English For University Students

Compiled by
Dr. Atef M. Abdullah

1
English Grammar in Use

2
Present continuous (I am doing)

A. Study this example situation:

Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work.
This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.
Am/is/are -ing is the present continuous:
I am (= I'm) driving he/she/it is(he's etc.) working we/you/they are(we're etc.)
doing etc.
B. I am doing something = I'm in the middle of doing something; I've
started doing it and I haven't finished yet.
Often the action is happening at the time of speaking:
* Please don't make so much noise. I'm working. (not 'I work')
* 'Where's Margaret?' 'She's having a bath.' (not 'she has a bath')
* Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more. (not 'it doesn't rain')
* I'm tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodnight!
But the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example:
Tom and Ann are talking in a cafe. Tom says:
TOM: I'm reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've
finished it.
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has
started it but not finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it.
C. We use the present continuous when we talk about things happening
in a period around now (for example, today/this week/this evening etc.):
* 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.' (not 'you work hard today')
* 'Is Susan working this week?' 'No, she's on holiday.'
We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now:
* The population of the world is rising very fast. (not 'rises')
* Is your English getting better? (not 'does your English get better')

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 EXERCISES
1.1 Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct
form:
come get happen look make start stay try work
1. 'You're --- hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'
2. I --- for Christine. Do you know where she is?
3. It --- dark. Shall I turn on the light?
4. They haven't got anywhere to I've at the moment. They --- with friends until they
find somewhere.
5. 'Are you ready, Ann?' 'Yes, I ---.'
6. Have you got an umbrella? It --- to rain.
7. You --- a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I --- to concentrate.
8. Why are all these people here? What ---?

1.2 Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.

1. 'Is Colin working this week?' 'No, he's on holiday.' (Colin/work)
2. Why --- at me like that? What's the matter? (you/look)
3. 'Jenny is a student at university.' 'Is she? What --- ?' (she/study)
4. --- to the radio or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen)
5. How is your English? --- better? (it/get)

1.3 Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm
not doing etc.).
1. I'm tired. I'm going (go) to bed now. Goodnight!
2. We can go out now. it (rain) any more.
3. 'How is your new job?' 'Not so good at the moment. I --- (enjoy) it very much.'
4. Catherine phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She --- (have) a
great time and doesn't want to come back.
5. I want to lose weight, so this week I --- (eat) lunch.
6. Angela has just started evening classes. She --- (learn) German.

4
 Present simple (I do)

A. Study this example situation:

Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. So: He is not driving a bus.
Drive(s)/work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple: I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc.
he/she/it drives/works/does etc.

B. We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not
thinking only about now. We use it to say that something happens all the time or
repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the
action is happening at the time of speaking:
* Nurses took after patients in hospitals.
* I usually go away at weekends.
* The earth goes round the sun.
Remember that we say: he/she/it -s. Don't forget the s:
I work ... but He works ... They teach ... but My sister teaches

C. We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences:

do I/we/you/they work?/come?/do? does he/she/it work?/come?/do? I/we/you/they
don't work/come/do he/she/it doesn't work/come/do
* I come from Canada. Where do you come from?
* What does this word mean? (not 'What means this word?')
* Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.

In the following examples do is also the main verb:

* 'What do you do?' (= What's your job?) 'I work in a shop.'
* He's so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help me. (not 'He doesn't anything') D. We
use the present simple when we say how often we do things:
* I get up at 8 o'clock every morning. (not 'I'm getting')

5
EXERCISES
2.1 Complete the sentences using one of the following:
cause(s) close(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s) place

1. Ann speaks German very well.

2. I never --- coffee. drink
3. The swimming pool --- at 9 o'clock and --- at 18.30 every day.
4. Bad driving --- many accidents.
5. My parents --- in a very at small flat.
6. The Olympic Games --- every four years.
2.2 Put the verb into the correct form.
1. Jane doesn't drink (not/drink) tea very often.
2. What time --- (the banks/close) in Britain?
3. 'Where --- (Martin/come) from?' 'He's Scottish.'
4. 'What --- (you/do)?' 'I'm an electrical engineer.' –
6. I --- (play) the piano but I --- (not/play) very well.
7. I don't understand this sentence. What --- (this word/mean)?
2.3 Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you
need the negative:
believe eat flow go grow make rise tell translate
1. The earth --- round the sun.
2. Rice --- in Britain.
3. The sun --- in the east.
4. Bees --- honey. -
5. Vegetarians --- meat. –
6. An atheist --- in God.
7. An interpreter --- from one language into another.
8. A liar is someone who --- the truth.
9. The River Amazon --- into the Atlantic Ocean.

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Present continuous and present simple (1)
(I am doing and I do)
A. Study the explanations and compare the examples:

Use the Present continuous for something that is happening at or around the
time of speaking. The action is not finished.
* The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
* Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?
* Let's go out. It isn't raining now.
* 'Don't disturb me. I'm busy.' 'Why? What are you doing?'
* I'm going to bed now. Goodnight!
* Maria is in Britain at the moment. She's learning English. Use the continuous for
a temporary situation:
* I'm living with some friends until I find a flat.
* 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I've got a lot to do.' See Unit I for more
information.
Use the Present simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly.
* Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.
* Excuse me, do you speak English?
* It doesn't rain very much in summer.
* What do you usually do at weekends?
* What do you do? (= What's your job?)
* I always go to bed before midnight.
Use the simple for a permanent situation:
* My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives.
* John isn't lazy. He works very hard most of the time.
B. I always do and I'm always doing
Usually we say 'I always do something' (= I do it every time):
* I always go to work by car. (not 'I'm always going')
You can also say 'I'm always doing something', but this has a different meaning.
For example: I've lost my key again. I'm always losing things.
'I'm always losing things' does not mean that I lose things every time. It means
that I lose things too often, more often than normal.

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EXERCISES

3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
1. Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.
2. The water boils. Can you turn it off?
3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
5. The moon goes round the earth.
6. I must go now. It gets late.
7. I usually go to work by car.
8. 'Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.'

3.2 Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Let's go out. It (not/rain) now.
2. Julia is very good at languages. She (speak) four languages very well.
3. Hurry up! Everybody --- (wait) for you. –
4. '--- (you/listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.' –
5. '--- (you/listen) to the radio every day?' 'No, just occasionally.'
6. The River Nile --- (flow) into the Mediterranean. -
8. 'How is your English?' 'Not bad. It --- (improve) slowly.'

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 Present continuous and present simple (2)
(I am doing and I do)

A. We use continuous tenses only for actions and happenings (they are
eating/it is raining etc.).
Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not action verbs. You cannot say
'I am knowing' or ,they are liking'; you can only say 'I know', 'they like'.
The following verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses:
like love hate want need prefer know realise suppose
mean understand believe remember belong contain consist depend
seem

* I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not 'I'm wanting')

* Do you understand what I mean?
* Ann doesn't seem very happy at the moment.
When think means 'believe', do not use the continuous:
* What do you think (= believe) will happen? (not 'what are you thinking')
but * You look serious. What are you thinking about? (= What is going on in your
mind?)
* I'm thinking of giving up my job. (= I am considering)
When have means 'possess' etc., do not use the continuous
* We're enjoying our holiday. We have a nice room in the hotel. (not 'we're having')
but * We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a great time.
B. See hear smell taste
We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs:
* Do you see that man over there? (not 'are you seeing')
* This room smells. Let's open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste:
* Listen! Can you hear something?
But you can use the continuous with see (I'm seeing) when the meaning is
'having a meeting with'
* I'm seeing the manager tomorrow morning.

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EXERCISES
4.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. I'm seeing the manager tomorrow morning.
2. I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat?
3. Are you believing in God? No, I‘m an atheist
4. This sauce is great. It's tasting really good.
5. I'm thinking this is your key. Am I right?

4.2 Look at the pictures. Use the words in brackets to make sentences.
1. (you/not/seem/very happy today) You don't seem very happy today.
2. (what/you/do?)? Be quiet! (I/think)
3. (who/this umbrella/belong to?) I've no idea.
4. (the dinner/smell/good).
5. Excuse me. (anybody/sit/here?) No, it's free
6. Can you ring me back in half an hour? (I/have/dinner)
4.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Are you hungry? --- something to eat? (you/want)
2. Jill is interested in politics but she --- to a political party. (not/belong)
3. Don't put the dictionary away. I --- it. (use)
4. Don't put the dictionary away. I --- it. (need).
5. Who is that man? What ---? (he/want)
6. Who is that man? Why --- at us? (he/look)
7. George says he's 80 years old but nobody --- him. (believe)
8. She told me her name but I --- it now. (not/remember)
9. I --- of selling my car. (think) Would you be interested in buying it?
10. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I --- tea. (prefer)

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 Past simple (I did)

A. Study this example:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived
from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than
600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died.
Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple.
B. Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):
* I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop.
* We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
* The police stopped me on my way home last night.
* She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped,
studied etc.)
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For
example:write -> wrote
* Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see -> saw
* We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go -> went
* I went to the cinema three times last week. shut -> shut
* It was cold, so I shut the window.
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
C. In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):
I/she/they: enjoyed/saw/went
Did: you/she/they: enjoy?/see?/go? I/she/they: didn't: enjoy/see/go
* A: Did you go out last night?
B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn't enjoy the film much.
* 'When did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.'
* They didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't go.
* 'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.' Be careful when do is the
main verb in the sentence:
* What did you do at the weekend? (not 'what did you at the weekend')
* I didn't do anything. (not 'I didn't anything')

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EXERCISES

5.1 Read what Sharon says about a typical working day: SHARON
I usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which
takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work
at 5 o'clock. i'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the
evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock. I always sleep well.
Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write she did or didn't do
yesterday.
1. She got up at 7 o'clock. 2. She --- a big breakfast.
3. She ---. 4. It --- to get to work. 5. --- at 8.45. 6. --- lunch. 7. --- at 5
o'clock. 8. --- tired when --- home. 9. --- a meal yesterday evening.
10. --- out yesterday evening. 11. --- at 11 o'clock. 12. --- well last night.
5.2 Put one of these verbs in each sentence:
buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write
1. Mozart --- more than 600 pieces of music.
2. 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My father --- me.'
3. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we --- it.
4. I was very thirsty. I --- the water very quickly.
6. Don --- down the stairs this morning and --- his lag.
7. Jim --- the ball to Sue, who --- it.
8. Ann --- a lot of money yesterday. She --- a dress which --- l100.
5.3 Complete the sentences, Put the verb into the correct form, positive or
negative.
1. It was warm, so I _ _ off my coat. (take)
3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I --- her. (disturb)
4. I was very tired, so I --- to bed early. (go)
5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I --- very well. (sleep)
6. Sue wasn't hungry, so she --- anything. (eat)
7. We went to Kate's house but she --- at home. (be)
8. It was a funny situation but nobody --- (laugh)

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 Past continuous (I was doing)

A. Study this example situation:

Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished
at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.
They were playing = 'they were in the middle of playing'. They had not finished
playing. Was/were ~ing is the past continuous:
I/he/she/it was playing/doing/working etc. we/you/they were
playing/doing/working etc.
B. We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of
doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started
before this time but had not finished:
* This time last year I was living in Brazil.
* What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
* I waved to her but she wasn't looking.
C. Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did): Past
continuous (in the middle of an action)
* I was walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home)
* Ann was watching television when the phone rang.
Past simple (complete action)
* I walked home after the party last night. (= all the way, completely)
* Ann watched television a lot when she was ill last year.
D. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say
that something happened in the middle of something else:
* Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.
* I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a
book.
* While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
* I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

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EXERCISES

6.1 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as
in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second
example).
1. (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening)
I was having dinner with some friends.
2. (at 5 o'clock last Saturday)
I was on a train on my way to London.
3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning)

6.2 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous.
2. The doorbell rang while I ---
3. We saw an accident while we ---
4. Mary fell asleep while she ---
5. The television was on but nobody ---

6.3 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. I (see) Sue in town yesterday but she --- (look) the other way.
2. I --- (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They --- (go) to
3. I --- (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man --- (step) out into the road
in front of me. I --- (go) quite fast but luckily I --- (manage) to stop in time and ---
(not/hit) him.

6.4 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. Jane (wait) for me when I (arrive).
2. 'What --- (you/do) this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.'
3. '--- (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'
5. How fast --- (you/drive) when the accident --- (happen)?
6. John --- (take) a photograph of me while I --- (not/look).

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 Present perfect (1)
(I have done)

A. Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his
key' = He lost it and he still hasn't got it.
Have/has lost is the present perfect simple:
I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc. he/she/it has (= he's
etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.
The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often
ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular
(lost/done/been/written etc.).
B. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with
now. The action in the past has a result now:
* 'Where's your key?' J don't know. I've lost it.' (I haven't got it now)
* He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now)
* I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (do you know where it is now?)
We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent
happening:
* The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident.
* (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
C. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet:
Just = a short time ago:
* 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
* Hello. Have you just arrived?
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected.
* 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'
* 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.'
Yet = 'until now' and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen.
Use yet only in questions and negative sentences:
* Has it stopped raining yet?

15
EXERCISES

7.1 You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about
yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the
present perfect.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. I/buy/a new car
I've bought a new car.
2. my father/start/a new job
3. I/give up/smoking
4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil
5. Suzanne/have/a baby

7.2 Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following:

arrive break go up grow improve lose

1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He --- his key.
2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She ---
3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. ---
4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. ---
5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. ---
6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. ---
7.5 Put in been or gone.
1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy.
2. Hello! I've just --- to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's --- to the shop to get a newspaper.
4. Tom has. --- out. He'll be back in about an hour.
5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already --- to the bank.'

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 Present perfect (2)
(I have done)
A. Study this example conversation:

When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we
use the present perfect (have been/have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are
talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that
continues until now).
* Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)
* We've never had a car.
* 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.'
* Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!
* What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that
continues until now (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast etc.):
* Have you heard from George recently?
* I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
* Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.

B. We use the present perfect with today/this morning/this evening etc.

when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking:
* I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps I'll drink more before today is
finished)
* Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?
* I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
* Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.

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EXERCISES
8.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done.
Make questions from the words in brackets.
1. (ever/ride/horse?)
Have you ever ridden a horse?
2. (ever/be/California?)
3. (ever/run/marathon?)
4. (ever/speak/famous person?)
5. (always/live/in this town?)
6. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?) What

8.2 Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use
a verb from this list:
be be cat happen have meet play read see see try

1 A: What's George's sister like?

B: I've no idea. I've never met her.
2. A: How is Amy these days?
B: I don't know. I --- her recently.
3. A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes. I --- much today.
4. A: Can you play chess? B: Yes, but --- for ages.
5. A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
B: Yes, it's the best holiday --- for a long time.
6. A: What's that book like? B: I don't know ---
7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place? B: I've no idea --- there.
8. A: Mike was late for work again today. B: Again? He --- every day this week.
9. A: Do you like caviar? B: I don't know ---
10. A: The car broke down again yesterday.
B: Not again! That's the second time --- this week.
11. Who's that woman by the door) B: I don't know --- before.)

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 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

A. It has been raining. Study this example situation:

Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. It has been raining.
Have/has been -ing is the present perfect continuous: I/we/they/you have (= I've
etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc. he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been
doing/waiting/playing etc.
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped
or just stopped. There is a connection with now:
* You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now)
* Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now)
* Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
* I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that ... B. It has been
raining for two hours. Study this example situation:
It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. How long
has it been raining?
It has been raining for two hours.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how
long, for ... and since ... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has
just stopped.
* How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English)
* Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.
* Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.
* George hasn't been feeling well recently.

19
EXERCISES

9.1 What have these people been doing or what has been happening?
1. They have been shopping.
2. She ---
3. They ---
4. He ---

9.2 Write a question for each situation.

1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you/sit in the sun?) Have you been sitting in the
sun?
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask:
(you/wait/long?)
3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask:
(what/you/do?)
4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know
'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/live/in Baker Street?)
5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know
'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/sell/computers?)

9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It has been raining for two
hours.
2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. We ---
for 20 minutes.
3. I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now. I --- since
December.
4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now.
--- for six months.
5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She's still working there now.
--- since 18 January.

20
 Present perfect continuous and simple
(I have been doing and I have done)

A. Study these example situations:

Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been
Painting is the present perfect
We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has
been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not
been finished.
The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is
the present perfect simple.
Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. 'Has painted' is a
completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted
ceiling), not in the activity itself.
Compare these examples:
* My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now.
I've repaired it.
* He's been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less. Somebody
has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.
* It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met?
Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it?
* Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? Have you ever played
tennis?

B. We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity that is still
happening):
* How long have you been reading that book?
* Mary is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day.
* They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock.
We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times
(completed actions):
* How many pages of that book have you read?
* Mary has written ten letters today.
* They've played tennis three times this week.
21
EXERCISES

10.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.
1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on
page 53. (read/for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.
(read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.
2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She
began her tour three months ago. (travel/for three months) She --- (visit/six
countries so far) ---
3. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years
old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time.
(win/the national championship four times) (play/tennis since he was ten)
4. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still
make films. (make/ten films since they left college) They ---(make/films since they
left college)

10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how
long/learn/Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how
long/wait?)
3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish/catch?)
4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many
people/invite?)
5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long/reach?)
6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books/write?) (how
long/write/books?)
7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long/save?)
(how much money/save?)

