Disciplines and

Ideas in the
Social Sciences
(Quarter 1–Module 2/Lesson 4-5/Week 8)

Department of Education
SDO – City of San Fernando (LU)
Region I
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Disciplines and
Ideas in the
Social Sciences
(Quarter 1–Module 2/Lesson 4-5/Week 8)
Dominant Approaches and
Ideas in the Social Sciences
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

• Analyze the basic concepts and principles of Psychoanalysis and

Hermeneutical Phenomenology.
• Apply Psychoanalysis and Hermeneutical Phenomenology and its
importance in examining socio-cultural, economic, and political conditions.

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For the parents:

1. Please guide your child while he is studying and answering the tasks provided in this
module.
2. Remind your child about his study time and schedule so he can finish the module.
3. Let your child answer the module activities independently, however, assist him only
when necessary.
4. I will call on a certain time based on the schedule to explain the lessons in the module.
5. Kindly return the whole module and answer sheets on _________ during Fridays at
____________________.

For the learners:

1. Carefully read the directions so that you will know what to do.
2. If there are directions or topics in the module that are difficult for you to understand,
feel free to ask from your parents or companions at home. However, if you still could
not understand, you can call me at this number, _____________so I could explain it
to you clearly.
3. Answer the activities in the module on the specific day for the subject. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers. Avoid writing or tearing the pages of this module
because this will be used by other pupils/students like you.
4. Write important concepts in your notebook regarding your lesson. This will help you
in your review later.
5. You need to finish the activities in this module so that you can give this to your
parents on ___________________________.

Always remember these health tips:

1. Remember to wear your face mask properly and regularly.

2. Always wash your hands with clean water and soap.
3. Cover your mouth and nose with handkerchief whenever you cough or sneeze.
4. Follow the one-meter distance so that you will prevent the spread of the virus.

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 Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences Self – Learning Module is mapped and
aligned to the Department of Education Senior High School Curriculum and was written with
the students in mind. It attains the K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies of DepEd.
Enriched with the 21st century skills and supplemented with relevant figures, the variation of
activities and exercises promotes the overall goal of the K to 12 Basic Education Program,
which is holistically developed Filipino. Furthermore, this module includes the following
components:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need
competencies you are expected to learn in the
to Know
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check
What I what you already know about the lesson to take. If
Know you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
What’s In current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced
What’s New to you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice
What’s to solidify your understanding and skills of the
More topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
Learned
you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help
What I Can
you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
Do
life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
Assessment mastery in achieving the learning competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given to
Additional you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
Activities learned.

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 What I Need to Know
This module will help you to demonstrate an understanding of key concepts and
approaches in the Social Sciences. Furthermore, you will be able to: (a) interpret personal and
social experiences using relevant approaches in the Social Sciences; and (b) evaluate the
strengths and weaknesses of the approach.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. analyze the basic concepts and principles of Psychoanalysis and Hermeneutical
Phenomenology;
2. analyze the psychodynamics of the person’s personality in terms of Id, Ego, and
Superego (HUMSS_DIS11-IIIi-5);
3. analyze significance data (HUMSS_DIS-IVd-9); and
4. apply Psychoanalysis and Hermeneutical Phenomenology and their importance in
examining socio-cultural, economic, and political conditions.

What I Know

Before we get started, let us find out how much you already know about this module
by answering the pre – test below.

INSTRUCTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the UPPERCASE LETTERS
ONLY on your answer sheet.

