OPTICAL SIGN

ELONGATION
2V
Okki Verdiansyah, M.T.

KULIAH MINERAL OPTIK STTNAS TGS 306

SEMESTER GANJIL- 2015

Penggunaan metode pengamatan Ortoskopik dan Konoskopik

Sifat Optik yang diamati Sistem Pengamatan

PPL atau XPL

Komparator

warna

ortoskopik

PPL

bentuk

ortoskopik

PPL

belahan,retakan

ortoskopik

PPL

pleokroik

ortoskopik

PPL

relief

ortoskopik

PPL

biasrangkap

ortoskopik

XPL

(terang maksimum)

ortoskopik

XPL

pemadaman

ortoskopik

XPL

orientasi

ortoskopik

XPL

digunakan

tanda optik

konoskopik

XPL

digunakan

Suparka, 2014

PPL

XPL

Tourmaline muscovite granite: left PPL (inset shows tourmaline

crystal rotated to demonstrate pleochroism), right XP. Cornwall,
UK (section courtesy of D. Alderton). [Robb Gill, 2010]

Raith et al, 2011

Olivine-augite-phyric ankaramite (Aoba Island, Vanuatu, SW Pacific.

Upper portion PPL, lower portion crossed polars. Width of field
2.7mm). [Robb Gill,2010)

Conoscopic
Mineral grains that are to be
investigated conoscopically should
meet specific requirements:
1) When using a strongly magnifying
objective (M0 = 40x, 50x, 63x or oil
immersion (100x) with a large
numerical aperture (>0.6), the
mineral grain should cover the field
of view completely.
2) The mineral grain must not be
twinned within the observed frame,
nor must it show alteration effects
or exsolution phases.
3) The mineral grain should have a
suitable orientation.

Conoscopic
The procedure of obtaining the conoscopic interference figure is carried out as follows:
1) Move the mineral grain into the centre of the cross hairs, use a high-magnification
objective (40x minimum) and focus.
2) Open all diaphragms below the stage.
3) Move the condenser into the uppermost position and put the auxiliary condenser into
the light path.
4) Put the analyzer in. Take out the ocular; use a diopter if included with the microscope,
observe the image in the ocular tube or use the Amici-Bertrand lens and observe the
enlarged image through the ocular. In some microscopes, the Amici-Bertrand lens can
be centred and focused separately, which is important for quantitative work.
5) If the mineral grain is too small to fully occupy the field of view, an upper diaphragm
that is included in some microscopes can be used to reduce or eliminate the periphery
around the grain. If there is no Amici-Bertrand lens with upper diaphragm, a sharp
conoscopic interference figure may be obtained using a simple diopter in place of the
ocular.
6) Minerals that are strongly coloured may cause problems for the determination of their
optic sign if the first-order red plate is used. Therefore, the quartz wedge is
recommended for compensation, which allows observing the direction of movement
of the isochromes.

Isotropy

A. Ray velocity surface: For each ray direction, the velocity

value is represented by a specific distance from a chosen
origin (v = 0). The geometric fonn representing all directions
of ray propagation is a sphere with radius v.

B. Indicatrix: For each ray

direction, the refractive index
is represented by a specific
distance from a chosen origin
and is marked off parallel to
the vibration direction and
perpendicular to the ray
propagation direction. The
geometric form representing
the refractive index for all ray
propagation directions is a
sphere with radius n. Each ray
propagation direction has an
infinite number of potential
vibration directions.

