Designation: D3689/D3689M − 07 (Reapproved 2013)´1

Standard Test Methods for

Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Tensile Load1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3689/D3689M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Designation was editorially corrected to match units information in June 2013.

1. Scope 1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the

test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the
to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in
axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when
the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments
loaded in static axial tension. These methods apply to all deep
regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of
foundations, referred to herein as “piles,” that function in a
test results.
manner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardless
of their method of installation, and may be used for testing 1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load-
single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test
the long-term performance of a deep foundation. procedures. The text of this standard references notes and
footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for test-
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
ing deep foundations under static axial tensile load. Plans,
considered requirements of the standard. This standard also
specifications, provisions, or any combination thereof prepared
includes illustrations and appendices intended only for ex-
by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements
planatory or advisory use.
and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a
particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
the foundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shall are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the require- each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
ments of this standard. system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:
with the standard.
Procedure Test Section
A Quick Test 8.1.2 1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
B Maintained Test (optional) 8.1.3 when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
C Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (optional) 8.1.4
D Constant Time Interval Test (optional) 8.1.5 [lbf] represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass
E Constant Rate of Uplift Test (optional) 8.1.6 is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic
F Cyclic Loading Test (optional) 8.1.7 [F=ma] calculations are involved.
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” 1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
may produce different test results and may be used only when guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
approved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates a Practice D6026.
mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a
recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences 1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected,
indicate mandatory provisions. calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
1
standard is beyond its scope.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep 1.11 ASTM International takes no position respecting the
Foundations.
validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3689 – 07. DOI: item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are
10.1520/D3689_D3689M-07R13. expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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 D3689/D3689M − 07 (2013)´1
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are 3.2.6 wireline, n—a steel wire mounted with a constant
entirely their own responsibility. tension force between two supports and used as a reference line
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the to read a scale indicating movement of the test pile.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship be-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. tween the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the
resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide
2. Referenced Documents
information used to assess the distribution of side shear
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 resistance along the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to
Fluids determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific
Used in Engineering Design and Construction foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test
D5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing program, the designer may also use the results to assess the
of Deep Foundations viability of different piling types and the variability of the test
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical site.
Data
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on
D6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep
the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach
Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing
a failure load from which the engineer may determine the
2.2 American National Standards:
ultimate axial static tensile load capacity of the pile(s). Tests
ASME B30.1 Jacks3
that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gages and Gauge Attachments3
efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length,
ASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure-
quantity, or size.
ments)3
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an
3. Terminology inclined pile, the engineer may elect to use axial test results
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions of terms used in from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the
this standard see Terminology D653. inclined pile.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
3.2.1 cast in-place pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
cement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location, criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
e.g. drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast piles, and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods
pressure-injected footings, etc. are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself
assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice
3.2.2 deep foundation, n—a relatively slender structural D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
element that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soil
or rock well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pile 5. Test Foundation Preparation
or concrete drilled shaft. 5.1 Excavate or add fill to the ground surface around the test
3.2.3 driven pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of pre- pile or pile group to the final design elevation unless otherwise
formed material with a predetermined shape and size and approved by the engineer.
typically installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing.
5.2 Design and construct the test pile(s) so that any location
3.2.4 failure load, n—for the purpose of terminating an along the depth of the pile will safely sustain the maximum
axial tensile load test, the test load at which continuing, anticipated axial compressive and tensile load to be developed
progressive movement occurs, or at which the total axial at that location. Cut off or build up the test pile(s) as necessary
movement exceeds 15 % of the pile diameter or width, or as to permit construction of the load-application apparatus, place-
specified by the engineer. ment of the necessary testing and instrumentation equipment,
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3.2.5 telltale rod, n—an unstrained metal rod extended and observation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged
through the test pile from a specific point to be used as a or unsound material from the pile top as necessary to properly
reference from which to measure the change in the length of install the apparatus for measuring movement, for applying
the loaded pile. load, and for measuring load.

2
5.3 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group with
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
steel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame designed to
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on safely sustain the anticipated loads.
the ASTM website.
3
5.4 Install structural tension connectors extending from the
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// test pile or pile cap, constructed of steel straps, bars, cables,
www.asme.org. and/or other devices bolted, welded, cast into, or otherwise

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 D3689/D3689M − 07 (2013)´1
firmly affixed to the test pile or pile cap to safely apply the material from the top of the reaction piles, and provide a
maximum required tensile test load without slippage, rupture, smooth bearing surface parallel to the reaction or test beam(s).
or excessive elongation. Carefully inspect these tension mem- To minimize stress concentrations due to minor surface
bers for any damage that may reduce their tensile capacity. irregularities, set steel bearing plates on the top of precast or
Tension members with a cross-sectional area reduced by cast-in-place concrete reaction piles in a thin layer of quick-
corrosion or damage, or material properties compromised by setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm [0.25 in.] thick and
fatigue, bending, or excessive heat, may rupture suddenly having a compressive strength greater than the reaction pile at
under load. Do not use brittle materials for tension connections. the time of the test. For steel reaction piles, weld a bearing
NOTE 2—Deep foundations sometimes include hidden defects that may plate to each pile, or weld the cap or test beam(s) directly to
go unnoticed prior to static testing. Low strain integrity tests as described each pile. For timber reaction piles, set the bearing plate(s)
in Test Method D5882 and ultrasonic crosshole integrity tests as described
in Test Method D6760 may provide a useful pre-test evaluation of the test
directly on the cleanly cut top of the pile, or in grout as
foundation. described for concrete piles.
6.1.4 Provide a clear distance between the test pile(s) and
6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads the reaction piles or cribbing of at least five times the
6.1 General: maximum diameter of the largest test or reaction pile(s), but
6.1.1 The apparatus for applying tensile loads to a test pile not less than 2.5 m [8 ft]. The engineer may increase or
or pile group shall conform to one of the methods described in decrease this minimum clear distance based on factors such as
6.3 – 6.6. The method in 6.3 is recommended. The method in the type and depth of reaction, soil conditions, and magnitude
6.5 can develop high tensile loads with relatively low jacking of loads so that reaction forces do not significantly effect the
capacity, but does not perform well for tests to failure or for test results.
large upward movements. NOTE 3—Excessive vibrations during reaction pile installation in
6.1.2 Reaction piles, if used, shall be of sufficient number non-cohesive soils may affect test results. Reaction piles that penetrate
and installed so as to safely provide adequate reaction capacity deeper than the test pile may affect test results. Install the anchor piles
without excessive movement. When using two or more reac- nearest the test pile first to help reduce installation effects.
tion piles at each end of the test beam(s), cap them with 6.1.5 Each jack shall include a lubricated hemispherical

