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    Polarization 2

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    tahsim laptop
    This document discusses polarization and optical properties of crystals. It begins with an assignment deadline of June 29, 2021 and then discusses birefringence in calcite crystals, the optic axis of uniaxial crystals like quartz and calcite, polarization by double refraction, and the construction and working principle of a Nicol prism made of calcite. It then explains Huygens' explanation of double refraction in calcite and quartz crystals and discusses the properties of quarter-wave and half-wave plates made from birefringent crystals.

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    Polarization 2

    Uploaded by

    tahsim laptop
    12 views15 pages
    This document discusses polarization and optical properties of crystals. It begins with an assignment deadline of June 29, 2021 and then discusses birefringence in calcite crystals, the optic axis of uniaxial crystals like quartz and calcite, polarization by double refraction, and the construction and working principle of a Nicol prism made of calcite. It then explains Huygens' explanation of double refraction in calcite and quartz crystals and discusses the properties of quarter-wave and half-wave plates made from birefringent crystals.

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    This document discusses polarization and optical properties of crystals. It begins with an assignment deadline of June 29, 2021 and then discusses birefringence in calcite crystals, the optic axis of uniaxial crystals like quartz and calcite, polarization by double refraction, and the construction and working principle of a Nicol prism made of calcite. It then explains Huygens' explanation of double refraction in calcite and quartz crystals and discusses the properties of quarter-wave and half-wave plates made from birefringent crystals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views15 pages

    Polarization 2

    Uploaded by

    tahsim laptop
    This document discusses polarization and optical properties of crystals. It begins with an assignment deadline of June 29, 2021 and then discusses birefringence in calcite crystals, the optic axis of uniaxial crystals like quartz and calcite, polarization by double refraction, and the construction and working principle of a Nicol prism made of calcite. It then explains Huygens' explanation of double refraction in calcite and quartz crystals and discusses the properties of quarter-wave and half-wave plates made from birefringent crystals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Welcome

    To
    My class
    Assignment:
    Last date of submission : 29 /06 /21
    1. N-slit Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern
    2. Resolving power
    3. Huygens explanation of double
    refraction in uniaxial crystals
    Polarization
    Calcite: CaCO3
    Polarization
    Optic axis: The optics axis of a crystal is a
    direction within the crystal parallel to the
    straight line through either of the blunt
    corners and equally inclined to the edges
    meeting there. The corners where the
    obtuse angles meet are known as blunt
    corners. If the edges are all equal, then
    the straight line joining two blunt corners
    gives the direction of the optics axis. It
    may be emphasized that the optics axis is
    a direction and not a particular line.
    Crystals having one optics axis are called
    uniaxial crystals (e.g. quartz & calcite)
    and those having two optics axes are
    called biaxial crystals (e.g mica)
    Polarization by double refraction
    Nicol prism (Construction):

    A calcite crystal’s length is three times its breadth. Let ADFEGBCH be such a crystal
    having ABCD as a principal section of the crystal with BAD = 71°. The end faces of the
    crystal are cut in such a way that they make angles of 68° and 112° in the principal
    section instead of 71° and 109°. The crystal is then cut into two pieces from one blunt
    corner to the other .The two cut surfaces are ground, polished optically flat and then
    cemented together with Canada balsam, a transparent glue so that the crystal is just
    as transparent as it was previously to its having been sliced.
    Polarization by double refraction
    Nicol prism:

    A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer, an optical device used to produce a


    polarized beam of light from an unpolarized beam. It is made in such a
    way that it eliminates one of the rays by Total Internal Reflection i.e,
    the O-ray is eliminated and only the E-ray is transmitted through the
    prism. It was the first type of polarizing prism to be invented, in 1828
    by William Nicol (1770–1851) of Edinburgh. It consists of a
    rhombohedral crystal of Iceland spar (a variety of calcite) that has
    been cut at an angle of 68° with respect to the crystal axis, cut again
    diagonally, and then rejoined as shown using, as a glue, a layer of
    transparent Canada balsam.
    Nicol prism (Working principle):

    A C

    D
    B
    = 1.486
    Polarization
    The Nicol’s prism can be used both as a polariser and an
    analyser.
    Polarization
    Polarization
    Huygens explanation of double refraction in uniaxial
    crystals:

    Negative Positive
    crystal crystal
    (calcite) S O E (Quartz)
    E S O

    Optic axis
    Optic axis

    For a –ve crystal , μ0 > μe For a +ve crystal , μe > μ0


    Quarter-wave plate
    Quarter-wave plate: If the thickness of the crystal plate is such that
    a path difference of λ/4 (or a phase difference of π/2 ) is introduced
    between the two waves, then the plate is called a quarter-wave
    plate.

    For a –ve crystal , μ0 > μe

    Thus the path difference= ( μ0 – μe)t = λ/4

    For a +ve crystal , μe > μ0

    Thus the path difference= ( μe – μo)t = λ/4

    In particular, a plate whose thickness satisfy the eq.

    ( μo ~ μe)t = (4n +1)λ/4 where n = 0, 1, 2…..


    Half-wave plate
    Half-wave plate: If the thickness of the crystal plate is such that a
    path difference of λ/2 (or a phase difference of π ) is introduced
    between the two waves, then the plate is called a Half-wave plate.

    For a –ve crystal , μ0 > μe

    Thus the path difference= ( μ0 – μe)t = λ/2

    For a +ve crystal , μe > μ0

    Thus the path difference= ( μe – μo)t = λ/2

    In particular, a plate whose thickness satisfy the eq.

    ( μo ~ μe)t = (2n +1)λ/2 where n = 0, 1, 2…..

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