Revised Chapter 1 3

Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Regional Office No. 02 (Cagayan Valley)
DIVISION OF TUGUEGARAO CITY
CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Telephone Numbers: (078) 844-7768, 844-1232
facebook.com/CagayanNhs
Conversion of Fluid Force to Electricity: A Micro-Hydroelectric Generator

for Low Power Generation
Researcher:
Retoma, Ben Christian M.
STEM 12 - AQUAMARINE
1 | Yaw i Tuguegarao
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
A. Background of the Study
Electricity is a crucial part of modern living. With increasing usage of
electricity to support increasing economic activities and growing human
population, the demand of the community for energy is record-high.
By 2040, global electricity demand is expected to rise at a rate of 2.1 percent
per year, which is twice the rate of primary energy demand. Electricity's share of
overall final energy demand rises from 19 percent in 2018 to 24 percent in 2040
as a result of this. Electricity consumption is increasing at a faster rate than the
global population, resulting in a rise in the average amount of electricity consumed
per person (per capita electricity consumption) according to the U.S. Energy
Information Administration’s (EIA) International Energy Statistics. The growth of
electricity demand is expected to be especially high in developing economies.
According to the report of the Department of Energy, the Philippines during
the year 2016 is characterized by a critical increment in power utilization at 10%
and a peak demand at 8.7%. The residential and industrial sectors continued to be
the primary consumers of electricity in the country. It is also shown that the
country's electricity production increased by 10% from 82,413,213 MWh in 2015
to 90,797,891 MWh in 2016. Coal, natural gas, and oil-based generation account
for 48 percent, 22 percent, and 6 percent, respectively, of total generation.
Renewable energy-based generating facilities account for the remaining 24% of
overall power production. The Philippines has one of the highest electricity rate
prices in the ASEAN region, owing in part to the country's reliance on costly fossil
fuels such as diesel, oil, and coal. These high electricity prices hurt the entire
Philippine economy by slowing industrialization efforts, limiting overall
competitiveness, worsening the current account deficit, and undermining direct
investment (Ahmed, 2017).
Last 2015, the country's power sector is facing increasing concerns about
resource adequacy, as the country struggles to add supply rapidly enough to keep
up with rising demand. Republic Act No. 9136 or known as the “Electric Power
Industry Reform Act of 2001” promotes the utilization of indigenous, modern, and
renewable energy sources in power generation in order to minimize reliance on
imported energy. Furthermore, Republic Act No. 9513 or the “Renewable Energy
Act of 2008” is an act mandating the state to accelerate the exploration and
production of renewable energy resources in order to achieve energy self-
sufficiency through the implementation of sustainable energy development policies
that reduce the country's dependency on fossil fuels; thereby reducing the
country's exposure to energy price fluctuations in foreign markets, which have
repercussions in almost every sector of the economy.
In response to the unreliable electricity sources and the public policies being
implemented, scientists and engineers introduced renewable energy sources such
as solar panels and wind mills as an alternative means to generate electricity in
the household level. They are plentiful and by far the cleanest sources of energy
available on the planet. However, these technologies are still costly.
Hydroelectric power is another source of energy that uses fluid force to
produce electricity. The power of the kinetic energy possessed by the moving
water turns the turbine converting kinetic into mechanical energy. Through the
spinning of the turbine, the generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy that can be used to power electrical grids. Moving water is almost
everywhere; and it can be used to generate electricity.
At the micro level, the fluid force of water along the pipelines in buildings
and households are left unused; whereby, it can be utilized in low power
generation. Hence, the researcher proposed a cost-effective generator that
generates electricity using the fluid force of the water pipe system of households.
With the increasing demand for energy sources in today's world, every
individual must practice wise energy conservation and utilization. Investigating for
a low-power solution would go a long way toward alleviating the community's
energy supply issues.
Overall, the researcher aims to build a micro-hydroelectric generator that
converts the fluid force in pipe lines into electricity for low power generation. With
the results of the research study, the researcher aims to be able to assist in
meeting the rising demand for power supply.
B. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: Input-Process-Output Diagram on the Assessment of Micro-Hydroelectric