22
When ...? and How long ...? For and since

A. Compare When ...? (+ past simple) and How long ...? (+ present perfect): A:
When did it start raining?
B: It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock. A: How long has it been raining?
B: It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock. A: When did Joe and Carol first
meet?
B: They first met a long time ago/when they were at school. A: How long have Joe
and Carol known each other?
B: They've known each other for a long time./since they were at school.
B. We use both for and since to say how long something has been
happening. We use for when we say a period of time (two hours, six weeks
etc.):
* I've been waiting for two hours. for two hours two hours ago ->
* Sally's been working here for six months. (not 'since six months')
* I haven't seen Tom for three days. (not 'since three days')
We use since when we say the start of a period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1985 etc.):
* I've been waiting since 8 o'clock. since 8 o'clock 8 o'clock -> now since
8 o'clock/1977/Monday/Christmas/12 May/lunchtime/April/they were at school
* Sally's been working here since April. (= from April until now)
* I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)
* They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)
* They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for)
C. We say 'It's (a long time/two years etc.) since something happened':
* It's two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years/the last
time I saw Joe was two years ago)
* It's ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages)
The question is How long is it since ...?
* How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)

23
EXERCISES
12.1 Write questions with how long and when.
1. It's raining.(how long?) How long has it been raining? (when?) When did it start
raining?
2. Kate is learning Italian. (how long/learn?) (when/start/learn?)
3. I know Martin. (how long/know?) (when/first/meet?)
4. Bob and Alice are married. (how long?) (when?)

12.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way
shown.
1. (It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at
lunchtime.
2. (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We've known each other for
years.
3. (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has ---
4. (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has ---
5. (Sarah is married. She's been married for two years.) She got ---
6. (You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've ---

12.3 Put in for or since.

1. It's been raining since lunchtime.
2. Tom's father has been doing the same job --- 20 years.
3. Have you been learning English ---a long time?
4. Sarah has lived in London --- 1985.
5. --- Christmas, the weather has been quite good.
6. Please hurry up! We've been waiting --- an hour.
7. Kevin has been looking for a job --- he left school.
8. The house is very dirty. We haven't cleaned it --- ages.
9. I haven't had a good meal --- last Tuesday.

24
 Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did)

A. Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn't have his key now.
Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? (present perfect)
No, he hasn't. He has found it.
Did he lose his key? (past simple) Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)
The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his
key', we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at
some time in the past.
Two more examples:
* Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn't have a beard now)
* They went out after lunch and they've just come back. (so they are back now)
B. Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the
present (for example, things that happened a long time ago):
* The Chinese invented printing. (not 'have invented')
* How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not 'has Shakespeare written')
* Beethoven was a great composer. (not 'has been') Compare:
* Shakespeare wrote many plays.
* My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (she still writes books)

25
EXERCISES

13.1 What has happened in these situations?

1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard. He has shaved off his beard.
2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Mow she's in bed. She ---
3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature ---
4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody ---
5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree ---

13.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past
simple.
1. 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (lose)
2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)
3. Mary --- to Australia for a while but she's back again now. (go)
4. 'Where's Ken?' 'He --- out. He'll be back in about an hour.' (go)
5. I did German at school but I --- most of it. (forget)
6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I --- (forget)
7. I --- a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)
8. Look! There's an ambulance over there. There --- an accident. (be)
9. They're still building the new road. They --- it. (not/finish)
10. 'Is Helen still here?' 'No, she --- out.' (just/go)
11. The police --- three people but later they let them go. (arrest)
12. Ann --- me her address but I'm afraid I --- it. (give, lose)

26
Present perfect and past (2)
(I have done and I did)

A. Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a
finished time (for example, yesterday/ten minutes ago/in 1985/when I was a
child). Use a past tense:
* The weather was nice yesterday. (not 'has been nice')
* They arrived ten minutes ago. (not 'have arrived')
* I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not 'have eaten')
* A: Did you see the news on television last night? (not 'Have you seen') B: No, I
went to bed early. (not 'have gone')
Use a past tense to ask When ...? or What time ...?:
* When did they arrive? (not 'have they arrived')
* What time did you finish work? Compare:
Present perfect
* Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house.
Here, we are not thinking of the past action. We are thinking of the present result
of the action: Tom doesn't have his key now.
Past simple
* Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house.
Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this
sentence whether Tom has his key now.
B. Compare present perfect and past: Present perfect (have done)
* I've done a lot of work today.
We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until
now. For example, today, this week, since 1985.
* It hasn't rained this week.
* Have you seen Ann this morning? (it is still morning)
* Have you seen Ann recently?

27
EXERCISES

14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the
ones that are wrong.
1. _I've lost_ my key. I can't find it anywhere.
2. Have you seen the news on television last night?
3. _I've bought_ a new car. Do you want to see it? ---
4. _I've bought_ a new car last week. ---
5. Where _have you been_ yesterday evening? ---
6. Jenny _has left_ school in 1991. ---
7. I'm looking for Mike. _Have you seen_ him? ---
8. I'm very hungry. _I haven't eaten_ anything today. ---
9. Diane _hasn't been_ at work yesterday. ---

14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or
past simple.
1. (it/not/rain/this week) It hasn't rained this week.
2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) The weather ---
3. (it cold/last week) It ---
4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) I ---
5. (I not/read/a newspaper today)

14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1. I don't know where Amy is. Have you seen (you/see) her?
2. When I --- (get) home last night, I --- (be) very tired and I --- (go) straight to bed.
3. Your car looks very clean --- (you/wash) it?
4. George --- (not/be) very well last week.
5. Mr Clark --- (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6. Molly lives in Dublin. She --- (live) there all her life.

28
 Past perfect (I had done)
A. Study this example situation:

Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see
each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So:When
Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home. Had gone is the
past perfect (simple):
I/we/they/you or he/she/it had (= I'd etc./he'd etc.) gone/seen/finished etc.
The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.). For a
list of irregular verbs
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
* Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that
happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had ... ):
* When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more
examples:
* When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
* Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen
the film.
* At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a
serious mistake.
B. Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect).
Compare:
present perfect
* Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.
* We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.
* The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks. past perfect
* I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before. (= before that time)
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.
C. Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did):
* 'Was Tom at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he had already gone home.'
but 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.'
* Ann wasn't at home when I phoned. She was in London.

29
EXERCISES
15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
1. You went to Jill's house but she wasn't there. (she/go/out) She had gone out.
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as
before. (it/change/a lot)
3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come. (she/arrange/to do something
else)
4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. (the
film/already/begin)
5. I was very pleased to see him again after such a long time. (I/not/see/him for
five years)

15.2 Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb
given in brackets.
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) He had never flown before. OR He hadn't flown before.
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I ---
before.
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first
game. (play) He ---
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there (be) We ---
15.3 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple
(I did etc.).
1. 'Was Tom at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he had gone (go) home.'
2. I felt very tire when I got home, so I --- (go) straight to bed.
3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody --- (go) to bed.
4. Sorry I'm late. The car --- (break) down on my way here.

30
 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

A. Study this example situation:

Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was
shining but the ground was very wet.
It had been raining.
It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But
it had been raining before. That's why the ground was wet.
Had been ~ing is the past perfect continuous:
I/we/you/they had(= I'd etc.) been doing/working/playing etc. he/she/it had (= he'd
etc.) been doing/working/playing etc. Some more examples:
* When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was
untidy and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.
* I was very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day.

B. You can say that something had been happening for a period of
time before something else happened:
* Our game of tennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour
when it started to rain very heavily.
* Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.

C. Had been ~ing (past Perfect continuous) is the past of have been ~ing
(present perfect continuous). Compare: present perfect continuous
* I hope the bus comes soon. I've been waiting for 20 minutes. (before now)
* He's out of breath. He has been running. past perfect continuous
* At last the bus came. I'd been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the bus came)
* He was out of breath. He had been running.
D. Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous):
* It wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been
raining, so the ground was wet.
* Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she'd
been working very hard.

31
EXERCISES

16.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. I was very tired when I arrived home. (I/work/hard all day)
I had been working hard all day.
2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very
tired. (they/play/football)
3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room)
4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn't know
where she was. (she/dream)
5. When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he/watch/TV)

16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1. We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to
rain. We had been playing for half an hour when it started to rain.
2. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him.
After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant.
I --- for 20 minutes when I ---
3. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down. At the time
the factory ---, Sarah --- there for five years.
4. I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about
ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
The orchestra --- when ---
5. This time make your own sentence:
I began walking along the road. I --- when ---

32
 Used to (do)
A. Study this example situation:
Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn't smoke any more. But he used
to smoke.
He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
'He used to smoke' = he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he
doesn't smoke now. He was a smoker, but now he isn't

B. 'Something used to happen' = something happened regularly in the past

but no longer happens:
* I used to play tennis a lot but I don't play very often now.
* Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn't go away so often.
* 'Do you go to the cinema very often?' 'Not now, but I used to.' (= I used to go ...)
We also use used to... for something that was true but is not true any more:
* This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.
* I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he's a very nice person.
* I've started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.
* Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.

C. 'I used to do something' is past. There is no present form. You cannot

say 'I use to do'. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do).
Compare:
past: he used to smoke we used to live there used to be present: he smokes we
live there is
* We used to live in a small village but now we live in London.
* There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.

D. The normal question form is did (you) use to ...?:

* Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
The negative form is didn't use to ... (used not to ... is also possible)
* I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like him.)

33
Exercises

18.1 Complete these sentences with use(d) to ... + a suitable verb.

1. Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
2. Liz --- a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. We came to live in Manchester a few years ago. We --- in Nottingham.

4. I rarely cat ice cream now but I --- it when I was a child.
5. Jim --- my best friend but we aren't friends any longer.
7. There --- a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago
8. When you lived in London, --- to the theatre very often?

18.3 Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today: FIVE
YEARS A GO
I travel a lot,
I play the piano. I'm very lazy.
I don't like cheese. I've got a dog.
I'm a hotel receptionist. I've got lots of friends.
I never read newspapers. I don't drink tea.
I go to a lot of parties. TODAY
I eat lots of cheese now.
I work very hard these days.
I don't know in people these days. I work in a bookshop now.
I don't go away much these days. My dog died two years ago.

34
 (I'm) going to (do)
A. 'I am going to do something' = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it:
* A: There's a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it? B: No, I'm
tired. I'm going to have an early night.
* A: I hear Ruth has won some money. What is she going to do with it? B: She's
going to buy a new car.
* A: Have you made the coffee yet?
B: I'm just going to make it. (just = right at this moment)
* This food looks horrible. I'm not going to eat it.

B. I am doing and I am going to do

We normally use I am doing (present continuous) when we say what we have
arranged to do for example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go
somewhere:
* What time are you meeting Ann this evening?
* I'm leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket.
'I am going to do something' = I've decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do
it):
* 'The windows are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to clean them later.' (= I've
decided to clean them but I haven't arranged to clean them)
* I've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I'm going to look for
somewhere else to stay. Often the difference is very small and either form is
possible.
C. You can also say that 'something is going to happen' in the future. For
example: The man can't see where he's walking. There is a hole in front of him.
He is going to fall into the hole.
When we say that 'something is going to happen', the situation now makes us
believe this. The man is walking towards the hole now, so he is going to fall into
it.
* Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (the clouds are there now)
* I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)

35
EXERCISES

20.1 Answer the questions. You are going to do all these things but you
haven't done them yet. Use going to and the word(s) in brackets.
1. Have you cleaned the car? (tomorrow) Not yet. I'm going to clean it tomorrow.
2. Have you phoned Sally? (later) Not yet. ---
3. Have you done the shopping? (this afternoon) Not yet. ---
4. Have you read the paper? (after dinner) Not ---
5. Have you had dinner? (just) ---

20.2 Write a question with going to for each situation.

1. Your friend has won some money. You ask: (what/do with it?) What are you
going to do with it?
2. Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: (what/wear?)
3. Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask: (where/put it?)
4. Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: (who/invite?)

20.3 Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to.
1. You have decided to write some letters this evening.
FRIEND: Are you going out this evening? You: No, I'm going to write some
letters.
2. You are a smoker but you have decided to give it up soon. FRIEND: Smoking is
very bad for you.
YOU: I know. ---

20.4 What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.
1. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) It's going to rain.
2. It is 8.30. Jack is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45 but the
journey takes 30 minutes. (late) He ---
3. There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the
hole. (sink) The boat ---
4. Emma is driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol
station is a long way away. (run out) She ---

36
 I will and I'm going to

A. Future actions
Study the difference between will and going to: Sue is talking to Helen:
SUE: Let's have a party
HELLEN: That's a great idea. We'll invite lots of people.
will ('ll): We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
The speaker has not decided before. The party is a new idea.
Later that day, Helen meets Dave:
HELLEN: Sue and I have decided to have a party. We're going to invite lots of
people.
going to: We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something.
Helen had already decided to Invite lots of people before she spoke to Dave.
Compare:
* 'George phoned while you were out.' 'OK. I'll phone him back.'
but * 'George phoned while you were out.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him
back.'

B. Future happenings and situations (predicting the future)

Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example,
you can say:
* I think the weather will be nice later.
* I think the weather is going to be nice later.
When we say 'something is going to happen', we know (or think) this because
of the situation now. For example:
* Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (not 'it will rain' - we can see the
clouds now)
* I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (not 'I think I'll be sick' - I feel terrible
now) Do not use will in situations like these. (See also Unit 20C.)
In other situations, it is safer to use will:
* Tom will probably arrive at about 8 o'clock.
* I think Ann will like the present we bought for her.

37
EXERCISES
23.1 Complete the sentences using will ('ll) or going to.
1. A: Why are you turning on the television? B: I'm going to watch the news.
(I/watch)
2. A: Oh, I've just realised. I haven't got any money.
B: Haven't you? Well, don't worry. --- you some. (I/lend)
3. A: I've got a headache.
B: Have you? Wait there and --- an aspirin for you. (I/get)
4. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water? B: --- the car. (I/wash)
5. A: I've decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, have you? What colour --- it? (you/paint)
6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?

B: Yes, --- something for dinner. (I/buy)

7. A: I don't know how to use this camera. B: It's quite easy. --- you. (I/show)
8. A: What would you like to eat? B: --- a sandwich, please. (I/have)
9. A: Did you post that letter for me?
B: Oh, I'm sorry. I completely forgot --- it now. (I/do)
10. A: The ceiling in this room doesn't took very safe, does it? B: No, it looks as if
--- down. (it/fall)
11. A: Has George decided what to do when he leaves school?
B: Oh, yes. Everything is planned. --- a holiday for a few weeks and then ---
a computer programming course. (he/have, he/do)

38
Have something done

A. Study this example situation:

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody
to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job.
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn't repair it
herself.
We use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do
something for us. Compare:
* Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)
* Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it) Study
these sentences:
* Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?
* 'Are you going to repair the car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it repaired.'
Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object
(the roof your hair etc.):
have + object + past participle
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. Where did you have your hair cut?
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
Julia has just had central heating installed in her house. We are having the house
painted at the moment.
How often do you have your car serviced?
B. You can also say 'get something done' instead of 'have something done'
(mainly in informal spoken English):
* When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired)
* I think you should get your hair cut.

39
EXERCISES
45.1 Tick (V) the correct sentence, (a) or (b), for each picture.
1. SARAH
a Sarah is cutting her hair.
b Sarah is having her hair cut.
2. BILL
a Bill is cutting his hair.
b Bill is having his hair cut.
3. JOHN
a John is cleaning his shoes.
b John is having his shoes cleaned.
4. SUE
a Sue is taking a photograph.
b Sue is having her photograph taken.
45.2 Why did you do these things? Answer using 'have something done'. Use
one of these verbs: clean cut repair service
1. Why did you take your car to the garage? _To have it serviced._
2. Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner's? To ---
3. Why did you take your watch to the jeweller's? ---
4. Why did you go to the hairdresser? ---

45.3 Write sentences in the way shown.

1. Jill didn't repair the roof herself. She _had it repaired._
2. I didn't cut my hair myself. I ---
3. They didn't paint the house themselves. They ---
4. Sue didn't make the curtains herself. ---

40
Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.)

A. Study these examples:

You haven't seen Mary today, have you? No, I'm afraid not.
It was a good film, wasn't it? Yes. I really enjoyed it.
Have you? and wasn't it? are question tags (= mini-questions that we often put
on the end of a sentence in spoken English). In question tags, we use an auxiliary
verb (have/was/will etc.).
We use do/does/did for the present and past simple (see also Unit 50):
* 'Karen plays the piano, doesn't she?' 'Well, yes, but not very well.'
* 'You didn't lock the door, did you?' 'No, I forgot.'
B. Normally we use a negative question tag after a positive sentence:
positive sentence + negative tag Mary will be here soon, won't she? There was a lot
of traffic, wasn't there?
Jim should pass the exam, shouldn't he?
... and a positive question tag after a negative sentence:
negative sentence + positive tag Mary won't be late, will she? They don't like us,
do they?
You haven't got a car, have you?
Notice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence:
* You're not going out today, are you? Yes. (Yes, I am going out)
C. The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it. If your
voice goes down, you aren't really asking a question; you are only inviting the
listener to agree with you:
* 'It's a nice day, isn't it?' 'Yes, lovely.'
* 'Tim doesn't look well today, dose he? 'No, he looks very tired.'
* She's very pretty. She's got beautiful eyes, hasn't she? But if the voice goes up, it
is a real question:
We often use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information,
or to ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in
sentences like these:
* 'You haven't got a pen, have you?' 'Yes, here you are.'

