1 HYDROELECTRIC DAMS FROM MADEIRA RIVER SEASONALLY IMPACTS

2 THE FISHERIES PRODUCTION IN THE GUAPORÉ BASIN (RONDÔNIA,

3 BRAZIL)

5 Helen Cristina Parazzi de Freitas¹*, Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Doria², Raniere Garcez
6 Costa Sousa¹

7 ¹*Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Mestranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em

8 Ciências Ambientais (PGCA), Rua da Paz, 4376 - Lino Alves Teixeira - CEP: 76916-000, Caixa
9 Postal 32, Presidente Médici-RO, Brazil. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1127-2477
10 Email: [email protected]

11 ²Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Programa

12 de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia (PPG Bionorte). CEP: 76.801-059, Porto
13 Velho-RO, Brazil. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-0063 Email:
14 [email protected]

15 ¹Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca.

16 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PGCA), Rua da Paz, 4376 - Lino Alves
17 Teixeira - CEP: 76916-000, Caixa Postal 32, Presidente Médici-RO, Brazil. Orcid:
18 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-389X Email: [email protected]

19 ABSTRACT

20 In the Amazon region, fisheriesing activities play an important role in the socioeconomic and
21 cultural context and are directly affected by changes in the hydrological cycle, which can
22 interfere with the numbers and frequency of fish species landed. This study analyzed the
23 variation of fishing fishery production against the seasonality of the water level of the
24 Guaporé River (a tributary of the Madeira River) using information contained in the records
25 of fishery landings and fishing communities ofo in the area under study. In addition, two
26 periods before pre (2000 to 2008) and post (2009 to 2019) installation of the Jirau and Santo
27 Antônio dams were implanted (2000 to 2008) and after the dams were implanted (2009 to
28 2019) in the Madeira River were considered. Fish production in the period prior to damming
29 indicated linearity (r2=0.41%) which was inversely proportional to the water levels of the
30 Guaporé Riverriver water level, with low fish production in the flood and high production in

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31 during the low waterthe low water phases. However, for the period after damming, these
32 variables showed low correlation (r2=0.14%). Among the fish species exploited, 35.13%
33 presented significant differences (p<0.05) between the production values of for the periods
34 before and after installation of the dams. Therefore, the results showed significant differences
35 between the values of fishery production by species and phases of the hydrological cycle of
36 the Guaporé River, which occurred in the periods pre and post damming of the Madeira
37 River, which indicates that the hydroelectric dams have negatively impacted the fish stocks
38 of this region. The information contained in this study is useful and serves as a basis for
39 coherent decision-making, since it aids in the sustainable management and monitoring of
40 fish stocks in the Madeira River Basin.

41

42

43 Keywords: Amazon Basin, Dams, Hydrological cycle, Inland fishing.

44

45 HIDRELÉTRICAS DO RIO MADEIRA IMPACTAM SAZONALMENTE A

46 PRODUÇÃO PESQUEIRA DA BACIA DO GUAPORÉ (RONDÔNIA, BRASIL)

47

48 RESUMO

49 Na região Amazônica, a atividade pesqueira desempenha papel importante no contexto

50 socioeconômico e cultural, sendo influenciada diretamente pela variação do ciclo
51 hidrológico, que interfere na abundância e na frequência das espécies de peixes
52 desembarcadas. O presente estudo analisou a variação da produção pesqueira frente a
53 sazonalidade do nível do rio Guaporé, utilizando informações contidas nos registros dos
54 desembarques pesqueiros das colônias de pescadores da área em estudo, considerando dois
55 períodos Antes-barramento (2000 a 2008) e Pós-barramento (2009 a 2019) do rio Madeira pelos
56 empreendimentos hidrelétricos de Jirau e Santo Antônio. A produção pesqueira no período
57 Antes indicou linearidade (r²=0,41%) inversamente proporcional ao nível do rio, com baixa
58 produção na cheia e alta na seca, enquanto que no período Pós essas variáveis apresentaram
59 baixa correlação (r²=0,14%). Dentre as espécies de peixes exploitadas, 35,13% apresentaram
60 diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os valores de produção dos períodos Antes e Pós-

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61 barramento. Os resultados exibiram diferenças significativas entre os valores da produção
62 pesqueira por espécies e fases do ciclo hidrológico do rio Guaporé, ocorridas nos períodos
63 Antes e Pós-barramento do rio Madeira, indicando que os barramentos hidrelétricos estejam
64 influenciando negativamente os estoques pesqueiros dessa região. As informações descritas
65 neste estudo, são úteis e basais para tomadas de decisões mais acertadas que visem o
66 monitoramento e o manejo sustentável dos estoques pesqueiros na bacia do rio Madeira.