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reaction beams (Fig. 1). Locate reaction piles so that resultant bearing or similar device to minimize lateral loading of the pile
test beam load supported by them acts at the center of the or pile group. The hemispherical bearing(s) should include a
reaction pile group. Cribbing, if used as a reaction, shall be of locking mechanism for safe handling and setup.
sufficient plan dimensions to transfer the reaction loads to the 6.1.6 Provide bearing stiffeners as needed between the
soil without settling at a rate that would prevent maintaining flanges of test and reaction beams.
the applied loads. 6.1.7 Provide steel bearing plates to spread the load to and
6.1.3 Cut off or build up reaction piles as necessary to place between the jack(s), load cell(s), hemispherical bearing(s), test
the reaction or test beam(s). Remove any damaged or unsound beam(s), reaction beam(s), and reaction pile(s). Unless other-
wise specified by the engineer, the size of the bearing plates
shall be not less than the outer perimeter of the jack(s), load
cell(s), or hemispherical bearing(s), nor less than the total
width of the test beam(s), reaction beam(s), reaction piles so as
to provide full bearing and distribution of the load. Bearing
plates supporting the jack(s), test beam(s), or reaction beams
on timber or concrete cribbing shall have an area adequate for
safe bearing on the cribbing.
6.1.8 Unless otherwise specified, where using steel bearing
plates, provide a total plate thickness adequate to spread the
bearing load between the outer perimeters of loaded surfaces at
a maximum angle of 45 degrees to the loaded axis. For center
hole jacks and center hole load cells, also provide steel plates
adequate to spread the load from their inner diameter to the
their central axis at a maximum angle of 45 degrees, or per
manufacturer recommendations.
6.1.9 Align the test load apparatus with the longitudinal axis
of the test pile or pile group to minimize eccentric loading.
Align bearing plate(s), jack(s), load cell(s), and hemispherical
bearing(s) on the same longitudinal axis. Place jacks to center
the load on the test beam(s). Place test beam(s) to center the
load on reaction beams or cribbing, and reaction beams to
center the load on reaction piles or cribbing. These plates,
beams, and devices shall have flat, parallel bearing surfaces.
FIG. 1 Typical End Views of Test Beam(s) and Reaction Pile(s) Set bearing plates on cribbing in the horizontal plane.

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6.1.10 When testing inclined piles, align the test apparatus the maximum applied load and shall conform to ASME
and reaction piles parallel to the inclined longitudinal axis of B40.100 with an accuracy grade 1A having a permissible error
the test pile(s) and orient the test beam(s) perpendicular to the 61 % of the span. When used for control of the test, pressure
direction of incline. transducers shall include a real-time display.
6.1.11 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all 6.2.6 If the maximum test load will exceed 900 kN [100
loading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and load- tons], place a properly constructed load cell or equivalent
ing procedures. Unless otherwise specified by the engineer, the device in series with each hydraulic jack. Unless otherwise
apparatus for applying and measuring loads, including all specified the load cell(s) shall have a calibration to at least the
structural members, shall have sufficient size, strength, and maximum anticipated jack load performed within the six
stiffness to safely prevent excessive deflection and instability months prior to each test or series of tests. The calibrated load
up to 120 % of the maximum anticipated test load. cell(s) or equivalent device(s) shall have accuracy within 1 %
of the applied load, including an eccentric loading of up to 1 %
NOTE 4—Rotations and lateral displacements of the test pile or test pile
group, reaction piles, cribbing support(s), or pile cap(s) may occur during applied at an eccentric distance of 25 mm [1 in.]. After
loading, especially for sites with weak soils. The user should design and calibration, load cells shall not be subjected to impact loads. A
construct the support reactions to prevent instability and to limit undesired load cell is recommended, but not required, for lesser load. If
rotations or lateral displacements. not practicable to use a load cell when required, include
6.2 Hydraulic Jacks, Gages, Transducers, and Load Cells: embedded strain gages located in close proximity to the jack to
6.2.1 The hydraulic jack(s) and their operation shall con- confirm the applied load.
form to ASME B30.1 and shall have a nominal load capacity 6.2.7 Do not leave the hydraulic jack pump unattended at
exceeding the maximum anticipated jack load by at least 20 %. any time during the test. An automatic regulator is recom-
The jack, pump, and any hoses, pipes, fittings, gages, or mended to help hold the load constant as pile movement
transducers used to pressurize it shall be rated to a safe pressure occurs. Automated jacking systems shall include a clearly
corresponding to the nominal jack capacity. marked mechanical override to safely reduce hydraulic pres-
6.2.2 The hydraulic jack ram(s) shall have a travel greater sure in an emergency.
than the sum of the anticipated maximum axial movement of 6.3 Tensile Load Applied by Hydraulic Jack(s) Supported on
the pile plus the deflection of the test beam and the elongation Test Beam(s) (Figs. 2 and 3) —Support the ends of the test
of the tension connection, but not less than 15 % of the average beam(s) on reaction piles or cribbing, using reaction beams as
pile diameter or width. Use a single high capacity jack when needed to cap multiple reaction piles as shown in Fig. 1. Place
possible. When using a multiple jack system, provide jacks of the hydraulic jack(s), load cell(s), hemispherical bearing(s),
the same make, model, and capacity, and supply the jack and bearing plates on top of the test beam(s). Center a reaction
pressure through a common manifold with a master pressure frame over the jack(s), and anchor it to the tension connections
gage. Fit the manifold and each jack with a pressure gage to (see 5.4) extending from the test pile or pile group. Design and
detect malfunctions and imbalances. construct the test beam(s), reaction frame, and reaction piles or
6.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, the hydraulic jack(s), pres- cribbing, and arrange the jack(s) symmetrically so as to apply
sure gage(s), and pressure transducer(s) shall have a calibration the resultant tensile load at, and parallel to, to the longitudinal
to at least the maximum anticipated jack load performed within axis of the test pile or pile group. Leave adequate clear space
the six months prior to each test or series of tests. Furnish the beneath the bottom flange(s) of the test beam(s) to allow for the
calibration report(s) prior to performing a test, which shall maximum anticipated upward movement of the test pile or pile
include the ambient temperature and calibrations performed for cap plus the deflection of the test beam(s).
multiple ram strokes up to the maximum stroke of the jack.