41
EXERCISES
51.1 Put a question tag on the end of these sentences.
1. Tom won't be late, will her? No, he's never late.
2. You're tired, aren't you? Yes, a little.
3. You've got a camera, ---? Yes, why? Do you want to borrow it?
4. You weren't listening, ---? Yes, I was!
5. Sue doesn't know Ann, ---? No, they've never met.
6. Jack's on holiday, ---? Yes, he's in Portugal.
7. Ann's applied for the job, ---? Yes, but she won't get it.
8. You can speak German, ---? Yes, but not very fluently.
9. He won't mind if I use his phone, ---? No, of course he won't.
10. There are a lot of people here, ---? Yes, more than I expected.
11. Let's go out tonight, ---? Yes, let's.
12. This isn't very interesting, ---? No, not very.
13. I'm too impatient, ---? Yes, you are sometimes.
14. You wouldn't tell anyone ---?No, of course not.
15. Listen, ---? OK, I'm listening.
16. I shouldn't have lost my temper, ---? No, but never mind.
17. Don't drop that vase, ---? No, don't worry.
18. He'd never met her before, ---?, No, that was the first time.
51.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with a question tag. In each
situation you are asking your friend to agree with you.
1. You look out of the window. The sky is blue and the sun is shining. What
do you say to your friend? (beautiful day) _It's a beautiful day, isn't_
2. You're with a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which
are very high. What do you say? (expensive) It ---
3. You've just come out of the cinema with a friend'. You really enjoyed the
film. What do you say to your friend? (great) The film ---

42
Countable and uncountable nouns (1)
A. A noun can be countable or uncountable. Compare:
#1 Countable
* I eat a banana every day. * I like bananas.
Banana is a countable noun.
A countable noun can be singular (banana)or plural (bananas).
Countable nouns are things we can count. So we can say 'one banana', 'two
bananas' etc. Examples of nouns usually countable:
* There's a beach near here. * Ann was singing a song.
* Have you got a ten-pound note?
* It wasn't your fault. It was an accident.
#2 Uncountable
* I eat rice every day. * I like rice.
Rice is an uncountable noun.
An uncountable noun has only one form(rice).
Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. We cannot say 'one rice', 'two
rices' etc.
B. #1 You can use a/an with singular countable nouns:
a beach a student an umbrella
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):
* I want a banana. (not 'I want banana')
#2 You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. We do not say 'a
sand' or 'a music'. But you can often use a ... of:
a bowl of rice a drop of water a piece of music a game of tennis etc. You can
use uncountable nouns alone (without the/my/some etc.):
* I eat rice every day. * There's blood on your shirt.
C. #1 You can use some and any plural countable nouns:
* We sang some songs. * Did you buy any apples?
We use many and few with plural countable nouns:
* We didn't take many photographs.
* I have a few jobs to do.

43
EXERCISES
68.1 Some of these sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences which are
wrong. If the sentence is already correct, put 'RIGHT'.
1. Jim goes everywhere by bike. He hasn't got car. a car_
2. Ann was listening to music when I arrived.
3. We went to very nice restaurant last weekend.
4. I clean my teeth with toothpaste.
5. I use toothbrush to clean my teeth.
6. Can you tell me if there's bank near here?
7. My brother works for insurance company in London.

68.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Use a/an where
necessary. accident biscuit blood coat decision electricity key letter
moment question sugar
1. It wasn't your fault. It was _an accident._
2. Listen! Can you hear _music?_
3. I couldn't get into the house because I didn't have ---.
4. It's very warm today. Why are you wearing ---?
5. Do you take --- in your coffee?
6. Are you hungry? Would you like --- with your coffee?

68.3 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes the
word needs to be plural (-s). air country day friend meat language
letter patience people photograph queue space
1. I had my camera but I didn't take many _photographs._
2. There are seven --- in a week.
3. A vegetarian is a person who doesn't eat ---.
4. Outside the cinema there was --- of people waiting to see the film.
5. I'm not very good at writing ---.
6. Last night I went out with some --- of mine.
7. There were very few --- in the shops today. They were almost empty.
Countable and uncountable nouns (2)

44
 A. Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns,
usually with a difference in meaning. Compare:
#1 Countable
* Did you hear a noise just now? (= a particular noise)
* I bought a paper to read. (= a newspaper)
* There's a hair in my soup! (= one single hair)
* You can stay with us. There is a spare room. (= a room in a house)
* I had some interesting experiences while I was away. (= things that happened to
me)
* Enjoy your holiday. Have a good time!
#2 Uncountable
* I can't work here. There's too much noise. (not 'too many noises')
* I need some paper to write on. (= material for writing on)
* You've got very long hair. (not 'hairs') (= all the hair on your head)
* You can't sit here. There isn't room. (= space)
B. Coffee/tea/beer/juice etc. (drinks) are normally uncountable:
* I don't drink coffee very often.
But they can be countable when you are thinking of a cup/a glass etc. So you
can say:
* (in a restaurant) Two coffees and an orange juice, please.
C. There are some nouns that are usually uncountable in English but
often countable in other languages. For example:
accommodation behaviour damage luck permission traffic
bread furniture luggage progress weather chaos information
news scenery work
These nouns are usually uncountable, so: i) you cannot use a/an with them (you
cannot say 'a bread', 'an advice' etc.) and ii) they are not normally plural (we do
not say 'breads', 'advices' etc.).
* I'm going to buy some bread. or .. a loaf of bread. (not 'a bread')
* Enjoy your holiday! I hope you have good weather. (not 'a good weather')

45
EXERCISES
69.1 Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct?
1. 'Did you hear _noise/a noise- just now?' 'No, I didn't hear anything.' ('a noise'
is correct)
2. a. If you want to know the news, you can read _paper/a paper._
b. I want to write some letters but I haven't got _a paper/any paper_ to write on.
3. a. I thought there was somebody in the house because there was _light/a
light_ on inside. b. _Light/A light_ comes from the sun.
4. a. I was in a hurry this morning. I didn't have _time/a time_ for breakfast.
b. 'Did you enjoy your holiday?' 'Yes, we had _wonderful time/a wonderful
time._'
5. Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful _advice/advices._
6. We had _very good weather/a very good weather_ while we were on holiday.
7. We were very unfortunate. We had _bad luck/a bad luck._
8. It's very difficult to find a _work/job_ at the moment.
9. Our _travel/journey_ from London to Istanbul by train was very tiring.
10. When the fire alarm rang, there was _total chaos/a total chaos._

69.2 Complete the sentences using these words. Sometimes you need the
plural (-s).
chair experience experience furniture hair information job
luggage permission progress work
1. I didn't have much _luggage_--just two small bags.
2. They'll tell you all you want to know. They'll give you plenty of ---
3. There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty of ---
4. We have no ---, not even a bed or a table.
5. 'What does Alan look like?' He's got a long beard and very short ---
6. Carla's English is better than it was. She's made ---
7. George is unemployed. He's looking for a ---
8. George is unemployed. He's looking for ---
9. If you want to leave work early, you have to ask for ---
10. I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got enough ---
11. Rita has done many interesting things. She should write a book about her ---
46
Countable nouns with a/an and some

A. Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

a dog a child the evening this party an umbrella dogs some children
the evenings these parties two umbrellas
B. Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an:
* Goodbye! Have a nice evening. * Do you need an umbrella?
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):
* She never wears a hat. (not 'She never wears hat')
* Be careful of the dog. (not 'Be careful of dog')
* What a beautiful day! * I've got a headache.
C. We use a/an ... to say what kind of thing or person something/somebody is:
* A dog is an animal. * I'm an optimist.
* Tim's father is a doctor. * Are you a good driver?
* Jill is a really nice person.
* What a lovely dress!
We say that somebody has a long nose/a nice face/a strong heart etc.:
* Jack has got a long nose. (not 'the long nose')
In sentences like these, we use plural nouns alone (not with 'some'):
* Dogs are animals.
* Most of my friends are students.
* Jill's parents are really nice people.
* What awful shoes!
* Jack has got blue eyes. (not 'the blue eyes')
Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody's job is:
* Sandra is a nurse. (not 'Sandra is nurse')
* Would you like to be an English teacher?

47
EXERCISES
70.1 What are these things? Try and find out if you don't know.
1. an ant? _It's an insects._
2. ants? bees? _They're insects._
3. a cauliflower?
4. chess?
5. a violin? a trumpet? a flute?
6. a skyscraper?
7. Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter?
8. a tulip?
9. the Rhine? the Nile? the Mississippi?
10 a pigeon? an eagle? a crow? Who were these people?
11. Beethoven? _Has was a composer._
12. Shakespeare?
70.2 Read about what these people do and say what their jobs are. Choose
one of these jobs:
driving instructor interpreter journalist nurse pilot plumber travel
agent waiter
1. Stella looks after patients in hospital. _She's a nurse._
2. George works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He ---
3. Mary arranges people's holidays for them. She ---
4. Ron works for an airline. He flies aeroplane. ---
5. Linda teaches people how to drive. ---
6. Dave fits and repairs water pipes. ---
7. Jenny writes articles for a newspaper. ---
8. John translates what people are saying from one language into another,
so that they can understand each other. ---

48
 Some and any
A. In general we use some (also somebody/someone/something) in
positive sentences and any (also anybody etc.) in negative sentences (but
see also Sections C and D):
#1 some
* We bought some flowers.
* He's busy. He's got some work to do.
* There's somebody at the door.
* I'm hungry. I want something to eat.
#2 any
* We didn't buy any flowers.
* He's lazy. He never does any work.
* There isn't anybody at the door.
* I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.
We use any in the following sentences because the meaning is negative:
* She went out without any money. (She didn't take any money with her.)
* He refused to eat anything. (He didn't eat anything.)
* Hardly anybody passed the examination. (= almost nobody passed) B. In most
questions we use any:
* 'Have you got any luggage?' 'No, I haven't.'
* 'Has anybody seen my bag?' 'Yes, it's under the table.'

C. We often use any after if:

* If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
* If anyone has any questions, I'll be pleased to answer them.
* Let me know if you need anything.
The following sentences have the idea of if:
* I'm sorry for any trouble I've caused. (= if I have caused any trouble)
* Anyone who wants to do the exam must give me their names today. (= if there is
anyone)

49
EXERCISES
84.1 Complete the sentences with some or any.
1. We didn't buy _any_ flowers.
2. This evening I'm going out with --- friends of mine.
3. 'Have you seen --- good films recently?' 'No, I haven't been to the cinema for
ages.'
4. I didn't have --- money, so I had to borrow ---.
5. Can I have --- milk in my coffee, please?
6. I was too tired to do --- work.
7. You can cash these traveller's cheques at --- bank.
8. Can you give me --- information about places of interest in the town?
9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on --- train you like.
10. If there are --- words you don't understand, use a dictionary.
84.2 Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
1. I was too surprised to say _anything._
2. There's --- at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Does --- mind if I open the window?
4. I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ---.
5. You must be hungry. Would you like --- to eat?
6. Quick, let's go! There's --- coming and I don't want --- to see us.
7. Sally was upset about --- and refused to talk to ---.
8. This machine is very easy to use --- can learn to use it in a very short time.
9. There was hardly --- on the beach. It was almost deserted.
10. 'Do you live --- near Jim?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.'
11. We slept in a park because we didn't have --- to stay.
12. 'Where shall we go on holiday?' 'Let's go --- warm and sunny.'
13. They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go ---.
15. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost ---?
16. --- who saw the accident should contact the police.
17. Sue is very secretive. She never tells --- (2 words)

50
Adjectives: word order (a nice new house), Adjectives after verbs (You look
tired)

A. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:

* My brother lives in a nice new house.
* In the kitchen there was 'a beautiful large round wooden table.
Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us
factual information about age, size, colour etc.
Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what
somebody thinks of something or somebody.
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives. a nice(opinion) long(fact)
summer holiday an interesting(opinion) young(fact) man
an delicious(opinion) hot(fact) vegetable soup
a beautiful(opinion) large round wooden(fact) table
B. Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not
always) we put fact adjectives in this order:
1. how big? -> 2. how old? -> 3. what color? -> 4. where from? -> 5. what is it
made of? -> NOUN
a tall young man (1 -> 2)
a large wooden table (1 -> 5)
big blue eyes (1 -> 3)
an old Russian song (2 -> 4)
a small black plastic bag (1 -> 3 -> 5)
an old white cotton shirt (2 -> 3 -> 5)
Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before
adjectives of shape and width
(round/fat/thin/slim/wide etc.): a large round table a tall thin girl a long
narrow street
When there are two colour adjectives, we use and:
a black and white dress
a red, white and green flag
but a long black dress (not 'a long and black dress')

51
EXERCISES
98.1 Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.
1. a beautiful table (wooden/round) _a beautiful round wooden table_.
2. an unusual ring (gold) ---.
3. a new pullover (nice) ---.
4. a new pullover (green) ---.
5. an old house (beautiful) ---.
6. black gloves (leather) ---.
7. an American film (old) ---.
8. a long face (thin) ---.
9. big clouds (black) ---.
10. a sunny day (lovely) ---.
11. a wide avenue (long) ---.
12. a metal box (black/small) ---.
13. a big cat (fat/black) ---.

98.2 Write the following in another way using the first .../the next ..../the last ...
1. the first day and the second day of the course _the first two days of the course_
2. next week and the week after _the next two weeks_
3. yesterday and the day before yesterday ---
4. the first week and the second week of September ---
5. tomorrow and a few days after that ---
6. questions 1, 2 and 3 of the examination ---
7. next year and the year after ---
8. the last day of our holiday and the two days before that ---
98.4 Choose the correct word.
1. This tea tastes a bit _strange._ (strange/strangely)
2. I always feel --- when the sun is shining. (happy/happily)
3. The children were playing --- in the garden. (happy/happily)
4. The man became --- when the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave.
(violent/violently)

52
Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) A. Look at these examples:

* Our holiday was too short - the time went very quickly.
* The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -1y:
adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad
adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly
For spelling, see Appendix 6.
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for
example: friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely
B. Adjective or adverb?
#1 Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun. We use adjectives
before nouns and after some verbs, especially be:
* Tom is a careful driver. (not 'a carefully driver')
* We didn't go out because of the heavy rain. * Please be quiet.
* I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad.
We also use adjectives after the verbs look/feel/sound etc. (see Unit 98D):
* Why do you always look so serious?
Compare:
* She speaks perfect English.(adjective + noun)
* She speaks English perfectly.(verb + object + adverb)
Compare these sentences with look:
* Tom looked sad when I saw him. (= he seemed sad, his expression was sad)
* Tom looked at me sadly. (= he looked at me in a sad way)
C. We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For example:
reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective) terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)
incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)
* It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.
* Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (not 'terrible sorry')
* Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
* The examination was surprisingly easy.
53
EXERCISES
99.1 Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb
are given.
1. We didn't go out because it was raining _heavily._
2. Our team lost the game because we played very ba---.
3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea---.
4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn't complain. We waited pa---.
5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived unex---.
6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg---.
99.2 Put in the right word.
1. The driver of the car was _seriously_ injured. (serious/seriously)
2. The driver of the car had serious_ injuries. (serious/seriously)
3. I think you behaved very ---. (selfish/selfishly)
4. Rose is --- I upset about losing her job. (terrible/terribly)
5. There was a --- change in the weather. (sudden/suddenly)
6. Everybody at the party was --- dressed. (colourful/colourfully)
99.3 Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you
need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly)
happy/happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(1y)
1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very _quickly._
2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always ---.
3. Sue works --- She never seems to stop.
4. Alice and Stan are very --- married.
5. Monica's English is very --- although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal --- for you, so I hope you like it.
7. Everything was very quiet. There was --- silence.
8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me ---.
9. Do you usually feel --- before examinations?
10. I'd like to buy a car but it's --- impossible for me at the moment.

54
 Enough and too
A. The position of enough
Enough goes after adjectives and adverbs:
* He didn't get the job because he wasn't experienced enough. (not 'enough
experienced')
* You won't pass the examination if you don't work hard enough.
* She shouldn't get married yet. She's not old enough. The opposite is too. (too
hard/too old etc.):
* You never stop working. You work too hard. Enough normally goes before
nouns:
* He didn't get the job because he didn't have enough experience. (not
'experience enough')
* I'd like to go away on holiday but I haven't got enough money.
* Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren't enough chairs. You
can also use enough alone (without a noun):
* I'll lend you some money if you haven't got enough. The opposite is too
much.../too many ...:
* We can't go away on holiday. It costs too much (money).
* There are too many people and not enough chairs.
B. We say enough/too ... for (somebody/something):
* I haven't got enough money for a holiday.
* He wasn't experienced enough for the job.
* This shirt is too big for me. I need a smaller size.
* They spoke too quickly for us to understand.
C. We say:
The food was very hot. We couldn't eat it.
and: The food was so hot that we couldn't eat it. but: The food was too hot to
eat. (without 'it') Some more examples like this:
* The wallet was too big to put in my pocket. (not 'too big to put it')
* These boxes are too heavy to carry. (not 'too heavy to carry them')
* The water wasn't clean enough to swim in.