Raith et al, 2011

Isotropy
Behaviour of light when passing
through an isotropic substance
(glass or cubic mineral):
In plane-polarized light
chemically homogeneous glasses
or crystals of cubic minerals
show the same colour
independent of orientation and
rotation of the stage (images
B.C: MgFe-spinel; image D:
almandine).
Under crossed polarizers (image
A), glass and cubic mineral grains
appear black independent of
orientation and rotation of the
stage (image E: almandine).
Raith et al, 2011

Anisotropy
Light propagation in optically anisotropic materials is direction-dependent.
All non-cubic crystalline substances are optically anisotropic.
Light entering an anisotropic crystal is "split" into two light waves that vibrate
orthogonal to each other (with exceptions applying to specific directions in the
crystal).
The two light waves propagate through the ciystal with different velocities. This
phenomenon is called double refraction
Anisotropic
materials:
wave normal and
light ray directions
are not parallel, light
velocity different in
different direction
Uniaxial : Hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal: all axes c are equal but c is unique
Biaxial : Orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic: all axes are unequal

Anisotropy

The 3-D models for ray velocities (expressed

as v or 1/n) in crystals of hexagonal, trigonal
and tetragonal symmetiy are therefore
double surfaces

Raith et al, 2011

Anisotropy

Raith et al, 2011

Illustration of measurement of the sign of elongation of a mineral grain using a polarizing microscope. (Kurt Hollocert: http://minerva.union.edu)

Sign of Elongation
Sign of elongation describes the relations between the principal vibration
directions and the length of an anisotropic, elongate mineral.

Length slow means that the slow ray vibrates more or less parallel to the
length of an elongate mineral.
Length slow is also known as positive elongation.
Interference Colour Rise (gips plate) .

Length fast means that the fast ray vibrates more or less parallel to the
length of an elongate mineral.
Length fast is also known as negative elongation.
Interference Colour Fall (gips plate)

Sign of Elongation

A mineral has a sign of

elongation only if:

It is anisotropic
It has an elongate habit
And the principal vibration
directions are nearly parallel
to the length (parallel
extinction).

Optical character of the extinction directions

If a birefringent crystal section is in extinction position, the vibration directions Z' and X are parallel to the
N-S and E-W directions of the crosshairs
For a variety of applications it may be important to know which direction corresponds to the higher,
respectively lower, refractive index:
1. Determination of mineral colour in a specific vibration direction
2. Determination of optical sign of optically uniaxial minerals which are elongate in c direction or platy
having the basal plane ({001}, {0001}) as the dominant crystal face.
3. Determination of sign of elongation (1) of acicular to columnar, platy or flaky minerals in elongate
crystal sections.

For a distinction between vibration directions Z' and X, compensator plates are used.
These are anisotropic crystal plates of constant or variable retardation with known orientation of the X
and Z wave vibration directions (a = nx and y = nz).
The vibration direction of the Z wave (y = nz) is engraved in the metal casing of the compensators.
Commonly used compensators

Optic Axis

Uniaxial Mineral --- Optical sign

3

Pada dua pengamatan :

- Lowest interference colour (dark)
- Maximal interference colour
Step :
1. Check relief
2. Check Pleocroisme
3. Pengamatan lowest interference pada
bentuk equant
4. Periksa kembali warna pleokroisme (PPL),
cari yang terendah (gelap total pada XPL)
5. Lakukan zoom tertinggi dan centering

Zoom mineral pada perbesaran tinggi

(centering pas di pusat benang silang)

Periksa kembali warna yang terbaik

Uniaxial Mineral --- Optical sign

- Lowest interference colour (dark)

Step :
6. Kecilkan condenser (gelap maksimum)
7. Open diaframe dan Cross Polarized (XPL)
8. Maukan keping Gips (terlihat kuning pada
kuadran I)--- maka Uniaxial negative

Interference figure

8
Lakukan
rotasi 360
untuk
mengetahu
i Uniaxial
dan bukan
Biaxial
90

270

360

Uniaxial Mineral --- Optical sign

- Maximum interference colour

Step :
1. Cari mineral dengan warna interferensi
maksimum, pada bentuk prismatik.
2. Tentukan warna interferensi maksimum
(XPL), birefringe
3. Tentukan warna maksimum (PPL), pada
pleokroismenya
a) Posisi gelap adalah warna O
b) Posisi terang adalah warna E