67 Palavras-chave: Bacia Amazônica, Barragens, Ciclo hidrológico, Pesca interior.

68

69 INTRODUCTION

70 The geographical space, the physico-chemical characteristics and the seasonal

71 variation of the Amazon Basin influence the hydrological behavior of its tributaries (Bernardi
72 et al., 2012). These factors, added to anthropogenic actions, can cause imbalances in fish
73 stocks (Torrente-Vilara and Doria, 2012) and therefore cause environmental and economic
74 losses throughout the fish production chain, whether for subsistence or commercialization
75 (Batista and Miranda, 2019).
76 The Amazonian aquatic environments form a complex mixture of habitats that are
77 governed by the hydrological regime (Sousa et al., 2017). The degree of connections
78 established between these ecosystems (Rodrigues et al., 2015) contribute to the abundance
79 and richness of fish populations (Vasconcelos et al., 2011; Prado et al., 2016). This is because
80 the dynamics enabled between rivers and floodplains favor not only the dispersal of fish
81 species, and abut also serve as the trophic and reproductive migratory routes of certain fish
82 species (Thomaz et al., 2007; Sousa et al., 2017).
83 In the rising and flood phases of the river, there is a heterogeneity of the biota due to
84 the enlargement of the flooded areas. However, the opposite occurs between the receding
85 and the low water phases because much of the microhabitats are disconnected, which causes
86 the isolation of the environments and fish populations. As a result, there is an increase in
87 interspecific competition (Bozelli et al., 2015). In this process, precipitation also plays an
88 important role in providing seasonality, which serves as a stimulus for fish reproduction and
89 increase of aquatic biomass (Inomata et al., 2018).
90 However, there are many factors that negatively affect the Amazon region, such as
91 deforestation, thatwhich affects up to 20% of the entire forest area. As a result, climate
92 change (Espinoza et al., 2009), mining (Val et al., 2016), the unrestrained installation of dams

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 93 for fish farming (Almeida, 2006) and the implementation of hydroelectric plants, all affect the
94 river corridors of the Amazon River (Doria et al., 2018; Batista and Miranda, 2019) and
95 seasonal dynamics (Timpe and Kaplan, 2017), thus inhibiting nutrient cycling and rheophilic
96 fish routes (Andrade et al., 2012; Harris et al., 2016; Torrente-Vilara et al., 2018).
97 These factors are also currently perceived in the region of the Madeira River Basin
98 and change the seasonality of the river., which As a result, many of these actions has have
99 been followed by a decline in fish diversity and fishery production (Agostinho et al., 2007;
100 Lima et al., 2020). Therefore, to understand part of this problem, a main “bottleneck” was
101 identified in this region. When considering a stretch of one of its tributaries, the Guaporé
102 River was analyzed using seasonal records of local fishery production to see if there was a
103 pattern that indicates possible changes in fisheries between the periods of pre- and post-
104 hydroelectric dam construction in the Madeira River Basin.
105 In order to test the hypothesis as to whether the damming has caused changes in the
106 fishery productionIn order to answer this question, this study analyzed the variations in
107 fishery production from the riverine communities located in the main stretch of the Guaporé
108 River, while at the same time taking into consideration the influence of seasonal phases of
109 the river water level. Thus, we contemplated the pre-damming period (2000 to 2008) and
110 post-damming period (2009 to 2019) after the installation of the Jirau and Santo Antonio
111 hydroelectric dams in the Madeira River Basin, in order to generate information for the
112 management of fishery resources in the state of Rondônia (RO).
113
114 MATERIALS AND METHODS
115 Study location
116 This study was conducted in the Guaporé River Basin, which is approximately
117 59,339.38 km2 (SEDAM, 2002; ANA, 2015), and has its headwaters area in Chapada dos
118 Parecis, in the state of Mato Grosso. As such, it is classified as the second largest water basin
119 in the state of Rondônia (SEDAM, 2018). Its tributaries have are of low depth (between 2 and
120 8 meters) and, because of this, it forms floodplains known locally as pantanal do Guaporé at
121 the beginning of the rising river phase, (Doria and Brasil de Souza, 2012). The fishing
122 colonies from which the data for fishery landings were collected for the present study are
123 located in this region In this region, we find the fishing colonies from which the data of
124 fishery landings were collected for the present study (Figure 1).

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125 Figure 1. Location of the study area with emphasis on the micro-regions of the Guaporé
126 River Basin. Key to micro-regions: 1 = Guajará-Mirim, 2 = Costa Marques, 3 = Seringueiras, 4
127 = São Francisco do Guaporé, 5 = Pimenteiras do Oeste, 6 = Cabixi. Dotted lines represent the
128 access roads.
129
130 Data collection
131 The information regarding the fishery production and the frequency of fish species
132 landed in the study region were acquired in the period from November 2018 to November

