FORM ONE WORK

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY

1. What is practical geography? (2mks)

2. Name two branches of geography (2mks)

3. Name any three study areas in human geography (3mks)

4. Define the term environment (2mks)

5. Explain three reasons for importance of studying geography (3mks)

6. Name five human features (3mks)

7. What is habitat (2mks)

8. List six disciplines related to geography (6mks)

9. Differentiate between each of the following:

 Democracy and population geography

 Economics and economic geography (4mks)

10. Name two Greek words from which term geography originate (2mks)
CHAPTER 2

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

PAST KCSE QUESTIONS ON THE TOPIC

1. (a) State two effects of the rotation of the earth (2mks)

(b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Which movement of the earth is represented by the diagram? (1mk)

(ii) Give two effects of the movement represented by the diagram (2mks)

2. The diagram below represents the structure of the earth. Use it to answer question
 (a) Name

(i) The parts marked P and Q (2mks)

(ii) The discontinuity marked R (1mk)

(b) State three characteristics of the mantle (3mks)

3. The diagram below shows the composition of the solar system

(a) Name the planets marked F and G (2mks)

(b) State three effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis (3mks)

4. a) What is the solar system?

b) Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.

 i) What type of eclipse is represented by the diagram?

ii) Name the features marked L and M

5. (a) (i) Give the two dates in a year during which the number of hours of

darkness is equal in both the north and south poles.

(ii) Why do the lengths of days and nights vary from one part of the earth to

another?

(b) The diagram below shows the revolution of the earth around the sun. Use it to

answer the questions that follow

(i) If the earth takes 366 days to make a complete revolution during a leap year,

how long will it take to move from position 1 to position 4?

(ii) What season is experienced in the southern hemisphere when the earth is

in Position 1?

6. Define the following,

i. Solar system

ii. Galaxy

iii. Star

iv. Asteroids (6mks)

7. Differentiate between the following

(a) Latitude and longitude

(b) Dateline and international dateline

(c) Meteors and Meteorite. (6mks)

8. State three differences between solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. (2mks)

9. State four factors that support life on planet earth. (4mks)

10. (a) List four effects of earth rotation. (4mks)

(b) At Nairobi on longitude 37°E local time is 1 p.m. What time would it be at

Sarissa on longitude 41 °E? (4mks)

11. (a) Define equinox. (2mks)

(b) State characteristics of summer solstice. (4mks)

12. The earth is inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of..... and the axis is also inclined at

an angle ..... to perpendicular line. (4mks)

13. Fill in the table from (a) - (f) (10mks)

Property s/Layer Major constituent Thickness Density Temperature

Outer crust (a) iii. 16-24 kms (b)

Inner crust ii. Magnesium S (c) 2.8-30 gms/cc

Asthensophere i. Iron 2900 kms (d) 5000 C

Centrosphere ii. Nickle (e) (f)

14. State three weaknesses of the passing star theory. (6mks)

15. Differentiate between hydrosphere and atmosphere. (4mks)

16. Planet ... 1... is seventh planet from the sun and is greenish in colour. Planet ...2... takes

shortest time to revolve round the sun about 88 earth day. Planet ...3... and ...4... are

referred to as twin planets. Planet ...5... takes about 11.86 earth years to revolve round the

sun. All the planets have satellite orbiting round them except planet ...6... and ...7...

(7mks)

17. Explain reasons for flattening and bulging of earth. (4mks)

18. State characteristics of winter solstice (4mks)

19. Differentiate between summer solstice and winter solstice. (4mks)

20. (a) What is an eclipse? (2mks)

21. Apart from planets name other heavenly bodies.

22. What is a longitude? (2mks)

23. State the effects of the elliptical shape of the earth's orbit. (6mks)

24. If the local time in Nairobi on longitude 37°E time is 10 p.m. What will the time be at

Buchanan Liberia on longitude 10°W.? (4mks)

(a) What is the effect of International Date Line on crossing the line? (4mks)

(b) What is the angle of inclination of the earth axis from its orbit? (2mks)

(c) Give four proofs that the earth is spherical in shape. (8mks)
CHAPTER 3

WEATHER

1. (a) How does a sea breeze occur? ( 2 mks)

(b) Use the map of Africa below to answer questions (b) (i)

(i) Name the ocean currents marked H, J, and K (3 mks)

(ii) State two effects of a warm ocean current on the adjacent

coastlands (2 mks)

2. (a) Name two theories of the origin of the earth (2 mks)

(b) Name four layers of the earth’s atmosphere (4 mks)

3. (a) State two conditions that are necessary for the formation of fog.

(b) The diagram below shows some types of clouds. Use it to answer the questions

that follow.
 (i) Name the clouds marked R

(ii) Give two weather conditions associated with cumulonimbus clouds

4. a) the tables below represent rainfall and temperature of stations X and Y.

Use them to answer questions (a) and (b)

MONTHS J F M A M J J A S O N D

TEMPERATURE IN 0c 30 31 31 31 30 29 29 28 28 29 29 30

RAINFALL IN MM 250 250 325 300 213 25 25 25 100 275 380 200

MONTHS J F M A M J J A S O N O

TEMPERATURE IN 21 20 20 17 15 13 12 13 15 16 18 20
0
C

RAINFALL IN MM 12 12 15 50 90 110 87 87 50 35 20 15

a) (i) For each of the two stations calculate the mean annual temperature.

X -

Y -

(ii) Calculate the annual rainfall for station Y

(iii) On the graph paper provided, draw a bar graph to represent rainfall for station x.

Use vertical scale of 1cm to represent 50mm

b) Describe the climatic characteristics of station Y.

5. a) The table below shows climatic data of a station in Kenya.

Use it to answer question (a)

Month Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temp in oC 28.9 29.7 30.3 29.9 29.7 29.2 28.4 28.7 29.6 30.1 29.2 28.7

Rainfall in mm 9.0 8.0 21.0 49.0 25.0 9.0 20.0 10.0 4.0 10.0 17.0 11.0

i) What is the annual range of temperature at the station?

ii) Calculate the total rainfall for the station.

b) State three factors that influence climate.

6. (a) Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather

station

(b) Give three reasons why the recording of data at a school weather station

may be inaccurate

7. (a) Describe a suitable site where you would locate a weather station in your

School (2 mks)

(b) Give reasons why a Stevenson’s screen is:

(i) Painted White (2 mks)

(ii) Has louvers (2 mks)

8. Define relative humidity. (2 mks)

9. (a) Identify four characteristics of convectional rainfall. (4mks)

(b) State the difference between radiation fog and advection fog. (4mks)

10. (a) Briefly describe how the six thermometers operate. (5mks)

(b) Three ways in which clouds are classified. (3mks)

11. (a) Give three precautions to be taken when citing a weather station. (3mks)
 (b) State three factors determining the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's

surface. (3mks)

12. Define the following terms:

(i) Climate

(ii) Relative humidity

(iii) Weather forecasting

(iv) Absolute humidity

(v) Weather lore (5mks)

13. State the advantages of studying weather through field work. (5mks)

14. (a) Describe how you would use the following apparatus during a field study.

Rainfall, maximum and minimum thermometers. (3mks)

(b) Identify and explain the formation of the type of rainfall found in the Lake Region

or Kenya. (8mks)

(c) Briefly write down two problems associated with the type rainfall above.

(4mks)

15. (a) What is weather forecasting? (2mks)

(b) List four problems of weather forecasting. (4mks)

(c) State four ways in which weather forecasting is important to the human activities.

(4mks)

16. (a) Explain three ways in which clouds influence weather. (3mks)

(b) Use the data below to answer questions that follow.

Month of the year J F M A M J J A S O N D

 Temp in °C 25 26 26 24 23 22 21 21 22 22 22 22

Rainfall in mm 42 40 73 171 90 89 163 160 71 68 64 42

(i) Calculate mean annual temperature

(ii) Calculate annual rainfall

(iii) Calculate annual range of temperature.

(iv) Calculate the mean annual rainfall

(v) Which is the wettest month? (10 mks)

17. (a) Define 3 air mass. (2mks)

(b) Name types of air masses. (3mks)

(c) A mass of air at 15°C can hold 20gm/cm3 of moisture. The same air at the same

temperature has 6gm/cm3 of moisture. What is its relative humidity?

(4mks)

18. Name two instruments placed in the Stevenson Screen. (2mks)

19. Why does sea breeze flow at night time? (3mks)

CHAPTER 4

STATISTICAL METHODS

1. The table below shows petroleum production in thousand barrels per day for countries in

the Middle East in April 2006. Use it to answer question (a)

Country Production in ‘000”

barrels

Iran 3800

Kuwait 2550

Qatar 800

Saudi Arabia 9600

United Arab Emirates 2500

Iraq 1900

a) (i) What is the difference in production between the highest and the

lowest producer (1mk)

(ii) What is the total amount of petroleum produced in April 2006 in

the region? (1mk)

b) State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum

(3mks)

2. The graph below shows percentage value of some export commodities from Kenya

between 1999 and 2003. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b)
(a) (i) What was the percentage value of the tea exported in the year

2000? (2mks)

(ii) What was the difference in the percentage values of the

horticultural products and coffee exports in 1999? (2mks)

(iii) Describe the trend of the value of coffee exports from 1999 to

2003 (3mks)

(iv) Explain three factors which may have led to the increased export earnings

from horticultural produce in Kenya between years 1999 and 2003

(6mks)

(v) Give three advantages of using simple line graphs to represent

data. (3mks)

(b) State four reasons why Kenya’s agricultural export earnings are generally low

(4mks)
 (c) State five reasons why the common market for Eastern and southern Africa

(5mks)

3. (a) Define the following terms

- Statistics

- Statistical data

- Statistical methods (6mks)

(b) State two types of statistical data. (2mks)

(c) Write down two types of questionnaires. (2mks)

4. (a) What factors must be considered in selecting methods of data collection.

(3mks)

(b) Differentiate between discrete data and continuous data giving relevant examples.

(4mks)

5. (a) What is sampling (1mk)

(b) State 3 types of sampling. (3mks)

6. (a) Name two main methods used in analyzing statistical data. (2mks)

(b) What is the significance of statistics in geography? (5mks)

7. (i) Name two types of graphs that you have learnt about. (2mks)

(ii) What are the advantages of using graphs named above in representing statistical

data? Give advantages. (4mks)

8. (i) What is a questionnaire?

(ii) State four advantages of using questionnaires in collection of' statistical data.