1. What is referred to as a set of theories and therapeutic techniques used to study the
unconscious mind?
A. Feminist Theory C. Psychoanalysis
B. Institutionalism D. Rational Choice Theory

2. Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

A. Sigmund Freud C. George Herbert Mead
B. Martin Heidegger D. Talcott Parsons

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 3. Which of the following Freudian structure of personality is often called the conscience?
A. Ego C. Id
B. Hermeneutics D. Superego
4. What is referred to as the methodology od interpretation, usually related to biblical and
philosophical texts?
A. Hermeneutics C. Phenomenology
B. Linguistics D. Psychoanalysis
5. Who is considered as the first representative of Hermeneutical Phenomenology?
A. Sigmund Freud C. George Herbert Mead
B. Martin Heidegger D. Talcott Parsons

Lesson
Psychoanalysis
4
“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water.”
~ Sigmund Freud

What is It

NATURE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

(Image Source: https://www.brightontalktherapy.com/qualifications-training/)

Psychoanalysis is the method of treating mental disorders, shaped by psychoanalytic

theory, which emphasizes unconscious mental processes and is sometimes described as “depth
psychology.” The psychoanalytic movement originated in the clinical observations and

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formulations of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who coined the term psychoanalysis.
During the 1890s, Freud worked with Austrian physician and physiologist Josef Breuer in
studies of neurotic patients under hypnosis. Freud and Breuer observed that, when the sources
of patients’ ideas and impulses were brought into consciousness during the hypnotic state, the
patients showed improvement.

BASIC TENETS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis suggests that people can experience catharsis and gain insight into their
current state of mind by bringing the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness.
Through this process, a person can find relief from psychological distress. Psychoanalysis also
suggests that:
1. A person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives.
2. Emotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are often rooted
in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mind.
3. Personality development is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood (Freud
suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five).
4. People use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in
the unconscious.
Skilled analysts can help a person bring certain aspects of their unconscious mind into
their conscious awareness by using psychoanalytic strategies such as dream analysis and free
association.

Sigmund Freud

(Image Source: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-bejeezus-out-me/201512/10-things-about-sigmund-freud-youll-wish-you-hadnt-learned)

He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. He may justly be

called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was
at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the

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interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations, and
qualifications of Freud’s work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far
removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American sociologist Philip Rieff
once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier notions as political, religious, or
economic man as the 20th century’s dominant self-image, it is in no small measure due to the
power of Freud’s vision and the seeming inexhaustibility of the intellectual legacy he left
behind.

Freudian Structure of Personality

(Image Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html)

According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he
proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego.
Conflicts among these three structures, and our efforts to find balance among what each of
them “desires,” determines how we behave and approach the world. What balance we strike in
any given situation determines how we will resolve the conflict between two overarching
behavioral tendencies: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized
internal control over those drives.
The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with instant gratification
of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously (outside of conscious
thought). For example, if your id walked past a stranger eating ice cream, it would most likely
take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or care, that it is rude to take something belonging
to someone else; it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.
The superego is concerned with social rules and morals—similar to what many people
call their” conscience” or their “moral compass.” It develops as a child learns what their culture
considers right and wrong. If your superego walked past the same stranger, it would not take
their ice cream because it would know that that would be rude. However, if both your id and
your superego were involved, and your id was strong enough to override your superego’s

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concern, you would still take the ice cream, but afterward you would most likely feel guilt and
shame over your actions.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic
part of our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly
unconscious. It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,” and its job is to balance the demands
of the id and superego in the practical context of reality. So, if you walked past the stranger
with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate the conflict between your id (“I want
that ice cream right now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s ice cream”) and
decide to go buy your own ice cream. While this may mean you have to wait 10 more minutes,
which would frustrate your id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of the
compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social
situation and potential feelings of shame.
Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult
personality and behavior are rooted in the results of these internal struggles throughout
childhood. He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy personality and that
imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and depression)
and unhealthy behaviors.

