Gravitation

10.22 | Gravitation JEE Main/Boards Example 1; Two concentric shells of mass M, and M, are as shown. Calculate the gravitational force on m due to M, at points P.Q and R. Sol: For a particle of mass m, lying at a distance r from the center of the spherical shell of mass M, the Mm gravitational force of attraction is (s ) If the particle is lying inside the spherical shell then the force Of gravitation on itis zero. ate F=0arg f= SM Gin, + Mam ARR Fe ¢ Example 2: Find the potential energy of gravitational interaction of a point mass m and a thin uniform rod of mass M and length |, if they are located along a straight line at a distance a from each other. Sol: The gravitational potential energy is given by Gmumy where m, and m, are point masses. Considerthe gravitational potential energy ofinteraction between the point mass m and an infinitesimal element of the rod of mass dm. The total potential energy will be the summation of energy of interaction of all the small elements. Consider small element dx of the rod whose massExample 3:|f the radius of the earth contracts to half of its present value without change in its mass, what will be the new duration of the day? Sol: The angular momentum of the earth is given by L=Io Buy sce ahs consiered oe sphere of uniform mass density. As there is no external force is acting on the earth, the angular momentum of the earth must remain constant after the radius of earth reduces to hal ofits original size. The time period of revolution is T= 2% Present angular momentum of earth L, =lo= 2M’ New angular momentum because of change in radius I external torque is zero then angular momentum must, be conserved Example 4: Two particles of equal mass go round a circle of radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction, Find the speed of each particle Sol: As the particles go around the circle they always remain diametrically opposite to each other. To sustain their respective circular motion the necessary centripetal acceleration is provided by the gravitation force of attraction between them. The particles will always remain diametrically opposite so that the force on each particle will be directed along the radius. Consider the motion of one of the particles. Gm? The force on the particle isF =. Ifthe speed is v, its acceleration is v? /R ‘Thus, by Newton's law, Gm? mv? og, y__ [6m are R Example 5: Three particles A, B and C, each of mass m, are placedina line with AB: Find the gravitational force on a fourth particle P of same mass, placed at a distance d from the particle B on the perpendicular bisector of the line AC Physics | 10.23 Sol: The gravitational force acting on the particle P due Gm? to each of other particles is given by F=[™ where (Fy ris the separation between P and the other particle ‘As the force is vector quantity the resultant force on particle P has to be found by vector addition, The force at P due to Ais 2 F, --Gt_ _ St song PA. The force at P due to Cis (ay 2 = St pg pe. the force at P due to B's (cry 20 along PB ¢ The resultant off, fy and F. will be along PB. Clearly ZARB = Z8PC = 45° Gm Components of Fy along PB is wae Gmié Component off, along PB =F, cos45° aad G £ Hence, the resultant of the three forces is ‘Component of F, along PB Gm 1 1 Gm? (,, 1) ee E1]-S 144) along re EWR We ) = 2) Example 6: What is the fractional decrease in the value of free-fall acceleration g for a particle when it is lifted from the surface to an elevation h? (h<>h then g= 2“. the he Re fractional decrease in g at height h above the surface of siven by 9 the earth is given by 89 910.24 | Gravitation The acceleration due to gravity is g s 49 =2M pg BR Tar (Differentiating) =, 49 _-26M1 _, dg hooR Rg Example 7: A double star is a system of two stars moving around the center of inertia of the system due to gravitation. Find the distance between the components of the double star, ifits total mass equals M and period of revolution is T. Sol: Each star is moving in circular orbit whose center is at the combined center of inertia, Find the radius of orbit of one of the stars in terms of the separation between them and find the orbital velocity of the star in terms of d Center of inertia The situation is shown in the above figure Here my =m,(d-1) (m,+m,)r=m,d md (+m) Also M=(m, +m,) As gravitational force provides the necessary centripetal force for rotation, we have rym _ mye _ md lm sm) * | Now 1= 28.21 es iy FP gaa Tew a Tem 8 Yas) Example 8: Find the distance of a point from the earth's, center where the resultant gravitational field due to the earth and the moon is zero, The mass of