(4mks)

(iii) Explain oral interview method. (2mks)

9. Explain the following methods of data recording.

- Tabulation

- Photographing

- Tape recording

- Tallying

10. What is data? (2mks)

11. Marks 72, 60, 65, 70, 65, 80, 65, 70, 80, 84, 63, 75, 63, 71, 74

Use the data above to find out mean and mode. (4mks)

12. With the help of data above explain how median is obtained. (3mks)
CHAPTER 5

FIELD WORK

PAST KCSE QUESTIONS ON THE TOPIC

1. State two ways in which information collected during the field study would be useful to

the local community. 2mks

2. Your class is required to carry out a field study of a river. What would be the advantage

of dividing the class into groups according to the stages of the long profile 3 of a river?

3. What would be the disadvantages of c using secondary data in this kind of a field study?

4. You intend to carry out field study on population in the local open air market,

(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the market

before actual field study.

(ii) Give two methods you would use to collect information on pollution. ,

(iii) State three follow up activities necessary for the study. -51

5. You are supposed to carry out a field study on the uses of vegetation in the area around

your school.

(a) State three reasons why it would be necessary to visit the area before the day of

the study.

(b) Give four uses of vegetation you are likely to identify during the study.

(3mks)

(c) Why is it necessary to sample part of the forest for the study?

6. List three types of fieldwork. (3mks)

7. Explain the importance of field work. (5mks)

8. Outline the procedure for carrying out field study. (5mks)

9. List some topics in physical geography on which you can carry out a field study.

(4mks)

10. State five ways in which you would prepare for field study to a weather. (5mks)

11. What is the importance of carrying samples from the field to the school? (4mks)

12. Formulate five suitable objectives for field study on a visit to a forest. (5mks)

13. Discuss types of hypothesis. (2mks)

14. List five methods of data presentation. (5mks)

15. Explain five problems one would encounter on field study in a forest? (5mks)

16. Why is reconnaissance important?

CHAPTER 6

MAP WORK

1. Study the map of Taita Hills (1:50,000) sheet 189/4 provided and answer the following

questions

(a) (i) What is the bearing of the peak of Mwatunga hill in grid square

3214 from the water tank in grid square 2619? (2mks)

(ii) What is the length in kilometers of the section of the Mwatate – Voi

railway line in the south – eastern part of the map? (2mks)

(b) Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 12 cm to represents the area

enclosed by the Eastings 24 and 40 and Northings 20 and 30 ( 1 mk)

On the rectangle, mark and name the following features:

- Mgange hills ( 1 mk)

- A rock out crop ( 1 mk)

- All weather road, bound surface ( 1 mk)

- River Ruhia ( 1 mk)

- Ronge forest ( 1 mk)

(c) Using evidence from the map, explain three factors that have favoured the

establishment of the Teita sisal Estates in the Southern part of the area covered by

the map ( 6 mks)

2. Study the map of Nyahururu, 1: 50,000 (sheet 105/4) provided and answer the following

questions
 (a) (i) Give the six figure grid of the junction where the road to

Ndaragwa (D 388) meets with the road to Nyeri & Nanyuki (B5)

(2mks)

(ii) Calculate the bearing of point X from point Y (2mks)

(iii) Name three physical features found along the line XY (3mks)

(b) (i) Draw a square 12 cm by 12 cm to represent the area enclosed by

the Easting 10 and northing 10 to the North- eastern part of the

map (1mk)

(ii) On the square, mark and label

 The main river (1mk)

 All weather loose surface road (1mk)

 A forest (1mk)

(c) Citing evidence from the map, explain two

(i) Physical factors that may have influenced the location of Nyahururu town

(4mks)

(ii) Factors that favour saw milling in the area covered by the map

(4mks)

3. Study the map of Taita Hills (150: 50,000 sheet 189\4) to answer the following

questions.

a) What is the approximate height of the hill at the grid square 3926. (2mks)
 b) Measure the length of all weather 6 to roads (bound surface) from Wundanyi to

southern edge of the area covered by the map. (2mks)

c) Citing evidence from the map describe the relief of the area shown.(5mks)

d) State differences between a map and a plan. (2mks)

e) Explain two importance of scale in maps. (2mks)

4. Study the map of Kisumu East (1:50,000) and answer the following questions.

(a) (i) What is the bearing of the trigonometrical station at grid reference

081980 from the rock antelop at grid reference 071992. (2mks)

(ii) Measure the length of the all weather road (bound surface) 1321, from, the

junction at grid reference 974911 to the edge of the map, grid reference

947967. (2mks)

(b) (i) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map.

(ii) Explain how relief has influenced the settlement in the area

covered by the map. (8mks)

(c) Citing evidence give three economic activities carried out in the area

covered by the map.

(d) Students from the school at Masago (grid square 0681) carried out field

study of the course of river Ombeyi.

(i) State three findings they are likely to have come up with. (3mks)

(ii) Give three advantages of studying rivers through field work

CHAPTER 7

ROCKS AND MINERALS

1. (a) Describe the following characteristics of minerals

(i) Colour (2mks)

(ii) Cleavage (2mks)

(iii) Hardness (2mks)

(b) (i) Give two types of igneous rocks (2mks)

(ii) Explain three conditions necessary fro the growth of coral polyps

(6mks)

(c) State four uses of rocks (4mks)

(d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the rocks within your school

environment

(i) Give two secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for

the field study (2mks)

(ii) State why you would need the following items during the field study:

 A fork jembe (1mk)

 A polythene bag (1mk)

(iii) Suppose during the field study you collected marble, sandstone and

granite, classify each of these samples according to its mode of formation

(3mks)

2. (a) State two characteristics of sedimentary rocks (2mks)

(b) Give two examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks (2mks)

3. a) Name the type of rocks which results from the metamorphism of:
 (i) Granite

(ii) Clay (2mks)

b) Give two reasons why sedimentary rocks are widespread in the coastal plain of

Kenya. (2mks)

4. (a) (i) What is a rock? (2mks)

(ii) Describe three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed

- Mechanically formed

- Organically formed

- Chemically formed (6mks)

(b) Describe two process through which sedimentary rocks changer into metamorphic

rocks

(c) Give an example of each of the following types of igneous rocks

(i) Plutonic rocks (1mks)

(ii) Hypabyssal rocks (1mks)

(iii) Volcanic rocks (1mks)

(d) Suppose you were to carry out a field study of rocks within the vicinity of your

school

(i) Name three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare

for the field study (3mks)

(ii) State four activities you would carry during the filed study (3mks)

(iii) State three problems you are likely to experience during the field study

(3mks)

5. (a) Differentiate between plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks

 (b) Describe how lava plateau is formed

(c) (i) Name three volcanic features found in the rift valley of Kenya

(ii) Explain four negative effects of vulcanicity in Kenya

(d) You intend to carry out a field study of a volcanic landscape

(i) State four reasons why it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance

of the area of study.

(ii) During your field work, you intend to study volcanic rocks, state

why you would need the following items

6. (a) State two main conditions that influence the characteristics of igneous

rocks. (2mks)

(b) Write down three characteristics of sedimentary rocks. (3mks)

(c) Name two examples of organic sedimentary rocks and where found in Kenya.

(2mks)

(d) Name four examples of metamorphic rocks and state the original rock from which

each was formed. (4mks)

(e) Describe the importance of rocks to human activities. (5mks)

7. (a) State with examples three classes of mechanically formed sedimentary

rocks. (6mks)

(b) Differentiate between regional metamorphism and contact metamorphism.

(4mks)

8. (a) List two examples of extrusive igneous rocks. (2mks)

(b) Differentiate between extrusive and intrusive rocks giving an example in

each case. (2mks)

9. What is a rock? (2mks)

10. What is a mineral? (2mks)

11. Describe changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to high heat

and pressure. (4mks)

12. Describe calcareous rocks. (2mks)

13. Describe carbonaceous rocks. (2mks)

14. Give examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks. (2mks)

15. How are coral rock formed? (3mks)

16. How do rocks become metamorphic? (3mks)

CHAPTER 8

MINING

1. The table below shows petroleum production in thousand barrels per day for countries in

the Middle East in April 2006. Use it to answer question (a)

Country Production in ‘000” barrels

Iran 3800

Kuwait 2550

Qatar 800

Saudi Arabia 9600

United Arab Emirates 2500

Iraq 1900

a) (i) What is the difference in production between the highest and the

lowest producer (1mk)

(ii) What is the total amount of petroleum produced in April 2006 in

the region? (1mk)

b) State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum

(3mks)

2. Use the map of East Africa below to answer questions (s).

a) (i) Name the railway terminuses marked P, Q R (3mks)

(ii) In each case give the main commodity transported by the railway

lines marked s and T. (2mks)

b) (i) State four reasons why road network is more widespread than railways in

East Africa. (4mks)

(ii) One of the problems facing road transport is the high frequency of

accidents. Explain four conditions of roads in Kenya that may lead to

accidents. (8mks)

c) i) Name three physical regions through which River Tana passes

(3mks)

ii) Explain thee effects of land pollution can be controlled

 d) State four ways through which land pollution can be controlled (4mks)

3. The diagram below show the occurrence of petroleum in the earth’s crust.

Use it to answer questions (a)

a) Name the substances in the areas labeled L. M and N (3mks)

b) Give two by-products obtained when crude oil is refined (2mks)

4. Use the map of Africa to answer question (a) (i)

i) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked S, T and V.

ii) State two formation in which mineral ores occur.

b) Explain four problems, which Zambia experiences in the exportation

of copper.
 c) Explain three ways in which coal contributes to the economy of

Zimbabwe.

d) Describe three negative effects of open cast mining on the environment.

5. a) Explain how deep shaft mining is done (2mks)

b) Disadvantages of using the above method (2mks)

6. Explain four effects of land dereliction on the environment. (4mks)

7. Describe how panning mining is carried out. (3mks)

8. Identify four problems facing gold mining in South Africa. (4mks)

9. (a) In what ways has Kenya benefited from the mining of soda ash in Lake

Magadi? (2mks)

(b) What are the negative effects of mining on the environment? (4mks)

10. (a) Explain what is meant by placer mining. (2mks)

(b) Name three mining methods.

11. Describe the occurrence and exploitation of Trona in Kenya till it is ready for

marketing.

12. Name seven significances of minerals in Kenya. (7mks)

13. Explain diamond and gold in South Africa under following headings:

- Occurrence

- Extraction

- Benefits to the economy

- Problems (10mks)14. Name

five uses of soda ash. (5mks)

FORM TWO WORK

CHAPTER 1

INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – EARTH MOVEMENTS.

1. (a) Name the two types of earth movements that occur within the earth’s

crust (2mks)

(b) Describe the origin of the continents according to the Theory of continental Drift

(3mks)

2. Explain what you understand by each of the following:

(i) Earth movements.

(ii) Internal land forming processes.

