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    Polarization AND Huygen'S Theory of Double Refraction: Anuroop Ashok Ist Yr. B Tech

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    Chandra sekhar
    Huygen's theory explains the phenomenon of double refraction or birefringence in crystals. According to the theory, each point in a birefringent crystal produces two wavefronts - a spherical wavefront corresponding to the ordinary ray and an ellipsoidal wavefront corresponding to the extraordinary ray. The shape of the wavefronts depends on whether the crystal is negative or positive. In negative crystals, the extraordinary wavefront encompasses the ordinary wavefront, while in positive crystals the ordinary wavefront encompasses the extraordinary wavefront. Huygen's theory successfully explains optical phenomena like double refraction observed in crystals like calcite.

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    Polarization AND Huygen'S Theory of Double Refraction: Anuroop Ashok Ist Yr. B Tech

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    Chandra sekhar
    109 views35 pages
    Huygen's theory explains the phenomenon of double refraction or birefringence in crystals. According to the theory, each point in a birefringent crystal produces two wavefronts - a spherical wavefront corresponding to the ordinary ray and an ellipsoidal wavefront corresponding to the extraordinary ray. The shape of the wavefronts depends on whether the crystal is negative or positive. In negative crystals, the extraordinary wavefront encompasses the ordinary wavefront, while in positive crystals the ordinary wavefront encompasses the extraordinary wavefront. Huygen's theory successfully explains optical phenomena like double refraction observed in crystals like calcite.

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    Huygen's theory explains the phenomenon of double refraction or birefringence in crystals. According to the theory, each point in a birefringent crystal produces two wavefronts - a spherical wavefront corresponding to the ordinary ray and an ellipsoidal wavefront corresponding to the extraordinary ray. The shape of the wavefronts depends on whether the crystal is negative or positive. In negative crystals, the extraordinary wavefront encompasses the ordinary wavefront, while in positive crystals the ordinary wavefront encompasses the extraordinary wavefront. Huygen's theory successfully explains optical phenomena like double refraction observed in crystals like calcite.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views35 pages

    Polarization AND Huygen'S Theory of Double Refraction: Anuroop Ashok Ist Yr. B Tech

    Uploaded by

    Chandra sekhar
    Huygen's theory explains the phenomenon of double refraction or birefringence in crystals. According to the theory, each point in a birefringent crystal produces two wavefronts - a spherical wavefront corresponding to the ordinary ray and an ellipsoidal wavefront corresponding to the extraordinary ray. The shape of the wavefronts depends on whether the crystal is negative or positive. In negative crystals, the extraordinary wavefront encompasses the ordinary wavefront, while in positive crystals the ordinary wavefront encompasses the extraordinary wavefront. Huygen's theory successfully explains optical phenomena like double refraction observed in crystals like calcite.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    POLARIZATION

    AND
    HUYGEN’S THEORY OF
    DOUBLE REFRACTION
    Anuroop Ashok
    Ist Yr. B Tech
    HISTORICAL CONTEXT
    •Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, light was considered to
    be a stream of particles.

    • The particles were either emitted by the object being viewed or


    emanated from the eyes of the viewer.

    •Newton was the chief architect of the particle theory of light.