Generator
The micro-hydroelectric generator is device designed to convert the fluid
force of water along water pipe system into electrical energy which can be used
for a wide range of applications. Figure 1 shows the stages on the assessment of
the efficiency of the micro-hydroelectric generator in producing electricity. The
strength of the fluid force and the hydroelectric generator are considered as the
variables in the input stage. During the process stage, the efficiency of the
generator in producing power will then be tested with varying fluid force. Finally,
the voltage power output of the generator will be measured.
C. Statement of the Problem
In general, this research study aims to build a micro-hydroelectric generator
for residential use.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the Mean voltage output produced by the micro-hydroelectric
generator with varying fluid force?
2. Is there a significant difference between the Mean voltage output of the
micro-hydroelectric generator with varying fluid force?
3. What is the Mean voltage output produced by the device with varying width
of the blades of micro-hydroelectric generator?
4. Is there a significant difference between the Mean voltage output produced
by the device with varying width of the blades of micro-hydroelectric
generator?
D. Scope and Delimitations
In general, the strength of the fluid force and the efficiency of the generator
affect the findings of this research study.
The study will be conducted entirely in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan in a span
of three (3) months, from April to June 2021. The construction of the design of the
model and the completion of the research paper will be conducted in Retoma’s
Residence in Carig Norte, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.
In this study, the researcher will use the fluid force of water along the water
pipe system of households to produce electricity. A micro-hydroelectric generator
will be used in the study to convert the fluid force into electrical energy. For
simplicity, the researcher is limited to study only the fluid force of water pipelines
in households, and is restricted to other forms of hydroelectric energy harvested
from other types of infrastructures. The output voltage is only limited to low-power
energy ranging from 0V to 49V.
Considering the incessant danger brought upon by the global pandemic, the
findings of the study will be initially based from existing related literature and
studies. Recommendations will be included for in-depth testing of the generator.
E. Significance of the Study
This study aims to convert fluid force of water pipe system of households
into electrical energy for low power generation. Results from this study may prove
beneficial to the following people or agencies:
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). This study will give additional
information on how fluid force can be converted into electricity for low power
generation, which can contribute in the national information system and the data
bank on the science and technology.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). This study can serve as a basis for
developing a fluid force-harvesting device which can help in solving the problem
on the rising demand for power supply.
Department of Energy (DOE). This study will serve as a reference as to how fluid
force along water pipe system of households can be converted into renewable
source of electrical supply.
Households. This study can help household in generating low power from fluid
force along water pipe system and in conserving electricity.
Future Researchers. This study provides them knowledge about the conducted
research, and they can further improve the study by reflecting on its
recommendations.
F. Definition of Terms
To have a clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are
operationally defined:
Electric grids. An interconnected network for providing electricity all the way from
its generation to the customers that use it for their daily needs.
Electricity. Fundamental form of energy used in powering appliances and
machines among others.
Electricity consumption. All the energy used to perform an action.
Fluid force. The kinetic energy possessed by fluids under pressure to generate,
control, and transmit power.
Fossil fuel. Hydrocarbon-containing material of biological origin that can be
burned for energy; it includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, and heavy oils.
Generator. A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical power for use.
Renewable energy. Clean and sustainable energy coming from natural sources
or processes that are constantly replenished.
Turbine. A device that harnesses the kinetic energy of a fluid and turns it into the
rotational motion of the device itself.
Voltage Power Output. Amount of voltage released by the generator.
Water pipe system. Network of pipes that convey water to consumers for a wide
range of applications.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions,
methodologies and other. Those that were included in this chapter helps in
familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.
This review includes previous and related studies on the conversion of fluid force
to electricity. Related findings are excerpts of research journals, website articles,