(iii) External land forming processes. (6mks)

3. Explain four evidences put forward to proof continental drift theory. (8mks)

4. Explain plate tectonic theory. (4mks)

CHAPTER 2

INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESS – FOLDING

1. (a) In your answer booklet, draw a diagram to show a simple fold and on it

mark and name,

(i) An anticline. 1 mk

(ii) A limb. 1 mk

(iii) A syncline 1 mk

(b) Name two fold mountains in Africa. 2 mks

2. (a) Name one fold mountain in;

(i) Asia

(ii) North America

(iii) South America

(b) (i) Apart from Fold Mountains, name three other features resulting

from folding.

(ii) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the formation of an overthrust

fold.

(c) Explain four effects of Fold Mountains on human activities.

(d) (i) How would students in your school prepare themselves for study

of landforms in your district,

(ii) State two advantages of studying landforms through field work.

3. Define orogenesis. 2 mks

4. What is folding? 2 mks

5. Explain the meaning of compressional boundaries. 2 mks

6. Differentiate between limb and axis in relation to folding. 4 mks

7. Differentiate between foreland and back land. 4 mks

8. Fill in the table provided details on age, period and features formed in each named

orogenies.

Orogeny Years (age) Period Mountains/features built

Charnian 1 Pre-cambrian 2

period

Caledonian Old 440 million years ago -Akwapim Hills of Ghana

- Scottish highlands

Hercynian 3 Upper Carbon - Cape ranges -

ferrous period Appalachian mountains -

Ural mountains

Alpine Youngest 70 million 4

years ago

6 mks

9. Explain formation of Fold Mountains by contraction theory.

CHAPTER 3

INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – FAULTING

1. a) A part from the Rift Valley name two other relief features that were

formed as result of faulting. (2mks)

b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram, describe how a Rift Valley is

formed by tensional forces. (8mks)

2. The diagram below represents features produced by faulting.

Use it to answer questions that follow.

a) Name the features marked P, Q, and R

b) Differentiate between a normal fault and a reverse fault.

3. State ways in which faulting influences drainage. (3mks)

4. Name two examples of Horst Mountains in East Africa. (2mks)

5. Explain two ways in which features resulting from faulting are of economic importance

(4mks)

6. (a) (i) With aid of diagrams outline formation of rift valley by tension

theory. (5mks)

(b) Students are planning to carry out field study of an area affected by

faulting.
 (i) State four importance of having a pre-visit of the area.

(ii) Give three disadvantages of using observation to study such an

area.

7. Name three types of fault. (3mks)

8. Explain how compressional forces lead to formation of rift valley. (5mks)

9. Give two of escarpments in East Africa. (2mks)

10. Explain ways in which features resulting from faulting are of importance. (8mks)

11. Describe formation of fault steps with aid of diagrams. (6mks)

CHAPTER 4

INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – VULCANICITY

1. The diagram below shows some intrusive features formed by vulcanicity.

Use it to answer question (a)

a) i) Name features marked X,Y, and Z (3mks)

ii) Explain how a sill is formed (4mks)

b) Describe the characteristics of a composite volcano (4mks)

c) Explain four ways in which volcanic mountains positively influence human

activities. (8mks)

d) Students carried a field study on volcanic rocks

i) Give four reasons why it is necessary to collect rock samples during such

a field study. (4mks)

ii) State two problems they are likely to have experienced during the field

study (4mks)

2. (a) Differentiate between plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks

(b) Describe how lava plateau is formed

 (c) (i) Name three volcanic features found in the rift valley of Kenya

(ii) Explain four negative effects of vulcanicity in Kenya

(d) You intend to carry out a field study of a volcanic landscape

(i) State four reasons why it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance

of the area of study.

(ii) During your field work, you intend to study volcanic rocks, state

why you would need the following items

3. Name three volcanic features found in the Rift Valley of Kenya. (3mks)

4. Explain four negative effects of vulcanicity in Kenya. (8mks)

5. Describe how lava plateau is formed. (5mks)

6. Differentiate between sill and dyke. (4mks)

7. What is vulcanicity. (2mks)

8. Describe how Crater Lake is formed. (5mks)

9. Describe how Mt. Kenya was formed.

CHAPTER 5

INTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – EARTHQUAKES.

1. (a) Name two scales used to measure the intensity of an earthquake (2mks)

(b) Give three causes of earthquakes (3mks)

2. The diagram below represents the internal structure of the earth. Use it

to answer question(a)

(a) Name the part marked U and V.

(b) Describe the deposition of:

i. The crust

ii. The core

(c) (i) What are earthquakes

(ii) Name two types of earthquakes.

(iii) State the five ways in which the earths’ crust is affected by earthquakes.

(d) You intend to carry out a field study of an area recently affected by intense

earthquake.

i. Give two sources of information that you would use in preparation for

the study.
 ii. Explain two factors that would make it difficult for you to collect

accurate data during the field study.

3. (a) State three causes of earthquakes

(b) Give two effects of earthquakes in built up areas

4. State the major causes of earthquakes (2mks)

5. Explain how intensity of earthquake is measured. (2mks)

6. List major effects of earthquakes where they occur. (4mks)

7. Distinguish between seismograph and seismogram (4mks)

8. Differentiate between intensity and magnitude of earthquake (4mks)

9. Students from your school intend to carry out a field study of an area recently affected by

intense earthquake.

(i) Give two sources of information that you would use in preparation for the

study.

(ii) Explain two factors that would make it difficult for you to collect accurate data

during the field study.

CHAPTER 6

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

1. The photograph provided shows a tea growing area in Kenya. Use it to answer questions

(a) and (b)

a) (i) What evidence in the photograph shows that this is a ground

general-view type of photograph? (2mks)

(ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the

photograph. On it sketch and label the main features shown on the

photograph. (5mks)

(iii) Identify two features from the photograph that show that this is a small

scale tea farm. (2mks)

b) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of tea from land preparation to the

stage shown on the photograph.

c) (i) Name two districts in the Eastern province where tea is grown.

(2mks)
 (ii) Explain four ways in which the Kenya Tea development agency (KTDA)

assists small scale tea farmers in Kenya (8mks)

2. What is the type of photograph shown?

3. Name each of the following:

(i) Crop under cultivation (2mks)

(ii) Type of farming (2mks)

(iii) Other groups of crops in this type of farming. (2mks)

(iv) The province in Kenya where this photograph was taken. (2mks)

4. Name five problems facing this type of farming in Kenya. 5mks

5. Name two major export destinations (countries) for farm produce shown. (2mks)

6. Name three physical features at the background of the photograph. (3mks)

7. Draw a rectangle of 12cm by 7cm to represent the area covered by the photograph.
CHAPTER 7

CLIMATE.

1. (a) (i) What is climate? (2mks)

(ii) Explain two effects of climate change on the physical environment

2. The table below represents rainfall and temperature figures for a town in Africa. Use it

to answer the questions that follow

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp (0C) 27 28 28 28 27 25 25 24 25 26 27 26

Rainfall 25 38 99 140 277 439 277 69 142 201 71 25

(mm)

(a) Calculate the annual range of temperature for the town (2mk)

(b) Calculate the total annual rainfall for the town. (2mks)

(c) State two characteristics of the climate experienced in the town. (2mks)

3. Use the map below to answer questions (a) and (b)

(a) Name:

(i) The type of climate found in the shaded area marked Q (1mk)
 (ii) The ocean current marked R and S (2mks)

(b) Describe the characteristics of the type of climate found in the shaded area

marked T (8mks)

(c) Explain how the following factors influence climate

(i) Altitude (4mks)

(ii) Distance from the sea (4mks)

(d) (i) Describe a suitable site where you would locate a weather station

in your School (2mks)

(ii) Give reasons why a Stevenson’s screen is:

- Painted White (2mks)

- Has louvers (2mks)

4. Describe the characteristics of natural vegetation associated with equatorial

climate (4mks)

5. Give five characteristics of hot desert climate (5mks)

6. How does the following factors influence climate?

(i) Wind/air masses.

(ii) Latitude.

7. Explain characteristics of climatic conditions experienced in the Kenyan highlands.

(8mks)

8. Explain four ways in which mountains influence climate. (8mks)

9. What is greenhouse effect? (2mks)

10. How do human activities influence climate change? (6mks)

11. How does clearance of vegetation cause climate change? (3mks)

12. Define climate. (2mks)

13. What is isothermal layer? (2mks)

CHAPTER 8

VEGETATION

1. The map below shows some vegetation regions of the world.

Use it to answer questions (a) to (c).

a) Name the temperate grasslands marked H, J and K.

b) Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation found in the shaded area

marked N.

c) i) Explain four ways in which the vegetation found in the area

marked M adapts to the environment conditions of the region.

d) You are required to carry out a field study of the vegetation within the local

environment:

i) A part from identifying the different types of plants, state three

other activities you will carry out during the field study.

ii) How will you identify the different types of plants?

2. The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain in

Africa. Use it to answer question (a) (i) and (ii)

a) (i) Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y. (3mks)

(ii) Describe the characteristics of the savanna vegetation. (6mks)

(iii) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries:

 Canada (1mk)

 Russia (1mk)

 Australia (1mk)

b) Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forest in Kenya.

(6mks)

c) You are supposed to carry out a field study on the uses of vegetation in the

area your school.

(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary to visit the area

before the day of the study. (3mks)

(ii) Give four uses of you are likely to identify during the study (4mks)

3. (a) What is a natural vegetation? (2mks)

(b) State three characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation (3mks)

4. Explain three measures that the Kenyan government has taken to reduce the
 decline of natural vegetation cover. (6mks)

5. How do the following factors influence distribution of vegetation in Kenya.

(i) Variation in rainfall

(ii) Variation of temperature

(iii) Variation of altitude/relief.

(iv) Aspect

(v) Soil

(vi) Human activities (10mks)

6. State two reasons why mountain tops have no vegetation. (2mks)

7. Define vegetation. (2mks)

8. Name areas where coniferous forests are found. (3mks)

9. State characteristics of temperate grassland. (5mks)

10. Distinguish between secondary vegetation and planted vegetation. (4mks)

11. State two ways in which vegetation is significant to human and physical environment.

(5mks)

(a) Name the type of photograph and type of vegetation. (2mks)

(b) Describe how the vegetation is adapted to climatic conditions of the

region. (3mks)
CHAPTER 9

FORESTRY

1. a) i) What is forestry? (2mks)

ii) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes

of Mt. Kenya. (6mks)

iii) State five factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest on

the slopes of Mt Kenya. (5mks)

b) Explain four measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve forests

in the country. (8mks)

c) Give the differences in the exploitation of softwood forests in Kenya and Canada

under the following sub-headings;

i) Period of harvesting; (2mks)

ii) Transportation (2mks)

2. Explain factors favouring forestry in Canada

3. List two species of indigenous hardwood forest trees in Kenya. (2mks)

4. Name two industries associated with forestry. (2mks)

5. Explain three measures being undertaken to conserve forests in Kenya. (6mks)

6. Explain four problems that are being experienced in exploitation of hardwood forests in

Kenya. (8mks)

7. Explain three reasons why only a small part of Kenya is forested. (6mks)

8. Outline three consequences of forest depletion in Kenya. (3mks)

9. State the factors favouring forestry in Kenya. (8mks)

10. Name four secondary products of forests. (4mks)

11. List eight major indigenous tree species in West Africa. (8mks)

12. (a) Define agro-forestry. (1mk)

(b) Outline four benefits of agro-forestry (4mks)

FORM THREE WORK

CHAPTER 1

EXTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – WEATHERING.