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133 2019, from the fishing colonies of the Guaporé River Basin. Concomitantly, the daily
134 hydrometric measurements were collected from station No. 15150000, which is located in
135 the community of Pedras Negras, in the city of São Francisco do Guaporé, RO (ANA, 2019).
136 This information was authorized for use by ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação
137 da Biodiversidade) under license No. 0650590120190107 and the research was approved by
138 the Ethics Committee of the Federal University ofUniversidade Federal de Rondônia, under
139 registration No. 9619.8518.0.0000.5300.
140
141 Fishery statistics
142 The measurements of the hydrological level of the Guaporé River were submitted to
143 descriptive statistics for the quantification of the duration of the phases of the hydrological
144 cycle (rising, flood, receding and low water low water phases), according to the
145 methodology described by Torrente-Vilara and Doria (2012). Subsequently, the values of
146 fishery production and the hydrological level of the Guaporé River (before pre and after post
147 the damming) were used in Pearson's correlation analysis to verify possible linearity
148 between these variables (Triola, 1998).
149 Fishery production data, when meeting the assumptions of homoscedasticity, were
150 submitted to the Student's t test to ascertain significant differences between the averages of
151 fishery production related to the distribution of fish species according to the seasonal phases.
152 A correspondence analysis (CA) was used to evaluate the force of similarity of the
153 coordinates between the variables employed (phases of the hydrological cycle, fish species
154 and the pre-and post-damming). All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistic
155 9.0 software (Statsoft, 2009) considering a p value of ≤ 0.05.
156
157 RESULTS
158
159 Hydrological parameters and evaluation of fishery production
160 The hydrological periods of the study region were defined as: rising (December to
161 February), where the river level rises from 262 to 574 cm; Flood (March to May) from 574 to
162 616 cm; receding (June and July) the river level drops from 616 to 283 cm; and low
163 droughtlow water phase (August to November) 283 to 262 cm (Torrente-Vilara and Doria,
164 2012) (Figure 2).
165 Regarding the data of fish landings, these were grouped by the two periods of pre-
166 and post-damming of the Madeira River and showed different patterns, which were directly

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167 related to the phases of the hydrological cycle. In the pre-damming period, the fisheriesy
168 production was inversely proportional to the phases of the hydrological cycle, showing the
169 lowest values of fish landings in the rising water phase (January and February; 22.15 t) and
170 in the flood (March and April; 45.23 t), followed by an increase in production values in the
171 receding water phase (May, June and July; 166.84 t) with its highest peak in the low low
172 water phase; 255.46 t) (Figure 2).
173 On the other hand, in the post-damming period, low fishery production can be
174 observed at the beginning of the rising water phase (January; 14.07 t), which is followed by
175 continuous growth during the whole of this phase (January and February; 116.08 t) up to the
176 end of the flood phase (May; 145.67 (t), which continued and reached its highest peak during
177 the receding water phase (July; 235.86 t). This was followed by a slight decrease in the fish
178 landing values at the beginning of the low low water phase (August; 211.81 (t), though it
179 reached a second peak in landings at the end of this phase (October; 218.90 t), which is
180 followed by a sudden drop in the landings at the beginning of the rising water phase
181 (December; 6.09 t) (Figure 2).

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182 Figure 2. Average annual variation of the hydrological levels (seasonal phases) and fishery
183 production of the Guaporé River Basin represented in the periods before (2000 to 2008) and
184 after (2009 to 2019) the implementation of hydroelectric dams in the Madeira River Basin.
185
186 The distribution of the daily averages of the hydrometric levels of the Guaporé River
187 showed an annual flood pulse, which defined a single-mode pattern for the data series
188 throughout the sampling period. Alterations in the hydrological levels were observed for
189 only two years, which were both in the post-damming period and in the rising water phase;
190 one in 2015 (990 cm) and the other in 2017 (928 cm). In the other floods of the study period,
191 the averages of the seasonal phases ranged between 675 and 736 cm. In the pre-damming
192 period, it was evident that the indices of higher fishery production were between the
193 receding and low water phases, with increasing peaks over the years. In the post-damming
194 period, fishery production showed oscillations between the phases of flood, receding and
195 low water, and showed a decrease in the production of landed fish (Figure 3).

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196 Figure 3. Fishery landings (FL) production and hydrograph of the levels (HL) of the Guaporé
197 River for the study period evaluated.
198
199 The mean values of the monthly fishery landings production (FLP) when correlated
200 with the flood pulse of the Guaporé River (NRHL) presented distinct linearity in the Pearson
201 test. The results for the pre-damming period showed a significant difference in the
202 dispersion of the production values (FPFL= 255.0521-0.181*NRHL, p = 0.026), with a
203 coefficient of determination r2 = 41%, indicating that as the level of the Guaporé River rose,
204 fishery production in the region decreased. However, the landing data related to the post-
205 damming period (FP FL = 207.219-0.0954 * NRHL, p = 0.217) showed a low linear correlation

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206 with the seasonality of the river level, which was confirmed with the value of r 2 = 0.14%
207 (Figure 4).