    • He believed the particles left the object and stimulated the sense of sight upon
    entering the eyes
    NATURE OF LIGHT
    • The optical phenomena like interference and diffraction exhibited
    by the light establishes its wave nature.
    • The nature of this wave is given by the phenomena of Polarization.
    • Light is an ElectroMagnetic Wave and Polarization proves Light to be
    a transverse Wave.
    • Thus Light has an Electric vector (E) and a Magnetic vector(M)
    vibrating in perpendicular directions.
    • Electric field vector is of primary imporatance.
    Lights are Electromagnetic Waves
    POLARIZATION
    • Polarization of light waves is the phenomenon of restricting the plane
    of vibration of Electric field vector of light in a definite plane.
    There are three type of polarized light
    1) Plane Polarized Light (ppl or lpl)
    2) Circularly Polarized Light (cpl)
    3) Elliptically Polarized Light (epl)
    Polarization – Applications
    PRODUCTION OF PLANE POLARIZED
    LIGHT
    • 1) By Reflection
    • 2) By Refraction
    • 3) By Selective Absorption( Dichroizm )
    • 4) By Scattering
    • 5) By Double Reflection
    DOUBLE REFRACTION OR BIREFRINGENCE
    • When ordinary light is allowed to pass through a calcite or quartz , it
    splits into two refracted beams(O-ray &E –ray )and both are plane
    polarized lights.
    BIREFRINGENCE
    . HUYGEN’S PRINCIPLE
    • Huygens’ principle, in optics, a statement that all points of a wave front of light in a vacuum or
    transparent medium may be regarded as new sources of wavelets that expand in every direction
    at a rate depending on their velocities.
    • “ Every point on a wave-front may be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets which
    spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light. The new wave-front is the tangential
    surface to all of these secondary wavelets.”
    • Proposed by the Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer ,Christiaan Huygens, in 1690, it
    is a powerful method for studying various optical phenomena.
    A surface tangent to the wavelets constitutes the new wave front and
    is called the envelope of the wavelets. If a medium is homogeneous and has the same properties
    throughout (i.e., is isotropic), permitting light to travel with the same speed regardless of its
    direction of propagation, the three-dimensional envelope of a point source will be spherical;
    otherwise, as is the case with many crystals, the envelope will be ellipsoidal in shape (see double
    refraction). An extended light source will consist of an infinite number of point sources and may
    be thought of as generating a plane wave front.
    A wavefront is a surface over which an optical wave has a constant
    phase. For example, a wavefront could be the surface over which the
    wave has a maximum (the crest of a water wave, for example) or a
    minimum (the trough of the same wave) value. The shape of a
    wavefront is usually determined by the geometry of the source. A
    point source has wavefronts that are spheres whose centers are at
    the point source.
    HUYGEN’S THEORY OF DOUBLE
    REFRACTION
    • According to Huygen’s theory , a point in a doubly
    refracting or birefringent crystal produces 2 types
    of wavefronts:
     The wavefront corresponding to the O-ray  Spherical wavefront
    o The ordinary wave travels with same velocity in all directions and so the
    corresponding wavefront is spherical.
     The wavefront corresponding to the E-ray  Ellipsoidal wavefront
    o Extraordinary waves have different velocities in different directions, so the
    corresponding wavefront is elliptical.
    WAVE SURFACES FOR NEGATIVE AND
    POSITIVE CRYSTALS
    NEGATIVE CRYSTALS
    • Negative crystals are crystals in which refractive index corresponding to E-Ray (nE
    ) is less than the refractive index corresponding to O-Ray ( nO ) in all directions
    except for Optic axis.
    • The E-Ray travels faster than O-Ray except along the Optic axis.
    • The spherical O-Wavefront is entirely within the ellipsoidal E -Wavefront.
    • Ex: Calcite , Tourmaline ,Ruby ...
    POSITIVE CRYSTALS
    • Positive crystals are crystals in which refractive for O-Ray is less than that for E-
    Ray(nO<nE).
    • The velocity of O-Ray is greater than or equal to the velocity of E-Ray.
    • The ellipsoidal E-wavefront is entirely within the spherical O-wavefront.
    • Example : Quartz (SiO2), Sellaite (MgF2),Rutile (TiO2),…
    OPTIC AXIS
    • Optic axis of a crystal is the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no
    birefringence (double refraction). Light propagates along that axis with a speed
    independent of its polarization.
    • For all rays not traveling along the optic axis, the velocity is determined by a pair
    of refractive indices called the ordinary refractive index no and the extraordinary
    refractive index ne, and the path of an incident ray is split into two rays, the so-
    called o-rays and e-rays.
    • According to number of optic axes crystals are divided as : Uniaxial and Biaxial
    crystals.
    UNIAXIAL MINERALS
    • Uniaxial minerals are defined as minerals that have one and only one direction along which light
    passes with the vibrations (remember, vibrations are always perpendicular to the direction of
    propagation) moving at equal speed (and hence with a unique resistance or refractive index).

    • Uniaxial minerals are ones that crystallize in the tetragonal, hexagonal and trigonal systems.

    • Light passing through a uniaxial crystal at an orientation other than the optic axis will therefore
    break into 2 rays: an ordinary ray “o”, and an extraordinary ray “e”.