1. (a) (i) What is the difference between weathering and mass wasting?

(ii) Apart from plants, give three other factors that influence the rate of

Weathering (3mks)

(iii) Explain two ways in which plants cause weathering (4mks)

(b) (i) List two types of mass wasting other than soil creep (2mks)

(ii) Explain three factors that cause soil creep. (6mks)

(c) Explain four effects of mass wasting on the environment. (8mks)

2. Give two processes involved in each of the following types of weathering

(a) Physical weathering (2mks)

(b) Chemical weathering (2mks)

3. (a) What is mechanical weathering? (2mks)

(b) How is an exfoliation dome formed? (5mks)

4. Describe five processes involved in chemical weathering? (3mks)

5. Name physical weathering processes that take place in the arid areas.

6. List factors that determine rate of weathering.

7. Define the term denudation

8.
a) Name the above type of weathering.

b) Describe the process shown by the photograph

CHAPTER 2

EXTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES – MASS MOVEMENT.

1. a) State two conditions which may influence the occurrence of landslides

b) Using the diagram (in question paper), name

(i) The type of mass movement shown

(ii) The features marked P and Q (2mks)

2. Explain five ways in which soil creep occurs. (10mks)

3. Describes the effects of soil creep. (6mks)

4. Define the following:

a) Mass wasting.

b) Mass movement. (2mks)

5. Name and explain three process of slow mass movement. (4mks)

6. Explain the factors that are responsible for rapid mass wasting.

7. List the evidences of soil creep. (4mks)

CHAPTER 3

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

1. (a) The diagram below shows the hydrological cycle. Name the stages marked

E, F, and G (3mks)

(b) Differentiate between watershed and a catchments area (2mks)

2. State four factors that determine the amount of surface run-off.

3. What is hydrological cycle? (2mks)

4. Explain factors that influence percolation of voter. (8mks)

5. (a) What is cyrosphere? (2mks)

(b) Name the significance of hydrological cycle. (4mks)

6. List other forms of precipitation other than rainfall that may also form major inputs into

the system. (4mks)

7. What factors can influence surface run off or overland flow. (5mks)

8. In what ways can we sustain the process of the hydrological cycle? (8mks)
CHAPTER 4

ACTION OF RIVERS

1. (a) Name two types of the coastal deltas (2mks)

(b) State two conditions that lead to deposition of silt at the mouth of a river

(2mks)

2. The diagram below shows river Mandera. Use it to answer question (a)

(a) (i) Name the process that take place at each of the points marked P

and Q. (2mks)

(ii) Name the feature formed at the point marked R (1mk)

(iii) Describe how an Ox- bow lake is formed (5mks)

(b) State five characteristics of a flood plain (5mks)

(c) Explain three causes of river rejuvenation (6mks)

(e) Your class is required to carry out a field study of a river

(i) What would be the advantages of dividing the class into groups according

to the stages of the long profile of a river? (4mks)

(ii) What would be the disadvantage of using secondary data in this kind of a

field study? (2mks)

3. (a) State two factors which influence the occurrence of surface run- off

(b) The diagram below shows a waterfall. Name the feature marked X, Y and
 Z

4. Describe three ways in which rivers transports its load.

5. Describe the following drainage patterns

(i) Dedritic.

(ii) Trellis.

(iii) Centipetal.

6. a) State two factors that influence the rate of erosion by the river in its

upper course.

b) (i) Define river rejuvenation

Name two features that result from river rejuvenation

7. Explain the following:

(a) River basin

(b) Watershed

(c) Catchment area

(d) River regime (8mks)

8. With examples from Africa, explain the differences between the following river features:

(a) Inland delta and alluvial fan.

 (b) Estuarine delta and an estuary.

(c) Bluff and river cliff.

(d) Levees and river bank.

(e) River valley and river channel.

(f) Paired terrace and unpaired terrace.

(g) Drainage pattern and drainage system,

(h) Misfit river and deferred river,

(i) Antecedent drainage and superimposed drainage. (18mks)

9. Describe how a river erodes its channel through the following processes

(i) Abrasion

(ii) Hydraulic (4mks)

10. (a) (i) In which stage is the river at 'A'

(ii) Name 3 features found at the above stage. (3mks)

(b) (i) In which stage is the river at 'B'

(ii) Which are the characteristics of the river at stage B?

(iii) Describe the characteristics of the river at the above stage C.(4mks)

(c) In which stage is the river at C.

11. Explain the significance of rivers to man. (10mks)12.

a) Name the type of photograph. (1mk)

b) Name the features shown by the photograph. I and II. (2mks)

c) State the conditions necessary for formation of these features. (3mks)

CHAPTER 5

LAKES.

1. Give three processes that lead to formation of lakes.

2. Describe how Lake Victoria was formed.

3. Explain how Lake Victoria influences the climate of the surrounding areas.

4. What is a lake?

5. State three ways in which lakes are formed.

6. Explain how each of the following lakes were formed :

(a) Victoria

(b) Tanganyika

(c) Chala

(d) Sare

(e) Kivu (15mks)

7. State the differences between the lakes on the eastern and western areas of East African

Rift Valley. (6mks)

8. With reference to specific lakes in East Africa, explain the significance of lakes in

the region. (8mks)

CHAPTER 6

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS.

1. Use the diagram below to answer question (a)

(a) Name the coastal features marked H, J, K, L and M (5mks)

(b) (i) State four conditions necessary for the formation of a beach (4mks)

(ii) Describe three processes involved in marine erosion (6mks)

(c) You are planning to carry out a field study on the depositional features along the

coast of Kenya

(i) State five objectives you would formulate for your study (5mks)

(ii) Give five methods you would use to record the information

collected (5mks)

2. (a) Name two types of submerged coasts. (2mks)

(b) Explain now the following factors determine effectiveness of wave

erosion along the coast.

(i) Nature of the material transported by waves

(ij) Nature of the coastal rocks. (4mks

3. State two causes of submerged coasts. (2mks)

4. Name two features that result from submergence of coasts. (2mks)

5. Define term coastline (2mks)

6. What are destructive waves? (2mks)

7. Name three resultant features of wave erosion. (3mks)

8 Describe formation of cliff. (5mks)

9. Describe formation of a wave-cut platform. (5mks)

10. Name three types of coast. (3rnks)

11. (a) Describe formation of coral coast. (5mks)

(b) Explain the significance of coral coast to Kenya.

12. Distinguish between shingle beaches and sand beaches. (6mks)

13. Name three types of submerged coasts. (3mks)

14. Name two types of movements of ocean water. (2mks)

15.
(a) Name features marked A, B, and C.

(b) Describe the formation of feature marked C.

CHAPTER 7

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS.

1. The diagram below represents a barchan. Use it to answer questions (a)

(a) Name

(i) The feature marked X (1mk)

(ii) The air current marked Y (1mk)

(iii) The slope marked Z (1mk)

(b) Give two ways in which wind transports its load (2mks)

2. a) (i) Two process through which wind erodes the surface

(ii) Three ways through which wind transports its load

b) (i) How an oasis is forced

(ii) How zeugens are formed

c) You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi-arid area in Kenya.

(i) Two ways of preparing for the Field study

(ii) Information that would be collected through observation of the arid area

(iii) Measures to be recommended for controlling desertification.

3. Explain the process of abrasion. (2mks)

4. Name four features of wind erosion. (4mks)

5. Describe formation of zeugens, (4mks)

6. List features of wind deposition. (4mks)

7. Describe formation of wadis. (5mks)

8. Differentiate between suspension and saltation. (4mks)

9. Name four types of desert surface (4mks)

10. Identify and describe the processes of wind erosion. (6mks)

11. (a) Explain how wind transports its load.

(b) State the factors influencing wind transportation. (3mks)

12. Explain the formation of the following features:

(a) Bajadas.

(b) Pediments. (6mks)

13. Students carried out field study on desert landforms.

(i) State two type of information they collected through observation.

(ii) Which measures would they have recommended to control desertification?

CHAPTER 8

UNDERGROUND WATER

1. The diagram below show some features of a Karst scenery. Use it to answer questions (a)

a) Name the features marked P, Q, and R. (3mks)

b) Describe carbonation as a process of Chemical weathering (3mks)

2. State three conditions necessary for the development of Karst scenery, (3mks)

3. Give two reasons why there are few settlements in a Karst landscape. (4mks)

4. Explain factors influencing formation of springs. (8mks)

5. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Effluent streams and influent streams. (4mks)

(ii) Artesian basins and artesan well. (4mks)

6. Name three surface features of Karst landscape. (3mks)

7. What are stalactites? (2mks)

8. Explain the significance of limestone regions. (8mks)

CHAPTER 9

GLACIATION

1. (a) (i) What is an ice sheet? (2mks)

(ii) Give two reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya (2mks)

(iii) Explain three factors that influence the movement of the ice from the place

where it has accumulated (6mks)

(b) Describe how an arête is formed (4mks)

(c) The diagram below shows types of moraines in a valley glacier

(i) Name the type of moraines marked S, T and V (3mks)

(iii) Explain four positive effects of glaciation in lowland areas. (8mks)

2. a) (i) What is a glacier? (2mks)

(ii) Distinguish between valley glaciers and ice sheets (4mks)

3. The diagram below shows a glaciated upland area

 (a) Name the feature marked P, Q, and R (2mks)

(b) How is a U- shaped valley formed? (5mks)

4. a) Describe how pyramidal peak is formed. (6mks)

b) Explain the significance of upland glaciated features to human activities.

(6mks)

c) Students from a school near Mt. Kenya were planning to carry out a field study on

the glaciated features on the top of the mountain.

