 Rainwater harvesting facility expansion of water supply facilities.
 Implementation of WSP  Increase the use of rainwater as alternative water source through 
 Programs of national agencies on water supply (i.e., DILG) strict enforcement of the rainwater harvesting city ordinance and
 Microfinance institutions conduct of promotion and advocacy programs.
 Partnership with NGOs  Strengthen the existing water quality management through the 
 Water supply programs from funding donors/banks (i.e., DBP, institutionalization of drinking water quality surveillance by the LGU
LBP) and stakeholders and safety by the water service providers
 Enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, 
donors, national government, academic institutions, NGOs for the
implementation of water and water resource management projects,
studies, promotion, and capacity building. 
 Strengthen advocacy and lobbying in support to the adoption of
support policies, institutional arrangements and structures, 
allocation and or leveraging of funding for sustainable and resilient 
water services and the promotion of water conservation, water
Table 6-2: SWOT Matrix for Management of On-site Sanitation Facilities
Strengths (S)
Policies P
 City Ordinance 1009-152: Septage Management System in 
Zamboanga City 
 City Ordinance 500: Sanitation Code of Zamboanga City In
Institutional Framework 
 Institutionalized Zamboanga City Septage Management Council
 Coordination between BLGUs and CHO to assist the households 
Management of On-site Sanitation Facilities (toilet, septic tanks, in the construction of toilet facilities 
septage management)  There are available private desludgers in the city 
Infrastructure and Programs IE
 On-going construction of Septage Treatment Plant at Vale Vista 
and Magay 
IEC 
 WASH programs in schools
F

 Implementation Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master  Enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, 
Plan to increase demand for sanitation services donors, national government, academic institutions, NGOs for the
 National sanitation programs (i.e., National Sewerage and implementation of sanitation projects, studies, promotion, and
Septage Management Program (NSSMP)) capacity building 
 Technical assistance from international agencies (i.e., USAID  Integrate the sanitation residual processing and recovery in the
SURGE) design of the SpTPs
 Micro-finance institutions (i.e., Water.org)  Review and update existing sanitation policies to integrate the 
 Partnership with NGOs new national policies, guidelines, plans and developments.
 Sanitation programs from funding donors/banks (i.e., DBP)
 Possible additional revenues from treated effluent and bio-solids 
reuse

Table 6-3: SWOT Matrix for WASH in Emergencies
Strengths (S)
Policies P
 Local Climate Change Action Plan 2016-2030 
 Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2019-2022
 On-going formulation of Zamboanga City Resilience Plan In
Institutional Framework 
 All barangays have DRRM committees 
WASH in Emergencies
Capacity Building
 Trained personnel on emergency health and sanitation In
Infrastructure and Programs 
 Has designated evacuation centers in the city 
 Available mobile water treatment unit 
 Provision of hygiene kits during emergency
 Technical assistance from international agencies (i.e., USAID  Enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, 
SURGE) donors, national government, academic institutions, NGOs for the
 Partnership with private sectors and NGOs provision of WASH services during emergency situations.
 Sanitation programs from funding donors/banks (i.e., DBP)  Consider external support from international agencies and funding
donor/banks in the implementation of WASH-related PPAs in the 
LCCAP and LDRRMP
 Tap private sectors and NGOs in the provision of hygiene kits
during emergencies
Threat (T) Strength-Threat Strategies
 Sustaining the interest and priority of the LGU  Enhance BDRRMP of barangays by integrating the provision of 
 Changes in administration and leadership WASH services during emergencies
 Lack of political commitment  Institutionalize the provision of WASH facilities during emergencies
 Lack of participation of BLGUs through formulation and enforcement of local policies.
 Impacts of climate change to the sanitation facilities
 Cultural behavior
Table 6-4: SWOT Matrix for Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Managemen
Strengths (S)
Wastewater/Sewage W
Infrastructure In
 Presence of existing sewer line in the city 
 Available ZCWD sewage pumping stations 
 On-going construction of sewage treatment plants in Magay, Rio Hondo 
and Vale Vista IE
 On-going rehabilitation and expansion of the existing sewer lines in 
Magay 
Wastewater, Sewage and Drainage Management Drainage P
Infrastructure 
 Availability of drainage system within the city proper D
In




 Implementation Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Wastewater/Sewage W
 Enhance collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, donors, 
Master Plan to increase demand for sewerage services
national government, academic institutions, NGOs for the
 National sanitation programs (i.e., NSSMP, LWUA)
implementation of sewerage projects, studies, promotion, and capacity 
 Technical assistance from international agencies (i.e., USAID SURGE,
building
ADB)
 Establish partnerships with private sectors, NGOs, academic institutions
 Sanitation programs from funding donors/banks (i.e., DBP)
and other stakeholders for the reuse of the sanitation residuals 
 Possible additional revenues from treated effluent and bio-solids reuse
 Integrate the sanitation residual processing and recovery in the design
of the STPs
Drainage 
 Seek technical and financial assistance from international agencies and
funding donors/banks for the rehabilitation, improvement, expansion of
the existing city drainage network D

Threat (T) Strength-Threat Strategies

 Sustaining the interest and priority of the LGU Wastewater/Sewage W
 Changes in administration and leadership 
 Institutionalize the sewerage system in the city through formulation and
 Lack of political commitment

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LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SANITATION

PLAN OF ZAMBOANGA CITY

Revision No. 0 I October 2021

OCTOBER 11, 2021

Zamboanga City Local Government Unit

Completion date: October 2021

Prepared by: Zamboanga City Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan Team

With technical assistance from: USAID Strengthening Urban Resilience for

It is with honor and pleasure that I present the

Being a highly urbanized city, the provision of

Muchisimas gracias y vaya con Dios!

MAYOR MARIA ISABELLE CLIMACO-SALAZAR

2.1 Legal and Policy Framework for Sanitation 8

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page i

4.1 Household Level 41

5.1 Health Impacts 50

6.1 Vision and Mission Statement 52

7.1 Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of LSSP 82

8.1 Government Funding to Sanitation Projects 88

10. Monitoring and Evaluation 91

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page ii

12. Risk Assessment to LSSP Implementation 93

12.1 CCA-DRR Considerations for Infrastructure Projects 93

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page iv

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page v

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page vi

Composting – refers to controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page ix

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 1

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 2

Goal Objectives Strategies

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 1

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 2

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 3

1.2 The LSSP Process

Source: DOH Guidebook for Sustainable Sanitation Strategy

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 4

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 5

Step 3: Identify Goals and Objectives

Step 6: Endorse the LSSP

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 6

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 7

Table 2-1. Legislative Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 8

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 9

Moreover, for monitoring, the Code on Sanitation requires the

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 10

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage,

Section 12. City and Municipal SWM Board

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 11

Table 2-2. Executive Issuances related to Sanitation in the Philippines

Executive Issuances Pertinent Provisions

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 12

o Cities with septage management program (SMP),

DOH Administrative ● Provides the implementing guidelines to operationalize the

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 13

the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines.

DOH AO No. 2019-0047 Section VI. Specific Guidelines

Local Sustainable Sanitation Plan for Zamboanga City (2021-2030) Page 14

Section 6.5. Barangay officials or the designated member of their