or news reports from international sources and the Philippines per se. The studies
acquired are restricted to explore researchers, earlier or beyond the year 2011 and
2021, respectively.
A. Electricity
Electricity consumption grew significantly from 82,413,213 MWh (2015) to
90,797,891 MWh (2016). This year’s growth level increased to 10.2% compared
to the 6.7% growth from 2014-2015. This increase is primarily driven by the growth
of residential consumption at 12.7% from 22,747,049 MWh (2015) to 25,631,254
MWh (2016). In terms of share, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao contributed 74%,
13.5% and 12.5% shares, respectively. The residential sector, together with the
industrial sector, comprised more than half of the total Philippine electricity
consumption. Own-use and systems loss have at par shares at 9%. (Department
of Energy, 2017)
Philippine power rates remain one of the highest in Southeast Asia as of end-2016
due to continued lack of government subsidies, latest Department of Energy (DOE)
data showed. Based on the Power Development Plan 2017 to 2040, the country’s
power rates are among the highest in the region, at par with the level in Singapore.
(Rivera, 2017)
In the developed economies of the world—Canada, USA, Japan and Western
Europe—demand for electricity grows at about one or two percent a year maximum
and in some cases reduces over time due to more efficient end-user practices—
energy-saving light bulbs, for example. The Philippines has maintained for some
years a forecast demand growth rate of about 4.6% which, even by developing
country standards, is high. Planning for additional power generation is based on
this assumption, and sometimes regionally on much higher forecast growth
numbers. Annual electricity demand per capita in the Philippines is about 650 kWh.
(Wootton, 2015)
Energy is crucial to human sustenance and development. Due to the increase in
the demand of energy and deficiency in power generation, day by day the gap
between demand and supply of electric energy is widening. Bridging this gap from
the supply side is very difficult and expensive proposition. Also, limited energy
resources, scarcity of capital, and high interest costs for the addition of new
generation capacity is leading to the increased cost of electrical energy in India.
The only viable way to handle this crisis, apart from capacity addition, is the
efficient use of available energy, which is possible only by continuously monitoring
and controlling the use of electrical energy. Hence, energy management program
is a systematic and scientific process to identify the potential for improvements in
energy efficiency, to recommend the ways with or without financial investment, to
achieve estimated saving energy and energy cost. It is estimated that industrial
energy use in developing countries constitutes about 45-50% of the total
commercial energy consumption. Much of this energy is converted from imported
oil, the price of which has increased tremendously so much so that most of
developing countries spent more than 50% of their foreign exchange earnings. Not
with standing these fiscal constraints, developing countries need to expand its
industrial base like us if it has to generate the resources to improve the quality of
life of its people. The expansion of industrial base does require additional energy
inputs which became more difficult in the present scenario. In this competitive
world, cost competitiveness is very essential for every individual, they must save
the energy. To establish any work, motive or task, energy in one or other form is
an essential component. Thus, the need to conserve energy, particularly in
industry and commerce, is strongly felt as the energy cost takes up substantial
share in the overall cost structure of the operation. Hence, it calls management of
energy or in other words, management of resources or energy conservation. (Naik,
S.S.More, & Naik, 2014)
The gap between supply and demand of energy is continuously increasing despite
huge outlay for energy sector since independence. Further, the burning of fossil
fuels result to greenhouse gases which are detrimental to the environment. The
gap between supply and demand of energy can be bridged with the help of energy
conservation which may be considered as a new source of energy which is
environment friendly. The energy conservation is cost effective with a short
payback period and modest investment. There is a good scope of energy
conservation in various sectors, via industry, agriculture, transport and domestic.
(Singh & Sharma, 2012)
In the United States, about 29% of global warming emissions come from electricity
sector. Most of those emissions come from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas.
Increasing the supply of renewable energy would allow us to replace carbon-
intensive energy sources and significantly reduce US global warming emissions.
In addition, a ground-breaking study by the US Department of Energy's National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) explored the feasibility of generating 80%
of the country’s electricity from renewable sources by 2050. Researchers found
that renewable energy could help reduce the electricity sector’s emissions by