(i) Give the reason why it would be difficult to undertake the field study on

the glaciated features on the mountain. (4mks)

(ii) Describe how students would use a photograph of Mt. Kenya to identify

the glaciated features on the mountains. (3mks)

5. Differentiate between snout and snow niche. (4mks)

6. Name three glaciers on Mt. Kenya. (3mks)

7. Describe the formation of a glacial trough. (3mks)

8. What is ice cap? (2mks)

9. Name three resulting features of glacial erosion on Mt. Kenya (3mks)

10. What is a nivation hollow? (2mks)

CHAPTER 10

SOIL

1. a) (i) What is soil catena?

(ii) Draw a labeled diagram to show a well developed soil profile. (5mks)

(iii) State three characteristics of the soils found in the arid regions of

Kenya. (3mks)

b) Give three factors that determine the colour of soil.

c) Describe how laterization occurs. (6mks)

d) Explain how the following farming practices cause soil erosion.

(i) Burning (2mks)

(ii) Continuous application of fertilizer on farm lands. (2mks)

(iii) Monocultures. (2mks)

2. (a) Name two types of soil according to texture. (2mks)

(b) State two ways in which humus improves the quality of soil. (2mks)

3. What is soil? (2mks)

4. Identify classification of soil according to order. (3mks)

5. Describe formation of soil through decomposition of organic matter. (3mks)

6. How does salination occur? (3mks)

7. What do you understand by zonal order soil?

8. List four soil conservation and management practices. (4mks)

9. What do you understand by podzolisarion? (2mks)

CHAPTER 11

AGRICULTURE.

1. a) State two climatic conditions that favour the growing of oil palm in

Nigeria. (2mks)

b) Give two problems experienced in the marketing of palm oil in

Nigeria. (2mks)

2. The photograph provided shows a tea growing area in Kenya. Use it to answer questions

(a) and (b)

 a) (i) What evidence in the photograph shows that this is a ground

genera-view type of photograph? (2mks)

(ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the

photograph. On it sketch and label the main features shown on the

photograph. (5mks)

(iii) Identify two features from the photograph that show that this is a small

scale tea farm. (2mks)

b) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of tea from land preparation to the

stage shown on the photograph.

c) (i) Name two districts in the Eastern province where tea is grown.

(2mks)

(ii) Explain four ways in which the Kenya Tea development agency

(KTDA) assists small scale tea farmers in Kenya (8mks)

3. (a) State three physical conditions that are necessary for the growing of cocoa

(3mks)

(b) Give three economic problems experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana

(3mks)

4. a) Give three physical factors that favour coffee growing in Kenya highlands.

b) State two problems facing coffee farming in Kenya

5. a) i) Name two provinces in Kenya where wheat is grown on large

scale (2mks)
 ii) Explain four physical conditions that favour wheat growing in Kenya

(8mks)

b) Compare wheat farming in Canada and / Kenya under the following

i) Storage (2mks)

ii) Transportation (2mks)

iii) Marking (2mks)

c) i) Explain three climate problems that affect wheat farming in

Canada (6mks)

ii) Give three uses of wheat (2mks)

d) Name two districts in Kenya where wheat is grown on commercial scale.

(2mks)

e) Name two wheat producing provinces in Canada (2mks)

f) Explain five factors which enable Canada to produce more wheat than

Kenya. (5mks)

6. a) State five physical conditions required for the growing of tea in Kenya

(5mks)

b) Explain four problems experienced in small scale tea farming in Kenya

(8mks)

7. The map below shows some major tea growing areas in Kenya.
 a) Name the areas marked W, X and Y. (3mks)

b) Give two reasons why there was an increase in tea production over the

given period. (2mks)

c) Describe the stages through which tea is processed from picking to the time it is

ready for marketing. (5mks)

8. Name major cocoa growing areas in Ghana. (3mks)

9. List suitable conditions for cultivation of cocoa. (4mks)

10. Name types of commercially cultivated coffee. (3mks)

11. Explain ways in which Brazilian government responds to problems facing coffee

industry. (6mks)

12. Name four uses of maize. (4mks)

13. List four problems facing maize farmers. (4mks)

14. Outline stages in industrial processing of cocoa. (5mks)

CHAPTER 12

AGRICULTURE – LIVESTOCK.

1. a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya. (2mks)

b) State three physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Denmark

(8mks)

2. a) Explain four ways in which the government of Kenya assist nomadic

pastoralist to improve the quality of their livestock

b) Explain three factors that favour beef farming in Argentina.

c) State three environmental conditions which favour commercial beef farming in

Kenya. (3mks)

d) Name two exotic breeds of cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya.

(2mks)

3. Mention three problems facing beef farming in Kenya. (3mks)

4. State five human factors that have favoured beef farming in Argentina. (5mks)

5. State differences in dairy farming in Kenya and in Denmark. (6mks)

6. What effort is Kenyan government making to improve dairy farming? (5mks)

7. What is nomadic herding? (2mks)

8. State five features of nomadic herding. (5mks)

9. Explain two efforts Kenyan government has made to improve beef farming.

(4mks)

10. Explain four physical conditional that favour dairy farming in Kenya. (8mks)

9. The table below shows data on average milk yield in kg per cow in Denmark.
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Yields (Kg) 5243 6693 7398 7610 7792 7946

(a) (i) Draw a divided rectangle 15cm long to represent milk yield in

Denmark.

(ii) State two advantages of using divided rectangles.

(b) (i) Explain three factors that have favoured dairy farming in Denmark.

(6mks)

(ii) State 3 problems facing dairy farmers in Kenya.

(c) Explain why beef farming is more developed in Argentina than in Kenya.
FORM FOUR WORK

CHAPTER 1

LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION.

1. (a) Give two methods used to reclaim lend in Kenya. (2mks)

(b) Outline the stages through which land is reclaimed from the sea in the

Netherlands. (5mks)

2. (a) Difference between land reclamation and rehabilitation. (4mks)

(b) Five ways through which land is being reclaimed. (5mks)

(c) Describe of polderization process in Netherlands. (4mks)

(d) State three benefits that resulted from the reclamation of the Yala Swamp.

(3mks)

3. (a) State the objectives of Mwea irrigation scheme. (4mks)

(b) State the conditions that favoured establishment of Mwea irrigation

scheme. (4mks)

(c) Explain problems faced by rice farmers in Mwea irrigation scheme.

(5mks)

(d) State benefits of Perkerra irrigation scheme. (5mks)

(e) Explain factors that limits Perkerra irrigation scheme. (8mks)

4. Differentiate between horticulture and market gardening. 4 mks

5. Outline three problems facing horticulture farming in Kenya. 3 mks

6. Name five irrigation schemes in Kenya. 5 mks

7. State two factors that favour the occurrence of tsetse flies in Olambwe Valley.
8. State measures that were taken by Kenyan government to control Tsetse flies in

Olumbwe Valley. 5 mks

9. Give three conditions that made Mwea suitable for establishment of irrigation

scheme. 3 mks

10. Explain two effects of tsetse flies on humans and livestock. 4 mks

11. (a) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation. 4 mks

(b) State the reasons for the establishment of Mwea-Tebere irrigation project.

(c) Explain five problems facings Mwea -Tebere irragation scheme. 5 mks

12. State the problems facing Perkerra irrigation sceme. 5 mks

13. (a) Outline the benefits which Kenya derives from irrigation farming. 5 mks

(b) What are the problems experienced in irrigation farming in Kenya. 5 mks

14. (a) Apart from irrigation, list other methods of land reclamation in Kenya.

(b) Briefly describe the methods listed in 12 (a). 5 mks

15. State the benefits of Yala-Bunyala project. 5 mks

16. (a) What is a polder. 5 mks

(b) Describe the stages involved in 1f reclamation of a polder. 5 mks

(c) State five benefits of land reclamation in Netherlands.

17. State the main differences between the methods of land reclamation in Kenya and

Netherlands. 6 mks
CHAPTER 2

FISHING

1 (a) State three measures that have been taken to conserve fisheries in Kenya.

3 mks

(b) Give four reasons why Norway is a great fishing nation. 4 mks

(c) Two traditional/ subsistence methods of fishing. 2 mks

(d) Three measures the government of Kenya is undertaking TO encourage fish

culture. 3 mks

2. Use the map of North America to answer question (a).

(a) Name two methods of fishing used in the shaded areas. 2 mks

(b) Name two types of fish caught along the West Coast of Canada. 2 mks

(c) Explain how the following factors favour fishing in the shaded areas,

(i) Indented coastline

(ii) Ocean currents 4 mks

(d) Give three methods used to preserve fish. 3 mks

 (e) Explain three problems experienced by fishermen while fishing in Lake Victoria.

3 mks

3. The map below shows some major fishing grounds in the world. Use it to

Answer the questions below.

(a) Name the countries marked P and Q. 2 mks

(b) Explain four conditions that favour fishing in the shaded coastal waters.

8 mks

4. (a) The diagrams below represents some fishing methods.

 (i) Name R and S. 2 mks

(ii) Describe how the above methods are used in fishing. 4 mks

5. (a) Differentiate between fishing and fisheries. 4 mks

(b) Identify the physical and human factors influencing fishing. 5mks

6. (a) Draw an outline map of the world and locate the major fishing grounds.

2 mks

(b) Account for the location of fishing grounds located in 6(a). 4 mks

7. (a) Discuss the main types of fishing. 3 mks

(b) List the traditional methods of fishing. 3 mks

(c) Describe how the following methods of fishing are carried out:

(i) Drifting

(ii) Trawling 4 mks

8. (a) (i) Apart from Lake Victoria, name other fresh water fisheries in

Uganda and Tanzania. 4 mks

(ii) Explain the factors favouring fishing on Lake Victoria. 6 mks

(b) Explain why marine fisheries are underdeveloped in East Africa. 5 mks

9. (a) State the significance of fishing to the economy of Kenya. 5 mks

(b) (i) Describe the problems facing fishing in Kenya. 5 mks

(ii) Identify the solutions in b(i) above. 5 mks

10. Draw a table showing the similarities and differences between fishing in Kenya and

Japan. 6 mks

11. (a) Define:

(i) Management of fisheries.

 (ii) Conservation of fisheries. 4 mks

(b) State the measures which can be undertaken to manage and conserve fisheries.

4 mks
CHAPTER 3

WILDLIFE.

1. Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (a) (i)

Name the national parks marked P, Q and R. 3 mks

2. Give FOUR reasons why wildlife conservation is encouraged in Kenya. 4 mks

3. State three reasons why National Parks have been established in Kenya. 3 mks

4. (a) Differentiate between game reserves and game parks. 4 mks

(b) State four steps taken by Kenyan government to promote wildlife resources.

