Date Planned : __ / __ / __ CBSE PATTERN Expected Duration : 90 Min

Actual Date of Attempt : __ / __ / __ Level - 0 Exact Duration :_________

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Level - 0 CBSE Pattern/Solutions

VSA : Very Short Answer Type (1 mark)

1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the amount of heat Q absorbed by a system capable of
doing mechanical work is equal to the sum of the increase in internal energy U of the system and the
external work W done by the system. Mathematically, Q  U  W  U  P V .
2. According to the first law of thermodynamics, Q  U  P V .
If the heat is supplied in such a manner that the volume does not change (for isochoric change, V  0 ).
Then whole of the heat energy supplied to the system will increased internal energy only.
3. By first law of thermodynamics, Q  U  W . But for an isothermal process, U  0, so W  Q .
Thus the energy required for doing mechanical work during an isothermal process is obtained as heat by
the gas from the surroundings.
4. By first law of thermodynamics, Q  U  W . For an adiabatic compression, Q  0 so U  W .
That is work is done on the gas which increases its internal energy. Hence temperature of the gas rises.
5. It is not possible to absorb heat from a reservoir and to convert all this heat into work.

SA-I : Short Answer Type – I (2 marks)

6. The equation U  Q  P V can be written as Q  U  P V .
This equation implies that when the heat Q is given to an ideal gas, a part of its is used in increasing
the internal energy  U  and the remaining in doing work of expansion  P V  .

Similarly, the formula C P  CV  R can be written as C P T  CV T  R T .

This equation implies that when the heat C P T is given to an ideal gas at constant pressure, its one part
is used in increasing the temperature or internal energy CV T  and the other part in doing work

against external pressure  R T  .

7. (i) The difference between the two principal specific heats is equal to the amount of heat equivalent to
the work performed by the gas during expansion at constant pressure.
(ii) Knowing the specific heat ratio of a gas, we can determine the number of degrees of freedom and the
atomicity of any gas.
CP 2
 1
CV f
8. (i) Yes; negative specific heat will imply that with rise in temperature ( T is +ve) heat will be
released (Q is –ve). This actually happens in case of saturated vapour i.e., specific heat of
saturated vapour is negative.
Q
(ii) As, c  , For an adiabatic process, Q  0, c  0
m T
9. For an adiabatic process, Q  0
As work is done on the gas, so W  400 J

Change in internal energy, U  Q  W  0  400  400 J . 
10. Work done in the cyclic process = Area of the loop ABCD   2P – P    2V  V   PV .
11. No, A kitchen cannot be cooled by leaving the door of a refrigerator open, rather it will get slightly heated.
When the door of the refrigerator is kept open, refrigerator now extracts heat from the kitchen room
(acting as cooling chamber). Work is done on it by the electric motor and the total energy is rejected to
the room (now acting as surroundings). Thus the work done by the motor gets added to the room, so it
gets heated.
12. (i) Isothermal expansion. Temperature remains constant during an isothermal change. As internal
energy is a function of temperature only, so it will remains constant during an isothermal
change.
As T  0 , so
U  CV T  0

(ii) Adiabatic expansion: For an adiabatic change, Q  0 , so form first law of thermodynamics.
Q  U  W  0 or W  U
During expansion, work is done by a gas i.e., W is positive. So U must be negative. Hence
internal energy of a gas decreased during an adiabatic expansion.

SA-II : Short Answer Type – II (3 marks)

13. (i) The area gives the work done in a cyclic process.
(ii) Yes. The work done in a cyclic process is zero, if the process reverses exactly under similar
conditions such that it retraces the same P-V diagram. In such a case, the area of the curve on a
P-V diagram is zero and hence the work done is zero.
(iii) A gas can possess infinite number of specific heats, depending upon the conditions of
temperature and pressure. However, generally we consider only two specific heats, one at
constant pressure and the other at constant volume.
T2
14. (i) efficiency,  1 
T1
Where, T2 = sink temperature
T1 = source temperature
T2 1
1  . . . . (i)
T1 2
 T2 100  2
1    . . . . (ii)
 T1
  3
T2 1 T2 100 1
From eqn. (i),  and eqn. (ii) 
T1 2 T1 3
T2 3
On dividing, we get   T2  300K
T2 100 2
Substituting in eqn. (i), T1  600 K
T2 T2
(ii) As efficiency 2 1   It equals to 1 only when  0 or T2  0 K
T1 T1
But absolute zero is not possible. So, Carnot engine cannot have 100% efficiency.

15. When the gas changes state under adiabatic condition ( A  B )

Q  0  U   W  22.3 J
Since internal energy of the system is independent of path followed.
 In second case, U   22.3 J
Q  9.35 cal  (9.35  4.2) J  33.27 J
16. For a perfect gas, PV/T = constant (K)
K K V K
Given PV2 = constant( K )  P   .  K or VT   constant
2 2 T K
V V
1
Hence V 
T
Hence expansion of the gas will result in the decrease of temperature.
17. For an isothermal change, PV  K
Differentiating both sides, we get : P .dV  V .dP  0 or V .dP  PdV

 dP  P
 Slope of an isothermal curve, 
 dV
 

 iso V

For an adiabatic change, PV   K 

Differentiating both sides, we get P V 1.dV  V  .dp  0

PdV  V .dp  0 or Vdp  PdV

 dP  P
Slope of an adiabatic curve   
 dV  V
 adia
Clearly, slope of an adiabatic curve =   slope of an isothermal curve.
18. For a perfect gas, PV  nRT
nR
V  T
P
Slope of V  T graph with T-axis = nR/P
1
For a given amount of gas, slope 
P
Hence, P1  P2

19. C p : Amount of heat required for one mole of an ideal gas to raise its temperature by 1 C, Keeping

Pressure of the gas constant.