approximately 81%. (Union of Concerned Scientists (USA), 2017)
B. Hydroelectric Power
Waterwheels have been used to power machinery since antiquity. For several
centuries in Western Europe, the watermill and windmill were the primary sources
of motive power before the introduction of steam engines by Newcomen, Smeaton,
and Watt in the 18th century. In 1833, Swedish chemist Jakob Berzelius
predicted that hydropower would become a reliable and immense source of
electricity. There are several patents predating 1878 that propose the use of
hydropower to drive electric generators for the purpose of transmitting electric
power to locations distant from the generator. (Allerhand, 2020)
Bahaj (2017) argues the utilization of marine and wave currents without the need
for barrages and the impounding of water. The author presents the conversion of
these resources into long-term electrical power presents enormous opportunities
for countries blessed with such resources; and, this work is aimed in part at
addressing such opportunities. However, the inflexible and at times incoherent
support systems for research, growth, and the path to commercialization are
jeopardized. Moreover, the cost per MW installed is also recognized as a major
obstacle for wave and marine current energy conversion technologies. Hence,
Bahaj (2017) summarizes in his article that ocean energy technologies, limited to
marine current and wave energy conversion, and their associated industries are
still in their infancy and several analysts agree that the technology's current state
is comparable to the early stages of wind energy production in the 1980s.
Another article by Sadullaev and Tulakov (2020) discusses the issues of
generating electric energy and the optimal method of controlling hydroelectric
power plants. Authors concluded that hydroelectric power plants are more efficient
than fossil fuel and nuclear power plants at meeting peak energy needs for short
periods, and one way to do so is to use a "pumping facility" that reuses the same
water several times.
As the global renewable energy revolution gathers momentum, hydropower
appears to be poised to become an even more important player. (Taczi, 2016) The
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) conducted a technology
roadmap (Remap) until 2030, and hydro capacity could increase up to 60%
according to their findings.
All things said, some studies also considered the impact of hydroelectric power to
the biodiversity of living species. Dams alter river functioning and hinders the free
movement of migratory fishes. (Cataldo, Gattás, Leites, Bordet, & Paolucci, 2020)
The authors indicated in their study that the dam had a direct impact on fish
movement, leading to the fragmentation of fish populations. Furthermore, they
concluded that the discharge of water in the reservoir may indirectly affect the
regulation of fish reproduction.
The analyses of the study conducted by Bilotta, Burnside, Gray, & Orr (2016)
furthers the claim of the former study presented as they found that there was a
statistically significant effect of run-of-river hydroelectric power construction and
operation on the number of fish species. However, no statistically significant effects
were detected on the other five considered metrics of community composition in
the article.
In contrast with the two citations presented, the study conducted by Schorka &
Zaniboni-Filhob (2017) deduced that the indicators analyzed – diversity,
dominance, equitability – and number of individuals and biomass did not reveal
significant changes in the ichthyofauna during the years studied; thereby,
generalizing that there were no profound changes in the fish assemblage in the
ten years after the formation of the Itá lake.
Considering all studies and literatures about the topic, the knowledge about small
hydroelectric power plants (SHP) is still inconsistent all over the world (Ruoccoa,
Portinhob, & Nogueiraa, 2018); hence, further research studies are to be
conducted to come up with uniform understanding of the topic. According to Kelly-
Richards et al. (2017), there is a need for deeper qualitative understanding of SHP
impacts in diverse contexts.
C. Other Hydroelectric Generators
Due to high initial investment cost of building hydroelectric powerplants,
designs of several mini-hydroelectric generators in various studies were
formulated in order to help in meeting the rising demand for power supply. These
generators were engineered to electrify households and rural areas.
The study conducted by Tessema (2018) reviewed the prospects for small
scale hydroelectric power generation and evaluated the feasibility on mini‐
hydroelectric power plant for rural electrification. The study assessed the micro-
hydro power resources acquiring the preliminary data for micro hydro power
generation. Tessema (2018) concluded that the technical and economic aspects
of mini-hydropower plant technologies for rural electrification with a generating
capacity of 500 KW in the selected Ethiopian site, Bench Majji Zone Neshi Village,
have been examined and found to be feasible.
Another study was performed by Shenberger (2018) on the understanding,
designing, and building a hydroelectric generator. The paper discusses the
specifications and procedures done on the study. The author tested his design and