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6.2.4 Each complete jacking and pressure measurement 6.4 Tensile Load Applied by Hydraulic Jacks Acting Up-
system, including the hydraulic pump, should be calibrated as ward at Both Ends of Test Beam(s) (Figs. 4 and 5)—Support
a unit when practicable. The hydraulic jack(s) shall be cali- each end of the test beam(s) on hydraulic jack(s) centered
brated over the complete range of ram travel for increasing and beneath the beam web(s) and placed equidistant from the
decreasing applied loads. If two or more jacks are to be used to longitudinal axis of the test pile or pile group. Support the jacks
apply the test load, they shall be of the same make, model, and on reaction piles or cribbing, using reaction beams as needed to
size, connected to a common manifold and pressure gage, and cap multiple reaction piles. Center a reaction frame over the
operated by a single hydraulic pump. The calibrated jacking test beam(s) and anchor it to the tension connections (see 5.4)
system(s) shall have accuracy within 5 % of the maximum extending from the test pile or pile group. Place a single load
applied load. When not feasible to calibrate a jacking system as cell and hemispherical bearing between the reaction frame and
a unit, calibrate the jack, pressure gages, and pressure trans- the test beam(s) (preferred), or alternatively, place a load cell
ducers separately, and each of these components shall have and hemispherical bearing with each jack beneath the test
accuracy within 2 % of the applied load. beam(s). Design and construct the test beam(s), reaction frame,
and reaction piles or cribbing, and arrange the jack(s) sym-
6.2.5 Pressure gages shall have minimum graduations less
metrically so as to apply the resultant tensile load at, and
than or equal to 1 % of the maximum applied load and shall
parallel to, to the longitudinal axis of the test pile or pile group.
conform to ASME B40.100 with an accuracy grade 1A having
a permissible error 61 % of the span. Pressure transducers 6.5 Tensile Load Applied by Hydraulic Jack(s) Acting Up-
shall have a minimum resolution less than or equal to 1 % of ward at One End of Test Beam(s) (Figs. 5 and 6)—Support one

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FIG. 2 Typical Setup for Tensile Load Test Using Hydraulic Jack(s) Supported on Test Beams

load cell and hemispherical bearing with each jack beneath the
test beam(s). If using the latter arrangement, obtain accurate
measurements of the plan locations of the jack(s), test pile or
pile group, and the fulcrum to determine the magnification

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factor to apply to the measured loads to determine the resultant
tensile load. Design and construct the test beam(s), reaction
frame, and reaction piles or cribbing, and arrange the jack(s)
symmetrically so as to apply the resultant tensile load at, and
parallel to, to the longitudinal axis of the test pile or pile group.
6.6 Load Applied to Pile by Hydraulic Jack(s) Acting at Top
of an A-Frame or a Tripod (Fig. 7) (optional)—Support an A
frame or tripod centered over the test pile or pile group on
concrete footings, reaction piles, or cribbing, using reaction
beams as needed to cap multiple reaction piles. Using tension
members, tie together the bottoms or supports of the A frame or
tripod legs so as to prevent them from spreading apart under
load. Secure the top of an A frame against lateral movement
with not less than four guy cables anchored firmly to the
ground. Place the hydraulic jack(s), load cell(s), hemispherical
bearing(s), and bearing plates on top of the A frame or tripod.
Center a reaction frame over the jack(s), and anchor it to the
tension connections (see 5.4) extending from the test pile or
pile group. Design and construct the A frame or tripod, reaction
FIG. 3 Typical Section X-X (Fig. 2) of Test Beam(s) at Test Pile frame, and footings, reaction piles or cribbing, and arrange the
jack(s) symmetrically so as to apply the resultant tensile load
end of the test beam(s) on hydraulic jack(s) centered beneath at, and parallel to, to the longitudinal axis of the test pile or pile
the beam web(s). Support the jacks on reaction piles or group. Leave adequate clear space beneath the A frame or
cribbing, using reaction beams as needed to cap multiple tripod members to allow for the maximum anticipated upward
reaction piles. Support the other end of the test beam(s) on a movement of the test pile or pile cap plus the deflection of the
steel fulcrum or similar device placed on a steel plate supported A frame or tripod.
on a reaction pile(s) or cribbing, using reaction beams as 6.7 Other Types of Loading Apparatus (optional)—The
needed to cap multiple reaction piles. Center a reaction frame engineer may specify another type of loading apparatus satis-
over the test beam(s) and anchor it to the tension connections fying the basic requirements of 6.3 – 6.6.
(see 5.4) extending from the test pile or pile group. Place a
single load cell and hemispherical bearing between the reaction
frame and the test beam(s) (preferred), or alternatively, place a