CRITICISMS ON PSYCHOANALYSIS
Although Freud’s theories have many advantages that helped to expand our
psychological understanding of personality, they are not without limits.
In his singular emphasis on the structure of the human mind, Freud paid little to no
attention to the impact of environment, sociology, or culture. His theories were highly focused
on pathology and largely ignored “normal,” healthy functioning. He has also been criticized
for his myopic view of human sexuality to the exclusion of other important factors.
Many critics point out that Freud’s theories are not supported by any empirical
(experimental) data. In fact, as researchers began to take a more scientific look at his ideas,
they found that several were unable to be supported: in order for a theory to be scientifically
valid, it must be possible to disprove (“falsify”) it with experimental evidence, and many of
Freud’s notions are not falsifiable.
Feminists and modern critics have been particularly critical of many of Freud’s theories,
pointing out that the assumptions and approaches of psychoanalytic theory are profoundly
patriarchal (male-dominated), anti-feminist, and misogynistic (anti-woman). Karen Horney, a
psychologist who followed Freud, saw the mainstream Freudian approach as having a
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foundation of “masculine narcissism.” Feminist Betty Friedan referred to Freud’s concept of
“penis envy” as a purely social bias typical of the Victorian era and showed how the concept
played a key role in discrediting alternative notions of femininity in the early to mid-twentieth
century.

Lesson
Hermeneutical
5 Phenomenology
“The most thought-provoking thing in our thought-provoking time is that we are still not
thinking.”
~ Martin Heidegger

What is It

NATURE HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Hermeneutics is the study of the general principles of biblical interpretation. For both
Jews and Christians throughout their histories, the primary purpose of hermeneutics, and of the
exegetical methods employed in interpretation, has been to discover the truths and values of
the Bible.
Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the
first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being
directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. An experience is
directed toward an object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object)
together with appropriate enabling conditions.
Hermeneutical Phenomenology is a qualitative research methodology that arose out of
and remains closely tied to phenomenological philosophy, a strand of continent philosophy.
Phenomenology refers to a person’s perception of the meaning of an event, as opposed to the
event as exist externally to (outside of) that person

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Martin Heidegger

(Image Source: https://thegreatthinkers.org/heidegger/)

He was a German philosopher, counted among the main exponents of existentialism.

His groundbreaking work in ontology (the philosophical study of being, or existence) and
metaphysics determined the course of 20th-century philosophy on the European continent and
exerted an enormous influence on virtually every other humanistic discipline, including literary
criticism, hermeneutics, psychology, and theology.
He connects hermeneutics and phenomenology in very sophisticated manner as
hermeneutical phenomenology and he provides a very specific definition of his brand of
phenomenology. For Heidegger, hermeneutical phenomenology is the research of the meaning
of the Being as a fundamental ontology. However, this kind of phenomenology is of no use for
educational qualitative research.

Hermeneutic Analysis

(Image Source: https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/en/methodmap/data-analysis/hermeneutic-analysis)

It is a name for various methods of analysis, which are based on interpreting. The
strategy forms an opposite to those research strategies which stress objectivity and
independence of interpretations in the formation of knowledge. Hermeneutic research includes
various different approaches. Methods of analysis may also vary, and in different disciplines
discipline-specific methods exist for interpreting phenomena. Hermeneutic analysis enables

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you to elicit an in-depth understanding of meanings of, for example: human practices, culture,
works of art and texts. Understanding is produced through systematic interpretation processes.
These processes are known as a hermeneutic circle Interpretation of details affects the
interpretation of the entire phenomenon; reviews of these interpretations produce a deepening
understanding of the phenomenon. You can combine hermeneutic analysis with other methods
of analysis that aim to interpret and understand meanings. A combination of the rules of
hermeneutics and phenomenology forms phenomenological hermeneutic analysis.
Hermeneutic analysis also forms the basis of various discipline-specific methods of analysis
and close readings methods.