208 Figure 4. Linear distribution between fishery production and the water level of the Guaporé
209 River, considering the periods before and after the implementation of hydroelectric dams in
210 the Madeira River.
211
212 During the study period, 37 species of fish belonging to 5 orders and 17 families were
213 recorded during landings. The orders that presented the highest species richness were
214 Siluriform (45.94%), Characiformes (40.45%), followed by Perciformes (10.81%). Of the total
215 landed, the most frequent migratory species were curimatã (Prochilodus nigricans) (16.73%),

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216 tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum ) (9.74%) and filhote (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum)
217 (4.25%). For the fish which that are considered sedentary, the peacock bass (Cichla pleiozona)
218 (14.95%) and the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) (8.37%) stood out, while the others fish (sedentary
219 and migratory) totaled 44.15% (Table 1). The average values of the average fishery
220 production established between the periods before and after the installation of the dams
221 when submitted to the Student's t test showed significant differences for 45.96% of the
222 species recorded, most of which are migratory fish, with the exception of the acari-bodó
223 (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), which is sedentary species (Table 1).
224
225 Table 1 – Taxonomic distribution and migratory behaviors of the species, with their
226 respective mean values of fishery production for the periods of pre- and post-damming of
227 the Madeira River, p < 0.05 present significant differences (*) when compared using the
228 Student's t test.
229
Production (Tonnes)
Taxon Popular Fish Migratory
Pre-damming Post-damming p t-value
Name Code species
Clupeiformes
Pritigasteridae
Pellona castelnaeana (Valenciennes, 1847) Apapá Pc - 1.702 ± 1.237 0.033* 2.75192 yes
Osteoglossiformes
Arapaimatidae
Arapaima gigas (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pirarucu Ag 31.745 ± 41.419 28.830 ± 23.241 0.906 0.12275 no
Characiformes
Anostomidae
Leporinus spp. Piau Lsp 7.727 ± 1.994 5.970 ± 2.993 0.366 0.97722 yes
Bryconidae
Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869) Matrinxã Byf 0.050 ± 0.081 2.162 ± 1.525 0.032* 2.76606 yes
Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) Jatuarana Bm 2.045 ± 1.724 4.302 ± 2.804 0.219 1.37141 yes
Characidae
Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lambari Asb 0.030 ± 0.016 0.382 ± 0.239 0.026* 2.93517 yes
Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) Tambaqui Clm 36.842 ± 41.827 33.682 ± 28.568 0.904 0.12477 yes
Curimatidae
Psectrogaster amazonica (Eigenmann &
Branquinha Psa 0.165 ± 0.144 6.097 ± 1.938 - 6.10459
Eigenmann, 1889) yes
Cynodontidae
Peixe-
Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier, 1819) Hs 0.132 ± 0.141 1.577 ± 1.100 0.040* 2.60380
cachorra yes
Erythrinidae
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) Traíra Hm 0.385 ± 0.310 4.457 ± 4.089 0.094 1.98603 no
Hemiodontidae
Anodus elongatus (Agassiz, 1829) Cubiu Ae 6.335 ± 2.634 1.710 ± 1.705 0.025* 2.94738 yes
Prochilodontidae
Prochilodus nigricans (Spix & Agassiz,
Curimatã Prn 70.352 ± 79.064 51.365 ± 47.161 0.694 0.41250
1829) yes
Jaraqui de
Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine, 1841) escama Ses 24.467 ± 28.905 3.857 ± 1.083 0.204 1.42505
grossa yes
Serrasalmidae
Mylossoma spp. Pacu Ms 0.285 ± 0.314 4.980 ± 4.422 0.078 2.11778 yes