3a

max. int. col ; Yellow orde 2, retadation : 960 nm

3b
E

Check warna pleokroisme (PPL) dark bluish green

pinkish pale brownish

Uniaxial Mineral --- Optical sign

- Maximum interference colour

Step :
4. Formula pleokroik, putar 45.
5. Masukan keping gips, lihat perubahan
warna interferensi
Warna gelap (O)
Warna kuning cerah (E)

6
Warna gelap = 0

3a

O
Warna interferensi berubah
Maka E adalah sinar cepat (E = fast)
Maka ini negatif optik (negative optic sign)

Warna terang = E

3b
E

Extinction
- Maximum interference colour
Step :
1. Putar, dan lihat posisi pemadaman-nya
(extinction)
2. Putar 45 (NE-SW), inilah elongation (kasus
parallel extinction)
3. Masukan keping gips, terlihat perubahan
warna

SE-NW wa warna meningkat

Negative elongation perubahan warna pada
Length Fast
Fast ray, parallel ke sumbu C

Parallel extinction

Orientation sketch

Diafragmea closed
Becke line ---- masuk ( relief positive (n>)

Birefringe 0.03
Length fact C (elongate fast), negative
optical
Tourmaline

In diagonal position, the mineral

displays its characteristic interference
colour in maximum brightness. In this
position, the originally E-W vibrating
wave is now vibrating NE-SW (in
quadrants I and III); the originally N-S
vibrating wave is now oriented NW-SE
(in quadrants II and IV).
Two different optical orientations
of the mineral are possible in
diagonal position (Fig. 4.2.4- 6):
The NE-SW vibrating wave is the
slower wave; its refractive index is
nz\ The NW-SE vibrating wave is
the faster wave; its refractive index
is nx
The NE-SW vibrating wave is the
faster wave; its refractive index is
nx\ The NW-SE vibrating wave is
the slower wave; its refractive
index is nz'.

In order to distinguish between the extinction directions

X' and Z' (with corresponding refractive indices nf and
tu), the mineral grain is put exactly in an extinction
position and then rotated anticlockwise by 45 into a
diagonal position (Fig. 4.2.4-6). Some modern
microscopes have a device attached to the stage that
can be activated in extinction position such that every
45 rotation is indicated by a mechanical click.

Biaxial Mineral --- Optical Sign

Biaxial Mineral --- Optical Sign

Biaxial Mineral --- Optical Sign

45

Effect of retardation

45

High retardation -----

90

3rd orders color

Low retardation

Biaxial Mineral --- 2V

2V = 0

2V = 60

2V = 45

2V = 60

2V = 20

2V = 0

2V = 5

Biaxial Mineral --- Optical Sign

Optic sign : maximum at 45

Optic sign : maximum at 90

Optic axis

Optic axis

Formula
poristive

Mebedakan Uniaxial dan Biaxial

Dari maximum warna flash, diamana biaxial closely resample uniaxial figure

Orientation sketch

Parallel extinction ; pertanyaan mana X mana Y ?

Putar 45

Check diputar counterclockwise

Melihat warna berubah ke orde 1

Add plate :
Interference rise _red ke blue
Dan arah vibrasi adalah slow [Z]

Orientation sketch
Putar 45

Putar 45, plate in (white yellow 2nd order)

Maka diperoleh vibration Fast = X)

Putar berlawanan arah ,

plate in (green 2nd order)

Check, memutar -90, melihat warna int. rendah,

sehingga yakin meningkat (3)

Inclined extic=nctin = 25, dapat sudut antara C axis dan Z

Pertanyaan yang mana X dan Z
Putar 45, dan terlihat posisinya

Maka orientasi nya adalah :

Putar 45, dan masukan keping

Warna meningkat ke

Slide berikutnya ----- sketsa orientasi

Orientation sketch (2D)

Posisikan 0

Lihat belahan pada PPL

3D orintation diagram of Clino Amphyboles