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FIG. 4 Typical Setup for Tensile Load Test Using Hydraulic Jacks Acting Upward on Both Ends of Test Beam(s)

as far as practicable from any cribbing supports but not less

than a clear distance of 2.5 m [8 ft].
7.1.2 Reference beams shall have adequate strength,
stiffness, and cross bracing to support the test instrumentation
and minimize vibrations that may degrade measurement of the
pile movement. One end of each beam shall be free to move
laterally as the beam length changes with temperature varia-
tions. Supports for reference beams and wirelines shall be
isolated from moving water and wave action. Provide a tarp or
shelter to prevent direct sunlight and precipitation from affect-
ing the measuring and reference systems.
7.1.3 Dial and electronic displacement indicators shall con-
form to ASME B89.1.10.M and should generally have a travel
of 100 mm [4 in.], but shall have a minimum travel of at least
50 mm [2 in.]. Provide greater travel, longer stems, or sufficient
calibrated blocks to allow for greater movement if anticipated.
Electronic indicators shall have a real-time display of the
movement available during the test. Provide a smooth bearing
surface for the indicator stem perpendicular to the direction of
stem travel, such as a small, lubricated, glass plate glued in
place. Except as required in 7.4, indicators shall have minimum
graduations of 0.25 mm [0.01 in.] or less, with similar
FIG. 5 Typical Section Y-Y (Fig. 4, Fig. 6) of Test Beam(s) accuracy. Scales used to measure pile movements shall have a
at Test Pile length no less than 150 mm [6 in.], minimum graduations of
0.5 mm [0.02 in.] or less, with similar accuracy, and shall be
read to the nearest 0.1 mm [0.005 in.]. Survey rods shall have
minimum graduations of 1 mm [0.01 ft] or less, with similar
7. Apparatus for Measuring Movement accuracy, and shall be read to the nearest 0.1 mm [0.001 ft].
7.1 General: 7.1.4 Dial indicators and electronic displacement indicators
7.1.1 Reference beams and wirelines shall be supported shall be in good working condition and shall have a full range
independent of the loading system, with supports firmly calibration within three years prior to each test or series of
embedded in the ground at a clear distance from the test pile of tests. Furnish calibration reports prior to performing a test,
at least five times the diameter of the test pile(s) but not less including the ambient air temperature during calibration.
than 2.5 m [8 ft], and at a clear distance from any anchor piles 7.1.5 Clearly identify each displacement indicator, scale,
of at least five times the diameter of the anchor pile(s) but not and reference point used during the test with a reference
less than 2.5 m [8 ft]. Reference supports shall also be located number or letter.

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FIG. 6 Typical Setup for Tensile Load Test Using Hydraulic Jack(s) Acting Upward on One End of Test Beam(s)

FIG. 7 Typical Setup for Tensile Load Test Using Hydraulic Jack(s) Acting at Top of an A-frame

7.1.6 Indicators, scales, or reference points attached to the engineer, verify that reference beam and wireline supports do
test pile, pile cap, reference beam, or other references shall be not move during the test by using a surveyor’s level to take
firmly affixed to prevent movement relative to the test pile or
pile cap during the test. Unless otherwise approved by the

