Hydrology: Introduction To The Subject Lecture No. 1
Hydrology: Introduction To The Subject Lecture No. 1
Hydrology: Introduction To The Subject Lecture No. 1
1. SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY
- STUDY WHICH IS CONCERNED CHIEFLY WITH
ACADEMIC ASPECTS
2. ENGINEERING OR APPLIED HYDROLOGY
- A STUDY CONCERNED WITH ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
ENGINEERING OR APPLIED HYDROLOGY
1. ESTIMATION OF WATER RESOURCES
2. STUDY OF PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION,
RUNOFF, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND THEIR INTERACTION
3. STUDY OF PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOODS AND
DROUGHTS, AND STRATEGIES TO COMBAT THEM
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
WATER VAPOUR
MOVES UPWARDS AND
FORMS CLOUDS DUE
TO HEAT ENERGY
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
PART OF THE
PRECIPITATION MAY
EVAPORATE BACK TO
THE ATMOSPHERE
WHILE FALLING
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
PRECIPITATION MAY BE
INTERCEPTED BY
VEGETATION,
STRUCTURES AND
OTHER SURFACE
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
VEGETATION SEND A
PORTION OF THE WATER
FROM UNDER THE
GROUND SURFACE BACK
TO THE ATMOSPHERE
THROUGH THE PROCESS
OF TRANSPIRATION
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
THE PORTION OF THE
PRECIPITATION WHICH
BY A VARIETY OF PATHS
ABOVE AND BELOW THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH
REACHES THE STREAM
CHANNEL IS CALLED
RUNOFF
ANNUAL REVIEW
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
ONCE IT ENTERS A
STREAM CHANNEL,
RUNOFF BECOMES
STREAM FLOW
ANNUAL REVIEW
ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. TRANSPORTATION OF WATER
2. TEMPORARY STORAGE
3. CHANGE OF STATE
MAIN COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
P – PRECIPITATION
R – SURFACE RUNOFF
G - NET GROUNDWATER FLOW OUT OF THE CATCHMENT
E – EVAPORATION
T – TRANSPIRATION
ΔS – CHANGE IN STORAGE
STORAGE
S = SS + SSM + SG EQ.3
R – RUNOFF VOLUME
P – PRECIPITATION/RAINFALL VOLUME
L – LOSSES – WATER NOT AVAILABLE TO RUNOFF DUE TO
INFILTRATION, EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION, AND SURFACE
STORAGE
EXAMPLE NO. 1
A LAKE HAD A WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF 103.200m ABOVE DATUM AT THE
BEGINNING OF A CERTAIN MONTH. IN THAT MONTH THE LAKE RECEIVED AN
AVERAGE INFLOW OF 6.0m3/s FROM SURFACE RUNOFF SOURCES. IN THE SAME
PERIOD, THE OUTFLOW FROM THE LAKE HAD AN AVERAGE VALUE OF 6.5m3/s.
FURTHER, IN THAT MONTH, THE LAKE RECEIVED RAINFALL OF 145mm AND THE
EVAPORATION FROM THE LAKE SURFACE WAS ESTIMATED AS 6.10cm. WRITE THE
WATER BUDGET EQUATION FOR THE LAKE SURFACE AREA CAN BE TAKEN AS 5000
ha. ASSUME THAT THERE IS NO CONTRIBUTION TO OR FROM THE GROUNDWATER
STORAGE.
A LAKE HAD A WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF 103.200m ABOVE DATUM AT THE BEGINNING OF A CERTAIN MONTH. IN THAT MONTH THE LAKE RECEIVED AN
AVERAGE INFLOW OF 6.0m3/s FROM SURFACE RUNOFF SOURCES. IN THE SAME PERIOD, THE OUTFLOW FROM THE LAKE HAD AN AVERAGE VALUE OF 6.5m3/s.
FURTHER, IN THAT MONTH, THE LAKE RECEIVED RAINFALL OF 145mm AND THE EVAPORATION FROM THE LAKE SURFACE WAS ESTIMATED AS 6.10cm. WRITE
THE WATER BUDGET EQUATION FOR THE LAKE SURFACE AREA CAN BE TAKEN AS 5000 ha. ASSUME THAT THERE IS NO CONTRIBUTION TO OR FROM THE
GROUNDWATER STORAGE.
SOLUTION:
INPUT VOLUME – OUPUT VOLUME = CHANGE IN STORAGE OF THE LAKE
(ĪΔt + PA) – (ŌΔt + EA) = ΔS
INFLOW INPUT OUTFLOW OUTFLOW
VOLUME DUE TO DUE TO
VOLUME
PRECIPITATION EVAPORATION
1) Irrigation
2) Water Supply
3) Flood Control
4) Water Power
5) Navigation
FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR PROPER ASSESSMENT OF
HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
1) Overtopping and
consequent failure of an
earthen dam due to
inadequate spillway
activity
TYPICAL FAILURES OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
2) Failure of bridges
and culverts due to
excess flood flow
TYPICAL FAILURES OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
3) Inability of a large
reservoir to fill up with
water due to
overestimation of
stream flow
SOURCES OF DATA
1. WEATHER
RECORDS –
TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY, AND
WIND VELOCITY
SOURCES OF DATA
2. PRECIPITATION
DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
3. STREAM FLOW
RECORDS
SOURCES OF DATA
4. EVAPORATION AND
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
5. INFILTRATION
CHARACTERISTIC
SOURCES OF DATA
6. SOILS OF
THE AREA
SOURCES OF DATA
7. LAND USE AND
LAND COVER
SOURCES OF DATA
8. GROUNDWATER
CHARACTERISTICS
SOURCES OF DATA
9. PHYSICAL AND
GEOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE AREA
SOURCES OF DATA
10. WATER QUALITY DATA