55
EXERCISES
102.1 Complete these sentences using enough with one of the following
adjectives or nouns:
adjectives: big old warm well,
nouns: cups milk money qualifications room time
1. She shouldn't get married yet. She's not _old enough._
2. I'd like to buy a car but I haven't got ---.
3. Have you got --- in your tea or would you like some more?
4. Are you ---? Or shall I switch on the heating?
5. It's only a small car. There isn't --- for all of you.
6. Steve didn't feel --- to go to work this morning.
7. 1 didn't answer all the questions in the exam. I didn't have ---.
102.2 Complete the answers to the questions. Use too or enough with the
word in brackets.
1. Is she going to get married? (old) No, she's not _old enough to get married._
2. I need to talk to you about something. (busy) Well, I'm afraid I'm --- to you now.
3. Let's go to the cinema. (late) No, it's --- to the cinema.
4. Why don't we sit in the garden? (warm) It's not --- in the garden.
5. Would you like to be a politician? (nice) No, I'm --- a politician.
6. Do you want to play tennis today? (energy) No, I haven't got --- tennis today.
7. Did you hear what he was saying? (far away) No, we were --- what he was
saying.
102.3 Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or
enough.
1. We couldn't cat the food. It was too hot. _The food was, too hot to eat._
2. I can't drink this coffee. It's too hot. This coffee is ---.
3. Nobody could move the piano. It was too heavy. The piano ---.
4. I don't wear this coat in winter. It isn't warm enough. This coat ---
5. I can't explain the situation. It is too complicated. The situation ---.
6. Three people can't sit on this sofa. It isn't wide enough. This sofa ---.
7. We couldn't climb over the wall. It was too high. The wall ---.
8. You can't see some things without a microscope, They are too small. Some ---.

56
 International Council of Nurses
Code for Nurses

The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is fourfold: to

promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to
alleviate suffering. The need for nursing is universal and is
unrestricted by considerations of nationalities, race, creed, color,
age, sex, politics or social status. Nurses render health services to
the individual, family and community.

Nurses and people

Their primary responsibility is to those people who require
nursing care.

Nurses and practice

The nurse carries responsibility for nursing practice and for
maintaining
competence. The nurse maintains the highest standards of
nursing care
possible within the reality of specific situations.

Nurses and society

Nurses share the responsibility for initiating and supporting
actions to meet the health and the social needs of the public.

Nurses and the profession

The nurse plays the major role in determining and implementing
desirable standards of nursing practice and education.

57
 American Nurses' Association
Code for Nurses
1- The nurse provides service with respect for human dignity
and the uniqueness of the client.
2- The nurse safeguards the client's right to privacy by protecting
information of a confidential nature.
3- The nurse acts to safeguard the client when health care and
safety are affected by the incompetent, unethical or illegal
practice of any person.
4- The nurse assumes responsibilities for individual nursing,
judgments and actions.
5- The nurse maintains competence in nursing.
6- The nurse uses individual competence and qualifications as
criteria in seeking consultation, accepting responsibilities and
delegating nursing activities to others.
7- The nurse participates in activities that contribute to the
development of the profession's body of knowledge.
8- The nurse participates in the profession's efforts to implement
and improve standards of nursing.
9- The nurse participates in the profession's efforts to maintain
conditions of employment conducive to high quality nursing
care.
10- The nurse participates in the profession's efforts to maintain
the integrity of nursing.

58
 Code of Professional Conduct for the Nurse Midwife and
Health Visitor in the United Kingdom
Each registered nurse midwife and health visitor will act, at all
times, in such way that:
1- Safeguard and promote the clients' interests, well being and health.
2- Serve the interest of society.
3- Justify public trust and confidence.
4- Uphold the reputation of the profession, assuming
responsibilities in nursing practice.
5- Maintain and improve knowledge and competence.
6- Work in an open and co-operative manner with health care
professionals.
7- Recognize the dignity of each client and respond to his or
her need for care irrespective of the ethnic origin, religion, etc.
8- Avoid any abuse with patients.
9- Protect all confidential information concerning client in the
course of profesional practice.
10- Assist professional colleagues to develop their professional
competence and assist others in the care team.
11- Refuse any gift, favour or hospitality from clients currently
in your care which might be interpreted as seeking to obtain
preferential considerations.
12- Report to authority circumstances that may compromise standards

59
Comprehension Passages

60
 Role of Friends
1. The role friends play in our lives has become significantly
greater than at any other time in our history. Today many of us
live and work at great distances from where we were born or
grew up and are separated from our original families. The pain
we feel when we are away from our families can be significant.

2. The happiness of the individual depends on friendships which

form a necessary human connection. It is perfectly normal to
need and want friends and depression is more prevalent among
those who lack friends. They lack the intimacy and richness
friends can bring into our lives. Frequently friends reflect
similar values to us. Yet these values are often different from
the ones we grew up with, they are the values we created for
ourselves in our adult lives.

3. Communication skills are fundamental in all friendships. The

more friends and acquaintances one has, the greater are one's
communication skills. Some call these, people skills.

4. Like watering a plant, we grow our friendships and all our

relationships by nurturing them. Friendships need the same
attention as other relationships, if they are to continue. These
relationships can be delightfully non-judgemental, supportive,
understanding and fun.

5. Sometimes a friendship can bring out the positive side that

you never show in any other relationship. This may be because
the pressure of playing a 'role' (daughter partner or child) is
removed. With a friend you are to be yourself and free to change.
Of course, you are free to do this in all other relationships as well
but in friendships you get to have lots of rehearsals and
discussion about changes as you experiencebthem. It is an
unconditional experience where you receive as much as you
give. You can explain yourself to a friend openly without the
fear of hurting a family member.
61
 6. How do friendships grow? The answer is simple. By
revealing yourself; being attentive; remembering what is most
important to your friend and asking them about it; putting
yourself in their position; showing empathy; seeing the world
through the eyes of your friend, you will understand the value
of friendship. All this means learning to accept a person
from a completely different family to your own or perhaps
someone from a completely different cultural background. This
is the way we learn tolerance. In turn, we gain tolerance and
acceptance for our own difference.
Questions:

1 Attempt any eight of the following questions on the basis of

the passage you have read:

(i) Why has the role of friends become much more important in
our lives?
(ii) How do friendships grow?

(iii) How are 'people skills' important in fraiendship? (iv) How

do we learn tolerance?
(v) How is tolerance important in fraiendship?
(vi) Why is depression common among those who lack friends?
(vii) How is maintaining friendship similar to watering plants?
(viii) How is friendship an unconditional experience?
(ix) Find the word in para 1, which means the same as
'remarkable'.

62
 Robots

1. Robots are already being used in areas where replacing

humans sounded like plot of a fantasy novel. One such area is
education. Today robots are increasingly being used as teaching
assistants to help out in the classroom. In South Korea, a
telepresence-focused robot, Robosem, is already teaching English
in a country where certified English teachers are rare.

2. Because of its interactivity, a robot is a big asset in imparting

lessons to students, especially the young ones. In the future,
robots may take up much more important roles in the classroom.
That day no longer seems to be a dream when students will walk
into classes and find robots waiting to check on their homework.

3. The future will mostly be about people using robots to

accomplish work that is more interesting and fulfilling.
Advances in the development of robots mean they will be able to
perform multiple tasks more quickly, safely and efficiently
than humans. With robots taking over most of the boring jobs,
humans can concentrate more on meaningful work, such as
research and development for making life better for everyone.

4. A major problem that the world faces today is the scarcity of

land and lack of living spaces in urban areas. In the future,
technology might just solve this problem. Scientists have already
predicted that oceans might be the next place where humans will
build their homes and living spaces.

5. While technology limits us from doing that today, in the

future entire cities could be suspended under the sea. Inside
enormous livable babbles, homes, schools, offices and even
parks could be built using the water itself to make oxygen and
generating hydrogen fuel in the process.

63
1. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any
four of the following questions:
(i) Where will the humans start living in future?
(ii) How can you say that Robots are increasingly used in the
field of education?
(iii) What can you say about the future of Robot in the
classroom?
(iv) What major problem is the world facing today?
(v) What kinds of fuels will be used in future?

2. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any

four of the following:
(i) A robot is a big asset in imparting lessons to students
because of its…….
(a) popularity (b) interactivity (c) being strong (d) being
punctual

(ii) ……………… in the development of robots mean they

will be able to perform multiple tasks more quickly, safely
and efficiently than humans.
(a) Accomplishment (b) Advances (c) Concentration (d)
Research

(iii) In para 1, the word which means 'a set of technologies' is

…………….
(a) mortise (b) telepresence (c) nautical (d) monogamy

(iv) Inpara 1, the word similar in meaning to 'air castle' is

……………..
(a) obliged (b) fantasy (c) dream (d) impossible

(v) In para 4, find a word which means the same as

'shortage'…………..
(a) less (b) scarcity (c) safely (d) meagre

64
 A Healthy Body

1. Physical health affects the mind and vice-versa. Which of

the two is the more important is like asking the age-old
question: what comes first, the chicken or the egg. For our
present subject, let us be clear that a sound mind in a sound body
are prerequisites for high efficiency and good quality work in the
office, factory or field, which lead to a sense of achievement and
fulfillment.

2. Our health is, of course, important not only to us, but also to
our families and even to our employers. No wonder then that
companies everywhere have a stake in the health and fitness of
their employees and are willing to spend considerable
money towards this purpose. Japanese companies particularly
excel in this and the more successful among them start off the
day with a body bending and stretching session and even singing
the company song designed to promote loyalty and motivation
among the workforce! This is considered an important factor
contributing to high productivity and quality. Here is a lesson
which has been emulated elsewhere in the world and could
work wonders in India. It is estimated that some 20,000
American firms have established in-house health clubs.
Typical of these is the soft drink manufacturer. Pepsi Cola
which has spent about $2 million in setting up a health club at
its head office in New York State. Such expenditure has proved
to be a wise investment in achieving better efficiency and higher
productivity. It has, indirectly, also helped reduce the premium
on the health insurance of its staff. This business has grown so
large that hundreds of consultancies have sprung up for the
management of health clubs and fitness centres. In some cases
t,here is a nominal contribution by the employees on the premise
that they will value and use the facilities all the more. Some
insurance companies have teamed up with employers in such
65
ventures as better health contributes to a longer life and hence
more premium! Though many firms in India have generous
medical schemes, the movement towards health clubs and the
like is yet to gain momentum.

Answer the following questions briefly:

(i)What are prerequisites for high effect and good quality work?
(ii) How do Japanese companies ensure loyalty and motivation?
(iii) What do you mean by 'wise investment'?
(iv) Why do companies have health clubs?
(v) What does it mean by saying that "the idea of having
health clubs in companies is yet to gain momentum?
(vi) Japanese companies are particularly excellent in which thing
(vii) Why do companies take care of their employees‘ health?
(viii) What is directly affected by physical health?

66
 Good Manners

Good manners are not inherited. And they don't come naturally to
intelligent people. They have to be learnt and practised. They are
based upon the concept of consideration for others. They are
easy to acquire and there is nothing more profitable. Good
manners are a necessary complement in every walk of life,
especially in business. Organisations with competent and well-
mannered representatives enjoy a good reputation. The morale,
productivity and profits of such an organization will be high.
And this, in turn, will attract more business. There is no
particular place or time when a person should show or begin his
elementary courtesy. Courtesy, etiquette and manners are tools
that one should always carry with oneself, wherever one goes.
The first step to success in life is treating others as courteously as
we would wish others to treat us.

Questions :
(a) What is meant by good manners?
(b) How are good manners acquired?
(c) In what fields are good manners needed?
(d) How is a business organisation profited if it has well-
manneredstaff?
(e) Where should we observe courtesy?
(f) What is the first step for success in life?

67
 Good Technical and Communication Skills

1. It is rare to find someone with good technical and

communication skills. You can get far ahead of your colleagues if
you combine the two early in your career. People will judge,
evaluate, promote or block you based on your communication
skills. Since habits form by repeating both good and bad forms
of communication, learn to observe great communicators and
adapt their styles and traits—in written and verbal forms. The art
of listening and learning from each and every interaction is
another secret recipe. Develop the subconscious habit of listening
to yourself as you speak and know when to pause.

2. Learning what not to say is probably more important than

learning what to say. As your career develops, you will realize
that the wise speak less. Speak when you have value to add,
else refrain. Poorly constructed emails with grammatical errors
are acceptable between friends, but they should be seriously
avoided while communicating formally with your seniors. Avoid
any communication in an emotional state when you might say
things you will regret later. One unnecessary word uttered at the
wrong time or place can ruin a relationship, career or even your
life. Such is the power of words. If such a thing happens, you
should immediately apologise, else it may haunt you for life.

3. Another problem to overcome is speaking too fast. Since our

minds are working faster than our speech, we are inclined to
speak fast. This does not necessarily mean that the person
hearing it will get it any faster. On the contrary, it is always the
reverse. So slow down, and think before you speak. "When I get
ready to speak to people," Abraham Lincoln said, "I spend two-
thirds of the time thinking what they want to hear and one-third
thinking what I want to say." Adding humour and it is also
essential. But realize that not all jokes are funny and observe
certain boundaries. Never say anything that could offend.

68
Remember you are not a comedian who must offend as many
people as you can to be witty.

1. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any

four of the following questions in about 30-40 words each:
(i) Why is it necessary to have good communication skills?
(ii) How can communication skills be developed?
(iii) What, according to the writer, should be avoided while
communicating?
(iv) Why should you be careful when you tend to be humorous?
(v) Why are we inclined to speak fast?

2. On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer any

four of the following:

(i) In order to gain good communication skills, we should adopt

the traits of …….
(a) our colleagues (b) teachers (c) a great communicator (d)
our parents

(ii) When we have value to add, we should ……….

(a) refrain to speak (b) speak (c) listen only (d) apologise

(iii) The word in para 1 which mean `suppressed/latent' is

………… (a) rare (b) promote (c) block (d)
subconscious

(iv) One should speak ………….

(a) too fast (b) too slowly (c) neither too fast nor too slowly (d) loudly

(v) In para 3, the word………..means 'win over'.

(a) overcome (b) inclined (c) reverse (d) offend

69
 Happiness

On a cloudy day, the clouds hide the sun, but the sun is always
there. Happiness is like the sun, it is often hidden by the clouds
of thoughts, worries and desires. We have to scatter and dissolve
them experience happiness.
You don't have to create happiness. All you have to do is calm
down your mind because when there are a quiet mind and inner
peace, there is happiness. Happiness is not something far away
and unattainable. Happiness does not depend on circumstances,
objects or events. It is an inseparable part of our consciousness,
of our essence, but hidden and covered from sight, by our
thoughts, desires and worries.
The mind is always in a constant race from one thought to
another, from one worry to another. It constantly moves from
one object or task to another, never standing still. This
restlessness hides the happiness that is within you.
It is like a choppy sea that hides the bottom. When the sea gets
calm you can see the bottom. In the same way, when the mind
gets quiet you sense the happiness that is within you.
You cannot see a treasure at the bottom of a stormy and muddy
lake, though it is there. However, when the wind stops, the water
becomes still, and the mud sinks, you can see the treasure. The
treasure is there, whether you see it or not. So is happiness. It is
always there, only hidden by thoughts, desires and worries.
You can experience more and more happiness in your life. Only
your thoughts stand in your way of experiencing it. Next time
you feel happy, stop for a moment and watch the state of your
mind. You will be surprised to discover that it is calm, and there
is almost no thought in your mind. Since the mind is not
accustomed to staying in this peaceful state for long, it soon
becomes active again and the sense of happiness disappears.
The experience of mystics down the ages has shown that
happiness is inherent in our souls; it is not something to be
gained anew. All that is necessary to do is to uncover it.
70
1. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage
answer the questions given below:

(a) Why has happiness been compared to the sun?

(b) What are the requisites for experiencing happiness?
(c) What does not allow us to sense happiness that is within us?
(d) When can one see a treasure at the bottom of a stormy and
muddy lake?

2. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct

options:
(a) What is meant by the word, ‗scatter‘? (Para 1)
(i) separate (ii) detach (iii) remove (iv) disperse

(b) What is meant by the word, ' hidden'? (Para 4)

(i) revealed (ii) avoided (iii) defined (iv) concealed

(c) What is the antonym of the word, ' unattainable'? (Para 2)

(i) probable (ii) achievable (iii) inaccessible (iv) reasonable

(d) What is the antonym of the word, ‗sinks‘? (Para 4)

(i) raise (ii) lift (iii) drowns (iv) floats

71
 Health

Man does not live by food alone. Water is vital to human health
and fitness. Although it is not a nutrient per se as are
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. It, in fact, is
a key nutrient in as much as no life is possible without it.
Whereas we can do for weeks without food, we cannot live
without water longer than a couple of days. Water approximates
60 per cent of the body weight of human adults. The total
amount of water in a man weighing 70 kilograms is
approximately a little over 40 litres. It is an excellent solvent –
more substances are soluble in water than in any other liquid
known so far. This makes it an ideal constituent of the body
fluids which sustain life-supporting chemical reactions. It
dissolves varied products of digestion and transports them to the
rest of the body. Likewise, it dissolves diverse metabolic
wastes and helps drain them out of the body. Besides, it
performs a variety of functions some well known and well
understood while others not so well appreciated yet vital. The
no less important role of water is to distribute/dissipate the
body heat efficiently, thereby regulating the body‘s
temperature. Water accomplishes this role ideally because it has
thermal conductivity ensuring rapid heat from one part to the
other. Above all, water has a high specific heat, implying that it
takes a lot of heat to raise the temperature of water and likewise
much heat must be lost to lower its temperature. Drinking a lot of
water is an inexpensive way to stay healthy. Even excess of water
is harmless. Water therapy drinking a litre or so the first thing in
the morning is kidney- friendly. The water regulation in the
body is affected by the hypothalamus in two ways i.e.,(i) by
creating the sensation of thirst which makes us drink water
and (ii) by controlling the excretion of water and urine. If water
regulation fails, medical emergency ensues.
1. Man cannot live for more than a couple of days

(a) Without food (b) without water (c) without oxygen (d)
without fruits

2. Water is an excellent solvent because

(i) It regulates excretion of urine (ii) It dissolves metabolic wastes
(iii) It drains wastes out of the body (iv) More substances are soluble in
it than in any other liquid.

3. The high thermal conductivity of water helps to

(i) Dissolve food (ii) Dissolve metabolic wastes
(iii) Regulate body temperature (iv) Sustain life supporting
chemical reactions

4. The total amount of water in a man weighing 70 kg is

(i) Approximately 70 liters (ii) Approximately 60 liters
(iii) Approximately 40 liters (iv) Approximately 50 liters

5. High specific-heat of water means

(i) It has high thermal conductivity (ii) It takes less heat to raise
its temperature (iii) It takes more heat to raise its temperature
(iv) It distributes the body heat efficiently

6. Drinking a litre of water in the morning is called

(i) Hypothalamus (ii) water regulation (iii) kidney therapy
(iv) water therapy

7. The word ‘ ideal’ means

(i) lazy (ii) most suitable (iii) valuable (iv) good
 Modern Technology

One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the

invention of computers. They are widely used in industries and in
universities. Now there is hardly any sphere of human life where
computers have not been pressed into service of man. We are
heading fast towards the day when a computer will be as much
part of man's daily life as a telephone or a calculator. Computers
are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all branches
of learning. They can solve the most complex mathematical
problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. These
machines can be put to varied uses. For instance, they can
provide information on the best way to prevent traffic jams.
This whole process by which machines can be used to work
for us has been called 'automation'. In the future automation
may enable human beings to enjoy more leisure than they do
today. The coming of automation is bound to have important
social consequences.

Some years ago an expert on automation, Sir Leon Bagrit,

pointed out that it was a mistake to believe that these machines
could 'think'. There is no possibility that human beings will
be 'controlled by machines'. Though computers are capable of
learning from their mistakes and improving their performance,
they need detailed instructions from human beings to operate.
They can never, as it were, lead independent lives or 'rule the
world' by making decisions of their own. Sir Leon said that in
future, computers would be developed which would be small
enough to carry in the pocket. Ordinary people would then be
able to use them to obtain valuable information.

Computers could be plugged into a national network and be used

like radios. For instance, people going on holiday could be
informed about weather conditions. Car drivers can be given
alternative routes when there are traffic jams. It will also be
possible to make tiny translating machines. This will enable
people who do not share a common language to talk to each
other without any difficulty or to read foreign publications.

Questions

1. What is the greatest advancement in modem technology?

2. What complicated works are computers capable of doing?
3. Write one use of computers.
4. Explain automation.
5. Why can't computers lead independent lives or rule the world?
6. How would computers as translating machines help people?
7. What was the prediction of Sir Leon about computers in future?
8. How can computers help people going on holiday?
 MORALITY

There is a fairly universal sentiment that the use of a nuclear

weapon is clearly contrary to morality and that its production
probably so, does not go for enough. These activities are not
only opposed to morality but also to law and if the legal
objection can be added to the moral, the argument against the use
and the manufacture of these weapons will considerably be
reinforced. Now the time is ripe to evaluate the responsibility of
scientists who knowingly use their expertise for the construction
of such weapons which have a deleterious effect on mankind.

To this must be added the fact that more than 50 per cent of the
skilled scientific manpower in the world is now engaged in the
armaments industry. How appropriate it is that all this valuable
skill should be devoted to the manufacture of weapons of death
in a world of poverty is a question that must touch the scientific
conscience.
A meeting of biologists on the long-term worldwide
biological consequences of Nuclear War added frightening
dimensions to those forecasts. Its report suggested that the long
biological effects resulting from climatic changes may at least be
as serious as the immediate ones.

Sub-freezing temperatures, low light levels and a high dose of

ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months
after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological
support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern
Hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems
could be severely restricted for a year or more. Post-war
survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in
the dark and be exposed to a near-lethal dose of radiation. If, as
now seems possible, the Southern Hemisphere were affected
also, global disruption of the biosphere would ensue. In any
event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not
affected directly, because of the interdependence of the world
economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the
earth's animals, plant and micro-organism seem possible. The
population size of Homospiens conceivably could be reduced to
prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of the human species
itself cannot be excluded.

1. The author of the passage seems to of the view that

(a) the evaluation of the scientists' expertise show their
incompetence
(b) spending money on the manufacture of weapons may be
justifiably subject to the availability of funds
(c) utilization of scientific skills in the manufacture of weapons
is appropriate
(d) utilization of valuable knowledge for the manufacture of
lethal weapons is inhuman

2. It appears from the passage that the use of nuclear

weapons is considered against morality by
(a) almost all the nations of the world (b) a minority group of
scientists who have the necessary skill and competence
(c) only those nations which cannot afford to manufacture
weapons (d) most of the scientists who devote their valuable
skills to manufacture nuclear weapons

3. The author's most important objective of writing the above

passage seems to.
(a) explain scientifically the climatic changes resulting from the
use of nuclear weapons
(b) summaries the long biological effects of the use of nuclear
weapons
(c) highlight the use of nuclear weapons as an effective
population control measure
(d) illustrate the devastating, effects of the use of nuclear
weapons on mankind
4. Which of the following is one of the consequences of
Nuclear 'War?
(a) Post-war survivors being very few will have abundant food
(b) The fertility of land will last only for a year or so
(c) Southern hemisphere would remain quite safe in the post-war period
(d) it fights would be cooler and more comfortable

5. Which of the following statements (A), (B) and/or 0 is/are

definitely true in the context of the passage?
A. Living organisms in the areas which are riot directly affected
by the consequences of nuclear war would also suffer.
B. There is a likelihood of extinction of the human species as a
consequence of nuclear war
C. The post-war survivors would be exposed to the risk of near-
lethal radiation
(a) Only A (b) Only B(c) only C (d) All the three

6. According to the passage, the argument against the use

and manufacture of nuclear weapons
(a) becomes stronger if legal and moral considerations are
combined (b) is acceptable only on moral grounds (c) does not
stand the test of legality (d) possesses legal strength although it
does not have moral standing

7. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the

word 'devoted' as used in the passage?
(a) Overutilized (b) Underutilized (c) Utilized for betterment
(d) Abused for destruction

8. Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of

the word deleterious' as used in the passage.
(a) Hermitic (b) Non-cognizable (c) Beneficial (d) Revolutionary
9. Choose the word which is similar in meaning to the word
'ensure' as used in the passage.
(a) Increase (b) Follow (c) Reduce (d) Claim
 POSITIVE THINKING

Positive thinking is a mental and emotional attitude that focuses

on the bright side of life and expects positive results. A positive
person anticipates happiness, health and success, and believes
he or she can overcome any obstacle and difficulty.
Positive thinking is not accepted by everyone. Some consider it
nonsense and scoff at people who follow it, but there is a
growing number of people, who accept positive thinking as a
fact and believe in its effectiveness. It seems that this subject is
gaining popularity, as evidenced by the many books, lectures and
courses about it. To use it in your life, you need more than just to
be aware of its existence. You need to adopt the attitude of
positive thinking in everything you do. With a positive attitude,
we experience pleasant and happy feelings. This brings
brightness to the eyes, more energy, and happiness. Our whole
being broadcasts goodwill, happiness and success. Even our
health is affected in a beneficial way. We walk tall, our voice
is more powerful, and our body language shows the way we feel.

Positive and negative thinking is contagious. We affect and are

affected by the people we meet, in one way or another. This
happens instinctively and at a subconscious level, through
words, thoughts and feelings, and through body language. Is it
any wonder that we want to be around positive people, and prefer
to avoid negative ones?
People are more disposed to help us if we are positive, and they
dislike and avoid anyone broadcasting negativity. Negative
thoughts, words and attitude, create negative and unhappy
feelings, moods and behaviour. When the mind is negative,
poisons are released into the blood, which causes more
unhappiness and negativity. This is the way to failure,
frustration and disappointment.
In order to turn the mind towards the positive, some inner work
is required, since attitude and thoughts do not change overnight.
79
The power of your thoughts is a mighty power that is always
shaping your life. This shaping is usually done subconsciously,
but it is possible to make the process a conscious one.

1. On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer

the following, questions

(a) What is the definition of 'Positive Thinking‘?

(b) What are the two views of people regarding positive thinking?
(c) "Positive and negative thinking is contagious". Explain.
(d) Which are the chief disadvantages of negative thinking?

2. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct options:

(a) What is meant by the word, 'anticipates'? (Para 1)
(i) suspects (ii) predicts (iii) doubts (iv) confirms

(b) What is meant by the word, 'scoff'? (Para 2)

(i) sneer (ii) attack (iii) praise (iv) encourage

(c) What is the antonym of the word 'contagious'? (Para 3)

(i) transmittable (ii) infectious (iii) spreadable (iv) non-
communicable

(d) What is the synonym of the word, 'disposed of'? (Para 4) (i)
prepared (ii) motivated (iii) changed (iv) thrived

80
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Recent advances in science and technology have made it

possible for geneticists to find out abnormalities in the unborn
fetus and take remedial action to rectify some defects which
would otherwise prove to be fatal to the child. Though
genetic engineering is still at its infancy, scientists can now
predict with greater accuracy a genetic disorder. It is not yet an
exact science since they are not in a position to predict when
exactly a genetic disorder will set in. While they have not yet
been able to change the genetic order of the gene in germs, they
are optimistic and are holding out that in the near future they
might be successful in achieving this feat. They have, however,
acquired the ability in manipulating tissue cells. However,
genetic miss-information can sometimes be damaging for it may
adversely affect people psychologically. Genetic information
may lead to a tendency to brand some people as inferiors.
Genetic information can, therefore, be abused and its
application in deciding the sex of the fetus and its
subsequent abortion is now hotly debated on ethical lines. But on
this issue geneticists cannot be squarely blamed though this
charge has often been levelled at them. It is mainly a societal
problem. At present genetic engineering is costly processes of
detecting disorders but scientists hope to reduce the costs
when technology becomes more advanced. This is why much
progress in this area has been possible in scientifically advanced
and rich countries like the U.S.A., U.K. and Japan. It remains to
be seen if in the future this science will lead to the development
of a race of supermen or will be able to obliterate disease from
this world.

1. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the

phrase 'holding out' as used in the passage?

(a) catching (b) expounding (c) sustaining (d) restraining (e) controlling
2. According to the passage, the question of abortion is
81
 (a) ignored (b) hotly debated (c) unanswered (d) left to the
scientists to decide (e) already settled

3. Which of the following is true regarding the reasons for

progress in genetic engineering?
(a) It has become popular to abort female fetuses.
(b) Human beings are extremely interested in heredity.
(c) Economically sound and scientifically advanced countries
can provide the infrastructure for such research.
(d) Poor countries desperately need genetic information.

4. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the word

'obliterate' as used in the passage?
(a) wipe off (b) eradicate (c) give birth to (d) wipe out

5. Which of the following is the opposite in meaning to the

word 'charged' as used in the passage?
(a) calm (b) disturbed (c) discharged (d) settled (e) peaceful

6. Which of the following is not true of the genetic engineering

movement?
(a)The possibility of abuse (b) It is confronted by ethical
problems. (c) Increased tendency to manipulate gene cells
(d) Acquired ability to detect genetic disorders in unborn babies
(e) Acquired ability to manipulate tissue cells

7. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the word

'feat' as used in the passage?
(a) process (b) focus (c) fact (d) possibility (e) goal
8. Why, according to the author, is genetic misinformation
severely damaging?
A. The cost involved is very high. B. Some people are unjustly
branded as inferior. (a) An only (b) (b) B only (c) Both A and B (d)
Neither A nor B (e) Either A or B
9. In the passage, 'abused' means

82
(a) insulted (b) talked about
(c) killed (d) misused

10. At present genetic engineering can rectify all genetic

disorders. Is it?
(a) Yes (b) No (c) It can do HO only in some cases
11. Which of the following, according to the author, are the
short-comings of genetics in becoming an exact science?

A. Technicians will not be able to determine the time when a

genetic disorder will set in. B. Technicians have not been able to
manipulate germ cells.
(a) An only (b) B only (c) Both A and B
(d) Either A or B (e) Neither A nor B

12. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the

word 'squarely' as used in, the passage?
(a) rigidly (b) firmly (c) directly (d) straight

13. Which of the following is not true, according to the passage?

(a) Society is not affected by research in genetic engineering.
(b) Genetic engineers are not able to say some things with certainty.
(c) If genetic information is not properly handled, it will create
problems. (d) Manipulation of genes is presently done only in
tissue cell.
(e) Scientists recognize the possibilities of abuse of information
related to genetics.

14. According to the author, the present state of knowledge

about heredity has made geneticists
(a) introspective (b) accusative (c) arrogant (d) optimistic (e) reckless
15. What is the tone of the author in the last sentence of the passage?
(a) resignation (b) cautious (c) relief (d) concern (e) unconcern

83
 Acupuncture
In acupuncture, no drug is injected into the body, so it has no
adverse effects. The stimulation of acupuncture points was done
so far by very thin, sharp sliver needles. The prick is almost
painless. But now techniques like the use of laser beams (without
using needles) are being used in which there is no prick, no pain.
These are readily acceptable to children and those patients who
are scared of needles. For every patient, there is a separate set of
needles, which is sterilized after every use, so there should not be
any fear of infection. Initially three of four courses of
acupuncture treatment are given (one course is of ten days) to
control asthma and usually the patient is off medicine by that
time. After this, one sitting, weekly or fortnightly, is continued
for some time, so as to prevent relapse. At the time of Holi or
Diwali when there is a change of season, there is a tendency of
relapse, so once/twice a week sittings are given during the period
of three seasons, which generally results in an almost cure in
children and young patients(up to the age of 25-30 years).
Relapses are generally unusual. In older age groups though some
damage to lungs has been done due to prolonged disease and
medication, yet considerable improvement is possible resulting in
decrease in severity and frequency of attacks.
Tick the correct option:
1) Acupuncture has no adverse effects because:
(a) only needles are used
(b) no drug is injected
(c) no pricks are made in the body
(d) the body is not touched at all

2) Laser beams are acceptable to those patients who are:

(a) scared of needles
(b) childish
(c) cannot bear any pain
84
(d) do not need needles

3) Acupuncture treatment continues for some time so that:

(a) the patient does not need any medicine
(b) the patient gets use to it
(c) there is no chance of relapse
(d) the patient is cured forever

4) ‗Severity‘ means:
(a) seriousness/acuteness
(b) harshness
(c) unkindness
(d) extreme pain

5) In older patients, sometimes:

(a) the lungs are completely damaged
(b) relapses do occur
(c) treatment is unsuccessful
(d) death occurs

85
 Alexander Fleming

Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming was born in

Ayrshire on 6 August 1881, the son of a farmer. He moved to
London at the age of 13 and later trained as a doctor. He qualified
with distinction in 1906 and began research at St Mary's Hospital
Medical School at the University of London under Sir Almroth
Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. In World War One Fleming
served in the Army Medical Corps and was mentioned in
dispatches. After the war, he returned to St Mary's.
In 1928, while studying influenza, Fleming noticed that
mould had developed accidentally on a set of culture dishes being
used to grow the staphylococci germ. The mould had created a
bacteria-free circle around itself. Fleming experimented further
and named the active substance penicillin. It was two other
scientists however, Australian Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, a
refugee from Nazi Germany, who developed penicillin further so
that it could be produced as a drug. At first supplies of penicillin
were very limited, but by the 1940s it was being mass-produced
by the American drugs industry.
Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology,
immunology and chemotherapy. He was elected professor of the
medical school in 1928 and emeritus professor of bacteriology at
the University of London in 1948. He was elected fellow of the
Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. In 1945 Fleming,
Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Fleming
died on 11 March 1955.

