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    Engineering Thermodynamics: Second Grade

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    Mostafa Hamawandy
    1) The document discusses five processes that an ideal gas can undergo: constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic. Equations are derived for work, heat, pressure, volume, and temperature relationships for the first three processes. 2) The constant volume process keeps volume constant while pressure and temperature change. Work is zero and heat equals the change in internal energy. 3) The constant pressure process keeps pressure constant while volume and temperature change. Heat equals the change in enthalpy. 4) The constant temperature process keeps temperature constant while pressure and volume change. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Heat equals the negative of work.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Engineering Thermodynamics: Second Grade

    Uploaded by

    Mostafa Hamawandy
    25 views13 pages
    1) The document discusses five processes that an ideal gas can undergo: constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic. Equations are derived for work, heat, pressure, volume, and temperature relationships for the first three processes. 2) The constant volume process keeps volume constant while pressure and temperature change. Work is zero and heat equals the change in internal energy. 3) The constant pressure process keeps pressure constant while volume and temperature change. Heat equals the change in enthalpy. 4) The constant temperature process keeps temperature constant while pressure and volume change. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Heat equals the negative of work.

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    1) The document discusses five processes that an ideal gas can undergo: constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic. Equations are derived for work, heat, pressure, volume, and temperature relationships for the first three processes. 2) The constant volume process keeps volume constant while pressure and temperature change. Work is zero and heat equals the change in internal energy. 3) The constant pressure process keeps pressure constant while volume and temperature change. Heat equals the change in enthalpy. 4) The constant temperature process keeps temperature constant while pressure and volume change. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Heat equals the negative of work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views13 pages

    Engineering Thermodynamics: Second Grade

    Uploaded by

    Mostafa Hamawandy
    1) The document discusses five processes that an ideal gas can undergo: constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic. Equations are derived for work, heat, pressure, volume, and temperature relationships for the first three processes. 2) The constant volume process keeps volume constant while pressure and temperature change. Work is zero and heat equals the change in internal energy. 3) The constant pressure process keeps pressure constant while volume and temperature change. Heat equals the change in enthalpy. 4) The constant temperature process keeps temperature constant while pressure and volume change. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Heat equals the negative of work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    University of Kirkuk

    Collage of Engineering
    Mechanical Eng. Dept.

    Engineering Thermodynamics

    Second grade

    By: Dr. Omed Akber Abbass

    1
    Chapter 4
    Part 1
    Processes of Ideal Gas
    In general, there are five processes that ideal gas can undergo. These
    processes are:

    1- Constant Volume process (V=C) or Isochoric process.


    2- Constant Pressure process. (P=C) Isobaric process.
    3- Constant Temperature process (T=C) or Isothermal process.
    4- Adiabatic process (Q=0) or no heat flow process.
    5- Polytropic process. (The most realistic process).

    For every process, we will:


    - Find the relationship between pressure (P), volume, (V), and temperature
    (T). Also:
    - Derive an equation to calculate both Work (W) and heat transferred (Q)
    during that process.

    2
    1) Constant Volume process (V=C) or Isochoric process.

    In this process the volume of the container remains


    constant, while both the pressure and temperature
    change.
    Examples on this process is change the pressure or
    temperature for an ideal gas contained in a constant
    volume vessel or tank.

    To find the relationship between pressure and


    temperature, we know that:
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    When V1=V2:
    𝑃1 𝑃2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2

    3
    For work, since:

    Since there is no change in volume then dv=0 therefore there will be no work in this process. So,
    W=0 for constant volume process.

    For heat, since:

    Since U=Cv. T

    where Q is in (J), m is the mass in Kg. Cv is the specific heat at


    constant volume in (J/kg. K). T1, T2 are temperatures in K.

    4
    Example : A Helium gas is initially at a temperature of 200 K. The gas occupies a
    constant volume. Heat is then added to the gas until the temperature reaches 400 K.
    Using data from the figure, find: 1) the mass of gas. 2)the change in internal energy.
    3) What is the work done in this process. 4) the heat added.

    Sol: From table A-1, the gas constant (R), and Cv can
    be found :
    R= 2.0769 KJ/Kg.K = 2076.9 J/Kg.K,
    Cv= 3.1156 Kj/Kg.K= 3115.6 J/Kg.K

    1) Since P1V1 = mRT1 Then : m= P1V1/RT1


    m = (80 *103 * 4 *10-3)/ (2076.9*200) = 7.703 Kg.
    2) ΔU= mCv ΔT = 7.703* 3115.6. (400-200)=
    4799893 J = 4799 KJ
    3) W=0 (constant volume process). ΔV=0
    4) Since Q+W = ΔU and W=0 then : Q= ΔU = 4799KJ

    5
    2) Constant Pressure process. (P=C) or Isobaric process.

    The following figure shows an expansion


    process where volume increases but the
    pressure remains constant. This process is
    called a constant pressure process.

    We know that the general relationship


    between P, V, and T for an ideal gas is:
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    When P1=P2:
    𝑉1 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2

    6
    For heat transfer through this process:

    Since h=Cp. T

    where Q is in (J), m is the mass in Kg. Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure
    in (J/kg. K). T1, T2 are temperatures in K.

    7
    Example:

    8
    3) Constant Temperature process (T=C) or Isothermal process.
    In this process, the temperature of ideal gas
    remains constant while both pressure and
    volume change.

    To find the relationship between pressure and


    volume, we know that:
    𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    When T1=T2: P1V1=P2V2

    9
    To derive a formula for work: since

    Note that in above equations, volume is


    written as a specific volume (ν) in m3/Kg, so,
    the work will be specific work in J/Kg.
    You can use total volume (V) in m3 and get
    the work in J.

    10
    The last equation also can be written as:

    To derive a relationship between Heat (Q) and Work (W) :

    So, Q = -W Which means heat equals to


    the negative value of work.
    11
    12
    Problems:

    13

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