significant findings were deduced. First, the kind of turbine affects the amount of
power that will be produced as the author found out that his generator design did
not produce as much electricity. The proponent then concluded that the optimal
generator for the situation would be a Kaplan or a propeller turbine not a Pelton
wheel turbine. It is also established that the flow rate of the water and the radius
of the pipe in which the water is moving also affects the power output of the
generator. Finally, there are always improvements that can be made electrically in
the wiring and connections. The voltage and current can be greatly increased by
using larger wire sizes and creating larger coils. More turns in the coils, as well as
stronger magnets and larger coils, can result in increased voltage. Since larger
wire sizes have lower resistance and higher current capacities, both of these
adjustments will often result in more electrical power in a generator.
The development of inline hydroelectric generation system from municipal
water pipelines was also a related study conducted by Ma et al. (2018). The study
aimed to develop a novel inline hydroelectric generating system (IHGS) to harness
the potential energy of the water flow onsite and provide power for data monitoring
system of main water pipelines. The paper discusses about the theoretical study,
computer simulation, prototype design, and experimental tests. The researchers
were able to realize their aim in conducting the study making a functional inline
hydroelectric generating system (IHGS). The study was able to provide an easy
access to electricity in areas without power grid, such as treacherous terrains and
underground. However, the analysis did not consider the economic feasibility or
any other difficult problems, such as the installation site evaluation or the
drawbacks of variable flow in pipelines.
Furthermore, the study of Satir, Kestane & Dogru (2018) proves the
sustainability of a mini hydroelectric apparatus as a renewable source of energy.
The study claims to engineer a generator that converts water energy from water
pipes in buildings at a standard pressure and rate into electrical energy. Kinetic
and mechanical energy are produced simultaneously in the generator's rotor, and
mechanically when the rotor shaft rotates the belt bearing. Another aim of the
invention is to create a generator that can produce electricity without the need for
a cooling system. The research paper discusses the specifications and outline of
the device.
Satir, Kestane & Dogru (2018) were able to design a generator that that can
be used without problems in wet spaces, can manufacture power in site, and
support available electrical power. Although the experience of developing an idea
and going through the patenting process was significant, the inventors were unable
to achieve mass production for residential use.
Finally, the comparison study of Bottesi and Alberti (2017) on small-size
generators made a notable discovery on the field of hydroelectric generators. The
study’s premise is the selection of high-efficiency electrical machine to improve the
performance of the generation system and to respect the energy policies. The
performance of the different types of machines was discussed in the study.
Induction Machine (IM), Synchronous Permanent Magnet (SPM) machine,
Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM), and Permanent Magnet-assisted
Synchronous Reluctance Machine (PMaSynRM) was considered in the study.
Field Oriented (FO) analysis technique was applied to FE models of the four
machines and is used to predict the output of the machines under consideration.
With all tests conducted, SPM machine exhibits highest performance, either in
terms of efficiency and power factor.
The related literature and studies written above clearly stated that exploring
and utilization of indigenous, modern, and renewable energy sources in power
generation is of prime importance with the increasing demand and usage of
electricity. By switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources, it would
close the gap between supply and demand of energy. Furthermore, it would help
the environment in combating global warming and climate change, which is a
prevalent issue in the 21st century.
Related literature and studies presented supports the potential of
hydropower considering its cleanliness and its abundance in the environment.
Although the technologies associated with hydropower are costly, articles
presented shows that it is a good investment that can provide electricity in the long
run presenting enormous opportunities for countries blessed with such resources.
However, the capability of hydropower is still not realized due to the inflexible and
incoherent support systems for research and the jeopardized path to
commercialization. Moreover, some studies argue different stands on the impact
of hydroelectric power plants on the biodiversity of species. Hence, there is a need
for further research studies to be conducted to come up with uniform
understanding of the topic.
Finally, studies were also presented on the different hydroelectric
generators supporting the viability and capability of hydroelectric generators in
producing electricity for various uses. Studies show the different specifications,