Questions:
Q1: How is penicillin different from Pencilliumnotatum?
A- Penicillin is separated from penicilliumnotatum.
Q2: Why wasn't penicillin given to people to save their lives as
soon as it was produced?
A- It's effects were changeable.
Q3: In world war, why did most wounded men die?
86
A- The wounds let bacteria enter their bodies.
Q4: That vaccine?
A- Can stop people from getting a cretin disease.
Q5: Why didn't Felming enter medical school until he was 21
years?
A- He had to work to earn money.
Q6: that germs are?
A- Bacteria which cause diseases.
Q7: Why did Fleming grow germs?
A- To study them.
Q8: How many years passed between the discovery of penicillin
and use it?
A- Twelve.
Q9: to advantages of penicillin are mention ...one of the
advantages is….?
A- It's comes from a very common moulds.

87
 A MIRACLE CURE

More and more people are turning away from their

doctors and, instead, going to individuals who have no medical
training and who sell unproven treatments. They go to quacks to
get everything from treatments for colds to cures for cancer. And
they are putting themselves in dangerous situations.
Many people don't realise how unsafe it is to use unproven
treatments. During the time the person is using the product, his
or her illness may be getting worse. This can even cause the
person to die.
So why do people trust quacks? People want the "miracle
cure". They want the product that will solve their problem quickly,
easily, and completely. A patient may be so afraid of pain, or even
of dying, that he or she will try anything. The quack knows this
and offers an easy solution at a very high price.
Quacks usually sell products and treatments for illnesses
that generally have no proven cure.
How can you recognise a quack? Sometimes it's easy
because he or she offers something we know is possible. These
people lie, saying that their product was made because of a recent
scientific discovery. Many quacks will say their product is good
for many different illnesses, not just for one thing. They usually
like to offer money-back guarantees if their treatment doesn't
work. Unfortunately, the guarantee is often also a lie. Finally, clinic
will often be in another country.
Quacks try to sell their products in similar ways. They will
invite you to read testimonials, letters written by satisfied
customers. These frauds will also promise quick, exciting cures.
Often they say the product is made in a secret way or with
something secret in it which can only be bought from a particular
company.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In fact, quacks ....

88
 a) hazard people's lives b) cut people's pains c)
boost people's immune system d) help people heal

2. It may be inferred from the passage that people ....

a) should scorn doctors' methods b) may find some relief using
unproven treatments c) should attend shamen d) receive
better quality of care at hospitals

3. The last thing many people are thinking about is ....

a) price of treatment b) safety c) level of proficiency of a person
they turn to d) side effects

4. According to the text, quacks' products may ....

a) lower the risk of hereditable diseases
b) make treatment less traumatic for patients c) lead to decline
c) help protect against fatal diseases

5. A lot of people have confidence in quacks because ....

a) sticking with doctors may put health at risk b) they can't
cope with their problems c) nontraditional approach to health
care is harmless d) quacks cause miracles

6. When you're ill, the best way to recover is to ....

a) stop taking pills b) disrupt your daily routine
c) turn to quacks d) consult a doctor

7. Quacks do not....
a) offer "panacea" b) disappoint people's hopes
c) give money-back guarantees d) satisfy customers

89
 BACTERIA

Bacteria are very small one-celled organisms that form a major

group of the Protist Kingdom.
Bacteria were among the "wee beastis" discovered by
Leeuwenhock as he examined drops of pond water. Biologist
believe that bacteria are among the oldest types of life. Bacteria
can live anywhere life can exist. Bacteria even survive in hot
springs and in glacial ice.
Bacteria are different from viruses in several ways.
Bacteria do have cell parts such as cytoplasm and cell
membranes. However, they do not have a definite nucleus. The
nuclear material is distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
Bacteria also have cell walls and some contain chlorophyll.
Scientists have found three basic shapes among these cells.
They may be rod-like, round and spiral.
Because there are only three shapes, other characteristics
are used to group bacteria. Many bacteria live in clusters called
colonies. The shape and colour of these colonies, the types of
food they eat, and the wastes they secrete are all used to
classify bacteria.
Some bacteria are able to make their own food. Those
that contain chlorophyll are able to use the sun's energy to do
this. Other types use energy from certain chemical changes to
make food.
Most bacteria cannot make their own food. They obtain it
from living or dead organisms. Some bacteria are called
parasites. Their presence in or on an organism, they obtain
food or protection.
Those bacteria that obtain their food from dead or
decaying organ isms are called saprophytes. Many of these
types of bacteria are important to life. They help to break down
the tissues of dead organisms into simpler compounds. These
compounds are released into the environment where they can
be reused.

90
 Bacteria reproduce by simple cell division. Under ideal
conditions their reproduction is very rapid. One bacterium
divides to form two.
These two divide to form four. In a few hours, these
could be millions of bacteria.
Some bacteria are very useful to humans. They are used to
make such foods as cheese, sour cream, yogurt, vinegar, and
tea. They are also used in tanning hides and making medicines.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Bacteria are classified according to ....
a) the duration of life b) the way they move
c) the types of food they secrete d) the wastes they produce

2. Bacteria can't be ....

a) useful b) needle-like
c) harmful d) of different colours

3. How did Leeuwenhock call bacteria?

a) Tiny animals. b) Evil beasts. c) Horrible creatures. d) Strange beasties.

4. The word "rapid" in line 30 may be best replaced with ....

a) swift b) accurate c) spectacular d) slow

5. The word "spring" in line 6 is closest in meaning to ....

a) season b) rill c) lake d) pond

6. According to the text everything is true, except....

a) some bacteria make their own food using the energy of the sun
b) bacteria are particles that are not cells but can reproduce in the cells of
living organisms c) some bacteria obtain protection on/in organism
d) bacteria are very small Protists with simple cell structure and no
nucleus

91
 THE LIVER

The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located just

below the diaphragm. Most of the liver lies on the right side of the
body. Part of it extends to the left side and partly covers the
stomach. The liver acts as a filter of the blood and a storehouse of
digested food. It also acts as a digestive gland producing a
digestive juice. Because it has so many functions, the liver is often
called "jack-of-all-trades".
Changing amino acids into carbohydrates or fats is one
function of the liver. The liver changes the excess amino acids to
glucose, glycogen, or fats. Amino acids contain nitrogen. When
amino acids are changed to carbohydrates or fats, the nitrogen in
them is removed. This nitrogen becomes part of ammonia, a very
poisonous substance. The liver changes the ammonia to urea. The
liver releases the urea into the blood. The blood then takes the urea
to the kidneys. Here it is removed from the body.
The liver also regulates the level of sugar in the blood.
Keeping a normal blood sugar level is very important. Sugars
are the primary source of energy for all cells. Without energy,
our cells wouldn't be able to function.
Regulating the level of blood sugar is not simple. This liver
function is controlled by hormones.
The liver stores important substances such as vitamins
and iron. It also makes many substances that are found in blood
plasma. Worn-out red blood cells are broken down by the liver.
Some of the products from this process are reused. The rest are
waste products and are removed from the body by the large
intestine.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The liver is .... a) the largest cell in the body b) the largest
organ which secretes substances having special functions in the

92
body c) the largest gland of the stomach d) the largest filter of
digestive juice

2. All of the following are true, except

a) the liver acts as a storehouse of digested food b) the liver
is called 'jack-of-all-trades"
c) the liver acts as a digestive cell producing a digestive juice
d) the liver changes amino acids into carbohydrates or fats

3. The liver changes the excess amino acids to

a) glycogen or fat b) glucose and nitrogen
c) bile d) a very poisonous substance

4. All of the following is true, except —

a) the liver regulates the level of sugar in the blood
b) the liver changes a very poisonous substance to urea c) urea is
removed from the body by the liver
d) amino acids are used in making hormones

5. According to the text "Without energy ... can't function".

a) hormones b) the large intestine c) the kidneys d) cells

6. The liver ... .

a) makes vitamins and iron b) removes some wastes from the body
c) stores important substances
d) regulates the level of blood pressure

93
 RIVER OF LIFE: BLOOD

For centuries, evil spirits in the body were thought to be the

cause of illnesses. Bloodletting was a process used to drain blood
of these evil spirits. Until the nineteenth century, bloodletting was
the treatment for many illnesses. Barbers were the most common
"surgeons". When people felt ill, they went to a barber for
bloodletting. A striped pole and basin were the signs of the
barbershop. The white stripe stood for the bandage and the red
stripe stood for the blood. Today the barber pole is a reminder of
the time when bloodletting was an important part of a barber's
job.
Blood is one of the most important tissues in the body. It
transports materials such as digested food, water, and oxygen to
our cells. It carries wastes from the cells to the parts of the body
where they are released.
There are two main parts to whole blood — a liquid part and
a solid part. About half of whole blood is clear, yellowish-
coloured liquid called plasma. Most of plasma is water.
Plasma proteins fight disease and help clot the blood. The disease-
fighting plasma proteins are called antibodies.
The solid part of the blood consists of red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are round, somewhat
like donuts without holes. Mature red blood cells contain
hemoglobin. It gives the red blood cells their red colour. The
function of hemoglobin is to combine with oxygen in the lungs
and carry it to the cells.
White blood cells are larger than red blood cells. There are
fewer white blood cells than red blood cells. White blood cells
attack foreign invaders faster than the antibodies. For this reason,
the white blood cells are known as the body's "first line" of
defense.
Platelets are tiny, colourless particles that help form blood clots,
which stop the bleeding from a cut or injury.

94
 Blood is often called the "gift of life". Many lives are saved
each year by blood transfusions.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Bloodletting was a process used to ....

a) let evil spirits drain blood of people b) make blood flow
away from patient's body c) treat vampires until the
nineteenth century d) make the barbershop crowded

2. What were the signs of the barbershop?

a) A checked pole and basin. b) A striped basin and pole.
c) A large round bowl for holding liquids and striped pole.
d) A striped mug and leeches.

3. Blood carries ... to our cells.

a)carbon b)wastes c) plasma d)water

4. What fights foreign substances?

a) Antibodies. b) Red blood cells. c) Plasma. d) Hemoglobin.

5. Cells in the blood that contain hemoglobin and carry

oxygen are called ....
a) donuts cells b) red blood cells c) white blood cells d) antibodies

6. What do platelets do?

a) Separate plasma, red cells and white cells. b) Help form
blood clots. c) Transfer bacteria. d) Stop infection

95
 The Many Faces of Medicine

―Doctor, I´m coughing and sneezing. I have itchy eyes, a drippy

nose, and I ache all over. What´s wrong with me? What should I
do?

―Take two aspirin and go to bed,‖ one doctor advises. ―No, no.
Drink this herbal tea,‖ says another. ―Don´t listen to them,‖
argues the acupuncturist. ―Come here and let me put some
needles in your back.‖

Who has the best remedy? All of them, some people would say,
because they believe that there is more than one approach to
healing and many ways to practice medicine.

In general, modern medicine treats the body as if it were a

machine made up of many separate parts that can break down
independently. Treatment usually consists of trying to repair the
broken part with drugs and surgery.

Holistic doctors take another approach. They believe that the

parts of the body are interconnected and must be treated as a
whole. For example, to treat a headache, these doctors might
recommend massage to relax the body, get the blood flowing,
and relieve the tension that is causing the headache.

Medical practices that do not depend on surgery and

pharmaceutical drugs are called alternative forms of medicine.
Some of these are more highly respected than others. For
example, the Chinese method of acupuncture, although two
thousand years old, is considered an effective remedy for chronic
pain. On the other hand, the practice of reflexology, which uses
foot massage to heal other parts of the body, might feel good, but
there is little proof that it works.

Some forms of alternative medicine are centuries old. African

herbalists have a long history of using tree bark, roots, grasses,

96
and flowers to make teas to treat disease. Native Americans have
used plant products to treat such illnesses as high blood pressure
and coughs. At first, modern scientists laughed at herbal healers
and called their methods ―grandmother´s remedies.‖ Today,
however, these same researchers are testing certain elements in
plants for the possible treatment of cancer and AIDS.

Treatments that are unconventional, or out of the ordinary, have

gained so much prestige and attention that the U.S government
has created an Office of Alternative Medicine. Researchers in
this office study alternative forms of medicine in the United
States and around the world. These include meditation,
biofeedback, acupuncture, herbal medicine, hypnotism,
homeopathy and chiropractic medicine. In biofeedback, a
machine is used to measure skin temperature and other responses.
By watching the machine, a patient can learn to control muscle
tension and blood pressure. Amazing results have come from the
use of biofeedback, which has been successful in treating
headaches, muscle pain, and even drug addiction.

Homeopathy treats disease by giving a patient tiny amounts of a

remedy that would produce symptoms similar to those of the
disease in a healthy person. In Europe, this treatment has been
known to help patients with flu, headaches, and allergies. People
with back and muscle pains have been going to chiropractors for
years, but it is only recently that chiropractors have received any
kind of respect or recognition.

Many people have lost faith in modern medicine because

researchers have been unable to find cures for a variety of
problems, from cancer to the common cold. Some people turn to
alternative medicine out of curiosity, others out of desperation.
What many have realized is that often one treatment picks up
where another leaves off. One medical technique can
complement another. It seems likely that in the future the
practice of medicine will consist of a combination of approaches

97
 drawn from a variety of cultures. Hopefully, this approach will
prove to be the best one of all.

A. What is the meaning of the underlined word? Circle the

letter with the correct answer.

1) There is more than one approach to healing and many ways

to practice medicine.
a) idea b) way of doing c) discussion

2) Modern medicine treats the body as if it were a machine

made up of many parts that can break down independently.
a) slowly b) separately c) together

3) A headache may be treated with massage to relieve the

tension causing the headache.
a) stop b) replace c) decrease

4) A massage relaxes the body and relieves the tension that is

causing the headaches.
a) tightness b) anger c) problem

5) Medical practices that do not depend on surgery and

pharmaceutical drugs are called alternative forms of
medicine.
a) manners b) habits c) methods

6) Some forms of alternative medicine are more highly

respected than others.
a) admired b) controlled c) required

Acupuncture has been proved to be a very effective remedy

for chronic pain.
a) serious b) changing c) continual

Treatments that are unconventional have gained much

98
 prestige and attention.
a) use b) importance c) profit

7) Some turn to alternative medicine out of curiosity, others out

of desperation.
8) hopelessness b)careful thought c) lack of ability

9) One medical technique can complement another.

a) add to b) stay with c) take from

99
 AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, i.e., AIDS is one of the
latest medical tragedies that has become the dominant public
health concern. It was not known before 1981 and even now
there is a lot about it that we don‘t know. It is not a disease, but a
condition caused by a virus known as HIV (Human Immune
Deficiency Virus). It attaches itself to the genetic material of the
human Cell and infects it. Human body is infected by HIV in
three ways : Sexual relation with an infected person, transmitted
through infusion of blood or blood products, and transmitted by
HIV infected mother to the newborn child before, during and
after birth. Once the person is infected, the immune system of the
person will be completely destroyed and will eventually fall prey
to any disease. AIDS has no cure and there is no vaccine that can
prevent HIV infection so far. The only way to be away from
AIDS and to prevent HIV transmission is the ‗safe behaviour‘ of
the human beings. Use of disposable syringe in transfusion of
blood should be concerned.

Questions

1. The latest medical tragedy AIDS affects:

(a) digestive system (b) blood circulatory system
(c) immune system (d) lavatory system

2. AIDS is caused by a virus known as:

(a) HIV b) MIT c) HIR (d) MIV

3. The only way to be away from AIDS is:

(a) safe remedy (b) safe attitude (c) safe behavior (d) safe
medicine

100
4. What should be concerned in transfusion of blood is:
(a) use of expensive syringe (b) use of disposable syringe
(c) use of extra fine apparatus (d) use of already used syringe

5. The word ‘disposable’ here means:

(a) to be packed in a box (b) to be had in a store
(c) to be cleaned after use (d) to be thrown after use

101
 Smoking

Smoking is the single largest preventable cause of death

worldwide. It is killing about 2200 people in India everyday that
means one every forty seconds. It is alarming that inspire of this
smoking is increasing among the youth of India. According to
World Bank study. India. Indonesia and China are the only
countries in the world where incidence of smoking is going up. It
is increasing not only in cities but also in towns and villages.
Higher education groups are also taking to smoking more readily.
Since smoking enjoys social acceptance, it is easy to get
cigarettes. What starts as an experiment, soon turns into a habit.
It is difficult to give up smoking because unlike other drugs,
craving for it is immediate. Nicotine in cigarettes brings
structural changes in brain. Its non-availability can cause
symptoms of agitation. Smoking also has a strong associational
aspect. People smoke while reading, after meals or with a cup of
coffee.