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readings on a survey rod or a scale with reference to a center of the test pile, or pile cap, with the stems parallel to the
permanent bench mark located outside of the immediate test longitudinal axis of the pile or pile group to bear on the
area. reference beams.
7.2 Pile Top Axial Movements (Fig. 8): NOTE 5—When possible use displacement indicators as the primary
7.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, all axial tensile load tests system to obtain the most precise measurements. Use the redundant
system(s) to check top movement data and provide continuity when the
shall include apparatus for measuring the axial movement of measuring system is disturbed or reset for additional movement.
the test pile top, or piles within a group, or the pile group cap. NOTE 6—For tests on inclined piles, monitor lateral pile movements as
This apparatus as described herein shall include a primary described in 7.3 to detect instability that may result from gravitational
measurement system and at least one redundant, secondary forces during the test.
system. NOTE 7—Use three, or preferably four, displacement indicators to
measure and compensate for lateral movement or rotation of the pile top.
7.2.2 Displacement Indicators—Mount a minimum of two Locate indicators around the pile perimeter at axisymmetrical points
displacement indicators on the reference beams to bear on the spaced equidistant from the centroid of the test pile.
pile top at axisymmetric points equidistant from the center of
7.2.3 Wireline, Mirror, and Scale—Orient two wirelines
the test pile, or pile cap, with stems parallel to the longitudinal
parallel to each other and perpendicular to and located on
axis of the pile, inclined pile, or pile group. Orient two parallel
opposite sides equidistant from the axis of the test pile, or pile
reference beams, one on each side of the test pile or pile cap,
group, in a direction that permits placing the wireline supports
in a direction that permits placing their supports as far as
as far as practicable from anchor piles or cribbing. The
feasible from anchor piles or cribbing. Alternatively, mount the
wirelines shall include a weight or spring to maintain a
two indicators on axisymmetric points equidistant from the
constant tension force in the wire, so that, when plucked or
tapped, the wireline will return to its original position. Use
clean, uncoated steel wire with a diameter of 0.25 mm [0.01
in.] or less for the wirelines. Each wireline shall pass across,
and remain clear of, a scale mounted on the test pile or pile cap
parallel to the axis of the pile or pile group. Mount the scale on
a mirror affixed to the test pile or pile cap and use the wireline
as a reference line to read the scale. Use the mirror to eliminate
parallax error in the scale reading by lining up the wire and its
image in the mirror. Align the wire not more than 13 mm [0.5
in.] from the face of the scale.
7.2.4 Surveyor’s Level or Laser Beam— Movement read-
ings obtained using a surveyor’s level or laser beam shall be
taken on a survey rod or a scale and shall be referenced to a
permanent bench mark located outside of the immediate test
area or, alternatively, the surveyor’s level shall be mounted on
an object of fixed elevation (for example a driven pile) outside
of the immediate test area. Reference points or scales used in
taking displacement readings shall be mounted on the sides of
the test pile or pile cap and located on opposite sides except
that reference points may be located on top of the pile cap or
readings may be taken on a single fixed point in the center of
the test pile top, test plate or pile cap.
7.2.5 Other Types of Measurement Systems (optional) —The
engineer may specify another type of measurement system
satisfying the basic requirements of 7.2.
7.3 Lateral Movements (optional)—Measure the lateral
movements of the top of the test pile or pile group to within an
accuracy of 2.5 mm [0.1 in.] using either of the following
methods: (a) two displacement indicators oriented in orthogo-
nal directions, mounted with their stems perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the test pile(s) and bearing against lubri-
cated glass plates affixed to the sides of the test pile or pile cap,
or (b) a surveyor’s transit reading from scales mounted
laterally on two perpendicular sides of the test pile or pile cap
with readings referenced to fixed foresights or backsights. For
tests on inclined piles, orient the indicators or scales parallel
FIG. 8 Schematic of Instrumentation for Measuring Axial and perpendicular to the vertical plane of the incline and
Pile Movements perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test pile(s).
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7.4 Pile Extension and Strain Measurements (optional): pile or pile group, or the loading apparatus. Do not leave a
7.4.1 Measure the extension or strain of the test pile(s) loaded pile unattended.
during loading at locations specified by the engineer to help 8.1.1.2 To avoid excessive creep and possible structural
evaluate the distribution of load transfer from the pile to the failure of cast-in-place concrete piles, delay load testing after
surrounding soil. concrete placement to permit the fresh concrete to gain
7.4.2 Determine pile extension using displacement indica- adequate strength and stiffness. Use test cylinders or cores of
tors to measure the relative movement between the pile top and the pile concrete to determine the appropriate wait time,
an unstrained telltale rod (Fig. 8) bearing at a point within the recognizing that the test cylinders will generally cure more
pile. Unless located on the pile axis, install paired telltales in quickly than concrete in the pile.
the pile with the rods in each pair oriented symmetrically 8.1.1.3 The static axial capacity of piles typically changes as
opposite each other and equidistant from and parallel to the pile time elapses after pile installation, possibly increasing (setup)
axis. Terminate telltale pairs near the pile bottom and at other or decreasing (relaxation), depending on the soil or rock
points along the pile as required. Measure and record the properties and the pore water pressure and soil structure
distance from the pile top to the telltale termination point(s) to disturbance induced by installation. This behavior may affect
the nearest 10 mm [0.5 in.]. Install the telltales in a sheath or both driven piles and cast-in-place piles. The engineer may
casing to insure free rod movement during the test. The rods specify a waiting period between pile installation and static
shall have a rounded tip that bears on a clean steel plate affixed testing to investigate time effects. The waiting period may
to the pile or shall be threaded into a nut affixed to the pile. range from 3 to 30 days, or longer, based on testing (for
Clean the telltale rods prior to installation, oil them during or example redriving piles) or prior experience.
after installation, and provide centralizers to restrain lateral 8.1.1.4 When temporarily dewatering a test site with piles
movement but not axial movement at the pile top. The installed in granular soils, maintain the groundwater level as
displacement indicators shall have a travel of at least a 5 mm near to the ground surface as possible and record the ground-
[0.2 in.] and minimum graduations of 0.01 mm [0.0001 in.] or water surface elevation during the test. Correct the axial pile
less, with similar accuracy. Mount a smooth bearing surface for capacity for the difference in groundwater level as judged
the indicator stem on the telltale rod perpendicular to the appropriate, but generally only when the difference exceeds 1.5
direction of stem travel, such as a small, lubricated, glass plate m [5 ft].
clamped or glued in place. 8.1.2 Procedure A: Quick Test—Apply the test load in
7.4.3 Other Types of Telltale (optional)— The engineer may increments of 5 % of the anticipated failure load. Add each
specify another type of telltale for the measurement of pile load increment in a continuous fashion and immediately
extension that satisfies the basic requirements of 7.4.2. following the completion of movement readings for the previ-
7.4.4 Measure pile strain directly using strain gages in- ous load interval. Add load increments until reaching a failure
stalled along the length of the pile axis. Install single gages load, but do not exceed the safe structural capacity of the pile,
along the pile axis, or gage pairs with the gages in each pair pile group, or loading apparatus. During each load interval,
oriented symmetrically opposite each other and equidistant keep the load constant for a time interval of not less than 4 min
from and parallel to the pile axis. Measure and record the and not more than 15 min, using the same time interval for all
distance from the pile top to the gages to the nearest 10 mm loading increments throughout the test. Remove the load in five
[0.5 in.]. The gage type and installation shall be as specified by to ten approximately equal decrements, keeping the load
the engineer and shall include temperature compensation as constant for a time interval of not less than 4 min and not more
recommended by the gage manufacturer. Where feasible, than 15 min, using the same time interval for all unloading
measurement programs involving strain gages should include decrements. Consider longer time intervals for the failure load
calibration of the fully instrumented pile and a complete to assess creep behavior and for the final zero load to assess
history of gage readings starting before their installation in the rebound behavior.
pile. 8.1.3 Procedure B: Maintained Test (optional)—Unless fail-
NOTE 8—To interpret strain measurements and estimate pile stresses, ure occurs first, load the pile to a maximum maintained load of
the engineer will require a depth profile describing the variation of pile 200 % of the anticipated design load for tests on individual
constituents and their strength, cross sectional area, and stiffness. Stiffness piles, or 150 % of the pile group design load, applying the load
properties may vary with the applied stress, especially for grout or in increments of 25 % of the design load. Maintain each load
concrete. Obtain this information from installation records and separate
material property tests as needed. increment until the rate of axial movement does not exceed
0.25 mm [0.01 in.] per hour, with a minimum time adequate to
8. Test Procedures verify this movement rate based on the accuracy of the
movement indicator readings, and with a maximum of 2 h.
8.1 Loading: After applying the maximum load and reaching an overall test
8.1.1 General: duration of at least 12 h, begin unloading when the axial
8.1.1.1 Apply test loads following one of the procedures movement measured over a period of 1 h does not exceed 0.25
described below for each test method, or as modified by the mm [0.01 in.]; otherwise allow the maximum load to remain on
engineer. If feasible, the maximum applied load should reach a the pile or pile group for 24 h. If failure occurs during loading,
failure that reflects the ultimate axial static tensile load capacity maintain the failure load, or the maximum load possible, until
of the pile(s). Do not exceed the safe structural capacity of the the total axial movement equals 15 % of the pile diameter or
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width. After completing the final load increment, remove the maximum applied load, reapply the load to each preceding load
load in decrements of 25 % of the maximum test load with 1 h level in increments equal to 50 % of the design load, allowing
between decrements. 20 min between increments. Apply additional loads in accor-
dance with 8.1.3. After the maximum required test load has
NOTE 9—If negligible permanent axial movement occurs after unload-
ing the pile, consider reloading the test pile(s) to a greater load or use the been applied, hold and remove the test load in accordance with
procedure in 8.1.4. If the test pile(s) approach failure during the main- 8.1.3.
tained loading procedure, consider decreasing the final load increments to
obtain a more accurate failure load. 8.2 Recording Test Readings:
8.2.1 General:
8.1.4 Procedure C: Loading in Excess of the Maintained
8.2.1.1 For the required time intervals described below for
Test (optional)—After the load has been applied and removed
each test method, record the time, applied load, and movement
in accordance with 8.1.3, reload the test pile or pile group to
readings (displacement, and strain if measured) for each
the maximum maintained load in increments of 50 % of the
properly identified gage, scale, or reference point taken as

