The

Cardiovascular
System:
The Heart
Objectives:
1 To be able to define the Circulatory System

2 To know how the Heart functions in the

Circulatory System

3 To know the anatomy of the Heart

4 To know the route of the blood flow

through the heart

5 Write your agenda point

The Circulatory System
the system that circulates blood and
lymph through the body, consisting of
the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph,
and the lymphatic vessels and glands.

this system helps tissues get enough

oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them
get rid of waste products.
 Generates blood pressure

Functions Routes blood

Regulates blood supply

 The Circulatory System

Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

moves blood between provides the
the heart and the functional blood
lungs. supply to all body
tissue.
right side of the heart
left side of the heart.
blood in the
blood in the systemic
pulmonary circulation
circulation delivers
picks up oxygen and
oxygen and picks up
releases carbon
carbon dioxide in the
dioxide in the lungs.
body’s tissues
 Size - size of a closed fist and

Heart weighs less than one pound.

Characteristics
Shape - the adult heart is shaped

like a blunt cone

Location - in the thoracic cavity
between 2 pleural cavities that

surrounds the lungs.

Orientation
1. Apex - blunt rounded point of the

heart.
2. Base - flat part of the opposite end

of the heart.
 Anatomy of
the Heart
Pericardium
Heart Coverings
Covers the heart and large Serous Pericardium
blood vessels attached to the
heart. Parietal Pericardium -
membrane around the Pericardial Fluid
1. Fibrous - outer layer
heart's cavity.
2. Serous - inner layer
Visceral Pericardium - produced by the serous
membrane on the heart's pericardium.
surface.
helps reduce friction as
the heart moves within
the pericardial sac.
Heart
Coverings
Anatomy of the Heart
Layers of the Heart

Epicardium Endocardium

visceral pericardium
The inner surface of the heart
surface of the heart chambers

thin, simple squamous

epithelium overlying a layer of Myocardium The smooth endocardium allows Trabeculae
loose connective tissue and fat.
blood to move easily through the
heart.
Carneae

thick, middle layer composed of ridges and columns of cardiac

cardiac muscle cells and is muscle.
responsible for contractions of prevents backflow of blood from
the heart chambers. the ventricles into the atriums.
Layers of the
Heart
Chambers & Blood Vessels
4 Chambers
2 Arteries
Left Atrium (LA)
Pulmonary Trunk
Right Atrium (RA
arising from the right ventricle,
Left Ventricle (LV)
splits into the right and left
Right Ventricle (RV)
pulmonary arteries, which carry
Coronary Sulcus
blood to the lungs.
separates the atria from the
Aorta
ventricles.
arising from the left ventricle,
6 Large Veins
carries blood to the rest of the
Superior Vena cava
body.
Inferior Vena cava
carries blood from the body to the right
atrium
4 Pulmonary Veins
carry blood from the lungs to the left
atrium
Atria
Upper portion of the heart which
function for holding chambers/ reservoir,
collects blood from veins before it enters
the ventricles.
Small, thin walled and contract
minimally to push blood into ventricles
Right
*SVC ; IVC and smaller coronary
sinus drains
Left
4 pulmonary veins
Interatrial Septum
separates right and left atria
Ventricles
Lower portion of the heart which
function for pumping chambers.
Thick, strong walled and contract
forcefully to propel blood out of heart
Right
into the pulmonary trunk
Left
into the aorta
Interventricular Septum
separates right and left ventricles
Valves Semilunar Valves
is located at the base of the large
structures that ensure 1 way blood flow.
blood vessels carrying blood away
from the ventricles.
Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
Aortic Semilunar Valve
valve is located between each atrium
is in the aorta
and its ventricle.
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Tricuspid Valve
is in the pulmonary trunk.
AV valve between RA and RV
Cardiac Skeleton
three cusps
connective tissue consists of fibrous
Bicuspid Valve (Mitral)
rings that surround the AV and SL
AV valve between LA and LV
valves and give them solid support.
2 cusps
electrical insulation between atria
Chordae Tendineae
and ventricles.
attached to AV valve flaps
provide rigid attachment site for
support valves
cardiac muscle.
What happens when Bicuspid
Valve is open?
Blood flows from LA into LV

Aortic semilunar valve is closed.