Questions

1. In India daily about 2200 people die:

(a) due to starvation (b) due to accidents
(c) due to smoking (d) due to fraud activities

2. It is difficult to give up smoking because:

(a) craving for a cigarette is immediate (b) it is a tough job
(c) it can‘t be remedied (d) its lust does not spare one

3. Nicotine brings out some changes in the brain, they are:

(a) physical changes (b) structural changes
(c) chemical changes (d) atmospheric changes

102
4. Three countries where the incidence of smoking is going up, are:
(a) Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka (c) India, Indonesia and Canada
(b) China, India and Bangladesh (d) India, Indonesia and China

5. The noun form of ‗preventable‘ is

(a) preventative (b) preventively
(c) prevent (d) prevented

103
 Health and Happiness

Health and happiness are co-telated. But we generally ignore

health and that is why we are not happy. How can we preserve
good health? First of all, walking is very important to keep us in
good health. Not only walking is good for the body, it also helps
keep the mind clear and sharp. Modern medicine has offered
definite proof that walking is good for the brain. For good health,
we must preserve a quiet and peaceful mental attitude. Also,
worrying too much about the various troubles can lead to the
development of stomach ulcers. Besides it, we must wear a
smiling face. We must have faith in the Supreme Being and
remain tranquil-minded. We must radiate Peace and Love and
pray for world peace. Besides it, the positive attitude is essential.
Meditation also calms the mind, soothes the nerves and restrains
angry impulse. A supple body is maintained by avoiding
excessive strain. When unusual strain is put on the body, it
becomes exhausted and loses its tone. One must be careful about
the food one takes. Some foods despite being quite delicious may
be harmful to the body. We should eat only enough to satisfy our
needs. Also, listening to music is good for one‘s health. Music
calms mind and emotions and provides stimulation and
excitements. Listening to a programme of classical or orchestral
music after work can help to relax and relieve the exhaustion and
frustration of the day.

Questions

1. walking is very important to keep us:

(a) in good taste b) in good humour
(c) in good manners (d) in good health

2. For good health, we must preserve:

(a) a store of excellent oranges (b) a quiet and peaceful mental

104
attitude
(c) a lot of spiritual intelligence (d) everything needed for it

3. Our body becomes exhausted when:

(a) unusual strain is put on it (b) overburdens it with weight
(c) it is unwisely used (d) it is tortured much

4. Excessive worrying about various troubles can lead to:

(a) the development of acidity (b) the development of cancer
(c) the development of stomach ulcers (d) the development of typhoid

5. The noun form of ‘radiat & is:

(a) radiately (b) radiation (c) radiable (d) radiated

105
 Doctors
When most people are ill with a non-life threatening condition
they will most often see a General Practitioner, a GP, also called
a Family Doctor. These doctors generally work in the local
community in surgeries rather than in hospitals, so they are
convenient for people to see for a consultation. However, other
GPs can work in a very wide range of areas, such as in hospitals,
in education and for insurance companies.
As the name suggests, GPs are doctors that do not have a
specialty, such as a brain surgeon or cancer specialist: they are
able to diagnose and treat all the possible diseases and problem
that one of their patients might have. They can treat and manage
most illnesses and perform some minor surgeries in their
practice. Then for more serious cases they will refer the patient to
a specialist that will work in a hospital.
If you are ill and need to see a GP you will normally need to
make an appointment. Sometimes you can just walk into the
surgery and see a doctor, but that is not very likely as GPs are
normally very busy and all their appointment times will be fully
booked. Often you have to wait several hours if not at least one
of two days before you can get an appointment with a GP. If you
are too ill to wait you have to go to a hospital and visit the
accident and emergency department.
GPs also make house-calls. These are when the GP comes to
your house to treat you or see a patient. Most often a GP has to
make house-calls to see elderly people who cannot get to the
surgery easily. They might be ill and need to doctor to give them
medicine or it could be that the GP just want to check on them
and make sure that they are ok.
If you are ill, the doctor will normally prescribe you some
medicine and tell you to go away for a few days before you go
back and visit them again if you have not started to get better.
The GP will also explain how you can have a better lifestyle that
could prevent you from becoming ill in the first place. They will
normally recommend that you stop smoking cigarettes (if you
do), not to drink too much alcohol and to get exercise. Once you
have your prescription you will need to visit a pharmacy to get
the medicine the doctor prescribed you.
Questions
1) What is the difference between a specialist and a GP?
106
 A) There is no difference, they are both doctors.
B) The GP normally works in a hospital and the specialist
works in a surgery. C) A GP can treat patients with many
different illnesses, while the specialist focuses on one area only.
D) You need to be referred to a GP but not to a specialist.

2) Where do GP normally work?

A) In a hospital B) In a school C) In a surgery D) In a
mobile vehicle

3) Why will you often have to wait to see a GP?

A) They are very busy, so all their appointment times get full.
B) To make sure you are really ill. C) So the GP will have
enough work to do each day. D) You will need to travel a
long way to see them and the journey will take a few days.

4) What sort of person will most likely be visited by a GP in

their own home?
A) A new born baby. B) An old person. C) Someone with
a serious illness. D) GPs do not visit patients in their houses.

5) What do GPs do as well as making ill people better?

A) They give advice about how to not become ill in the first place.
B) They help the families of people who have died.
C) They are participate in local community activities.
D) They work with the people who make the medicine to
sell more of it.

107
 MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Doctors, nurses, and other medical people are all parts of

health care. They all work together to give good medical care.
Doctors have two important jobs. First, they make sick
people healthy. They often use machines and new drugs to heal
patients. Second, doctors try to prevent diseases. They often give
vaccinations to stop diseases. Vaccinations prevent diseases, like
smallpox, cholera, polio, and measles. Not many people die from
these diseases now. Vaccinations save many lives. Doctors also
try to prevent diseases with good advice. They tell their patients
to eat the right kind of food and to exercise daily.
Many doctors specialize in only one kind of medicine. For
example, ophthalmologists are eye specialists. They treat eye
diseases and try to prevent blindness. Dentists take care of
people's teeth and treat diseases of the mouth.
Some patients need operations. Surgeons use operations to
take care of problems inside the body. For example, there are
many operations on the heart. Anesthesiologists are specialists
who help surgeons with operations. They put patients to sleep
during surgery. Then the patients do not feel pain.
Obstetricians are specialists who care for pregnant women.
They check women before the birth of their babies and deliver
the babies. Pediatricians are physicians who care for children.
Family medical practice is new specialization. A family
doctor cares for the whole family. This doctor cares for the
patients who have all kinds of illness. A family practice doctor
takes care of babies and old people, but the family physician
usually sends very sick patients to other specialists.
Emergency medicine is another speciality. Most hospitals
have an emergency room. People sometimes have accidents at
home or at work, or they sometimes become ill suddenly.
Ambulances, and sometimes helicopters, take people to hospital

108
 emergency rooms. Emergency specialists give immediate
treatment.
There are many other medical specialists. These specialists,
doctors, nurses, and other medical people, all work together to
help their patients. They not only heal people who are sick, but
also they try to prevent diseases.
I. Answer the following questions.
1. What are doctors, nurses, and other medical people?
2. Please, name some diseases vaccinations prevent.
3. How many important jobs have doctors? and what are they?
4. What do ophthalmologists do?
5. What do dentists do?
6. What do surgeons use operations for?
7. Who do obstetricians care for ? and when?
8. What kinds of illness can a family doctor treat?
9. Where do ambulances, and sometimes helicopters take patients to ?
10. What do specialists, doctors, nurses and other medical people
work together for ?

II. Gap - filling

Fill each blank in the following passage with only ONE
suitable word.
Nurses are a necessary part of health (1)….…..... Like
doctors, they have two jobs. They (2)……........sick people and
take care of patients.
Most nurses (3)…….......work in hospitals are general-duty
nurses. However, many nurses in other places (4)…….......as
clinics, schools, factories and private homes. There are also jobs
in the offices of doctors and dentists. Therefore, there are many
(5)……..........kinds of nursing jobs.
There are two kinds of nurses: professional and practical.
Professional nurses have two to five years of
(6).......……education. Both kinds of nurses learn in classes and
in clinics. In their classrooms, they learn about the anatomy of
the (7)…….........., chemistry, the nutrition of foods, drugs and
109
medicines and the psychology. In their clinical studies, they work
with (8)…….......... they learn to take a
(9)……............temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate. They
also practice different (10)……........in hospitals.
Practical nurses are (11)................kind of nurses. These
nurses also (12)..............about nursing care, but they study for
only one year or two. Practical nurses usually help
(13)..................nurses with the patients. Professional nurses, on
the other hand usually assist (14).................

110
 A & E Departments

A Every day of the year people come through the doors of A&E
departments. Some walk and some come on stretchers. They may be
victims of road traffic accidents, violence, accidents at home, self-
harming, poisoning, burns, and so on.
B A&E is for people who are seriously injured, perhaps unconscious or
losing a lot of blood. Hospitals usually say that A&E departments
are only for critical or life-threatening situations.
C Some people go to A&E with minor injuries like sprains, insect
bites, cuts and nose bleeds. They should not be there. Usually they
have to wait a long time before they are examined and sometimes
staff will send them away.
D When A&E departments have multiple casualties, after a major
incident like a train crash, they have to decide who is a priority and
who can wait. To do this they use a procedure called triage.
E They sort patients into groups. There are those who need immediate
surgery, those who are stable but need hospital care, and those who
only need first aid. People who are going to die are not a priority for
medical care.
F Nursing in A&E is fast moving and interesting. The high level of
stress can sometimes mean that staff suffer emotional problems.
A&E staff are well known for their dark sense of humour – they say
it helps to deal with the stress of the job.

1. Comprehension Match each paragraph A–F with the

correct heading 1–6.
1 Triage categories
2 The purpose of triage
3 The purpose of A&E
4 A&E staff are victims
5 Patients who present to A&E
6 Non-emergencies

2. Complete the sentences with the words from the list.

111
 Swab shock hypodermic sterilize cardiac arrest trauma
foreign bodies blister
1 You should puncture a --------with a needle.
2 You can--------equipment with alcohol.
3 First check there are no --------in the wound.
4 You should --------a wound with iodine.
5 Give CPR to a patient who has had a --------.
6 Traffic accidents can cause major --------.
7-------- needles are used for injections.
8 Confusion and unconsciousness are signs of --------
.
3. Choose the word or phrase from the list which has the
same meaning as the underlined words in sentences 1–6.

awake and alert critical immobilize take off right now

repeat
1. The patient is conscious – you can talk to her now. ____
2. Remove the pads from his chest. _____
3. Make sure you keep his head still – you might injure his spine.
4. He needs treatment immediately. ______
5. If the procedure is not successful, you may have to do it again.
6. Her condition is serious, but not life-threatening. _____

112
 THE MIND AND THE BODY

A simple truth that should be self-evident is that an

individual's personality is expressed through his body as much
as through his mind. A person cannot be divided into a mind
and a body. Despite this truth, all studies of personality have
concentrated on the mind as the determinant of identity and
have neglected the body. The body of a person tells us much
about his personality. How one holds himself, the look in his
eyes, the tone of his voice, and the spontaneity of his gestures
tell us not only who he is but also whether he is enjoying life
or is miserable and ill at ease.
A person enters therapy because he is not enjoying life. In
the forefront or the background of his mind, he is aware that
his capacity for pleasure has been diminished or lost. The
apparent complaint may be depression, anxiety, a sense of
inadequacy, and so on, but these are the symptoms of a deeper
disturbance, namely, the inability to enjoy life. In every case it
can be shown that this inability stems from the fact that the
patient is not fully alive in his body and in his mind. This
problem cannot be fully resolved, therefore, by a purely
mental approach. It must be tackled on the physical and the
psychological levels simultaneously. Only when a person
becomes fully alive is his capacity for pleasure fully restored.
The principles and practices of bioenergetic therapy rest on
the functional identity of the mind and the body. This means
that any real change in a person's thinking and, therefore, in
his behaviour and feeling, is conditioned upon a change in the
functioning of his body. The two functions that are most
important in this regard are breathing and movement. Both of
these functions are disturbed in every person who has an
emotional problem by chronic muscular tensions that are the
physical counterpart of psychological conflicts. Through these
muscular tensions, conflicts become structured in the body.

113
When this happens, they cannot be resolved until the tensions
are released. To release these muscular tensions, one must feel
them as a limitation of self-expression. In other words, the
body and the mind must work hand in hand to overcome the
problem.

Mark the best choice.

1. The studies of personality are all based on the idea that
a) the body and the mind cannot be treated separately
b) an individual's personality is expressed through his body
c) personality depends on the mind of the individual
d) the body determines the individual's personality

2. Which of the following is not correct about depression and anxiety?

a) They are the signs of the inability to enjoy life.
b) They are reduced by the person's capacity to enjoy life.
c) They make the person aware that he doesn't get pleasure
from life. d) They are the complaints that cause the person to
enter therapy.

3. The reason for the inability to enjoy life is that the

a) patient doesn't get physical and psychological treatment at
the same time
b) problem is dealt with by a purely mental approach
c) problem is much deeper than the patient can be aware of
d) patient is not fully alive in his body and mind

4. A change in the functioning of the body first affects the person's

a) behaviour and feeling b) thinking c) self-expression d) identity

5. are the reflections of psychological conflicts on

the body.
a) Breathing and movement b) Emotional problems
c) Chronic muscular tensions d) Changes in attitude
114
 Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Coronavirus is a kind of common virus causing infections to

humans, mammals, and birds. In humans, coronavirus can cause
respiratory infections in the nose, sinuses, or throat. Most
coronavirus is not dangerous while some are serious like SARS
and MERS.
The coronavirus gets its name from their protein spikes similar to
the solar corona. Symptoms of this coronavirus in humans
include cough, fever, throat infections, and respiratory problems.
Not all coronavirus are lethal but some are severe to cause death.
The current outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) was
identified in China and has killed many people. Thousands are
said to have infected across the world in Europe, Australia, and
North America at the start of March 2020. Covid-19 is the name
given by WHO (World Health Organization) . covid-19 stands
for coronavirus disease of 2019.

Questions:
1. Coronavirus infects , _, and
2. What are the dangerous variations of Coronavirus?
3. Why this virus is named Corona?
4. What are the symptoms?
5. Who named the virus?
6. What does covid-19 stand for?

115
 Why study English?
What‘s the aim of learning English at the University? There
are several reasons for it: historical, academic, economic,
practical, intellectual, entertainment, etc. But every student has
his personal motivation which is often the mixture of reasons
mentioned above.
For most students English is the proper language to speak
with the rest of the nations, the so-called lingua franca. It may
provide a role of a neutral means of communication between
different ethnic groups in the emerging multicultural world.
Part of the students especially those who connect their future
career with business and trade understand that they may need
English. Any multinational business will wish to establish
offices in the major English-speaking countries, especially the
USA and Great Britain. So you should be knowledgeable about
how to communicate with multicultural audiences and markets.
There are many other international areas where you can‘t
do without English. English is the language of international
air traffic control, and is developing its role in maritime,
emergency services and international political relations. The
tourist and advertising industries are also English-dependent.
There are those who need English as source of
information, mainly professional. Most of the scientific,
technological, and academic information in the world is
expressed in English, and over 80 percent of all the
information stored in electronic retrieval systems is in English.
Linguistic proficiency will increase career prospects of a
specialist in any field. That‘s why more than 50 percent of the
English course is devoted to studying English for professional
purposes.
All students want to know English as the main language
of popular music and its advertising. It is also the main

116
 language of the satellite broadcasting, home-computers, and
video-games. You can‘t make use of them without English.
Personally I want to know foreign languages because I have
always been interested in foreign countries, their cultures and
peoples. Learning foreign languages is important for me because
I want to know what is going on around me in the world.
Language not only broadens the mind, it enriches us culturally.
We learn to appreciate ways of life which may be different from
our own. It equips students with the communicative competence
which is the universal competence of today.

Questions:

1. Why do we study English at university?

2. What does lingua franca mean?
3. Why do people who are connected with business and trade need
to learn English?
4. What are the international fields that depend on English?
5. Why is English important for academic life?
6. Does learning foreign languages important? If yes, why?

117
 Learning English
Today, millions of people want to learn or improve their
English but it is difficult to find the best method. Is it better to
study in Birthday, millions of people want to learn or improve
their English but it is difficult to find the best method. Is it better
to study in Britain or America or to study in your own country?
The advantages of going to Britain seem obvious. Firstly,
you will be able to listen to the language all the time you are in
the country. You will be surrounded completely by the language
wherever you go. Another advantage is that you have to speak
the language if you are with other people. In Egypt, it is always
possible, in the class, to speak Arabic if you want to and the
learning is slower.
On the other hand, there are also advantages to staying at
home to study. You don't have to make big changes to your life.
As well as this, it is also a lot cheaper than going to Britain but it
is never possible to achieve the results of living in the UK. If you
have a good teacher in Egypt, I think you can learn in a more
concentrated way than being in Britain without going to a school.
So, in conclusion, I think that if you have enough time and
enough money, the best choice is to spend some time in the UK.
This is simply not possible for most people, so being here in
Egypt is the only viable option. The most important thing to do in
this situation is to maximize your opportunities: to speak only
English in class and to try to use English whenever possible
outside the class.