the earth is 6.010" kg and that of the moon is 7.4%10"2kg, The distance between the earth and the moon is 4.0 «10° km, Sol: If 2 body is placed between moon and the earth then it is under action of gravitational force due to earth and moon simultaneously. When the gravitational field due to earth is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to gravitational field due to moon then the net field is zero. The point must be on the line joining the centers of the earth and the moon and in between them, if the distance of the point from the earth is x, the distance from the moon is (4.0 x 10 km -x). The magnitude of the gravitational field due to the earth is GM, _Gx6x10kg az x and the magnitude of the gravitational field due to the moon is GM, Gx7.4x10kg (0-10%m=x)) (40%405m-x)) ‘These fields are in opposite directions. For the resultant field to be zero E,=E,, 1, S10 kg _ (40x10°km—x) 6 7Ax107kg or, ——~__ 40x10km—x \74x10 Or, x =3.6 «10 km Example 9: A planet of mass m, revolves around the sun of mass m,, The distance between the sun and the planet is Taking into consideration the motion of the sun, find the total energy of the system assuming the orbits to be circular Sol: The gravitational pull between sun and planet provides the necessary centripetal acceleration to make them revolve in circular orbits with same angular velocities. The center of each circular orbit will be at the combined center of mass but their radii will be different. Both the planet and the sun revolve around their center ‘of mass with same angular velocity (say o)mm, + w myje? = myo" = Solving Eqs. () and (i), we get ‘And now, total energy of the system is E= PE. + KE. Gmmy 1 2 Lin oe ore +ima? +Sm,faF a) Substituting the values. of mm, 2 1 handa?, we get Example 10: Two particles A and B of masses 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are kept 1m apart and are released to move under mutual attraction. Find the speed of A when that of B is 3.6 cm/hour. What is the separation between the particles at this instant? Sol: As the particles A and B are intially at rest, the system has potential energy only, but as they move towards each other the loss in potential energy is equal to gain in kinetic energy. As particle is moving under their mutual interaction, the linear momentum system must be conserved The linear momentum of the pair A+B is initially zero. ‘As only mutual attraction is taken into account which is internal when A+B is taken as the system — the linear momentum will remain zero, The particles move in opposite directions. If the speed of A is v when the speed of B is 3.6 cm/hour = 10 m/s, (kg}v = (2kg)(0™* ms) on v=2«10-mst Gmym ‘The potential eneray of the pair is — symbols. Initial potential energy with usual = 6.67 x10"N= ni? /kg? x 2kgxIkg im = 713.3410 If the separation at the given instant is d, using conservation of energy, Physics | 10.25 1334x107) +0 3.3410"! d (2 ka)(10-%m/s) a g)(2x10%m/s) Solving this, d= 0.31m, Example 11: The gravitational field ina region i given by E-(LOwkg"(i+j). Find the work done by an external agent to slowly shift a particle of mass of 2 kg from the point (0,0) to a point (5m, 4m). y 8(5m,4m) ol0.0) x Sol: As the particle is moving slowly, the kinetic energy of the particle remains zero during its motion. The work done by the external agent to move the particle is given by W=-au- fear As the particle is slowly shifted, its kinetic energy remains zero. The total work done on the particle is thus zero, The work done by the external agent should be negative of the work cone by the gravitational field The work done by the field is dW =—du= Consider the figure, Suppose the particle is taken from (Oto Aand then from A to B. The force on the particle is imi = (2kg) (LONKg”™ ‘The work done by the field during the displacement OAs W,= [ax = f (20N}x = 20Nx5im = 2001 Similarly, the work done in displacement AB is. J (20N)ay = (20N)(4m) = 80) ‘Thus, the total work done by the field, as the particle is shifted from O to B, is 180 The work done by the external agent is -180 J Note that the work is independent of the path so that wwe can choose any path convenient to us from O to B.10.26 | Gravitation Example 12: A uniform solid sphere of mass M and radius ‘a’ is surrounded symmetrically by a uniform thin and spherical shell of equal mass and radius 2a. Find the gravitational field at a distance (0) 3 a from the center, (o) $a from the center Sol: if the particle is inside the spherical shell then the gravitation field due to the shell is zero. The gravitational field at distance r from the center of the sphere is given GM by € Given figure shows the situation. The point p, is at a Gitance 2a from the center and pis ata distance & 2 3 2 from the center As py inside the cavity ofthe thin spherical shell, the field here due to the shell is zero. ‘The field due to the solid sphere is 5 __SM__4GM 3 y 9a? ey This is also the resultant field, The direction is towards the center. The point p, is outside the sphere as well as the shell, 3oth may be replaced by single particles of the same mass at the center. The field due to each of them is GM __ 46M 7s.y ase" 2) The resultant field is € = 26" = 82M towards the center. 