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 Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1816) Pirapitinga Pb 19.210 ± 22.270 2.595 ± 2.349 0.188 1.48385 yes
Serrasalmus spp. Piranha Ser 6.375 ± 3.080 7.467 ± 4.865 0.717 0.37940 no
Siluriformes
Auchenipteridae
Ageneiosus brevifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) Mandubé Ab 0.057 ± 0.090 3.920 ± 3.584 0.074 2.15419 yes
Doradidae
Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes,
Cuiú-cuiú Ptg 7.602 ± 3.014 1.355 ± 0.436 0.006* 4.10163
1821) yes
Loricariidae
Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau,
Acari-bodó Hyp 6.232 ± 1.600 2.372 ± 0.857 0.005* 4.25201
1855) no
Pimelodidae
Brachyplatystoma filamentosum
Filhote Bf 22.922 ± 31.701 7.895 ± 5.337 0.385 0.93489
(Lichtenstein, 1819) yes
Brachyplatystoma platynemum (Boulenger,
Babão Bp 0.005 ± 0.010 0.182 ± 0.172 0.086 2.04988
1898) yes
Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castelnau,
Dourada Brf 2.680 ± 2.566 0.650 ± 0.401 0.169 1.56285
1855) yes
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Cuvier &
Jurupoca Hp 0.032 ± 0.065 0.465 ± 0.552 0.170 1.55511
Valenciennes, 1840) yes
Hypophthalmus edentatus (Spix & Agassiz,
Mapará He 1.620 ± 1.112 - 0.026* 2.91141
1829) yes
Leiarius marmoratus (Gill, 1870) Jundiá Lm - 0.055 ± 0.052 0.081 2.09129 yes
Phractocephalus hemiliopterus (Cuvier,
Pirarara Ph 9.647 ± 2.395 30.467 ± 20.974 0.096 1.97247
1818) yes
Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz,
Barba-chata Pp 0.120 ± 0.115 7.557 ± 5.025 0.025* 2.95917
1829) yes
Platynematichthys notatus (Jardine &
Coroatá Pn - 0.032 ± 0.027 0.056 2.36039
Schomburgk, 1841) yes
Pseudoplatystoma spp. (Schinz, 1822) Surubim Psp 2.110 ± 3.125 58.615 ± 32.763 0.013* 3.43368 yes
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus,
Cachara Psf 11.803 ± 14.632 41.779 ± 28.724 0.112 1.85969
1766) yes
Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Valenciennes,
Caparari Pst 0.085 ± 0.127 6.117 ± 3.095 0.008* 3.89438
1840) yes
Sorubimichthys planiceps (Spix & Agassiz, Peixe
Sp - 0.037 ± 0.075 0.355 1.00000
1829) Lenha yes
Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt &
Jaú Zz 9.557 ± 5.339 4.422 ± 3.821 0.168 1.56417
Valenciennes, 1821) yes
Perciformes
Cichlidae
Aequidens plagiozonatus (Kullander, 1984) Cará Acr 0.012 ± 0.025 0.575 ± 0.502 0.066 -2.2343 no
Astronotus crassipinis (Heckel, 1840) Acará-açu Asp 0.087 ± 0.115 0.257 ± 0.251 0.265 1.22700 no
Cichla pleiozona (Kullander & Ferreira,
Tucunaré Cip 54.787 ± 89.074 54.100 ± 58.903 0.990 0.01288
2006) no
Sciaenidae
Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel,
Corvina Ps 0.535 ± 0.684 10.945 ± 8.260 0.045* 2.51190
1840) yes

Total fishery mean (tonnes/year) 9.084 ± 16.26 11.226 ± 21.62 0.101 -0.468
Total fishery production pre and post damming
(tonnes/yearperiods)
336 393

230

231 The correspondence analysis showed reveals in dimension 1 (inertia = 62.97%) and
232 dimension 2 (inertia = 33.64%) the a point cloud that demonstrates the distribution of fish
233 species according to the phases of the hydrological cycle, counterclockwise and away from
234 the central axis. On the left side of the graph, we plotted the species caught in the rising
235 water (E1), flood (C1) and receding phase (V1), represented by fish that migrate in order to

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236 reproduce, in addition to four sedentary species, the cará (Aequidens plagiozonatus), the
237 piranha (Serrasalmus spp.), the traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) and the acari-bodó (P. pardalis),
238 which are fish that typically inhabit lake environments, while on the right side of the graph,
239 the other species landed during the low water phase (S1) were concentrated. Migrating
240 species, such as caparari (Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum), filhcachote (B. filamentosum),
241 pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), corvina (Plagioscion squamosissimus), curimatã (P.
242 nigricans), peixe-cachorra , barba-chata (Pinirampus pirinampu), pacu (Mylossoma spp.),
243 mandubé (Ageneiosus brevifilis), matrinxã (Brycon cephalus), jaraqui- de- escama- grossa
244 (Semaprochilodus insignis), cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), surubim (Pseudoplatystoma
245 spp. , pirapitinga and jurupoca (Hemisorubim platyrhynchos), were more frequent (Figure
246 4A5A).

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247 Figure 4A5A. Distribution of the species caught in the Guaporé River Basin and the
248 respective seasonal river phases (dotted line with arrowhead counterclockwise), for the
249 period Pre-before damming (1; 2000 to 2008) the damming of the Madeira River (the codes
250 relating to the fish species are shown in Table 1).
251

252 In the post-damming period, the data was 94.61% projected in dimension 1 (inertia of
253 72.00%) and in dimension 2 (inertia of 22.61%) where the fish species were plotted in a
254 clockwise gradient and closer to the central axis of the orthogonal lines, presenting a
255 distribution opposite to the pre-damming period. The most representative migratory fish
256 between the phases of the rising (E2) and flood (C2) phases were the dourada
257 (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii), the coroatá (Platynematichthys notatus), the jaraqui- de- escama-
258 grossa, the lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus), the surubim, the piau (Leporinus spp.), the cuiú-
259 cuiú (Pterodoras granulosus), the jatuarana (Brycon amazonicus), the branquinha (Psectrogaster
260 amazonica), the matrinxã and the cubiu (Anodus elongatus), with the exception of the acari-
261 bodó, which is a sedentary fish, and also was present during the landings. In the receding
262 water phase (V2), the most frequent species were the peixe-cachorra, the pirapitinga, the
263 mandubé, the apapá (Pellona castelnaeana) and the tambaqui. In the period of low water (S2),
264 among the most representative fish were the pirarucu, the peacock bass peacock bass, the
265 acara-açu (Astronotus crassipinis), the traira, the cará and the piranha, which are sedentary
266 species. Migratory species, such as the filhote, the corvina, the pacu, the jurupoca, the peixe-
267 lenha (Sorubimichthys planiceps), the jau (Zungaro zungaro), the curimatã, the babão

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268 (Brachyplatystoma platynemum), the jundiá (Leiarius marmoratus) and the barba-chata, were
269 also plotted (Figure 4B5B).