Phenomenological Analysis

(Image Source: https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/en/methodmap/data-analysis/phenomenological-analysis)

It is based on discussions and reflections of direct sense perception and experiences of

the researched phenomenon. A starting point of the strategy is your ability to approach a project
without a priori assumptions, definitions or theoretical frameworks. A key aspect of this
method of analysis is phenomenological reduction. You need to eliminate any factors, which
disturb your perceptions or which you consider as outside factors. As phenomenological
research is based on either your own or other people’s experiences and perceptions of the
phenomenon, so too does phenomenological analysis focus on either your own or other
people’s experiences and perceptions of the phenomenon. Phenomenological analysis is a
broad and loose name for various types of analysis based on the phenomenological orientation
of the Philosophy of science. These orientations lay emphasis on experiences, interpretations
and bodily sensations. You can combine phenomenological analysis with other modes of
analysis. A combination of the rules of phenomenological analysis and hermeneutics is known
as phenomenological hermeneutic analysis.

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 What’s More

PICTURE ANALYSIS
INSTRUCTION: Study the given picture below. Based on what you observed, what can
you say about perception? Support your explanation by citing examples.
Write your brief but substantial analysis on your answer sheet.

(Image Source: http://alandickie.com/perception-is-reality/)

What I Have Learned

Remember the following:

• Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality, an approach to psychotherapy, and a method
of investigation founded by Sigmund Freud.
• Psychodynamic Approach is an approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious
thoughts of a person.
• Id is the part of personality that Freud called “it” consisting of unconscious drives; the
individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.
• Ego is the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demand of reality.
• Superego is the Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge
of our behaviour; what we often call conscience.
• In Hermeneutical Phenomenology (or also known as Phenomenological
Hermeneutics), historical phenomena (or the world outside) is interpreted differently
in proper context through one’s consciousness.

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 What I Can Do
STORYBOARD-MAKING
INSTRUCTION: On a short bond paper, make a storyboard about id, ego, and superego.
Attach your output on your answer sheet. Write your complete name and
section. This activity will be evaluated using the rubric below:

(Image Source: https://id.pinterest.com/pin/422423640052263365/)

Assessment
INSTRUCTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the UPPERCASE LETTERS
ONLY on your answer sheet.

1. In Psychoanalysis, what technique is being used by Sigmund Freud in observing his

patients?
A. counselling C. resuscitation
B. hypnosis D. yoga

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 2. What do people use to protect themselves from information contained in the
unconscious?
A. cathartic method C. hypnotic technique
B. defense mechanism D. primary narcissism
3. Which of the following Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demand of
reality?
A. Ego C. Id
B. Hermeneutics D. Superego
4. What is referred to as a philosophical study of the structures of experience and
consciousness?
A. Hermeneutics C. Phenomenology
B. Linguistics D. Psychoanalysis
5. What do you call a qualitative research methodology that arose out of and remains
closely tied to phenomenological philosophy?
A. Hermeneutical Phenomenology C. Psychoanalysis
B. Institutionalism D. Rational Choice Theory

Additional Activity

➢ WEB CONNECT. Instruction: Scan the QR code or access the link below for the
instructional videos about Psychoanalysis and Hermeneutical Phenomenology.
Topic URL QR Code

1. Psychoanalysis https://tinyurl.com/y4pcya6a

2. Hermeneutical Phenomenology https://tinyurl.com/y5xqtccg

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 References

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Abulencia, A. S., et al. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences (First
Edition). Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education

ONLINE RESOURCES
 https://www.britannica.com/science/psychoanalysis
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/kinaa1/psychoanalytic-theory-sigmund-freud
 https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-psychoanalysis-
2795246#:~:text=Psychoanalysis%20is%20defined%20as%20a,feelings%2C%20desi
res%2C%20and%20memories.
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-
perspectives-on-personality/
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/hermeneutics-principles-of-biblical-interpretation
 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#:~:text=Phenomenology%20is%20
the%20study%20of,of%20or%20about%20some%20object.
 https://www.slideshare.net/ChanoAlfornon/hermeneutical-phenomenology-
130347047
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Heidegger-German-philosopher
 https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/en/methodmap/data-
analysis/hermeneutic-analysis
 https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/en/methodmap/data-
analysis/phenomenological-analysis.