Answer the following questions:

Q1: What is the article about?

a) How many people learn English.
b) The best way to learn English.
c) English schools in England and America.
118
 Q2: What is one of the advantages of going to the UK to learn
English?
a) There are no Egyptians in Britain.
b) You will have to speak English and not your language.
c) The language schools are better.
Q3: What is one of the advantages of staying in your country
to learn English

a) The Arabs aren't very good in Britain.

b) You have to work too hard in Britain.
c) Your life can continue more or less as it was before.

Q4: People who don't have a lot of time and money should...?
a) Learn English in Britain.
b) Try and speak English in class more often.
c) Go to Italy to learn English.

Q5 Viable means:
a) Best.
b) Practice.
c) Dangerous.

119
Dialogues

120
 Doctor & Patient

Patient's mother: Good morning, doctor.

Doctor: Good morning.
Patient's mother: My daughter hasn't been feeling well and she has a fever, can
you please have a look?
Doctor: Let's see, hi sweetie, what's your name?
Dana: Dana.
Doctor: Can you please take off your jacket and lie down on the bed Dana?
Patient's mother She is a little scared.
Doctor: Don't worry, it's not going to hurt, I will just listen to you, I promise.
Dana: Alright.
Doctor: Let me listen to your back and check your throat.
Patient's mother: How is she?
Doctor: Her throat looks red, I think she has an infection. I will prescribe her
some antibiotics, she should take them twice a day.
Patient's mother: How long does she need to take them?
Doctor: About a week but she can continue for another week if she doesn't feel
better. She should probably rest for a few days too and not go to school.
Patient's mother: She has become very weak recently. She gets cold very easily
too.
Doctor: It's probably the fever, she may have caught the infection from anyone.
Patient's mother: Can she take a shower?
Doctor: Absolutely, taking a cool shower actually help reduce the fever in a
natural way.
Patient's mother: Wow, I didn't know that. When should we come back again?
Doctor: I want to see her next week, but if she gets worse, you can come and see
me regardless.
Patient's mother: Thank you so much, doctor.
Doctor: You are welcome, it's my pleasure, I hope she gets well soon.
Patient's mother: Thank you again, good-bye.

Doctor: Good-bye.

121
 At The Pharmacy

A Pharmacist and a Customer

Pharmacist: Good morning. How can I help you?

Customer: Good morning, I have this prescription.
Pharmacist: Let me see. Okay, I think we have it. Let me get that for you...
Pharmacist: Here you go.
Customer: Oh, Thank God. You are the fifth pharmacist that I have asked for it
today.
Pharmacist: I am glad that we can help you.
Customer: Thank you, and can you tell me how I should use it?
Pharmacist: Certainly! You need to take these pills once a day before you go to
sleep.
Customer: Okay, how long do I need to take them for?
Pharmacist: Ten days for this one. It's important that you finish all the package,
if you forget to take it at night, you need to take two in the morning.
Customer: Okay, is it safe to take with aspiring?
Pharmacist: No, you can not take aspirin while you are on this, no painkillers
allowed.
Customer: I see, are there any side effects?
Pharmacist: Rare but possible drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, upset
stomach, nausea, nervousness, constipation... It is recommended that you avoid
physically demanding activities after taking this; also no driving.
Customer: Oh, now I see why I should take it before I go to sleep.
Pharmacist: Exactly!
Customer: Well, okay then. Can I pay with my card?
Pharmacist: Sure! that will be $14. Is there anything else I can help you with?
Customer: No, that would be all, thank you.
Pharmacist: You are welcome, here is your receipt.
Customer: Thank you for your help, have a good day.
Pharmacist: Thank you, you too.

122
 Job Interview

An Interviewer And An Interviewee

Interviewer: Welcome to ABC Controls, David. I am Tom.

Interviewee: Hello, it's nice to meet you.
Interviewer: Nice to meet you too, how are you doing today?
Interviewee: I am doing well, and yourself?
Interviewer: Great, thanks. I hope we didn't keep you waiting for long?
Interviewee: No, I had the chance to talk to one of your engineers while
waiting.
Interviewer: That's good. David, shall we start?
Interviewee: Yeah, sure.
Interviewer: First of all, let me introduce myself. I am the manager of our
engineering department here and we have an open position, so we have
been interviewing applicants to fill the position as quickly as possible.
Interviewee: Yes sir, I read about the position on your website, and I think
I am a good fit.
Interviewer: We currently have several ongoing projects and the team is
working hard. We are hoping to keep busy for a long time.
Interviewee: What are the essential qualifications required for the
position?
Interviewer: This is an entry-level engineering position, we do provide a
lot of training here. But we do require that you have at least a bachelors
degree in computer engineering. Previous experience in the field is a plus.
Interviewee: What kind of experience would you count as a work in the
field?
Interviewer: Even though we provide training, it would be great if you
had some hands-on programming experience, knowledge of database
systems or skills on developing applications.
Interviewee: My final school project was actually developing a mobile
application, so I am fairly competent in developing mobile and web
applications.
Interviewer: That's good to hear, which school did you graduate from?
123
Interviewee: I was a student at DEF University, and I graduated with a
bachelor degree in computer science. I worked as a computer lab tutor in
school for about 2 years. Guiding students through their projects helped
me get experience in several programming languages.
Interviewer: What are you looking for in a job?
Interviewee: The job should definitely help me grow in my career. I will
be happy to learn and grow as I work in a passionate company like yours.
Interviewer: You are right. There is plenty of room for advancement in
our company. What are your strengths? Why should I hire you?
Interviewee: I am a diligent person and a fast learner. I am very eager to
learn. My friends also find me very easy to work with.
Interviewer: Very well. Now, do you mind working overtime?
Interviewee: No, I do not.
Interviewer: Because, sometimes we get overwhelmed with heavy
workload.
Interviewee: I understand that's the nature of the job. When I was going to
school, I took quite a few courses each semester while working at least
twenty hours every week. And, I handled that situation very well.
Interviewer: Do you have any questions for me?
Interviewee: No, I think I have a pretty good understanding of the
requirements. I believe that I can handle it with ease, and the fact that you
provide all the training sounds excellent. I hope to have the opportunity to
work for you.
Interviewer: David, It is nice to meet you. I can tell that you are a good
candidate. Expect to hear from us within a week or so about the job.
Interviewee: Nice meeting you too. Thank you for your time.
Interviewer: Thank you for coming.

124
 At the Bank

A Bank Clerk and A Bank Customer

Bank Clerk: Good morning, welcome to the Grammar Bank. How can I
help you?
Customer: Good morning. I would like to open a bank account.
Bank Clerk: Sure thing. What kind of account would you like to open? A
savings account or a checking account?
Customer: What's the difference?
Bank Clerk: A checking account is designed to use for everyday
transactions. Yet; the money in a savings account is meant to stay in the
account and earn interest over time.
Customer: I see, actually I want to apply for a credit card. That's why I
need an account.
Bank Clerk: Okay then, you probably want a checking account.
Customer: Well, thank you. I'd like that.
Bank Clerk: Sure, we will have you fill out an application form, please.
Customer: No problem.
Bank Clerk: How much of a credit limit were you looking for?
Customer:I would like a $10,000 spending limit.
Bank Clerk: Alright, we will see what we can do. We might be able to get
you one of our gold cards with a $10,000 spending limit.
Customer: Wonderful. Will I also collect points when I use the card?
Bank Clerk: Sure, with our gold card you will get 10 reward points for
every dollar spent.
Customer: Perfect, I have filled out the form. Do you need anything else?
Bank Clerk: You just need to deposit a minimum of $250 into your new
checking account.
Customer: Very well, here you are.
Bank Clerk: Thank you, your account is set up now and your credit card
will be mailed to your address within 5 to 10 business days.
Customer: Thank you for your help, have a good day.
Bank Clerk: Thank you, you too.
125
 Introducing Yourself
Two Students (at University)

Nadia: Hello, my name is Nadia. Welcome to our university.

Alicia: Hi, I am Alicia.
Nadia: Nice to meet you.
Alicia: Nice to meet you too.
Nadia: Where are you from Alicia?
Alicia: I am from Nicaragua, how about you?
Nadia: I'm from France.
Alicia: Is this your first time in London?
Nadia: No, I have been living in London for about three years now.
Alicia: I see, have you been studying here for all that time?
Nadia: Yes, this is my third year here, I have got one more year to go.
Alicia: What are you studying?
Nadia: I'm studying English Literature. I want to be a linguist. How
about you?
Alicia: Sounds cool. I want to be a school teacher.
Nadia: That's great!
Alicia: I have always wanted to study abroad, so I came to London.
Nadia: Nice! Yeah I love it here, I am actually planing to live here even
after I graduate.
Alicia: Perfect, you are already from Europe, so it shouldn't be that
difficult for you.
Nadia: Yeah, I will just need to convince my parents, what about you?
Alicia: I love London, but I am just here for school, I will need to go
back once I graduate anyway.
Nadia: I see, well, good luck to you, I have to go to class now, it was
nice talking with you.
Alicia: Thank you! You too, and have a good class.
Nadia: Good-bye!

126
Choose the correct answer
1 He often swimming.
a) go b) goes c) is going d) going
2 like going to school?
a) Does he b) Is he c) He is d) He does
3I want to go out tonight.
a) not b) am not c) don‘t d) are not
4 I‘m very good English
a) in b) from c) at d) of
5 Who are you waiting ?
a) for b) from c) to d) at
6 I can‘t stand exams.
a) do b) to do c) does d) doing
7 I‘m taking my car to the .
a) doctor b) dentist c) mechanic d) plumber
8 The only vegetables in the house are .
a) cheese b) carrots c) apples d) oranges
9 What ? Yoga.
a) are you doing b) do you do c) you do d) you are doing
10 I` the computer every day.
a) use b) using c) not use d) am using
11 Mum and Dad are sitting in garden.
a) a b) an c) – d) the
12 My friend has got old dog.
a) the b) an c) a d) –
13 Could we look at the , please?
a) card b) list c) food d) menu
14 The police don‘t know who the bank.
a) thief b) stole c) robbed d) escaped
127
15 My father born in 1960.
a) was b) is c) did d) –
16 When married?
a) did you get b) you got c) you were d) you
17 He want us to come to the party.
a) didn‘t b) wasn‘t c) not d) hasn‘t
18 Who‘s the boy the middle of the photo?
a) on b) in c) at d) to
19 I saw a very film at the weekend.
a) scared b) scary c) scare d) scaring
20 I along the road when I heard a noise.
a) walk b) have walked c) walked d) was walking
21 I got an e-mail from Mark yesterday and today.
a) other b) other one c) another one d) another ones
22 school, I went home.
a) Before b) After c) Afterwards d) Later
23 we were talking, a policeman told us to move.
a) When b) During c) While d) Same time
24 It‘s a cold day. Put your on.
a) jumper b) tie c) belt d) blouse
25 Are you wearing trainers with no ? Isn‘t that uncomfortable?
a) shoes b) trousers c) skirt d) socks
26 This coat is longer yours.
a) than b) from c) that d) as
27 This is the day of my life.
a) bad b) worse c) worst d) better
28 What‘s the expensive DVD player in the shop?
a) more b) most c) much d) very
29 This walk is very . I need to sit down.
a) tire b) tiring c) more tired d) tired
30 I‘d like to try this dress, please.
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a) up b) in c) on d) out
31 This room is small.
a) to b) too much c) enough d) too
32 We had a very time on holiday.
a) enjoy b) enjoyment c) enjoyed d) enjoyable
33 I love going on holiday.
a) sightseeing b) seeing sights c) seeing the sights d) sightsee
34 Hello. Is there there?
a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody d) everybody
35 It‘s not fair. wants to play football with me.
a) Nobody b) Somebody c) Anybody d) Not anybody
36 I haven‘t got money left.
a) no b) none c) any d) some
37 There‘s a lovely from the window.
a) sight b) view c) look d) see
38 I be home by 8 o‘clock
a) can‘t b) can c) haven‘t d) have to
39 I‘m sorry, I go with you.
a) can b) don‘t have to c) can‘t d) haven‘t
40 to phone your mum?
a) You have b) You do have c) Can you d) Do you have
41 Are you laughing me?
a) to b) at c) from d) for
42 The at the circus were really funny.
a) clowns b) acrobats c) gymnasts d) magicians
43 This hand computer is very easy to use.
a) held b) used c) carried d) lifted
44 What do after you leave school?
a) are you b) you are going to c) will you d) do you
45 We will here for twenty years.
a) to live b) live c) living d) lived
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46 If you any problems, I will come and help you.
a) have b) had c) will have d) do have
47 We won‘t catch the train if you hurry.
a) won‘t b) aren‘t c) don‘t d) didn‘t
48 Where if you have a holiday this year?
a) you go b) are you going c) did you go d) will you go
49 Can you make a cup of coffee, please?
a) I b) me c) for me d) to me
50 The window is . You see, it has three sides.
a) triangle b) rectangle c) triangular d) rectangular
51 This chair is quite nice but you need some on it.
a) pillows b) curtains c) carpets d) cushions
52 You should put your clothes in the , not on the floor.
a) shelf b) chair c) bedspread d) wardrobe
53 Have you your homework?
a) do b) did c) done d) doing
54 I haven‘t you your money.
a) gave b) given c) giving d) give
55 Come out of the school and right.
a) take b) along c) turn d) move
56 You have to go the cinema.
a) along b) turn c) across d) past
57 You should more exercise.
a) do b) to do c) doing d) done
58 It was a great to win so many matches.
a) achieve b) achievement c) achieved d) achieving
59 You showed incredible to save those children
a) danger b) preparation c) bravery d) recovery
60 to do anything special this weekend?
a) Are you doing b) Will you c) Do you d) Are you going
61 I to wait here until the shops open.
a) going b) will c) go d) ‘m going
62 We dinner with our friends this evening.
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a) going to have B ‘re having c) will have d) have
63 Who this song? It‘s beautiful
a) did write b) write c) wrote d) written
64 What usually do at the weekend?
a) are you b) you c) you do d) do you
65 We‘re going to the tennis for a game.
a) pitch b) room c) court d) studio
66 Are you going to take in the school show?
a) place b) part c) care d) up
67 Our school is the same it was 50 years ago.
a) than b) as c) like d) what
68 I‘d go for a meal
a) prefer b) like c) rather d) want
69 He‘s very good at sports. He‘s very .
a) logical b) practical c) athletic d) creative
70 Hey! Come and look this. Isn‘t it amazing?
a) to b) at c) for d) after
71 We won‘t have another holiday this year, ?
a) will we b) won‘t we c) do we d) don‘t we
72 That was a great meal, ?
a) isn‘t it b) was it c) wasn‘t it d) is it
73 While I , I saw a shark in the water.
a) swam b) swim c) was swimming d) have swum
74 Do you believe dreams?
a) of b) at c) for d) in
75 I think this restaurant is the best in town. So,
a) do I b) am I c) I think d) do I think
76 A thousand cakes a week in this café.
a) is sold b) are sold c) sell d) sold
77 I‘m taking medicine because I‘ve got a throat.
a) pain b) sore c) hurt d) ache
78 I‘m to animal hair.
a) sneezing b) allergic c) ill d) cough
79 I wish people wouldn‘t drop in the street.
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a) graffiti b) pollution c) litter d) vandalism
80 Where‘s Phil? He‘s never late. There be something wrong
a) must b) can‘t c) will d) may
81 This is a nice place to live.
a) quite b) bit c) great d) really
82 I‘ve done this before, this is the first time.
a) yet b) already c) ever d) never
83 Have you read the book I gave you ?
a) already b) ever c) yet d) ago
84 up early on holiday is not right!
a) Getting b) Get c) Got d) To get
85 I love films. You know, films about the past like Braveheart.
a) animated b) historical c) fantasy d) science fiction
86 Oh no! He‘s driving too fast. Look out! He crash!
a) will b) may c) won‘t d) is going to
87 I came this book in a little shop in London.
a) over b) up c) across d) through
88 DVDs are good, the cinema is better.
a) Although b) However c) So d) But
89 I know you‘re about your exam results but try not to
worry too much.
a) delighted b) anxious c) annoyed d) furious
90 Please phone me as soon as you home.
a) will get b) are getting c) get d) got
91 What shall we do today? How about to the cinema?
a) go b) to go c) going d) let‘s go
92 I can‘t stop singing this song. It‘s so .
a) repetitive b) catchy c) monotonous d) relaxing
93 That‘s the woman children were so polite.
a) whose b) who c) which d) that
94 You can have a cake or an ice cream.
a) both b) also c) not only d) either
95 My father told my sister her boyfriend again.

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a) don‘t see b) to not see c) never see d) not to see
96 Are you happy your grades?
a) for b) with c) from d) at
97 If you harder, you would be rich.
a) worked b) would work c) have worked d) will work
98 You happy if you were alone.
a) won‘t be b) wouldn‘t be c) aren‘t d) weren‘t
99 This job is a better than my old one.
a) much ` b) even c) lot d) more
100 There were only a people at the party.
a) little b) many c) lot of d) few

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References:

 Raymond Murphy: English Grammar in Use

 Passages extracted from different sites on line

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