270 Figure 4B: Distribution of fish species and the respective seasonal river phases (dotted line
271 with arrowhead clockwise) in the Guaporé River Basin, for the post-damming period (2;
272 22009 to 2019) of the Madeira River (the codes relating to the fish species are shown in Table
273 1).

274
275 DISCUSSION
276 The vast Amazon Basin includes possesses areas that are suitable for the construction
277 of hydroelectric plants and fishery activity (Almeida et al., 2019). However, the inadequate

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278 use of these flooded areas can cause irreversible socio-environmental damage (Batista and
279 Miranda, 2019), such as when the main channels of the great rivers are dammed for the
280 production of electricity (Doria et al., 2018; Almeida et al., 2020) or when their tributaries are
281 impeded for the practice of fish farming, which, as a result, causes fragmentation and loss of
282 aquatic habitats (Almeida, 2006; Agostinho et al., 2007).
283 The Madeira River Basin has important tributaries which that are used as fishing
284 areas, including the Guaporé River (Doria and Lima, 2015; Doria et al., 2018) which,
285 according to its geographical location, is not recognized as being an area that is or was
286 directly or indirectly impacted by the dams, and is thus classified as a control area (EIA –
287 RIMA, 2005). However, hydroelectric projects in general interfere with the riverbed, change
288 the hydrological regime and directly alter fish and other aquatic animal communities,
289 especially migratory species (Garzon, 2019; Athayde et al., 2019; Almeida et al., 2020).
290 Given the importance of the hydrological regime for the abundance and distribution
291 of ichthyofauna, the landing data evaluated in this study showed that the seasonal phases of
292 the Guaporé River have predictable cyclical periods (rising, flood, receding and low water
293 phases). In this scenario, the similarity with those of other regions of the western Amazon is
294 demonstrated (Bittencourt and Amadio, 2007; Torrente-Vilara and Doria, 2012). This
295 seasonal flood pulse is important for the success of fisheries, since it promotes the
296 structuring of aquatic biota (Sousa and Freitas, 2008; Garcez et al., 2009; Sousa et al., 2017).
297 However, changes related to seasonal phases and fishery production in the periods pre- and
298 post-damming were observed in the present study.
299 In the pre-damming period, the fish production values were inversely proportional to
300 the variations in the level of the Guaporé River, presenting a pattern similar to that which
301 occurs in recurrent fisheries in the Amazon Basin (Sousa et al., 2017), where the highest
302 productivity occurs in the phases of receding and low water (Sousa and Freitas, 2008; Isaac et
303 al., 2016). On the other hand, even with the flood pulse of the river remaining seasonal, in the
304 post-damming period, the fisheries did not show the same pattern that occurred in the pre-
305 damming period. Therefore, it is possible to note that the productive peaks oscillated
306 between the phases of flood, receding and low water. In this sense, this question may be
307 indicative of other environmental variations, which these habitats and ichthyofauna are
308 undergoing (Pinto et al., 2019; Camacho Guerreiro et al., 2020).
309 An aggravating factor perceived in the scenario of the post-damming period was that
310 even with the off season in fishing determined by Federal Law No. 11.779/2003 (closed
311 season period) for the interval between the months of November to March (rising and flood

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312 periods), peaks of fishing production occurred. This factor that may be responsible for the
313 seasonal disarrangement of fisheries and the decrease in target species in the region (Doria et
314 al., 2008; Sousa et al., 2017).
315 However, the quantity of species exploited in the study area (N = 37), was similar to
316 that reported for the Humaitá region (N = 34), but lower than the value of species recorded
317 in landings made near Porto Velho (N = 70) (Doria and Lima, 2015). Furthermore, total fish
318 production recorded between the pre-damming (336 t/year) and post-damming (393 t/year)
319 periods showed no significant differences (p = 0.101). In addition, they were similar to the
320 values catches landed in the regions of the Guaporé River for the year 2005, which was 350
321 t/year (Doria et al., 2008) and the lower portion of the Madeira River, which totaled 317.7
322 t/year in 2011 (Doria and Lima, 2015).
323 The most abundant fish species in landings were also the five most sought after in the
324 consumer market (Ruffino and Isaac, 1999), which are the majority of migrating species
325 (curimatã, tambaqui and filhote) (Santos et al., 2006) and two sedentary fish (tucunaré
326 peacock bass and pirarucu) (Agostinho et al., 2007), which corroborates with the results of
327 other studies conducted in the Amazon region, where these species are predominant in
328 fishery landings in large urban centers (Carvalho and Fabré, 2006; Barthem and Goulding,
329 2007; Gonçalves and Batista, 2008; Doria et al., 2018; Espinoza et al., 2009). However, the
330 species in the present study did not show significant differences between production
331 averages for the pre- and post-damming periods.
332 Studies show that neotropical fish are quick to adapt to environmental variations
333 (Agostinho et al., 2007). However, the results of this research indicate that most species
334 recorded in landings did not present a seasonal pattern in the fisheries of the post-damming
335 period. Thus, one can perceive an indication that the construction of the dam in the Madeira
336 River channel is affecting the behavior of fish assemblies, mainly, because most of the fish
337 recorded in the landings are migratiorymigratory, whether they are of trophic or
338 reproductive dispersion (Santos et al., 2006; Agostinho et al., 2007).
339 However, other factors may contribute to the reduction of fishery production in the
340 Madeira River. As is the case with deforestation, which decreases the ciliary forests and thus
341 the amount of allochthonous food available to fish communities (Claro-Jr et al., 2004; Castello
342 and Macedo, 2016; Renó et al., 2016; Barros et al., 2020), while at the same time results in
343 competition between species and the reduction of populations of less adapted fish (Ruffino,
344 2016). In addition, the absence of robust fishery legislation and continuous information on
345 fishery statistics has hindered the proper management of fishing stocks on the border