250? Example 13: A planet of mass m revolves in an elliptical orbit around the sun so that its maximum andl minimum distance from the sun are equal to f,and r, respectively. Find the angular momentum of this planet relative to the sun, Sol: At the apogee and perigee the radius vector is perpendicular to the velocity vector of the plane. Use the law of conservation of angular momentum and energy at these two points. Using conservation of. momentum angular As velocities are perpendicular to the radius, vectors at apogee and perigee, vif, = Yat, Using conservation of energy, GMm 1,2 _-GMm 1,2 —SMm my? = S mv’ po. Poe by solving, the above equations Tei, oo t5), JEE Advanced/Boards Example 1: The distance between the centers of two stars is 10 a, The masses of these stars are M and 16 M and their radi, a’ and "2a' respectively. A body of mass im is fired straight from the surface of the larger star towards the smaller star. What should be its minimum initial speed to reach the surface of the smaller star? ‘Obtain the expression in terms of G, M and a Sol: At a certain distance from the centers of the stars, the gravitational fields due to the stars are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, As the body of mass m is projected from the surface of larger star towards the surface of smaller star, the kinetic energy lost by the body is equal to gain of its potential energy when it reaches at the point of zero field Let © be the point along 0,0, where gravitational intensities due to both the stars balance each other. 1M Threshold ° Ta Let 0,0=x cM, oM z 7 (10a-x) Or 16(10-x)* =x? or x=8aPotential energy of the body on surface of larger star, Gm(26M}_GmM__ 65GMm Za «Be Ba Potential energy at vim _S{26M)m sci _ 2a Ba 2a ° Ae Uri -Up Lav “6sciim, 29 SGM 8a 200" 2a se lmwt _$86Mm_ Sct _ 45 6m 27 Ba 2a s8 a 1 ASCM_ 45, OM "Ga 4a 3, [SGM Example 2: Two masses m, and m,, at an infinite distance from each other are initially at rest, start interacting gravitationally. Find their velocity of approach when they are at a distance r apart. Sol: As the masses move towards each other gain in kinetic energy is equal to loss in gravitational potential energy. This problem is best solved in center of mass frame where the total kinetic energy of masses depends on the square of velocity of approach. Let v, be their velocity of approach. From conservation of energy: Increase in kinetic energy=decrease in gravitational potential energy 12 Gmm, or 2yy2 = St 0 zie 0 Here, w= reduced mass=—Ti72 m Substituting in Eq, (), we get aG(m, +m Example 3: A satelite is revolving round the earth in a circular orbit of radius e and velocity... A particle is projected from the satelite in forward direction with relative velocity =(JS74=1)v,. calculate its Physics | 10.27 minimum and maximum distance from earth’s center, during subsequent motion of the particle. Sol: As the particle is projected from the satellite while the satellite is still in circular motion, the net velocity of the particle is sum of velocity relative to satellite and the velocity of the satellite. As the particle is still bound to the gravitational attraction of the earth, the orbit of the particle will be ellipse. The point of projection is perigee. Conserve the angular momentum at the apogee and perigee. The orbital speed of satellite is am 6 Where M=mass of earth Absolute velocity of partile would be pave, E Jv, @ lies between orbital velocity and escape Since, v, velocity, path of the particle would be an ellipse with r being the minimum distance. Partie —O) Let r’ be the maximum distance and vi, its velocity at, the moment. v, =, Then, from the conservation of angular momentum and conservation of mechanical energy, we get mvge= mv aio 12_Mm_1 Samy, w) Solving the above Eqs. () (ii) and (iv, we get = andr Hence, the maximum and minimum distance are and r respectively. 