Thermochemistry Transparency

9.
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Important Terms
Heat is energy transferred between two bodies of different
temperatures
System is any specific part of the universe
Surroundings is everything that lies outside the system
Open system is a system that can exchange mass and energy with its
surroundings
Closed system is a system that allows the exchange of energy with its
surroundings
Isolated system is a system that does not allow the exchange of either
mass or energy with its surroundings
Energy is the ability to do work
SI unit of energy is kg m2 s-2 or Joule (J)
Non SI unit of energy is calorie (Cal)
1 Cal = 4.184 J
Thermochemistry
A study of heat change in chemical reactions.
Two types of chemical reactions:
Exothermic
Endothermic
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Enthalpy of products < Enthalpy of reactants, H is negative.
Energy is released from the system to the surroundings.
Consider the following reaction:
A (g) + B (g)
(reactants)
H = ve
C (g)
(product)
reactants
enthalpy
H = -ve
products
reaction pathway
Energy profile diagram for exothermic reaction
ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Enthalpy of products > enthalpy of reactants, H is positive
Energy is absorbed by the system from the surrounding
Consider the following reaction
A (g) + B (g)
(reactants)
C(g)
H = + ve
(product)
Energy profile of diagram endothermic reactions
Enthalpy, H
The heat content of a system or total energy in the system
Enthalpy, H of a system cannot be measured when there is a change in
the system.
Example: system undergoes combustion or ionisation.
Enthalpy of Reaction, H and Standard Condition

Enthalpy of reaction:
The enthalpy change associated with a chemical reaction.
Standard enthalpy, H
The enthalpy change for a particular reaction that occurs at
298K and 1 atm (standard state).
THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION
The thermochemical equation shows the enthalpy changes.

Example : H2O(s)
H2O(l)
H = + 6.01 kJ
1 mole of H2O(l) is formed from 1 mole of H2O(s) at 0C,

H = + 6.01 kJ
However, when 1 mole of H2O(s) is formed from 1 mole of H2O(l),

the magnitude of H remains the same with the opposite sign of it.
H2O(l)
H2O(s)
H = 6.01 kJ
TYPES OF ENTHALPIES
There are many kind of enthalpies such as:
Enthalpy of formation
Enthalpy of combustion
Enthalpy of atomisation
Enthalpy neutralisation
Enthalpy hydration
Enthalpy solution
Enthalpy of Formation, Hf
The change of heat when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its
elements at their standard states.
H2 (g) + O2(g) H2O (l)
Hf = 286 kJ mol1
The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most

stable state form is ZERO.
H (O2 ) = 0
H (Cl2) = 0
Enthalpy of Combustion, Hc
The heat released when 1 mole of substance is burned completely
in excess oxygen.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
Hc = 393 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Atomisation, Ha
The heat change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms is formed from its
element
Ha is always positive because it involves only breaking of bonds
e.g:
Na(s)
Cl2(g)
Na(g) Ha = + 109 kJ mol-1

Cl(g)
Ha = +123 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Neutralization, Hn
The heat change when 1 mole of water, H2O is formed from the
neutralization of acid and base .
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) Hn = 58 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Hydration, Hhyd

The heat change when 1 mole of gaseous ions is hydrated in water.
e.g:
Na+(g) Na+ (aq) Hhyd = 406 kJ mol-1
Cl-(g) Cl- (aq)
Hhyd = 363 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Sublimation, Hsubl

The heat change when one mole of a substance sublimes (solid into gas).
I2 (s)
I2(g)
Hsubl = + 106 kJ mol1
Calorimetry
A method used in the laboratory to measure the heat change of a
reaction.
Apparatus used is known as the calorimeter

Examples of calorimeter
Simple calorimeter
Bomb calorimeter
Simple calorimeter
The outer Styrofoam cup insulate the
reaction mixture from the
surroundings (it is assumed that no
heat is lost to the surroundings)
Heat release by the reaction is
absorbed by solution and the
calorimeter
A bomb calorimeter
Important Terms in Calorimeter

Specific heat capacity, c
Specific heat capacity, c of a substance is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by
one degree Celsius (Jg 1C1).
Heat capacity, C
Heat capacity,C is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a given quantity of the substance by one degree
Celsius (JC1)
Heat released by
substance
Heat absorbed
by calorimeter
q = mcT
q
m
C
T
=
=
=
=
heat released by substance

mass of substance
specific heat capacity
temperature change
Basic Principle in Calorimeter

Surroundings may refer to the:
i. Calorimeter itself or;
ii. The water and calorimeter
iii. qreaction= mcT or CT
Example 1
In an experiment, 0.100 g of H2 and excess of O2
were compressed into a 1.00 L bomb and placed
into a calorimeter with heat capacity of 9.08 x 104
J0C1. The initial temperature of the calorimeter
was 25.000oC and finally it increased to 25.155 oC.
Calculate the amount of heat released in the reaction
to form H2O, expressed in kJ per mole.
Solution
Heat released
q
= Heat absorbed by the

calorimeter
= CT
= (9.08 X 104 JoC-1) X (0.155oC)
= 1.41 X 104 J
= 14.1 kJ
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(c)

mole of H2
moles of H2O
= 0.100
2.016
= 0.0496 mol
=
mole of H2
0.0496 mol of H2O released 14.1 kJ energy

1 mol H2O released =
14.1
0.0496
kJ
= 284 kJ
Heat of reaction, H
= - 284 kJ mol1

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9.

Energy profile of diagram endothermic reactions

Enthalpy of Reaction, H and Standard Condition

The thermochemical equation shows the enthalpy changes.

1 mole of H2O(l) is formed from 1 mole of H2O(s) at 0C,

However, when 1 mole of H2O(s) is formed from 1 mole of H2O(l),

The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most

Na(g) Ha = + 109 kJ mol-1

Enthalpy of Hydration, Hhyd

Enthalpy of Sublimation, Hsubl

Apparatus used is known as the calorimeter

Important Terms in Calorimeter

heat released by substance

Basic Principle in Calorimeter

= Heat absorbed by the

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(c)

0.0496 mol of H2O released 14.1 kJ energy

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