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346 between Brazil and BoliviaComo é o caso do desmatamento que diminui as matas ciliares e a
347 quantidade de alimentos alóctones disponíveis para as comunidades de peixes (Claro-Jr et
348 al., 2004; Castello and Macedo, 2016; Renó et al., 2016; Barros et al., 2020) acarretando assim
349 com a competição entre as espécies e a diminuição das populações daquelas menos
350 adaptadas (Ruffino, 2016). Ainda, a ausência de uma legislação pesqueira robusta e de
351 informações continuadas sobre a estatística pesqueira, tem dificultado o correto
352 gerenciamento dos estoques pesqueiros da fronteira entre o Brazil e Bolivia (Maldonado et
353 al., 2017; Aguilera, 2018)Ecological and human variables are examples (Barros et al., 2020)
354 that are inherent to deforestation (Castello and Macedo, 2016; Renó et al., 2016) and decrease
355 the allochthonous food resources of fish communities (Claro-Jr et al., 2004), and,
356 consequently, the decrease insin river basins (Ruffino, 2016)AlsoIn additionthe absence of
357 periodic fishery landing records (Maldonado et al., 2017) and different legislation for the
358 sharing of fishery resources itsit set of iesy between Brazil and Bolivia, which is Rondonia’s
359 neighbor to the southeast (Aguilera, 2018).
360 The scenario of changes presented between the seasonal variation and the frequency
361 of species in landings was also observed for sedentary species, such as traíra, piranha and
362 cará recorded in the pre-damming period, where they were more frequent in the flood phase.
363 In the post-damming period, landings of these species were maintained and even intensified,
364 but in the low water phase, other sedentary species such as pirarucu, acará-açu and peacock
365 bass were highlighted.
366 This is due to the fact that the study area contains many lakes that remain
367 permanently connected, which, in addition to the introduction of species bred in fish
368 farming, may have contributed to the current scenario of production of these species in local
369 fishery landings (Maldonado and Goitia, 2011; Doria et al., 2012; Doria et al., 2020).
370 Moreover, in the low water phase, both in the study region and in other regions of the
371 Amazon basin, there is a high production of fish with a great diversity of fish species (Santos
372 et al., 2006). This is common and due to the retraction of aquatic environments in the main
373 channels of rivers and flooded areas, which favor the agglomeration of fish stocks and their
374 easy capture (Sousa et al., 2017).
375 However, migrating species, such as large catfish of the genus Pseudoplatystoma and
376 include cachara and caparari, are the most affected by the anthropization of aquatic
377 environments (Santos et al., 2020). Nevertheless, in the present study these species showed
378 high production in the post-damming period during the low water phase. This
379 intensification in the exploitation of catfish has also been observed in landings in