310.28 | Gravitation Example 4: An earth satellite is revolving in a circular orbit of radius ‘a' with velocity v,. A gun is in the satellite and is aimed towards the earth. A bullet is, fired from the gun with muzzle velocity “2. Neglecting resistance offered by cosmic dust and ‘Tecoil of gun, calculate maximum and minimum distance of bullet from the center of earth during its subsequent motion, Sol: Conserve the angular momentum and energy of the particle between the points, the point of projection and at perigee. At perigee velocity is perpendicular to radius ‘The orbital speed of the satellite is vo= 0 From conservation of angular momentum at P and Q we have ay, Or v= Me. i) From conservation of mechanical energy at P and Q. we have Substituting values of v and v, from Eqs. () and Gi we get Fla} or ~37? = 4a? —8ar or 37? ~Bar-+ 4a? Ba Voda? — 48a? 6 Bazda orr=: orr=2a and 22 3 Hence, the maximum and minimum distance are 2a and 2 respectively. Example 5: Binary stars of comparable masses m, and m, rotate under the influence of each other's gravity with a time period T. If they are stopped suddenly in their motion, find their relative velocity when they collide with each other. The radii of the stars are Ry and R, respectively. G is the universal constant of gravitation, Sol: They rotate about center of mass, such that the necessary centripetal acceleration for the rotational motion is provided by the gravitational force of attraction, As the stars start approaching each other and collide, the loss in the gravitational energy of system is equal to the gain in the kinetic energy of the system. Find the initial separation in terms of the time period. Both the stars rotate about their center of mass (COM). 0)mma m+m, \, = relative velocity between the two stars. Here, 1 =reduced mass and From Eq, i), we find that yea 26mm (22 nu (RR 2Gmym,f_ 11) mm, (RR, +) 4 tM, (a 1 sma ae ) Substituting the value of r from Eq. (i, we 9 Example 6: Find the maximum and minimum distance of the planet A from the sun S, if at a certain moment of time it was a distance 1, and travelling with the velocity v, with the angle between the radius vector and velocity vector being equal to. Sal: As the planet revels around the sun, the mechanical energy of thesystemis conserved. Conserve the angular momentum between the given pont ans apogee At minimum and maximum distance velocty vector (1) mates an angle of 90°with racius vector Hence, from conservation of angular momentum, inv sing me 0 Here, mis the mas ofthe pane. From energy conservation awit fllows that. mvd_GMm mv! _ GM po, 2 Here, Mis the mass of the sun “i Solving Eqs. () and (i) for r, we get we values ofr, one is Trax Nd another is fyin 50, Physics | 10.29 ‘eae le f-K(2=K)si) {i- f-K(2-K)sin?6) and Fin = Here, K Example 7: The density inside a solid sphere of radius “a's given by p=p,a/r, where p, is the destiny at the surface and r denotes the distance from the center. Find the gravitational field due to this sphere at a distance of "2a! from its center. Sol: The given mass clstribution is having spherical symmetry. Any spherically symmetrical body can be replaced by a point particle of the same mass situated at the center of the spherical body. The gravitational field due to the sphere at the point 2a from the center om (2a) The field is required at a point outside the sphere. Dividing the sphere in concentric shells, each shell can. be replaced by a point particle a its center having mass equal to the mass of the shell. Thus, the whole sphere can be replaced by a point particle atits center having mass equal to the mass of the given sphere. If the mass ‘of the sphere is M, the gravitational field at the given point is ow (23) The mass M may be calculated a flows: Consider a concentric shell of radius r and thickness dr. Its volume is of the sphere is given by E= o aV = (422) arand its massis ard dM = pdv =[p. Flere = The mass of the whole sphere is M=[4pardr = 2np,a? Thus, by (the gravitational field is _ 2nGpa E ag 1 Sx Gppa 7% Grr10.30 | Gravitation Example 8: Two satellites of same mass are launched in the same orbit round the earth so as to rotate opposite to each other. They collide solidly and stick together as wreckage. Obtain the total energy of the system before and just after the collision, Describe the subsequent motion of the wreckage. Sol: Both the satellites are moving in the same orbit 50 their orbital velocity will be same. As the masses of the satellites are equal, and they are moving in the ‘opposite direction their total momentum before and after the collision is zero. The two satellites round the earth are shown in figure Mn Potential energy of the satellite in its orbit kinetic energy of satelite in its orbit is K = GMm/2r Where m is mass of satellite, Mis the mass of the earth and ris the orbital radius. GMm_GMm __GMm a 2 Total energy Exercise 1 Q.1 Why Newton’s law of gravitation is called a universal law? Q2 On earth value of G = 6.67 x10-"Nmzkg?. What is its value on moon, where g is nearly one-sixth than that of earth? Q3 An artificial satellite is revolving around the earth at a height 200 km from the earth's surface. If a packet is released from the satellite, what will happen to it? Will itreach the earth? 