4 mks

5. Explain three ways in which human activities are a threat to wildlife. 6 mks

6. What is wildlife? 2 mks

7. State five reasons for the need to conserve wildlife? 5 mks

8. State three types of wildlife one may find at I, Nakuru. 3 mks

9. Explain four problems the government of Kenya faces in efforts to conserve wildlife?

8 mks

10. State human factors that affect existence of wildlife. 5 mks

11. State ways in which government of Kenya can strengthen anti poaching unit.

12. (a) Define:

(i) Wildlife

(ii) Tourism 4 mks

(b) Distinguish between Same Reserves, National Parks and Sanctuaries.

(c) State five significance of wildlife in East Africa. 5 mks

13. (a) Discuss the problems facing wildlife in East Africa. 5 mks

(b) Explain the measures taken to manage and conserve wildlife in East Africa

6 mks
CHAPTER 4

TOURISM.

1. (a) Explain the differences between the tourist attractions in East Africa and

in Switzerland under the following subheadings:

(i) Climate.

(ii) Culture 4 mks

(b) Explain five benefits that Kenya derives from tourism. 10 mks

(c) Explain four measures that Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists.

8 mks

2. (a) Apart from historic sites, name two tourist attractions along the Coastal

strip of Kenya. 2 mks

(b) Give -three reasons why it is necessary to preserve historical sites. 3 mks

3. (a) Name two game reserves in Kenya. 2 mks

(b) Define of domestic tourism 2 mks

(c) How has the recent negative travel advisories affected Kenya's economy?

4 mks

4. (a) Explain four measures the Kenyan government has taken to attract more

tourists. 8 mks

(b) Explain three factors that have led to development of tourism in Switzerland.

5. (a) Differentiate between the following

(i) Ecotourism

(ii) Domestic tourism 4 mks

(b) Explain similarities between tourism in Kenya and in Switzerland. 8 mks

6. Explain why tourism is 'invisible export. 2 mks

7. Explain four positive effects of tourism. 8 mks

8. Explain four ways in which tourism in Kenya differ from that Switzerland.8 mks

9. Why are some parts of Kenya not developed for tourism? 3 mks

10. What are the problems facing tourism in Kenya? 5 mks

11. State five efforts being made to improve tourism industry in Kenya. 5 mks

12. What is domestic tourism? 2 mks

13. Name tourist attractions found in Rift Valley province of Kenya. 5 mks

14. What factors hinder development of domestic tourism in Kenya? 5 mks

15. Name two historical attractions along Kenyan coast. 2 mks

16. (a) Define:

(i) Eco-tourism

(ii) Domestic tourism

(iii) International tourism 6 mks

(b) (i) State five tourist attractions in Kenya. 5 mks

(ii) Explain five factors influencing tourism in Kenya. 10 mks

17. (a) State six factors influencing tourism in Switzerland. 6 mks

(b) Explain five problems facing tourism in Kenya. 10 mks

18. Compare and contrast tourism in Kenya and Switzerland. 8 mks

19. The table below shows the number of tourists who visited Kenya.
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

No. Of Tourists 1.53 m 1.64 m 1.65 m 1.77 m 1.54 m

(a) Using a radius of 3cm draw a pie-chart to represent the above data.

(b) List three advantages of using pie-charts to represent statistical data.

CHAPTER 5

ENERGY.

1. (a) Apart from providing power, state three other benefits of the dams along

River Tana. 3 mks

(b) State two problems that affect hydroelectric power production along river Tana.

2 mks

(c) State two factors that hinder the expansion of geothermal power. 2 mks

2. (a) Name two non-renewable sources of energy. 2 mks

(b) Explain four physical factors that influence the location of a hydroelectric power

station. 8 mks

3. (a) Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in

Kenya. 6 mks

(b) In what three ways did the power shortage resulting from the drought of the years

1999 and 2000 affect this industrial sector in Kenya? 5 mks

4. (a) Give three reasons that make tropical countries to have the potential to

develop HEP. 3 mks

(b) Give two reasons why tropical countries are not sufficient in HEP production.

2 mks

5. Use the diagram to answer questions below.

 (a) Name

(i) The HEP stations marked S & T 2 mks

(ii) Name the proposed HEP station marked U. 1 mk

(b) Name renewable sources of industrial energy other than water 2 mks

6. The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth's crust. Use it to

answer question (a).

(a) Name the substances labeled I, M and N. 3 mks

(b) Give two by-products obtained when crude oil is refined. 2 mks

(c) Explain efforts by Kenyan government to reduce cost on importation of

petroleum. 6 mks

7. Name two main disadvantages of using coal as a source of energy. 2 mks

8. Suggest four solutions to Kenya's energy deficit. 4 mks

9. What are the causes of energy crises? 4 mks

10. List uses of nuclear energy. 4 mks

11. Name uses of wind energy. 2 mks

12. Name two non- renewable sources of energy. 2 mks

13. Why has usage of coal as a source of energy declined? 4 mks

14. Give four reasons why Kenya has been unable to exploit high geothermal power

potential. 4 mks

15. Name the various methods that can be used to conserve energy. 4 mks

16. Define biomass. 2 mks

17. (a) Define energy. 2 mks

(b) List three renewable; sources of energy. 3 mks

(c) State the disadvantages of coal as a source of energy. 4 mks

18. (a) What is the name of power projects along river Tana.

(b) Apart from hydroelectric power production, state the other benefits of the dams

along the Tana. 4 mks

(c) Identify the problems facing hydroelectric power production along the Tana.

4 mks

19. (a) Apart from the Tana, name three other hydroelectric power projects in

Kenya. 3 mks

(b) State the benefits of the Owen Falls Dam in Uganda. 4 mks

(c) State the factors limiting the expansion of geothermal power production in Kenya.

4 mks

20. Apart from hydro-electric power production; state the other benefits of the dams.

4 mks

21. State the significance of energy. 5 mks

22. (a) What is energy crisis? 2 mks

(b) State the causes of energy crisis. 2 mks

23. Explain the problems Kenya faces due to overdependence on petroleum. 4 mks
24. (a) Differentiate between management and conservation of energy. 2 mks

(b) Describe the measures of management and conservation of energy. 10 mks

CHAPTER 6

INDUSTRY

1. (a) State two reasons why some industries are located near the sources of raw.

2 mks

(b) Give three characteristics of the cottage industry in India. 3 mks

2. (a) State characteristics of jua kali industries in Kenya. 5 mks

(b) State problems facing Jua kali industries in Kenya. 5 mks

(c) Differentiate between manufacturing and j tertiary industries. 4 mks (d)

State three factors that led to the growth of iron and steel industry in the:

Ruhr region of Germany. 3 mks

3. (a) Name three agricultural non-food manufacturing industries in Kenya.

3 mks

(b) Explain three causes of the decline in the textile industry in Kenya. 3 mks

(c) Describe the measures that should be taken to control the following.

(i) Water pollution

(ii) Rural urban migration. 2mks

(d) Explain four factors which have favoured the development of the electronics

industry in Japan. 8 mks

4. (a) What is industrialization? 2 mks

(b) Name a town in Kenya where each one of the following industries is located,

(i) Oil refinery

(ii) Paper manufacturing

(iii) Motor vehicle assembly. 3 mks

 (c) Give five factors why the development of the Jua kali industry is encouraged In

Kenya. 5 mks

(d) Name two non-food agricultural industries in Thika. 2 mks

5. State benefits of exploiting soda ash in Kenya. 5 mks

6. State two major steps currently -undertaken by the government to promote industrial

growth and development. 2 mks

7. What is industrialization? 2mks

8. State three reasons why the jua kali industry is encouraged in Kenya. 3 mks

9. (a) What is an industry. (2mks)

(b) State two ways in which each of the factors affect the location and

development of industries.

(i) Raw materials

(ii) Transport

(iii) Markets 6 mks

(c) Explain why power is not considered as a major industrial locational factor in the

modern world. 2 mks

10. (a) Define:

(i) Primary industry

(ii) Secondary industry

(iii) Quaternary industry 6 mks

(b) (i) What is meant by Jua Kali industry in Kenya? 2 mks

(ii) State five economic benefits of the Jua Kali industry in Kenya.

5 mks
 (c) Explain the significance of industrialization to Kenya. 6 mks

11. (a) State two main industries found in the towns below:

(i) Thika

(ii) Athi River

(iii) Kisumu

(iv) Nanyuki

(v) Nakuru 10 mks

(b) Explain the problems associated with industrialization. 6 mks

12. State five reasons why the Ruhr region in Germany is the leading industrial centre in

Europe. 5 mks

13. (a) (i) Mention four industrial regions in Japan. 4 mks

(ii) List five factors that have aided car manufacture and electronic industries

in Japan. 5 mks

(b) Explain the reasons which contributed to the growth and development of the

cottage industry in India. 8 mks

CHAPTER 7

SETTLEMENT.

1. The diagram below represents the functional zones of urban centre. Use it to answer

question (a)

(a) (i) Name the zones marked X and Y. 2 mks

(ii) List three functions of the Central Business District. 3 mks

2. (a) Name two types of human settlements. 2 mks

Use the sketch below to answer question (b)

 (b) Settlement patterns marked Q A R. 2 mks

3. (a) Name two types of rural settlement patterns. 2 mks

(b) Apart from urban-rural migration, name two other types of migration.

2 mks

(c) State three factors that may lead to urban-rural migration. 3 mks

4. State three factors which led to the development of Mombasa into a major sea port in the

region. 3 mks

5. (a) What is urbanization? 2 mks

(b) Give two differences in the functions of New York and Nairobi cities.

4 mks

6. Apart from pollution, explain four problems experienced in urban centres. 8 mks

7. Explain similarities and differences between Nairobi and New York cities. 8 mks

8. State two main functions of rural settlements. 2 mks

9. Explain four problems that are experienced in Nairobi as one of the major urban centres

in Kenya. 4 mks

10. List three factors that have led to rapid growth of Mombasa town. 3 mks

11. State ways through which the Kenyan government is using to solve problems of Nairobi

city. 5 mks

12. (a) Differentiate between the terms settlement and urbanization. 4 mks

(b) Identify factors influencing settlement. 4 mks

(c) State the factors influencing patterns of settlement. 5 mks

13. (a) By use of relevant examples, explain the distribution of urban centres in

East Africa. 5 mks

 (b) Explain 4 human factors which may lead to development of towns.

14. (a) Explain factors leading to the growth of Kisumu as a Lake Port. 8 mks

(b) What are the functions of Thika town? 5 mks

15. Explain the problems facing New York City. 6 mks

16. (a) Outline the main differences between the cities of New York and Nairobi.

4 mks

(b) Compare the port of Mombasa to the port of Rotterdam. 8 mks

17. Discuss the effects of urbanization. 4 mks

CHAPTER 8

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

1. State the causes of the decline in the use of letter writing as a means of communication in

Kenya. 5 mks

2. (a) Give three advantages of railway over road transport. 3 mks

(b) The map below shows the extent of the oil pipeline in Kenya. Use it to answer

question (b).