improvements, and recommendations that can be done to attain optimum
performance of the device. Hydroelectric generators were tested in river sites and
municipal water pipelines. However, there are no studies available on the design
of hydroelectric generators for residential use and for low power generation that
has the potential for mass production. The researcher concludes that previous
related literatures and studies support the feasibility of converting fluid force of
water into electricity.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The study will utilize quantitative method of research. Experimental research
design will be used as the research design to show the relationship of the amount
of voltage produced by the micro-hydroelectric generator when variables are
varied. The research design will be useful in validating results and formulating
conclusions by manipulating and applying the independent variable determining
the efficiency of the generator in producing electricity.
Three treatments will be conducted to show the changes in the flow rate of
the water in the water system pipes. 20 L/min, 25 L/min, and 30 L/min will be
assigned as treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The effect of the flow rate of water
on the amount of electricity produced will be calculated and recorded. The
relationship of the voltage output produced, and the water flow rate difference will
be recorded using three trials. The Mean voltage output produced will be then
calculated.
The effect of the width of the blades on the amount of voltage produced will
also be tested in the study. Hence, two prototypes will be considered. Three
treatments will be performed in each prototype and each treatment will consists of
three trials. Overall Mean amount of electricity produced by the two prototypes will
be calculated.
B. Sampling Procedures and Samples
Treatments Flow rate Voltage Output for
Prototype A (Standard
(L/min)
Blades – ½ inch)
Trial Trial Trial Mean
1 2 3
Table 1. The varying flow rate of water in water system pipes and its relationship
with the voltage output.
Three treatments of the generator with ½ inch blades will be performed to
calculate the influence of the flow rate of water in water system pipes. In each
treatment, three trials will be conducted. The Mean voltage output will be
calculated and compared.
Prototype A (Standard
(L/min)
Blades – ½ inch)
1 2 3
Mean voltage output of the prototype
Table 2. The effect of the width of the blades to the voltage output produced for
prototype A.
Prototype B (Narrower
(L/min)
Blades – ¼ inch)
1 2 3
Mean voltage output of the prototype
Table 3. The effect of width of the blades to the voltage output produced for
prototype B.
Another prototype of the micro-hydroelectric generator with narrower blades
will be constructed to show the relationship of the width of the blades to the amount
of voltage output produced by the device. Two prototypes of the generator will be
used as experimental units. Prototype A will be consisting of ½ inch blades while
prototype B will have ¼ inch blades. Three treatments will be performed in each
prototype and each treatment will consists of three trials. The Mean voltage output
of the experimental units will be calculated and compared.
C. Data Gathering Methods
Pre-Experimentation Period
The fluid force of flowing water in water system pipes serves no
specific purpose for it to be utilized
Conversion of fluid force to produce electricity
Conversion of fluid force of flowing water in the water system pipes
for low power generation
Approval of the research study
Figure 2. Pre-experimental flow chart
Experimentation Period
Construction of the device
Recording of the flow rate of water in system pipes and the amount of
output voltage produced
Recording of the amount of electricity produced by generator with
varying width of the blades
Figure 3. Experimental flow chart.
Materials for the construction of the device will be gathered. The device will
be assembled from the gathered materials to construct a working model. The
generator will be mounted inside a tee pipe to test its functionality.
The efficiency of the micro-hydroelectric generator in producing electricity
will be tested by applying different fluid force by varying the flow rate in the water
system pipes. The flow rate of water along the water system pipes will be recorded.
The amount of voltage produced by the device in varying flow rate will be then
measured using a multi-tester adjusted in the multiplier of ten. The Mean voltage
output of the generator will be calculated from the three trials conducted for each
flow rate.
The effect of the width of the blades of the generator to the voltage output
produced will also be tested. Two prototypes with different width of the blades will
be utilized in the study. Three treatments will be conducted for each prototype. For
each treatment, the flow rate in the water system pipes will be varied. The amount
of voltage produced by the different prototypes with varying widths of the blades
will be then tested using a multi-tester adjusted in the multiplier of ten. The overall
Mean voltage output produced in every trial for each prototype will calculated,
recorded, and compared.
Post-Experimentation Period
Analysis of data
Formulation of conclusion
Finalization of research manuscript