4A spring balance is suspended inside an artificial satellite revolving around the earth. If a boy of mass 2 kg is suspended from it, what would be its reading? Q5 The escape velocity from earth for a piece of 10 gram is 11.2kms"*, What would it be for a piece of ‘mass 100 gram? When there are two satellites, the total energy would be Fae) 28 Letafter collision, v’ be the velocity of wreckage by the law of conservation of momentum my my = (m-+m)v" ‘The wreckage of mass (2m) has no kinetic energy, but it has only potential energy, GM(2m) So, energy after collision Now the combined mass has zero velocity just after collision and therefore, the wreckage stops rotating and falls down under gravity. 6 Where will the true weight of the body be zero? Q7 If the force of gravity acts on all bodies in proportion to their masses, why does not a heavy body fall correspondingly faster than a light body. Q8 The gravitational potential energy of a body at a distance from the center of earth is U. What is the weight of the body at that point? Q.9 The distance of two planets from the sun are 102 and 10”° meters respectively. What is the ratio of time periods of these two planets? Q.10 For a satelite, escape speed is 1ikms" If the satellite is launched at an angle of 60° with the vertical, what will be the escape speed? Q.11 Prove that the value of acceleration due to gravity at a point above the surface of the earth is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of that point from the center of the earth,Q.12 Gravitational force between two bodies is 1 newton. If the distance between them is made twice, what will be the force? Q.13 If a person goes to a height equal to radius of earth from its surface, what would be his weight relative to that on the earth? Q.14 Ifthe change in the value of g at a height h above the surface of the earth is the same as at a depth x below it, both x and h being much smaller than the radius of the earth, find the relation between x and h. Q.15 The gravitational force acting on a rocket at a height h from the surface of earth is 1/3 of the force acting on a body at sea level. What is the ratio of h and R (radius of earth)? Q.16 Does the gravitational force of attraction of the earth becomes zero at some height above the surface of earth? Explain, Q.17 What do you understand by gravity and acceleration due to gravity. Establish a relation between gandG. Q.18 Explain how the knowledge of g helps us to find () mass of earth and (ji) mean density of earth? Q.19 What do you understand by ‘Escape velocity’? Derive an expression for it in terms of parameters of given planet. 20 What do you understand by Gravitational field, Intensity of gravitational field. Prove that gravitational intensity at a point is equal to the acceleration due to gravity at that point. Q21 Explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion and deduce Newton's law of gravitation from them. Q22 Fxplain Newton's law of gravitation, Define gravitational constant, and give its dimensional formula Give the evidences in support of the Newton's law of gravitation. 23 Let the speed of the planet at the perihelion P in the given figure be vp and the sun-planet distance SP be fp. Relate fp. Vp to the corresponding quantities at the aphelion (,,v,). Will the planet take equal take equal times to traverse BAC and CPB? Physics | 10.31 .24 Two satellites of a planet have period 32 days and 256 days. If the radius of the orbit of former is R, find the orbital radius of the latter. Q25 If the distance of the earth from the sun were half the present value, how many days will make one year? Given, 1 year= 365 days. Q.26 Estimate the mass of the sun, assuming the orbit of earth round the sun to be a circle. The distance between the sun and the earth is 149x10"%m, and G = 6.66x10 Nm’kg* 27 If the mass of the sun is 2x10°%kg, the distance of the earth from sun is 15%10!m and period of revolution of the earth around sun is one year (=3653 days), calculate the value of gravitational constant. 