    • A mineral in which the extraordinary ray is slower than that of the ordinary one (i.e.  > ) is
    considered to be optically positive, and vice versa.
    • Examples: Calcite , Quartz
    BIAXIAL MINERALS
    • Are minerals with 2 optic axes; i.e. 2 directions along which the light shows no birefringence and
    vibrates in a circular section with a unique constant refractive index. (known as ).
    • Biaxial minerals are ones that crystallize in the orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic systems.
    • Biaxial minerals have 3 indices of refraction: , , and , listed in order of increasing values (i.e. 
    is always >  > ).The maximum birefringence of a biaxial mineral will be:  - .
    • Light incident along one of the two optic axes will vibrate in one direction only with a refractive
    index value given by the radius of the circular section  to which it is perpendicular. If  has a
    value closer to  than to  , the mineral is biaxial positive, and vice versa.
    • A light ray incident at any angle to the optic axes will still split into 2 rays. However, unlike in the
    case of uniaxial minerals, both rays are extraordinary. One of these extraordinary rays will vibrate
    with a refractive index of a value between  and  (called ’), the other between  and  (called
    ’).
    • Examples : borax, sugar, feldspar, and niter.
    BI-AXIAL CRYSTALS
    CALCITE CRYSTALS
    • Calcite is the crystallized form of Calcium Carbonate(CaCO3).
    • It is the most stable polymorph of Calcium Carbonate( CaCO3).
    • It is called Iceland Spar due to its large availabilities in Iceland.
    • Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green,
    blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged
    with impurities.
    • Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally
    show phosphorescence or fluorescence.
    • It exists in nature in several forms but cleaves very perfectly along 3
    directions forming a Rhombohedron.
    Calcite or Calcium
    carbonate (CaCO3)
    3-fold symmetry Large
    CO3 carbonate Birefringence
    groups are all in
    planes normal to
    the Optic axis.
    It is possible to cleave calcite and form sharp faces that create a cleavage form (rhombohedron) as
    shown below possessing faces of a parallelogram with angles of 78.08 and 101.92. There are only two
    blunt (not sharp) corners (labeled A and B) where the surface planes meet. A line passing
    through the vertex of each of these blunt corners and oriented so that it makes equal angles with
    each face (45.5) and each edge (63.8) is clearly an axis of 3-fold symmetry and called the Optical
    Axis.
    The 3-fold axis is related to the 3-fold
    symmetry of the CO3 carbonate groups
    shown previously and the line
    representing this axis must be then
    B parallel to the optic axis of the crystal, as
    shown.
    The direction in which the ray suffer no
    Double refraction in the crystal is the
    Optical Axis.
    Any line in the crystal parallel to this
    direction is also an Optical Axis.
    A
    The birefringent property of calcite
    leads to the formation of two images
    Colorless Calcite Rhombohedron with a as shown in examples.
    long edge of ~12 cm. The images are related to the
    existence of ordinary rays (o-rays)
    and extraordinary rays (e-rays). An
    analysis of these rays shows that both
    these rays are linearly polarized.
    PRINCIPLE SECTION
    • For the class of crystals called uniaxial, there is only one direction where all light
    rays travel along the same path at a constant velocity.
    • This direction defines the optic axis or principal axis, and any plane that contains
    the optic axis is called a principal plane (sometimes called a principal
    section) - the plane contain optic axis and normal to any cleavage face.
    The optic axis is not a specific line, but indicates a direction in the crystal where
    there is no double refraction.
    • 3 principle sections through a point are observed- one for each pair of opposite
    faces.
    The o-wave, with its perpendicular
    polarization, exhibits a single propagation
    velocity, v. The wave stimulates
    numerable atoms at the surface
    producing a source of radiating spherical
    wavelets, the summation of which leads
    to a plane wave propagation as in the
    case of an isotropic medium like glass.
    In the above figure, E lies in the principal section, defining the
    e-wave, and E = E|| + E, where E|| || Optic-axis. Each
    component will propagate with velocities, v|| and v,
    respectively. The result is that a point at the interface emits
    waves that are elongated into an ellipsoid of revolution rather
    than a spherical shape.
    • A Principle section always cut the surfaces of a
    Calcite crystals in a parallelogram with angles
    of 109o and 71o.
    THANK YOU…

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