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380 Manacaparu in the state of Amazonas, due to the high commercial value attributed to the
381 meat of these fish species (Garcez et al., 2009).
382 Notwithstanding, the increase in the productivity of these fish in the post-damming
383 period may be related to the migratory routes of these species that may have made their
384 journey in the pre-damming period and have consequently been trapped in mountain areas.
385 Therefore, this situation becomes unfavorable over the years, as these adult fish will
386 gradually disappear due to natural mortality and overexploitation. Finally, it is well-known
387 that the situation worsens in the downstream area, since it is prone to a possible disruption
388 in the recruitment of individuals of these species (Hauser, 2018; Almeida et., 2020).
389 Some other changes in the ecological dynamics of the fish communities have been
390 observed, especially in regards to the presence of non-native species introduced into the
391 Guaporé River Basin, which has been recorded since 2000. In addition, they already make up
392 part of the fish stocks of the region, as is the case of the jaraqui-escama-grossa
393 (Semaprochilodus insignis) and pirarucu (Arapaima sp.). Both are fish with high production and
394 frequency in the landings recorded in the fishing colonies (Van Damme et al., 2012; Doria et
395 al., 2018).
396 Both species mentioned above threaten the balance of native species, since the jaraqui
397 has the habit of eating organic matter such as the roe of the other fish during the breeding
398 periods (Santos et al., 2006), and the pirarucu presents a great threat to other fish, as it is a
399 large and voracious carnivore which can grow up to 3 m and weigh up to 200 Kg). Thus,
400 there is an urgent need for the intensification of monitoring and control of the populations of
401 these individuals, in areas where they are not native (Doria et al., 2020).
402 It is also notable that there was a change in the richness of species and the quantities
403 of fishery production between the pre- and post-damming periods of the Madeira River. In
404 addition to other anthropogenic interferences, as the hydropeaking that occurs in the region
405 downstream region of the Madeira’s dams (Almeida et al., 2020), that they may be altering
406 the balance and behavior of fish assemblages in this the upstream region of the Guaporé
407 River basinregion, which directly interferes with fishing communities that use this natural
408 resource (Pinto et al., 2019). In this context, the need for the implementation of public policies
409 that focus on proper environmental management and safeguard fishing resources that exist
410 in the Guaporé River Basin becomes obvious. Any new policies must aim to guarantee the
411 preservation of fish stocks, in order to maintain the livelihoods of the various fishing
412 communities that operate in the region.
413

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414 CONCLUSION
415 The seasonal fishery production of the Guaporé River Basin, recorded in the periods
416 before and after the Madeira River dams were installed, showed significant differences in the
417 quantities of production according to the fish species and among the phases of the river. This
418 suggests that these dams may be negatively influencing the production of fisheries in the
419 region where the study was performed. Therefore, the areas recognized by the state
420 government as areas of impact of the hydroelectric dams of the Madeira River should be
421 expanded, since the results herein prove the effects of the dams on hydrological variations
422 and fishing production. The latter is particularly important since the fisheries are based on
423 migratory fish that have had their migratory route affected. The data presented here can help
424 in future management plans and policy making, as they aim at the sustainable use of
425 regional fisheries resources,, as well as in the assessment of possible impacts caused by new
426 hydroelectric projects that may be planned for the Amazon basin.
427
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773 Sousa, R. G.; Freitas, C. E. D. C. 2008. The influence of flood pulse on fish communities of
774 floodplain canals in the Middle Solimões River, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2), 249-
775 255.
776
777 Sousa, R. G. C.; Souza, L. A.; Frutuoso, M. E.; Freitas, C. E. C. 2017. Seasonal dynamic of
778 Amazonian small-scale fisheries is dictated by the hydrologic pulse. Boletim do Instituto de
779 Pesca, 43(2), 207-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v8n4p1-8.
780 Timpe, K.; Kaplan, D. 2017. The changing hydrology of a dammed Amazon. Science
781 Advances, 3 (11), e1700611.
782
783 Thomaz, S. M.; Bini, L. M.; Bozelli, R. L. 2007. Floods increase similarity among aquatic
784 habitats in river-floodplain systems. Hydrobiologia, 579(1), 1–137. https://doi.org/
785 10.1007/s10750-006-0285-y.
786
787 Torrente-Villara, G.; Doria, C. R. C. 2012. Categorização e duração dos períodos hidrológicos
788 do rio Guaporé. In: Van Damme, P. A.; Maldonado, M.; Poully, M.; Doria, C. R. C. (Eds).
789 2012. Aguas del Iténez o Guaporé: recursos hidrobiológicos de un patrimonio binacional
790 (Bolivia y Brasil). Editorial INIA, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 420 p.

791 Torrente-Vilara, G.; Cella-Ribeiro, A.; Hauser, M.; Freitas, M. H.; Doria, C. R. C.; Zuanon, J.
792 2018. Segregação espacial entre Chalceus guaporensis e Chalceus epakros (Osteichthyes:
793 Characiformes) no rio Madeira, bacia amazônica. Acta Amazonica Manaus.48(3): 239-247.
794 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201703022.
795
796 Triola, M. F. 1998. Introdução à Estatística. 7ª ed. LTC, Rio de Janeiro, 410 p.
797 Val, A. L.; Fearnside, P. M.; Val, V. M. F. 2016. Perturbações ambientais e peixes no
798 Amazonas. Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1), 192–193.

799 Van Damme, P. A.; Maldonado, M.; Poully, M.; Doria, C. R. C. (Eds). (2012). Aguas del Iténez
800 o Guaporé: recursos hidrobiológicos de un patrimonio binacional (Bolivia y Brasil). Editorial
801 INIA, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 420 p.
55 28

56
802 Vasconcelos, L. P.; Súarez, Y. R.; Lima-Junior, S. E. 2011. Aspectos populacionais
803 de Bryconamericus stramineus em riachos da bacia do alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Biota Neotropica.
804 11(2): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000200006.

57 29

58