28 Calculate the mass and mean density of earth from the following data Radius of earth=6.37x10%m, acceleration due to gravity = 9.8ms~ and Gravitational constant= 6.610" Nmfkg? 29 If the radius of the earth shrinks by 2.5%, mass remaining constant, then how would the value of acceleration due to gravity change? Q.30 At what altitude the acceleration due to gravity above the earth's surface would be half of its value on the surface of the earth? Radius of earth is 6400 km. 31 The radius of earth is approximately 6000 km. What will be your weight at 600 km above the surface of earth? At 12000 km above? At 18000 km above? Your weight on earth is 80 kg wt 32 At what height from the surface of earth, the acceleration due to gravity is the same at a depth 160 km below the surface of earth. Radius of earth is, 6400 km,10.32 | Gravitation Q.33 What is the minimum energy required to launch a satellite of mass m from the surface of earth of mass M, radius R in a circular orbit at an attitude 2 R. 34 A rocket is launched vertically from the surface of the earth with an initial velocity 10kms". How far above the surface of the earth would it go? Radius of the earth = 6400km;g = 9.8ms 35 A remote sensing satellite of the earth revolves in a circular orbit at a height of 250km above the earth’s surface. What is the (a) orbital speed, and (b) period of revolution of satelite? Radius of the earth = 6,38 10° m, and acceleration due to gravity at the surface of earth = 9.8ms~? 36 A satellite revolves round a planet in an orbit just above the surface of planet. Taking 6 =6.67 10" NmPkg and the means density of the planet=5.51x10%kgm’, find the period of satelite. 37 Find the speed of escape at the moon given that its radius 1.7%10° m and the value of g at its surface is 1.63ms Q.38 Ifthe earth has a mass nine times and radius twice that of the planet Mars, calculate the maximum speed required by a rocket to pull out of the gravitational force of Mars. Given escape speed on the surface of earth is 11.2kms™ Exercise 2 Single Correct Choice Type Q.1 At what altitude will the acceleration due to gravity be 25% of that at the earth’s surface (given radius of earth is R)? WR BR (C3R8 (rz Q2 Letobe the angular velocity of the earth’s rotation about its axis. Assume that the acceleration due to gravity on the earth’s surface has the same value at the equator and the poles. An object weighed at the equator gives the same reading as a reading taken at a depth d below earth’s surface at a pole (d<Tythen Ry >Ry (B)if T, >T, then My >My 2 3 Tey (Ra (8) 0) (0) T. =Ty Q8 A satellite is moving with a constant speed v in a circular orbit about the earth. An object of mass m is ejected from the satellite such that itjust escapes from the gravitational pull of the earth. At the time of its ejection, the kinetic energy of the object is (2071) ta) Srmv? (8) mw? (Bmw? (0) 2m? Q9 A planet in a distant solar system is 10 times more massive than the earth and its radius is 10 times smaller. Given that the escape velocity from the earth is 11 kms“, the escape velocity from the surface of the planet would be (2008) Physics | 10.35 (A) 1.1 kms” (0110 kms (8) 11 kms (0) 0.11 kms Q. 10 Statement-l: For a mass M kept at the centre of 1 cube of side ‘a, the flux of gravitational field passing through its sides is 4rc GM. Statement-l: If the direction of a field due to a point source is radial and its dependence on the distance '’ for the source is given as 1/r its flux through a closed surface depends only on the strength of the source enclosed by the surface and not on the size or shape of the surface (2008) (A) Statements is false, statements is true. (8) Statement is true, statementl is true; statement-II is correct explanation for statement (C) Statement-|is true, statement is true; statement-II isnot a correct explanation for statement-L (0) Statement is true, statements false. Q.11 The height at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes $ (where g = the acceleration due to gravity con the surface of the earth) in terms of R, the radius of the earth is (2009) (a) 2R (0) VR R R OF OF 3 Q.12 Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are placed at a distance r. The gravitational potential at a point on the line joining them where the gravitational field is zero is: (2011) 4s 2 (0) Zero Q.13 The mass of a spaceship is 1000 kg. It is to be launched from the earth’s surface out into free space. ‘The value of'g' and’R’ (radius of earth) are 10 myst and ‘6400km respectively The required energy for this work will be (2012) (A) 64x 10" Joules (©) 64x 10° Joules (8) 64x 10° Joules (0) 64x 10" Joules

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