Name the towns marked X and Y which are served by the pipeline. 2 mks

(c) State two disadvantages of using pipelines as means of transporting oil.

(d) Use the map drawn below of St. Lawrence sea way to answer the questions that

follow.
 (i) Name the towns A and B

(ii) Name lakes X, Y, Z

(iii) Name canal marked V 3.

3. Use the sketch map of Lake Victoria below to answer question (a).

(a) Name the lake ports marked P, Q, and R 3 mks

(b) Outline two advantages of using containers while handling goods at the port of

Kisumu. 2 mks

4. (a) Give three reasons why road transport is used more than air transport in

East Africa. 3 mks

 (b) In what three ways does Kenya benefit from air links with the rest of the world?

3 mks

5. Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (a).

(a) Name the railway terminuses marked P, Q and R. 3 mks

(b) Give the main commodities transported by the railway lines marked S and T.

2 mks

(c) Name the port marked U and the lake marked V. 2 mks

(d) State four reasons why road network is more widespread than railway network in

East Africa. 4 mks

 (e) One of the problems facing road transport is the high frequency of accidents.

Explain four conditions of roads in Kenya that may lead to accident.

8 rnks

6. Give four benefits of the efforts the government is data in streamlining pubic transport

sector. 4 mks

7. Outline two major problems affecting the development of trans- African highway in

Africa. 2 mks

8. State two major problems hindering river transport in Kenya. 2 mks

9. Suggest three benefits of the proposed Southern bypasses to be constructed in Kenya.

3 mks

10. (a) Define containerization.

(b) Outline three merits of using containerization as a method of transportation.

3mks

11. (a) State three problems facing railway transport in Kenya. 3 mks

(b) Identify importance of railway transport in a country. 4 mks

12. Differentiate between 'transport' and communication. 4 mks

13. Apart from cell phones, mention other two modern methods of communication.

2 mks

14. State advantages of using cell phones communication. 3 mks

15. State reasons why St. Lawrence sea way was set up by the government of USA.

4 mks

16. (a) Define:

(i) Transport
 (ii) Communication 4 mks

(b) Apart from water transport, list the other modes of transport. 2 mks

(c) Name the two types of waterways used in transportation. 2 mks

17. (a) Give three reasons why river transportation in Africa is poorly developed.

3 mks

(b) Name the major ocean routes of the world. 3 mks

(c) State the advantages of water transport. 6 mks

18. (a) Account for the poor rail linkages j, between the African countries. 2 mks

(b) Name three trans-continental rail lines in Africa. 3 mks

(c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of transporting goods by rail?

6 mks

19. (a) Why is railway transport less used in Africa? 4 mks

(b) Name two railway systems in Africa. 2 mks

(c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of railway transport. 4 mks

20. State the advantages of road transport. 4 mks

21. (a) What is containerization? 2 mks

(b) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of containerization. 6 mks

(c) State advantages and disadvantages of air transport. 6 mks

22. Identify the main types of communication. 4 mks

23. (a) Name two trans-African highways 2 mks

(b) What are the benefits of trans-African highways? 2 mks

(c) Explain the problems facing the trans-African highways. 4 mks

24. Discuss the role of transport and communication in economic development of Africa.

4 mks

25. (a) State the problems facing transport and communication in Africa. 4 mks

(b) Outline the efforts being made to solve these problems. 4 mks

26. (a) (i) Identify the obstacles that face navigation along the St Lawrence

seaways. 3 mks

(ii) State ways in which navigation on the seaway was improved.

4 mks

(b) Explain the benefits of the St. Lawrence seaway on the economies of the United

States of America and Canada. 6 mks

CHAPTER 9

TRADE.

1. (a) State five reasons why the common market for Eastern and Southern

Africa was formed. 5mks

2. (a) What is international trade? 5mks

(b) Name major imports from Europe to Kenya 2 mks

(c) List factors that influence the import and export of goods in Kenya.

4 mks

(d) Explain ways through which Kenya will I benefit from the renewed East African

co-operation. 6 mks

(e) Explain negative effects of international trade. 6 mks

3. (a) Explain four measures which Kenya may take to reduce the unfavourable

Balance of trade. 8 mks

(b) Explain four benefits that Kenya derives from international trade. 8 mks

4. (a) What is Trade? 2 mks

(b) Identify the two types of internal trade. 2 mks

5. State the factors influencing trade. 4 mks

6. (a) Differentiate between visible and invisible exports. 4 mks

(b) Draw a table showing the major visible export and imports of Kenya.

8 mks

7. Explain the significance of trade to Kenya. 5 mks

8. State the future on international trade in Kenya. 3mks

9. (a) What is a regional trading bloc? 2 mks

 (b) Apart from the European Union, name three other regional trading blocs.

3 mks

(c) Outline the role played by the European Union in the economy of Europe.

4 mks

10. Explain why the Kenya's exports are more to the outside world than her neighbors.

6 mks
CHAPTER 10

POPULATION

1. (a) State four reasons why the northern parts of Kenya are sparsely populated.

4 mks

(b) Give two primary sources of population data 2 mks

(c) What information can be derived from a population pyramid? 4 mks

(d) Describe three ways in which the population of Kenya differ from those of

Sweden. 6 mks

(e) Explain four causes of rural-urban migration in Kenya. 8 mks

2. Explain three problems which result from the high population growth rate in the East

African countries. 6 mks

2005:

3. List three factors that have contributed to a decline in infant mortality in Kenya.

3 mks

4. Explain two reasons why Thika District has a higher population than Murang'a district.

4 mks

5. (a) State the reasons for carrying out population census. 5 mks

(b) How the following factors lead to population increase in Kenya.

(i) Early marriages

(ii) Improved medical facilities

(iii) Cultural beliefs. 6 mks

6. The pyramid below represents the population of country X. Use it to answer question (a).
 (a) Describe the characteristics of the population represented by the pyramid.

4 mks

(b) Explain three problems which may result from a high population growth rate.

6 mks

(c) Describe THREE measures that have been taken in Kenya to reduce infant

mortality. 6 mks

(d) Explain four factors that have led to a high population density in Lake Victoria

basin. 8 mks

7. a) Define the term population. 2 mks

 (b) Explain factors influencing population distribution. 6 mks

8. (a) Explain factors influencing population growth. 8 mks

(b) Describe the main features of population structure of a developing country.

4 mks

9. Explain the factors leading to high fertility levels in a population. 6 mks

10. Compare and contrast population trends between Kenya and Sweden. 8 mks

11. The table below shows population distribution in Kenya by province in 1999. Use it to

answer the questions below.

Province Population Area in Sq Kms

Nairobi 2,143,254 696

Central 3,724,159 13,220

Rift Valley 6,987,036 182,539

Western 3,358,776 8,264

Nyanza 4,392,264 12,547

Coast 2,487,264 82,816

Eastern 4,634,779 153,473

N. Eastern 962,143 128,124

Table 9.3 Population of Kenya by Provinces

(a) Calculate the population density of each province. 2 mks

(b) Give reasons why there is a high population density in Central Province of Kenya.

3 mks
CHAPTER 11

MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

1. (a) Why is it necessary to conserve water? 3 mks

(b) How does terracing help in water conservation? 2 mks

2. (a) Apart from desertification, name two other environmental hazards

experienced in Kenya. 2 mks

3. (a) Name three physical regions through which river Tana passes. 3 mks

(b) Name two rivers in Kenya to the West of the Rift Valley which causes large scale

flooding. 2 mks

(c) Explain four problems caused by floods. 8 mks

4. (a) Define the term pollution. 2 mks

(b) Explain three effects of land pollution on the environment. 6 mks

(c) State four ways through which Sand pollution can be controlled. 8 mks

5. (a) State ways in which drought affects the agricultural sector in Kenya.

4 mks

(b) What is soil conservation? 2 mks

(c) State three farming methods that assist in soil conservation. 3 mks

6. State three factors contributing to occurrence of floods 3 mks

7. State five negative effects of floods. 5 mks

8. State measures currently undertaken by Kenyan government to control natural disasters.

5 mks

9. Explain five economic importance of controlling floods. 10 mks

10. Name five natural hazards. 5 mks

11. Name three human induced hazards. 3 mks

12. Define desertification. 2 mks

13. Name causes of desertification. 4 mks

14. List effects of desertification. 4 mks

15. Explain five types of environment. 10 mks

16. (a) Define:

(i) Environment

(ii) Management of the environment

(iii) Conservation of the environment 6 mks

(b) Why is it necessary to manage and conserve the environment? 4 mks

17. (a) Mention six environmental hazards. 6 mks

(b) Explain:

(i) The causes of floods.

(ii) The effects of floods. 4 mks

18. (a) (i) What is lightning? 2 mks

(ii) What causes lightning? 2 mks

(b) (i) What are the effects of lightning? 2 mks

(ii) How can lightning be controlled? 4 mks

19. (a) (i) Define pollution. 2 mks

(ii) Name the four types of pollution.

(b) (i) What is air pollution? 2 mks

(ii) State five causes of air pollution. 5 mks

(iii) How can pollution be controlled? 5 mks

20. (a) (i) Name four non -governmental organizations involved in the

management and conservation of environment in Kenya. 4 mks

(b) Explain how legislation in Kenya is used to manage and conserve the

environment. 8 mks
 MODEL PAPERS.

PAPER 1 (A)

2 HOURS 45 MINUTES

Answer all questions in this section.

1. (a) Define Geography. 2 mks

(b) Explain the relationship between Geography and Biology. 2 mks

2. (a) Differentiate between mass wasting and mass movement. 2 mks

(b) Outline four factors that cause soil creep to occur. 4 mks

3. (a) Name two fold mountains formed during Alpine Orogeny . 2 mks

(b) State three theories which explain the formation of fold mountains. 3 mks 4

Explain what you understand by each of the following;

(a) Vertical movement.

(b) Isostatic adjustment 4 mks

5. (a) Give three conditions necessary for the formation of Karst scenery.

3 mks

(b) List three zones of saturation below the earth surface. 3 mks

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions

6. Study the map of Taita Hills (1: 50 000) sheet 189\4 provided and answer the following

questions.

(a) What is the grid square of:

(i) Water reservoir at Mwasere

 (ii) Water tank at Kirutai 4 mks

(b) What is the magnetic variation as of January 1991? 2 mks

(c) What is the direction of flow of River Goshi? 2 kms

(d) Explain four ways in which relief influences settlements in the area covered by

the map. (8mks)

(e) Name three types of natural vegetation in the area covered by the map.

3 mks

(f) Students of the school at Zare carried out field study around the school,

(i) List four preparations they made. 4mks

(ii) State two methods they would use to collect data. 2 mks

7. (a) Define the term Lake, 2 mks.