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pile or pile group design load, allowing 20 min between load
nearly simultaneously as practicable. The engineer may specify
increments. Then apply additional load in increments of 10 %
different reading intervals from those given below as needed to
of the design load for the pile or pile group until reaching the
satisfy the objectives of a particular test pile program. Obtain
maximum required load or failure, allowing 20 min between
additional test readings as specified by the engineer, or as
load increments. If failure occurs continue jacking the pile until
convenient for testing purposes, that is, when using a datalog-
the settlement equals 15 % of the pile diameter or width. If
ger to record readings at a constant time interval. Clearly
failure does not occur, hold the full load for 2 h and then
record and explain any field adjustments made to instrumen-
remove the load in four equal decrements, allowing 20 min
tation or recorded data.
between decrements.
8.2.1.2 Verify the stability of the reference beams and load
8.1.5 Procedure D: Constant Time Interval Loading Test
reaction system (including reaction piles) using a surveyor’s
(optional)—Follow the procedures of 8.1.3, but apply the load
level or transit and target rod or scales to determine movement.
in increments of 20 % of the pile or group design load with 1
Record readings taken before applying any test load, at the
h between load increments. Then unload the pile(s) in decre-
proposed design load, at the maximum test load, and after the
ments of 25 % of the maximum test load with 1 h between
removal of all load. Intermediate readings for each load
decrements.
increment are recommended to provide additional quality
8.1.6 Procedure E: Constant Rate of Uplift Test (optional):
assurance and detect potential failure of the load reaction
8.1.6.1 The apparatus for applying loads shall have a system.
capacity as specified and shall be in accordance with section
8.2.1.3 When using embedded strain gages to obtain incre-
6.3, 6.4, or 6.6. Use a mechanical hydraulic jacking system
mental strain measurements as in 7.4, record strain readings
equipped with a bleed valve, variable speed device, or other
just before starting the test and, as a minimum, during the test
means for providing a smooth variable pressure delivery.
whenever recording readings of time, load, and movement. The
8.1.6.2 Vary the applied load as necessary to maintain a pile engineer may also require gage readings taken before and after
uplift rate of 0.5 to 1.0 mm [0.02 to 0.04 in.], or as specified by the pile installation to obtain a complete strain history and
the engineer. Continue loading the pile until achieving con- investigate residual stress behavior.
tinuous uplift at the specified rate. Hold the maximum applied
8.2.2 Procedure A: Quick Test—Record test readings taken
load until obtaining a total pile withdrawal of at least 15 % of
at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 min after completing the application of each
the average pile diameter or width, or until the pile withdrawal
load increment, and at 8 and 15 min when permitted by longer
stops. Gradually release the final load to protect the load and
load intervals. Record test readings taken at 1 and 4 min after
measurement systems.
completing each load decrement, and at 8 and 15 min when
8.1.6.3 Control the rate of penetration by checking the time permitted by a longer unload intervals. Record readings taken
taken for successive small equal increments of penetration and at 1, 4, 8 and 15 min after all removing all load.
then adjusting the jacking accordingly. Alternatively, use a
mechanical or electrical device to monitor and control the NOTE 10—The movement measured between readings for a given load
penetration rate so that it remains constant. increment provides an indication of creep behavior.
8.1.6.4 See 8.2.3 for measurement procedures. When using 8.2.3 Procedure B: Maintained Test (also Procedures C, D,
a video recording system, locate all gages for easy reading and F) (optional)—Record test readings taken before and after
within the camera’s field of view, as well as a digital clock the application of each load increment or decrement. During
displaying time to the nearest second. each load interval, provided that the test pile or pile group has
8.1.7 Procedure F: Cyclic Loading Test (optional)—For the not failed, record additional readings taken at 2, 4, 8, 15, 45,
first application of test load increments, apply such increments 60, 80, 100, and 120 min following application of the load
in accordance with 8.1.3. After the application of loads equal to increment, and every 60 min thereafter as needed. If pile failure
50, 100 and 150 % of the pile design load for tests of individual occurs, also record readings taken immediately before remov-
piles or 50 and 100 % of the group design load for tests on pile ing the first load decrement. During unloading, record readings
groups, maintain the total test load in each case for 1 h and taken at time intervals of no more than 30 min for each unload
remove the load in decrements equal to the loading increments, interval. Record readings at 1, 2, and 12 h after removing all
allowing 20 min between decrements. After removing each load.

