2020

12 PHYSICSth

IMPORTANT
DERIVATIONS-IV
CHAPTERWISE FOR BOARDS
CHAPTER 11 : DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
CHAPTER 12 : ATOMS
CHAPTER 13 : NUCLEI

 All important derivations asked in board exams.

 Important derivation based questions with solutions

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IMPORTANT
DERIVATIONS
PHYSICS
FOR CLASS XII

DUAL NATURE, ATOMS, NUCLEI

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS
CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

For other Chapter derivations

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CHAPTER 11 : DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

1 Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be
established.
2 Derive an expression for stopping potential from Einstein’s photo electric
equation.
3 Establish the relationship of de-Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of
mass m in terms of its kinetic energy E.

CHAPTER 12 : ATOMS
1 Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as , where n is the
principal quantum numbers of the atom.

2 From Bohr’s model, derive an expression for the radius of a stationary orbit.
Prove that the various stationary orbits are not equally placed.

3 Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation
emitted when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy
state (quantum number ni) to the lower state, (nf).

4 Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expressions for (i) kinetic energy and (ii)
potential energy of the electron in stationary state of hydrogen atom.

5 Show that from Bohr’s postulates linear velocity of electron ‘v’ is inversely
proportional to principle quantum number ‘n’.

6 Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of
the electron in hydrogen atom.

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

1 From the relation R where is constant and A is the mass number of the nucleus,
show that nuclear matter density is independent of A.
2 Deduce the expression, N for the law of radioactive decay.

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CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

1. Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric

equation can be established.

[All India 2017]

When a photon of energy ‘hv’ falls on a metal surface then,
(i) A part of energy is used to overcome the surface barrier and come out
of the metal surface i.e., work function and is expressed as 𝜙 = ℎ𝑣
And (ii) the remaining part of energy is used in giving a velocity ‘v’ to the
emitted photoelectron and is equal to the maximum kinetic energy of
photo electrons
1
i. e. , KE = 𝑚𝑣
2
According to the law of conservation of energy,
1 1
ℎ𝑣 = 𝜙 + 𝑚𝑣 = ℎ𝑣 + 𝑚𝑣
2 2
1
∴ 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐾𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣 − ℎ(𝑣 − 𝑣 )
2
Or 𝐾𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 − 𝜙 … (i)

2. Derive an expression for stopping potential from Einstein’s

photo electric equation.

Einstein’s equation gives

K = h𝑣 − ϕ … . (i)
K = maximum k.E of electron emitted
h𝑣 = energy of incident photon
ϕ = work function
By definition of stopping potential, eV = K
h ϕ
⇒ eV = h𝑣 − ϕ ⇒ V = 𝑣−
e e

3. Establish the relationship of de-Broglie wavelength 𝛌

associated with a particle of mass m in terms of its
kinetic energy E.
[Delhi 2011C]

Kinetic energy, 𝐾 =
p = momentum
m = mass
k = kinetic energy
⇒ 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝑘
ℎ
de-Brogile wavelength, 𝜆 =
𝑝
where, 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝑘

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 ℎ
Therefore, de-broglie wavelength 𝜆 =
√2𝑚𝑘

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

1. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies

as 𝐧𝟐 , where n is the principal quantum numbers of the atom.
[Delhi 2015]

Electron revolves in a stable orbit, the centripetal force is provided by

electrostatic force of attraction acting on it, due to positive charges in the
nucleus.
mv 1 𝑒 𝑒
Hence, = . ⇒ 𝑣 = … (i)
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑚𝑟
And from Bohr’s quantum condition, we have
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣 𝑟 = or 𝑣 = … (ii)
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚𝑟
Squaring Eq (ii) and then equating it with Eq. (i), we get
𝑛 ℎ 𝑒
=
4𝜋 𝑚 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑚𝑟
𝑛 ℎ 4𝜋𝜀 𝑚 𝜀 ℎ
⇒ 𝑟 = × = .𝑛
2𝜋 𝑚 𝑒 𝜋𝑚𝑒

2. From Bohr’s model, derive an expression for the radius of a

stationary orbit. Prove that the various stationary orbits are not
equally placed.

In H-atom an electron (-e) revolves around nucleus (+e) under

electrostatic force of attraction given by,
×
F = =
This is the centripetal force of electron
mv 1 e
∴ F =F ⇒ =
r 4𝜋𝜀 r
1 e
⇒ mv =
4𝜋𝜀 r
nh
Putv = (Bohr' s quantisation condition)
2πmr
nh 1 e
We get,m =
2πmr 4𝜋𝜀 r
n h
⇒ r = 4πε
4𝜋 me
From above expression, r∝n

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 ∴ Radii of successive orbits increase in the proportion n i.e., 1 : 4 : 9,
hence we can say that the orbits are not equally spaced but widen as we go
from inner to outer orbits.

3. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of

radiation emitted when electron in hydrogen atom
undergoes transition from higher energy state (quantum number
ni)) to the lower state, (n
(nf).
[Foreign 2011, All
Al India 2013]

Let an electron of mass m, carrying a charge e revolving around the

nucleus of hydrogen atom carrying a charge +e. Let r be the radius of the

orbit and v is the speed of the electron in that orbit. The necessary
centripetal force to revolve the electron is provided by the electrostatic
force between the electron and hydrogen nucleus.
∴ k =m , where k =

∴ r = … (i)

or, mv = … (ii)
According to Bohr’s postulate
nh
mv r =
2π
π
nh
v = … (iii)
2πmr
Putting the value of v from (iii) into (i), we have
r = .
4𝜋 m r
n h
or r = … (iv)
𝜋 ke m
KE of the electron
1 1 ke
= mv =
2 2 r
1 ke 2𝜋 k me
= . 4𝜋 kme = … (v)
2n h n h
Potential energy of the electron
. .
𝑃𝐸 = − =− =−
−
−ke
= 4𝜋 ke m
n h

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 −4π k e m
PE =
n h
∴ Total energy of the electron
2𝜋 k me 4πk me
= −
n h n h
or, E =
If E and E are the energies of the electron for which n = n and n
−2 2π k me
∴ E =
n h
−22π k me
and E =
n h
If hv is the energy of the photon when the electron jumps from n = n to
n = n then
2π k m me −2π k me
hv = +
h n h n
2
2π k me 1 1
⇒ hv = −
h n n
2
2π k me 1 1
or, 𝑣= −
h n n
This is the required expression for the frequency of emitted radiation.

4. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expressions for (i) kinetic energy
and (ii) potential energy of the electron in stationary state of
hydrogen atom.
[Delhi 2010, 2013]

Let there be an electron of mass m carrying a charge ‘e’ revolving around

the nucleus of hydrogen atom carrying a charge +e.
Let r be the radius of the orbit and v be the speed of electron in that
orbit. The centripetal force required to revolve the electron is provided by
the electrostatic force between the electron and the nucleus.
∴ k. =

∴ r =

Also, mv =
According to Bohr’s angular
momentum postulate
nh
mv r =
2π
nh
∴ v =
2ππmr
Putting this value of v in eq. (i), we have
ke
r = .4
4𝜋 m r
mn h

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 n h
or, r = … (ii)
4𝜋 ke m
∴ KE of the electron
1 1 ke 1 ke
mv = = . 4𝜋 ke m
2 2 r 2 2n h
2π k e m
or KE =
n h
(ii) Potential energy: Potential energy between the two charges q and q
separated by a distance r is
q q 1
PE = k. , where k =
𝑟 4π ϵ
q (charge of electron) = -e
q (charge of hydrogen nucleus) = +e
r=r
ke ke
∴ PE of the electron = − =− 4𝜋 kme
r n h
4𝜋 k me
=−
n h

5. Show that from Bohr’s postulates linear velocity of electron ‘v’ is

inversely proportional to principle quantum number
‘n’.

We know, radius of orbit, r = 4πε

Now, Bohr’s quantisation condition gives,

mvr = or v =
Put value of r, we get

v= = ⇒ v∝

6. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total
energy of the electron in hydrogen atom. What is the
significance of total negative energy possessed by the electron?

[All India 2014]

If, F − centripetal force required to keep a revolving electron in orbit

F − electrostatic force of attraction between the revolving electron and the
nucleus then, for a dynamically stable orbit in a hydrogen atom, where Z =
1,
F =F
𝑚𝑣 (𝑒)(𝑒)
= … (i)
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟

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 𝑒
𝑟= … (ii)
4𝜋𝜀 𝑚𝑣
K.E. of electron in the orbit,
1
K = 𝑚𝑣
2
From equation (i),
e
K=
8𝜋𝜀 𝑟
Potential energy of electron in orbit,
(e)(−e) 𝑒
U= =−
4πε 𝑟 4πε 𝑟
Negative sign indicates that revolving electron is bound to the positive
nucleus.
∴ Total energy of electron in hydrogen atom
e 𝑒
E=𝐾+𝑈 = −
8𝜋𝜀 𝑟 4πε 𝑟
e
E=−
8𝜋𝜀 𝑟
Therefore, total energy of electrons in orbit of hydrogen atom is negative.
Hence, the electron bound to the nucleus i.e., the electron is not free to
leave the orbit around the nucleus.

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

1. From the relation R = R A /

, where R is constant and A is the mass
number of the nucleus, show that nuclear matter density is
independent of A.
[Delhi 2015]

Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of mass of nucleus and its volume.
If m is average mass of a nucleon and A is the mass number of element,
then mass of nucleus = mA. If R is the nuclear radii, then
4 4 4
Volume of nucleus = 𝜋𝑅 = 𝜋 𝑅 𝐴 / = 𝜋𝑅 𝐴
3 3 3
Mass of nucleus
As density of nuclear matter=
Volume of nucleus
𝑚𝐴 3𝑚
∴ 𝜌= or ρ =
𝜋𝑅 𝐴 4𝜋𝑅
Thus, the density of nucleus is a constant, independent of A, for all nuclei.

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 2. Deduce the expression, 𝐍 = 𝐍𝟎 𝐞 𝛌𝐭 , for the law of radioactive
decay.
[All India 2011C, Delhi 2014]

Radioactive decay law: The rate of disintegration or radioactive sample at

any instant is directly proportional to the number of undisintegrated
nuclei present in the sample at that instant
dN
∵ = −λN
dt
Where 𝜆 = decay constant
N = number of undisintegrated nuclei in the sample of radioactive
substance.
dN
or = −λdt
N
Integrating both sides, we get,
dN
= −λ dt
N
In N = −λt + C
At t = 0, N = N = number of undisintegrated nuclei present in the sample,
initially
1n N = −λ × 0 + C
⇒ C = 1n N ⇒ 1n N = −λ + 1n N
⇒ 1n N − 1n N = −λt
N
1n = −λt
N
N N
⇒ log = −λt ⇒ =e
N N
or N=N e

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