(b) Explain three reasons why some Rift Valley lakes are saline. 6 mks

(c) (i) Describe how caldera lake is formed. 5 mks

(ii) Give three examples of caldera lakes in Africa. 3 mks

(d) Explain four ways in which lakes modify the climate of the surrounding areas.

8 mks

8. (a) (i) Define faulting. 2 mks

(ii) Distinguish between reverse and tear faults. 2 mks

(b) Explain formation of each of the following;

(i) Fault scarp

(ii) Tilt block 4 mks

(c) Explain four economic significances of faulting to human activities8mks (d)

(i) State three advantages of oral interviews. 3 mks.

9. (a) (i) Differentiate between zero lapse rate and environmental lapse rate.

4 mks

(ii) Name two types of fronts in air masses. 2 mks

(iii) State two effects on climate from urbanization. 2 mks

(b) (i) Name one type of hot climates. 1 mk

(ii) Account for the characteristics of rainfall experienced in Equatorial

climate. 8 mks

(c) (i) State four causes of the recent global climatic change. 4 mks

(ii) State six major effects of climate change. 6 mks

10. (a) (i) State three characteristics of arid areas. 3 mks

(ii) Give two factors that promote wind deposition in arid areas 2 mks

(b) (i) Identify two processes of wind erosion. 2 mks

(ii) Describe how the barchan is formed. 4 mks

(c) Differentiate between a rock pedestal and a mushroom block. 4 mks

(d) Suppose you are asked to carry out a field study on the action of water in a desert.

(i) State two objectives for your study 2 mks

(ii) Name two water depositional features you are likely to observe.

2 mks

(iii) Explain three significance of arid landforms. 6 mks

PAPER 1 (B)

2 HOURS 45 MINUTES

SECTION A

Answer all questions in section A

1. a) Name the minerals found in the core of the earth. 2 mks

b) State ways we understand interior of the earth. 2,mks

2. a) What is the plate tectonic theory. 1 mk

b) Explain two evidences that support the continental drift theory. 4mks

3. a) State three characteristics of the troposphere. 3mks

b) State factors considered for positioning rain gauge. 3mks

4. a) List three natural causes of soil creep. 3mks

b) State two measures used to check mass wasting. 2 mks

5. (a) State two physical conditions for development of karst scenery. 2mks

b) Name two sources of under ground water. 2 mks

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions.

6. Study the map of Nyahururu (10:50000) provided and answer the following questions.

a) (i) Measure the length of the dry weather road from Marmanet Saw

Mills, grid reference 054143 to the junction at Karima shopping centre

grid reference 033099 in kilometers. 2 mks

ii) Calculate the gradient of the slope between point A grid reference 940021

and point B at grid reference 985021. 2 mks

 (b) (i) Name drainage features found in the area covered by the map.

3 mks

(ii) List features found in the southern part of the map indicating the area

receives low rainfall. 3 mks

(c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map. 3 mks

(d) Three natural factors influencing settlements. 3 mks

(i) Name factors favouring location of Nyahururu town. 6 mks

ii) State two social functions of the town. 3 mks

7. a) What is a Lake? 2 mks

b) Discuss the formation following Lakes.

i) Lake Victoria

ii) Lake Tanganyika 8 mks

c) Explain how human activities have negative impact on lakes. 8 mks

d) i) List three positive effects of lakes to humans. 3 mks

ii) Name four follow up activities in fieldwork. 4 mks

8. a) i) Differentiate between mineral and rock. 4 mks

ii) State characteristics of sedimentary rocks. 3 mks

b) Classify rocks according to form and origin giving two examples in each type.

9 mks

c) Explain formation of following examples of rocks. 6 mks

i) Tuff

ii) Coral rock

d) State use of equipment listed below in fieldwork. 3 mks

 (i) Geological hammer

(ii) Lenses

(iii) Hydrochloric acid

9. a) i) Name three hot deserts. 3mks

ii) State two characteristics of arid lands. 2 mks

b) Describe formation of following features.

i) Rock pedestals

ii) Yardang 8 mks

c) Name three resultant features of action of water in deserts. 3 mks.

d) i) Name three processes of wind transport. 3 mks.

ii) State advantages of using secondary sources of data. 2 mks

iii) List four evidences of desertification. 4 mks.

10. a) i) What is a fault 2 mks.

ii) Name the parts of a fault? 4 mks

b) i) Name two resultant features of faulting. 2 mks

ii) Explain formation of Rift valley by theory of anticlinal arching.

3 mks

c) i) Distinguish between basic lava and acidic lava. 6mks

ii) State four characteristics of composite volcano. 4 mks

iii) State four positive influences of volcanicity. 4 mks

KCSE MODEL PAPER 2 (A)

2 HOURS 45 MINUTES

SECTION A

Answer all questions in this section

1. (a) Name two exotic beef cattle reared in Kenya. 2 mks

(b) State three physical conditions favouring beef farming in Argentina 3 mks

2. (a) Name two products which can be transported using pipelines. 2 mks

(b) Give three advantages of using pipelines as a means of transport. 3mks

3. a) What is land reclamation? 2 mks

b) State three physical factors which influenced the establishment of the Perkerra

irrigation scheme. 3 mks

4. a) Name three cities in Kenya. 3 mks.

b) State three problems facing the growth of Mombasa city. 3 mks

5. a) Name two environmental hazards other than floods 2mks

b) Give three problems resulting from flooding in Lake Victoria basin. 3mks

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions

6. a) (i) What is statistics? 2 mks.

ii) Name three ways in which data analysis is done. 3 mks

iii) Name two advantages of a wind rose. 3 mks

b) State four physical conditions necessary for the growing of sugar cane.
 c) Describe the commercial production of sugar cane from land preparation to

harvesting. 8 mks

d) Explain three problems facing sugar cane farmers in Kenya. 6 mks

7. a) Name three national parks in Uganda 3 mks

b) (i) Explain two differences between a national park and a game

reserve. 4 mks

ii) Name three tourist attractions found in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya.

3 mks

c) i) State three physical conditions that influence distribution of

wildlife in East Africa. 3 mks

ii) List four problems experienced by the Kenya Government in its effort to

conserve wildlife. 4 mks

d) Explain four factors which have made Switzerland a major tourist attraction in

Europe. 8 mks

8. (a) i) What is agroforestry? 2 mks

ii) Give three reasons why agroforestry is being encouraged in Kenya.

3 mks

(b) i) Name three types of coniferous trees found in Kenya. 3 mks

ii) State five characteristics of coniferous forest. 5 mks

(c) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-headings.

i) Tree harvesting.

ii) Transportation of logs

iii) Marketing
 (d) Explain three problems that affect forestry in Canada. 6 mks

9. a) i) Name two non-renewable sources of energy other than coal. 2 mks

ii) Give three disadvantages of using coal as source of energy. 3 mks b)

i) Name two Geothermal potential areas in Kenya. 2 mks

ii) Give three reasons why Kenya has not been able to fully exploit

her geothermal potential. 3 mks

c) Explain four conditions that favour the location of hydroelectric power station.

4 mks

d) i) What is energy crisis? 2 mks

ii) Explain three effects of energy crisis in Kenya. 3 mks

10. a) i) Differentiate between pelagic and demersal fishing. 2 mks

ii) Name any two examples of demersal fish. 2 mks

b) State four reasons why fresh water fishing is more important than marine water

fishing in Kenya. 4 mks

c) i) What is fish farming? 2 mks

ii) State four ways through which fish farming contributes to the economy of

t Kenya. 4 mks

d) State three problems facing fish farming in Kenya. 3 mks

e) Explain four conditions that favour fishing in Japan. 4 mks

KCSE MODEL PAPER 2 (B)

2 HOURS 45 MINUTES

SECTION A:

Answer all questions in this section

1. a) State three advantages of using solar energy. (3mks)

b) State two factors hindering the development of solar energy. (2mks)

2. a) State three ways through which Kenya has benefited from international

airports. (3mks)

b) Suggest two possible solutions to Africa's transport and communication problems.

(2mks)

3. a) Distinguish between population distribution and population density.

(2mks)

b) State three problems created by a decline of population in a developed country.

(3mks)

4. a) State two physical factors which influence the location of settlements.

(2mks)

b) Which are the three functional zones of an ideal urban centre? (3mks)

5. a) List two types of fish reared in ponds. (2mks)

b) State measures that have been undertaken by the government of Kenya to

encourage fish farming. (3mks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

6. Use the photograph below to answer questions (a) i and (ii)

a) i) Identify the type of photograph given above. (1mk)

ii) Name two major features represented in the area shown on the

photograph. (2mks)

b) Identify four road conditions that trigger mad accidents. (4mks)

c) Explain four limitations of road transport. (8mks)

d) Explain four problems faced by African states in efforts to improve roads.

(8mks)

7. (a) Give five reasons why wildlife conservation is encouraged in Kenya.

(5mks)

b) Explain what you understand by the following terms:

i) Domestic tourism.

ii) Eco-tourism (4mks)

 (c) Explain three factors that have hindered the development of domestic tourism in

Kenya.

(d) Explain four factors that have made Switzerland a major tourism destination in

Europe.

8. (a) What do you understand by the following terms:

i) Land reclamation.

ii) Land rehabilitation. (4mks)

b) i) State any four methods used in land reclamation and rehabilitation

in Kenya. (4mks)

ii) Apart from Mwea Tebere, name two other large scale irrigation schemes

in Kenya. (2mks)

iii) Explain four factors that led to the establishment of Mwea Tebere

irrigation scheme. (8mks)

(c) i) What is a polder? (2mks)

ii) Describe how a polder is reclaimed. (5mks)

9. a) i) Name three areas where forests are found in the Rift Valley of

Kenya. (3mks)

b) Explain four factors that favour the growth of softwood forests in Swaziland.

(4mks)

c) i) Explain four problems experienced in commercial exploitation of

the equatorial forest in Africa. (4mks)

ii) Give three species of trees found in Gabon. (3mks)

d) State three measures being taken to conserve forests in Kenya. (3mks)

10. (a) i) Name two conditions that are necessary for the formation of

petroleum. (2mks)

ii) Give two reasons why Kenya imports her oil in crude form. (2mks)

(b) i) State two advantages of geothermal power. (2mks)

ii) State four factors that hinder the expansion of geothermal power

production in Kenya. (4mks)

(c) Explain four ways by which the government of Kenya should apply to conserve

her energy. (4mks)

(d) i) What is multi-purpose dam? (2mks)

ii) State three reasons why Akosombo dam was established. (3mks) iii)

List three benefits of establishing the Akosombo dam. (3mks)