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8.2.4 Procedure E: Constant Rate of Uplift (optional) 10.1.1.4 Nearest test boring(s) or sounding(s), and their
—Record test readings taken at least every 30 s or at sufficient location with reference to test location,
intervals to determine the actual rate of uplift. Operate any 10.1.1.5 In situ and laboratory soil test results, and
automatic monitoring and recording devices continuously dur- 10.1.1.6 Horizontal and vertical control datum.
ing each test. When the test pile has achieved its specified rate 10.1.2 Pile Installation Equipment:
of uplift, continue to take and record readings for the duration 10.1.2.1 Make, model, type and size of hammer,
of the loading, and determine the maximum load applied. Take 10.1.2.2 Weight of hammer and ram,
and record readings during unloading, immediately after 10.1.2.3 Stroke or ram,
unloading, and again 1 h after removing all load. 10.1.2.4 Rated energy of hammer,
10.1.2.5 Rated capacity of boiler or compressor,
9. Safety Requirements 10.1.2.6 Type and dimensions of capblock and pile cushion,
9.1 All operations in connection with pile load testing shall 10.1.2.7 Weight and dimensions of drive cap and follower,

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be carried out in such a manner so as to minimize, avoid, or 10.1.2.8 Size of predrilling or jetting equipment,
eliminate the exposure of people to hazard. The following 10.1.2.9 Weight of clamp, follower, adaptor, and oscillator
safety rules are in addition to general safety requirements for vibratory driver,
applicable to construction operations: 10.1.2.10 Type, size, length, and weight of mandrel,
9.1.1 Keep all test and adjacent work areas, walkways, 10.1.2.11 Type, size, and length of auger,
platforms, etc. clear of scrap, debris, small tools, and accumu- 10.1.2.12 Type and size of grout pump,
lations of snow, ice, mud, grease, oil, or other slippery 10.1.2.13 Type, size, wall thickness, and length of drive
substances. casing,
9.1.2 Provide timbers, blocking and cribbing materials 10.1.2.14 Detailed description of drilling equipment and
made of quality material and in good serviceable condition techniques, and
with flat surfaces and without rounded edges. 10.1.2.15 Size, type, length, and installation or extraction
9.1.3 Hydraulic jacks shall be equipped with hemispherical (or both) method of casings.
bearing plates or shall be in complete and firm contact with the 10.1.3 Test and Anchor Pile Details:
bearing surfaces and shall be aligned so as to avoid eccentric 10.1.3.1 Identification and location of test and anchor piles,
loading. 10.1.3.2 Design load of test pile or pile group,
9.1.4 Loads shall not be hoisted, swung, or suspended over 10.1.3.3 Type and dimensions of test and anchor piles,
anyone and shall be controlled by tag lines. 10.1.3.4 Test pile material including basic specifications,
9.1.5 The test beam(s), reaction frame, reaction piles, an- 10.1.3.5 Pile quality including knots, splits, checks and
choring devices, and their connections and supports shall be shakes, and straightness of piles, reservative treatment and
designed and approved by a qualified engineer and installed to conditioning process used for timber test piles including
transmit the required loads with an adequate factor of safety. inspection certificates,
9.1.6 For tests on inclined piles, all inclined jacks, bearing 10.1.3.6 Wall thickness of pipe test pile,
plates, test beam(s), or frame members shall be firmly fixed 10.1.3.7 Weight per foot of H test pile,
into place or adequately blocked to prevent slippage upon 10.1.3.8 Description of test pile tip reinforcement or
release of load. protection,
9.1.7 All reaction components shall be stable and balanced. 10.1.3.9 Description of banding-timber piles,
During testing, movements of the reaction system should be 10.1.3.10 Description of special coatings used,
monitored to detect impending unstable conditions. 10.1.3.11 Test pile (mandrel) weight as driven,
9.1.8 All test beams, reaction frames, and test apparatus 10.1.3.12 Date precast test piles made,
shall be adequately supported at all times. 10.1.3.13 Details of concrete design, grout mix design, or
9.1.9 Only authorized personnel shall be permitted within both.
the immediate test area, and only as necessary to monitor test 10.1.3.14 Concrete or grout, or both, placement techniques
equipment. As best as possible, locate pumps, load cell and records,
readouts, dataloggers, and test monitoring equipment at a safe 10.1.3.15 Concrete and/or grout sample strengths and date
distance away from jacks, loaded beams, and their supports and of strength test,
connections. 10.1.3.16 Description of internal reinforcement used in test
pile (size, length, number longitudinal bars, arrangement,
10. Report spiral, or tie steel),
10.1 The report of the load test shall include the following 10.1.3.17 Condition of precast piles including spalled areas,
information as required by the engineer and as appropriate to cracks, top surface, and straightness of piles,
the pile type, test apparatus, and test method: 10.1.3.18 Effective prestress,
10.1.1 General: 10.1.3.19 Degree of inclination for each pile,
10.1.1.1 Project identification and location, 10.1.3.20 Length of test pile during driving,
10.1.1.2 Test site location, 10.1.3.21 Final pile top and bottom elevations, and ground
10.1.1.3 Owner, structural engineer, geotechnical engineer, elevation referenced to a datum,
pile contractor, boring contractor, 10.1.3.22 Embedded length-test and anchor piles,