Cv : Amount of heat required for one mute of an ideal gas to raise its temp by 1 C Keeping volume
constant.
First law of Thermodynamics: Q  U  W
Consider 1 mole of gas
If Q is absorbed at constant volume V  0

 Q   U  U
CV      
 T V  T V T

 Q   U   V   V 
While CP      P   ; C P  CV  P   ; C P  CV  R
 T P  T P  T  P  T  P

CP  CP  R
20. Figure shows the P  V diagrams for two gases expanded from volume V to 2V. As an adiabatic is steeper
than an isotherm, so the adiabatic expansion curve AB lies below the isothermal expansion curve AC.

(i) PB and PC are the final pressures for adiabatic and isothermal expansions respectively. Clearly,
PC  PB . Hence the final pressure is greater for the isothermal expansion.
(ii) Work done in adiabatic expansion = area ABDE Work done in isothermal expansion = area ACDE.
As area ACDE > area ABDE, work done is greater for adiabatic expansion
(iii) In isothermal expansion, temperature remains constant T. In adiabatic expansion temperature
decreases below T. So the final temperature is greater for the isothermal expansion.
21. (i) During its expansion, the gas does work against high pressure. This decreased the internal
energy and hence the temperature of the gas.
(ii) Sudden compression of a gas is an adiabatic process. The work done in compressing the gas
increases the internal energy of the gas. Hence the temperature of the gas rises.
22. (i) Yes, for example, during an adiabatic compression temperature increases and in an adiabatic
expansion temperature decreased, although no heat is given to or taken from the system in these
changes.
(ii) No, it cannot be increased.
T 400
23. (i) Efficiency of A = efficiency of B  A  B  1  1 
900 T
 T2  900  400  T  600 K
(ii) Work outputs of A and B are equal
 T2   T3   T2 
As W A  WB and W  Q1 1    Q1 1    Q1 1  
 T1   
T2  T1 
  
Substituting values, we get
T T 400 2T 13
1      T  650 K
900 900 900 900 9
1 constant
24. (i) Given, V  or V 
T 2
T2
PV P constant
But  constant   constant or P  T 3
T T T2
(ii) No, if two isothermal intersect, then this would mean that the pressure and volume of a gas are
the same at two different temperatures. This is not possible.
LA : Long Answer Type (5 marks)
25. A process in which, temperature of gas remains constant is said to be an isothermal process.
In this Process. Heat exchanged is used entirely as work.
In an isothermal process, dQ = dW and dU = 0, dT = 0 and PV = constant
To take a gas through an isothermal process, it must be placed in a container fitted with a piston and the
container should have conducting walls. The process is carried out by varying the pressure of the gas
very slowly by adjusting the mass kept on the piston. The slow speed of the process allows the gas to
always remain in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. As the surroundings are at a constant
temperature, the gas temperature also remains constant.
Workdone in Isothermal Process
nRT

W  P . dV 
V . dV By PV = nRT

V2
dV V

 nRT V
 nRT nV V2
1
V1
V2
W  nRT n
V1
For n = 1
V2
W = RT log
V1
Change in internal energy, U  nCV T for any process. So, for isothermal compression
U  0 as T  0 .
26. Adiabatic Process
When a gas expands or contracts without heat exchange between system and surrounding, the process is
known as adiabatic process. It is possible only if the gas is contained in a perfectly insulated container.
Process Equation PV   C
CP
TV   1  C Where  
CV

P1   T   C
Consider one mole of an ideal gas under adiabatic Process
U  W  0
 W   U
W   nCV (T2  T1 ) ; W  nCV (T1  T2 )
R R (T1  T2 )
W n (T1  T2 ) ; W  For n = 1
 1  1
27. When the working substance is an ideal gas and it is
subjected to a cyclic Process as follows in order
(i) Isothermal expansion (AB)
(ii) Adiabatic Expansion (BC)
(iii) Isothermal Compression (CD)
(iv) Adiabatic compression (DA)
Process AB
VB
Q1  nRT1n
VA
Process CD
VD VC
Q2  nRT2 n ; Q2   nRT2n
VC VD
Net work done Q1  Q 2 Q2
Efficiency   = 1
Heat absorbed Q1 Q1
nRT2n VC / VD
  1 
nRT1 n VB / V A
T2 n VC / VD
1 . . . . . (i)
T1 n VB / VA
Since points B and C lie on same adiabatic curve
 1  1
T1V B  T2VBC
1
T1  VC 
  . . . . (ii)
T2  VB 
Also points D and A lie on the same adiabatic curve
 1
 1  VD 
T2VD   . . . . .(iii)
V
 A 
VC VD VC VB
By Equation (ii) and (iii)  or 
VB VA VD VA
T2
So By Equation (i)   1
T1