Tension on chordae tendineae is low.

What happens when Bicuspid
Valve is closed?
Blood flows from LV into aorta.

Aortic semilunar valve is open.

Tension on chordae tendineae is high.

Blood Flow through the Heart
RA
Tricuspid Valve
RV
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
LA
Bicupid Valve
LV
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Body
Blood Supply to the Heart
Coronary Arteries
supplies blood to the heart wall.
originate from the base of aorta
(above aortic semilunar valve)

Left Coronary Artery

has 3 branches
supplies blood to the anterior
heart wall and left ventricle

Right Coronary Artery

originates on the right side of
aorta
supply blood to the right ventricle
Cardiac Cycle
The heart can be viewed as two separate Pressure changes are responsible for
pumps represented by the right and left blood movement.
halves of the heart. Blood moves from areas of high to low
Atrium - primer pumps pressure.
Ventricle - power pump
The term cardiac cycle refers to the
repetitive pumping process that begins
with the onset of cardiac muscle
contraction and ends with the beginning
of the next contraction.
Cardiac muscle contractions produce
pressure changes within heart chambers.
Overview of Systole & Diastole
Atrial Systole
contraction of atria

Ventricular Systole
contraction of ventricle

Atrial Diastole
relaxation of atria

Ventricular Diastole
relaxation of ventricle
Heart Sounds
Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart sounds

First sound is lubb – beginning of the ventricular systole and results from closing
of the AV valves.

Second sound is dupp – beginning of the ventricular diastole and results from
closure of the semilunar valves.

Sounds result from opening and closing valves.

Murmurs are due to faulty valves.

Location of the Heart Valve in
the Thorax
Regulation of the Heart Function
Stroke Volume
volume of blood pumped per ventricle per
contraction
70 ml/beat
Heart Rate
number of heart beats in 1 min
under resting conditions, the heart rate is
approximately 72 beats per minute (bpm)
Cardiac Output
volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1
min.
CO = HR × SV
= 72 bpm × 70 mL/beat
= 5040 mL/min (approximately 5 L/min)
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart
mechanisms contained within the heart. Afterload
Venous Return refers to the pressure against which the
amount of blood that returns to heart ventricles must pump blood.
Preload
degree of ventricular walls which are stretched at
end of diastole
Venous return, preload, stroke volume are related to
each other.
Starling's Law of the Heart
represents the relationship between stroke
volume and end diastolic volume
the increased filling pressure of the right heart
results in increased cardiac output
Ex. Exercise increases venous return, preload,
stroke volume, and cardiac output
Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart
modifies heart rate and stroke volume
through neural and hormonal
mechanisms.

mechanisms external to the heart.

Nervous Regulation:
Baroreceptor Reflex
mechanism of nervous system which involves medulla oblongata
regulates heart function.
keeps heart rate and stroke volume in
normal range.
Baroreceptors
monitor blood pressure in aorta and
carotid arteries (carry blood to brain)
Cardioregulatory Center
receives and integrates action poten
tials from the baroreceptors.
changes in blood pressure cause changes
in frequency of action potentials
Nervous Regulation:
Chemoreceptor Reflex
chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
volume.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from
adrenal medulla can increase heart rate
and stroke volume.
Excitement, anxiety, anger an increase
cardiac output.
Depression can decrease cardiac output.
Medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors
for changes in pH andCO2 level.
Effects of Aging on the Heart
By age 70, cardiac output decreased by
1/3.
Hypertrophy of the left ventricle can
cause pulmonary edema.
Decrease in the maximum heart rate by
30-60% by age 85 leads to decreased
cardiac output.
Aortic semilunar valve can become
stenotic (abnormal) or incompetent.
Coronary artery disease and congestive
heart failure can develop.
Aerobic exercise can improve the
functional capacity of the heart at all
ages.
Thank you!
for listening