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10.1.3.23 Tested length of test pile, and 10.1.5.6 Description of special instrumentation such as
10.1.3.24 Final elevation of test pile butt(s) referenced to strain rods or strain gages including location of such with
fixed datum. reference to pile top,
10.1.4 Test and Anchor Pile Installation: 10.1.5.7 Special testing procedures used,
10.1.4.1 Date installed, 10.1.5.8 Tabulation of all time, load, and movement
10.1.4.2 Volume of concrete or grout placed in pile, readings,
10.1.4.3 Grout pressure used,
10.1.5.9 Identification and location sketch of all indicators,
10.1.4.4 Description of pre-excavation or jetting (depth,
scales, and reference points,
size, pressure, duration),
10.1.4.5 Operating pressure for double-acting and differen- 10.1.5.10 Description and explanation of adjustments made
tial type hammers, to instrumentation or field data, or both,
10.1.4.6 Throttle setting—diesel hammer (at final driving), 10.1.5.11 Notation of any unusual occurrences during
10.1.4.7 Fuel type—diesel hammer, testing,
10.1.4.8 Horsepower delivered and frequency of vibratory 10.1.5.12 Test jack and other required calibration reports,
driver during final 3 m [10 ft] of pile penetration, 10.1.5.13 Groundwater level, and
10.1.4.9 Description of special installation procedures used 10.1.5.14 Suitable photographs showing the test instrumen-
such as piles cased off, tation and set-up.
10.1.4.10 Type and location of pile splices,
10.1.4.11 Driving or drilling records, 11. Precision and Bias
10.1.4.12 Final penetration resistance (blows per centimetre
[blows per inch]), 11.1 Precision—Test data on precision is not presented due
10.1.4.13 Rate of pile penetration in m/s [ft/s] for last 3 m to the nature of these test methods. It is either not feasible or
[10 ft], vibratory driving, too costly at this time to have ten or more agencies participate
10.1.4.14 When capblock replaced (indicate on log), in an in situ testing program at a given site. Each test pile is
10.1.4.15 When pile cushion replaced (indicate on log), unique due to the variable nature of the ground in which it is
10.1.4.16 Cause and duration of interruptions in pile embedded. Furthermore, retesting a particular pile commonly
installation, and results in different data from the initial testing due to plastic
10.1.4.17 Notation of any unusual occurrences during in- movement of the ground in which the pile is embedded.
stallation. 11.1.1 The Subcommittee D18.11 is seeking any data from
10.1.5 Pile Testing: the users of these test methods that might be used to make a
10.1.5.1 Date and type of test, limited statement on precision.
10.1.5.2 Temperature and weather conditions during tests,
11.2 Bias—There is no accepted reference value for these

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10.1.5.3 Number of piles in group test,
10.1.5.4 Brief description of load application apparatus, test methods, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
including jack capacity,
10.1.5.5 Description of instrumentation used to measure 12. Keywords
pile movement including location of indicators, scales, and 12.1 axial static tensile pile capacity; field testing; jack; load
other reference points with respect to pile top, cell; loading procedure; reference beam

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS

X1.1 Potential residual loads in the pile which could influ- X1.4 Differences between conditions at time of testing and
ence the interpreted distribution of load at the pile tip and along after final construction such as changes in grade or groundwa-
the pile shaft. ter level.

X1.2 Possible interaction of friction loads from test pile X1.5 Loss or gain of test pile soil resistance due to changes
with downward friction transferred to the soil from reaction in the soil stress distribution around the test pile(s) such as
piles or cribbing obtaining part or all of their support in soil at excavation, scour, fill, etc.
levels above the tip level of the test pile.
X1.6 Possible differences in the performance of a pile in a
X1.3 Changes in pore water pressure in the soil caused by group or of a pile group from that of a single isolated pile.
pile driving, construction fill, and other construction operations
which may influence the test results for frictional support in X1.7 Affect on long-term pile performance of factors such
relatively impervious soils such as clay and silt. as creep, environmental effects on pile material, negative

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 D3689/D3689M − 07 (2013)´1
friction loads, swelling soils, and strength losses. X1.10 Requirement that non tested pile(s) have essentially
identical conditions to those for tested pile(s) including, but not
X1.8 Type of structure to be supported, including sensitivity limited to, subsurface conditions, pile type, length, size and
of structure to movement and relation between live and dead stiffness, and pile installation methods and equipment so that
loads.
application or extrapolation of the test results to such other
X1.9 Special testing procedures which may be required for piles is valid.
the application of certain acceptance criteria or methods of
interpretation.

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