Figure 4. Post-Experimental Flow Chart
After the data will be gathered, the researcher will determine if the flow rate
of water in the water system pipes can affect the amount of voltage output
produced by the generator. The researcher will also compare the result of the
varying width of the generator to the voltage output produced by the device, which
will lead the researcher to formulate a conclusion. The manuscripts will be then
finalized.
D. Data Analysis
The Mean voltage output produced by the generator in each of the varying
flow rate will be calculated. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be utilized
to determine the significant difference between the Mean output voltage in each of
the trials.
The Mean voltage output produced and the standard deviation of the
experimental units with varying blade width will be calculated. Independent
Samples T-test will be used to determine the significant difference between the
two prototypes.

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Republic of the Philippines

Conversion of Fluid Force to Electricity: A Micro-Hydroelectric Generator

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. Background of the Study

Electricity is a crucial part of modern living. With increasing usage of

electricity to support increasing economic activities and growing human

population, the demand of the community for energy is record-high.

By 2040, global electricity demand is expected to rise at a rate of 2.1 percent

as a result of this. Electricity consumption is increasing at a faster rate than the

global population, resulting in a rise in the average amount of electricity consumed

Information Administration’s (EIA) International Energy Statistics. The growth of

electricity demand is expected to be especially high in developing economies.

According to the report of the Department of Energy, the Philippines during

the year 2016 is characterized by a critical increment in power utilization at 10%

country's electricity production increased by 10% from 82,413,213 MWh in 2015

for 48 percent, 22 percent, and 6 percent, respectively, of total generation.

Renewable energy-based generating facilities account for the remaining 24% of

Philippine economy by slowing industrialization efforts, limiting overall

competitiveness, worsening the current account deficit, and undermining direct

investment (Ahmed, 2017).

renewable energy sources in power generation in order to minimize reliance on

production of renewable energy resources in order to achieve energy self-

sufficiency through the implementation of sustainable energy development policies

country's exposure to energy price fluctuations in foreign markets, which have

repercussions in almost every sector of the economy.

implemented, scientists and engineers introduced renewable energy sources such

as solar panels and wind mills as an alternative means to generate electricity in

available on the planet. However, these technologies are still costly.

Hydroelectric power is another source of energy that uses fluid force to

everywhere; and it can be used to generate electricity.

generation. Hence, the researcher proposed a cost-effective generator that

a low-power solution would go a long way toward alleviating the community's

energy supply issues.

Overall, the researcher aims to build a micro-hydroelectric generator that

meeting the rising demand for power supply.

Figure 1: Input-Process-Output Diagram on the Assessment of Micro-Hydroelectric

The micro-hydroelectric generator is device designed to convert the fluid

the efficiency of the micro-hydroelectric generator in producing electricity. The

the voltage power output of the generator will be measured.

C. Statement of the Problem

In general, this research study aims to build a micro-hydroelectric generator

for residential use.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Mean voltage output produced by the micro-hydroelectric

generator with varying fluid force?

2. Is there a significant difference between the Mean voltage output of the

micro-hydroelectric generator with varying fluid force?

of the blades of micro-hydroelectric generator?

4. Is there a significant difference between the Mean voltage output produced

by the device with varying width of the blades of micro-hydroelectric

D. Scope and Delimitations

affect the findings of this research study.

The study will be conducted entirely in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan in a span

Residence in Carig Norte, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.

pipe system of households to produce electricity. A micro-hydroelectric generator

in households, and is restricted to other forms of hydroelectric energy harvested

energy ranging from 0V to 49V.

studies. Recommendations will be included for in-depth testing of the generator.

E. Significance of the Study

beneficial to the following people or agencies: