FUNCTIONS, SIZE, FORM, AND LOCATION OF THE Surrounds the heart and anchors it within the

HEART mediastinum
WHAT IS THE HEART? 2 LAYERS OF THE PERICARDIUM:
The heart is a muscular, hollow organ that pumps 1. FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
blood throughout the body.
- outer layer of the pericardium
- It is responsible for circulating blood, which
- composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue
carries oxygen and nutrients to all of the body's
cells and removes waste products. This 2. SEROUS PERICARDIUM
continuous circulation of blood is essential for
life. - inner layer of the pericardium

THE HEART WALL CONSISTS OF THREE LAYERS: - consists of flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of
connective tissue.
The endocardium (the interior layer of the heart)
2 PARTS OF THE SEROUS PERICARDIUM
Myocardium (the middle layer of the heart)
The Parietal pericardium lines the fibrous
Epicardium (the thickest layer of the heart). pericardium, whereas the visceral pericardium covers
the heart. While the Myocardium is the muscular layer
FUNCTIONS:
of the heart. The pericardial cavity is also filled with a
 Pumps blood throughout the body thin layer of Pericardial fluid which helps reduce
 Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells friction as heart moves within the pericardium.
 Removes waste products from cells
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
 Regulates blood pressure
 Maintains blood volume and temperature Right Atrium: Receives blood low in oxygen from the
 Produces electrical impulses that coordinate body
heartbeat
Right Ventricle: Pumps blood low in oxygen to the
 Serves as a reservoir for blood
lungs.
SIZE:
Left Atrium: Receives blood full of oxygen from the
The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to lungs
425 grams) and is a little larger than the size of your
Left Ventricle: Pumps blood full of oxygen out to the
fist.
body
FORM
Coronary Sulcus: Groove that separates the atria and
The shape of the heart is similar to a pinecone, broad ventricles of the heart
at the superior surface (called the base) and tapering
Anterior interventricular sulcus: Carry blood to and
to the apex.
from the walls of the heart
LOCATION
Posterior interventricular sulcus: carry blood to and
heart is located between your lungs in the middle of from the walls of the heart
your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your
HEART VALVES
breastbone (sternum).
2 TYPES OF HEART VALVES
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
PERICARDIUM
It is located between each atrium and ventricle. The
The pericardium forms the pericardial cavity. It is also
AV between the right ventricle and right atrium is
called pericardial sac.
called the tricuspid valve (a composition of 3 cusps or
flaps of tissue). The AV between the left atrium and left
ventricle is called bicuspid valve (a composition of two HISTOLOGY OF THE HEART
cusps).
Heart: The heart is an organ about the size of your fist
SEMILUNAR VALVE
that pumps blood through your body. It is made up of
It is located between each ventricle and its associated
multiple layers of tissue. Your heart is a t the center of
great artery. The pulmonary semiluar valve is located
between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. The your circulatory system.
aortic semilunar valve is located between the left
ventricle and aorta. LAYERS OF THE HEART
ROUTES OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART ENDOCARDIUM
Heart valves control the flow of blood so that it moves
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart
in the right direction. The valves prevent blood from
and is the lining of the heart's interior spaces. It
flowing backward. The heart has four valves:
consists of a single layer of cells that produces a
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium and
smooth, slippery surface that allows the blood to flow
right ventricle.
freely through the heart. The endocardium plays an
The mitral valve separates the left atrium and left
important role in the lubrication and protection of the
ventricle.
heart, as well as in the maintenance of heart health.
The pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle and
the pulmonary artery. MYOCARDIUM
The aortic valve separates the left ventricle and aorta.
Myocardium is the muscle tissue that makes up the
Right atrium: Blood enters the heart from the body walls of the heart. It is responsible for generating
through the superior and inferior vena cava. the heart's contraction and expanding during each
Right ventricle: Blood moves into the right ventricle heart cycle, which is important for pumping
through the tricuspid valve blood throughout the body. The myocardium is made
Pulmonary arteries: Blood is pushed into the up of layers of muscle tissue and is surrounded by
pulmonary arteries in the lungs layers of connective tissue that provide structure and
Pulmonary veins: Blood returns to the heart through support.
the pulmonary veins
EPICARDIUM
Left atrium: Blood enters the left atrium
The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart,
Left ventricle: Blood passes through the mitral valve
located on the outside of the myocardium. It plays
and into the left ventricle
an important role in the development and structure of
Aorta: Blood is pumped out of the left ventricle and
the heart, which is the muscle that pumps blood
into the aorta
throughout the body. It is composed of loose
Body: Blood is distributed to the body's tissues
connective tissue and contains small blood vessels. It
through the aorta
also contains receptors that help regulate blood
pressure and heart rate.
PERICARDIAL CAVITY CARDIAC CYCLE & BLOOD CIRCULATION

The pericardial cavity is a space within the heart that CIRCULATION OF BLOOD FROM HEART
contains the heart and other structures. It is lined
the circulation of blood from the heart is a vital
by a membrane called the pericardium, which is
process that ensures the delivery of oxygen, nutrients,
composed of two layers (the serosa and the
and other essential substances to the body's tissues
epicardium) that protect and support the heart. The
and organs. It involves the movement of blood through
pericardial cavity is filled with a small amount of fluid
a network of blood vessels, known as the circulatory
known as the pericardial fluid, which lubricates the
system.
heart as it moves inside the cavity.
Importance
PARIETAL LAYER OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANE
 Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
The parietal layer of the serous pericardium is the
 Waste Removal
innermost layer of the pericardial sac, and it covers the
 Temperature Regulation
outer surface of the heart and the great vessels. It helps
 Immune Response
to provide additional protection and support for the
 Hormone Distribution
heart and vessels by surrounding them with a sturdy
 Homeostasis
but flexible layer.
1.Deoxygenated Blood Enters Right Atrium Through
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
Superior And Inferior Vena Cava
The fibrous pericardium is the outermost Iayer of the
2. blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve
pericardium, which is the membrane that surrounds
the heart and its blood vessels. The fibrous 3. blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary valve
pericardium helps to support and protect the heart and enters pulmonary artery
and blood vessels, and it also helps to regulate the
4. left and right pulmonary arteries send blood to
movement of the heart within the pericardial cavity by
lungs, where gas exchange occurs
providing a protective cushion for the heart.
5. oxygenated blood returns to heart via the
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
pulmonary veins - enters left atrium
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the
6. blood enters left ventricle through mitral valve
electrical signal from the heart to check for different
heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on the chest to 7. blood exits left ventricle through aortic semilunar

record the heart's electrical signals, which cause the valve to enter aorta

heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an 8. aorta distributes blood to body
attached computer monitor or printer.
CARDIAC CYCLE

The term cardiac cycle refers to the repetitive pumping

process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle
contraction and ends with the beginning of the next DIASTOLE
contraction. The cardiac cycle is the sequence of
6. Both atria and ventricle relax. Semilunar valve close
events that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat
which causes the 2nd heart sound “dub”.
to the beginning of the next heartbeat, during which
time the atria and ventricles contract, ensuring blood 7. Blood from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins

flow. flow into the aorta.

3 STAGES

Systole

 Atrial systole (contracting) refers to contraction of

the two atria.
 Ventricular systole refers to contraction of the two
ventricles.

Diastole

 Atrial diastole (dilation) refers to relaxation of the

two atria
 Ventricular diastole refers to relaxation of the two
ventricles.

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

1. Electrical impulses spread from the SA nodes to the

Atria

2. Atria contracts to pump blood into the venticle

through tricuspid and bicuspid valve

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

3. Electrical impulses generate from the SA node reach

the ventricles and cause them to contract.

4. Pressure arise and semilunar valves open. Blood

from ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta.

5. Tricuspid valve and biscuspid valve close to prevent

blackflow of blood. Also, produces the first heart
sound “lub”.