This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D6528 − 17

Standard Test Method for

Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple Shear Testing of Fine
Grain Soils1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force

1.1 This test method defines equipment specifications and (weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of
testing procedures for the measurement of constant volume mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft3 should not be
strength and stress-strain characteristics of cohesive soils after regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
one-dimensional consolidation using a constant rate of simple 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
shear deformation mode of loading. The constant volume guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
condition is equivalent to the undrained condition for saturated Practice D6026.
specimens. 1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
1.2 This test method is written specifically for devices that recorded or calculated in this test standard are regarded as the
test rectangular parallelepiped or cylindrical specimens. Other industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
more general devices, such as the torsional shear hollow significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
cylinder, may be used to perform consolidated constant volume dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
simple shear tests but are beyond the scope of this test method. obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to
1.3 This test method is applicable to testing intact, labora- increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
tory reconstituted, and compacted soils, however, it does not commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
include specific guidance for reconstituting or compacting test of this test standard to consider significant digits used in
specimens. analysis methods for engineering design.
1.4 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting 1.6.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
this test to specify the magnitude of the vertical consolidation better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be
stress prior to constant volume shear and, when appropriate, regarded a nonconformance with this standard.
the maximum vertical consolidation stress, which will result in 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
an overconsolidated specimen. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.5.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
unless dynamic calculations (F=Ma) are involved. This implic- Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
itly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single
standard. This test method has been written using SI units; 2. Referenced Documents
however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and
2
Compressibility of Soils. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6528 – 07, which was Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
withdrawn January 2016 and reinstated in August 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D6528-17. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D6528 − 17
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by one cycle of secondary compression or one day longer than the
Water Pycnometer end of excess pore water pressure dissipation.
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-
4.3 The specimen is sheared by displacing one platen
Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
tangentially relative to the other at a constant rate of displace-
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
ment and measuring the resulting shear force. The platens are
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
constrained against rotation and vertical movement throughout
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading shear.
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering 4.4 The specimen volume is held constant during shear to
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) simulate undrained conditions. Constant volume is achieved by
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils changing the vertical load applied to the specimen to maintain
(Visual-Manual Procedures) constant specimen height. Since the pore pressure is zero
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, through shear, the change in vertical stress is equal to the
Drive Sampling of Soils change in effective stress and assumed to be equal to the
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies change in pore water pressure that would occur in a sealed
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as specimen confined by a constant vertical total stress.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this test standard is
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
Samples
suitability of the equipment and facilities. Agencies that meet the criteria
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and of Practice D3740 generally are considered capable of competent and
Plasticity Index of Soils objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test standard are
D4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Data
D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis 5. Significance and Use
D7928 Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada- 5.1 The shear strength of a specimen depends on the method
tion) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation of shearing, soil type, vertical consolidation stress, time of
(Hydrometer) Analysis consolidation, rate of strain, and prior stress history of the soil.

3. Terminology 5.2 In this test, the shear strength is measured under

constant volume conditions that are equivalent to undrained
3.1 Definitions: conditions for a saturated specimen; hence, the test is appli-
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this cable to field conditions wherein soils have fully consolidated
standard, refer to Terminology D653. under one set of stresses, and then are subjected to changes in
3.2 shear modulus, n—a measure of a material’s resistance stress without time for further drainage to take place.
to shear stress, equal to the ratio of the increment in the shear
stress to the resultant increment in angle of deformation 5.3 The constant volume (undrained) strength is a function
expressed in radians; also known as the modulus of rigidity. of stress conditions. In this test method, the strength is
measured under plane strain conditions and the principle
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: stresses continuously rotate due to the application of shear
3.3.1 active height control, n—a method of keeping the stress. This simple shear stress condition occurs in many field
height of the specimen constant during the shearing process in situations including zones below a long embankment and
which the displacement control mechanism is physically ad- around axially loaded piles.
justed in response to the vertical displacement measurement.
3.3.2 passive height control, n—a method of keeping the 5.4 The state of stress within the simple shear specimen is
height of the specimen constant during the shearing process in not sufficiently defined nor uniform enough to allow rigorous
which the specimen and force measuring device are clamped interpretation of the results. Expressing the data in terms of the
by a mechanism that is much stiffer than the specimen. shear stress and vertical effective stress on the horizontal plane
is useful for engineering purposes, but should not be confused
4. Summary of Test Method with the effective stress parameters derived from other shear
tests having better defined states of stress.
4.1 In this test method a specimen of cohesive soil is
constrained vertically between two parallel, rigid platens and 5.5 The values of the secant shear modulus can be used to
laterally, such that the cross sectional area remains constant. estimate the initial settlements of embankments built on
saturated cohesive soils due to undrained shear deformations.
4.2 The specimen is loaded vertically and allowed to con-
solidate one-dimensionally. Each vertical load increment is 5.6 The data and the rate of consolidation from the consoli-
maintained until excess pore water pressures are essentially dation portion of this test are comparable to results obtained
dissipated as interpreted from the vertical displacement rate. using Test Methods D2435 provided that the more rigorous
The maximum vertical load is maintained until completion of consolidation procedure of Test Methods D2435 is followed.

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 D6528 − 17
5.6.1 When using wire reinforced membranes the vertical using passive height control, the compressibility of the vertical
displacements measured from Test Methods D2435 are some- transducer plus compressibility of slide table must satisfy the
what smaller than for the direct simple shear test because the deflection requirement of 6.9.
direct simple shear (DSS) specimen’s lateral confinement is
6.5 Vertical Loading Ram—A suitable device that must hold
less rigid.
one platen parallel to the other while allowing vertical dis-
5.6.2 The estimated preconsolidation pressure is compa-
placement of the specimen. If the piston resists the shear force,
rable provided the specimen is loaded sufficiently into the
it must do so with negligible rotation of the platen.
normally consolidated range.
6.6 Shear Slide Table—A suitable device that must hold the
6. Apparatus platens parallel to each other and allow shear displacement of
6.1 Fig. 1 presents a schematic diagram of the necessary the specimen. When using passive height control device the
components for the apparatus. slide table’s compressibility plus the compressibility of vertical
transducer must satisfy the deflection requirement of 6.9. The
6.2 Vertical Loading Device—A suitable device for applying
slide table shall allow a sufficient displacement to provide a
vertical force to the specimen that must be capable of main-
minimum of 30 % shear strain.
taining constant force during the consolidation phase of a test,
permit quick application of force for consolidation increments, 6.7 Lateral Confinement Device—The specimen shall be
and allow continuous adjustment of force when using active constrained laterally such that the cross-sectional area at any
height control or be rigidly locked in place when using passive location does not change by more than 0.1 % during shear. In
height control. addition, the confinement must allow uniform shear deforma-
6.3 Shear Loading Device—A suitable device for applying tion. Circular specimens are generally confined by a wire
shear force to the specimen with sufficient capacity and control reinforced membrane or stacked rigid rings. Square specimens
to deform the specimen at the required displacement rate. generally are confined by stacked hollow plates or hinged solid
Displacement should be smooth and continuous. At a plates. The thickness of the individual stacked rings or plates
minimum, the displacement rate should be within 615 % of must be less than 1⁄10 of the specimen thickness in order to
the average calculated rate (12.3.7) from 50 % of the peak allow relatively uniform shear deformation. When the confin-
shear force to the end of the test. Vibration due to operation of ing device is within a water bath, it shall be constructed of
this device should be sufficiently small so as not to cause corrosion resistant material.
visible ripples in a glass of water placed on the loading 6.7.1 Specimen Size Requirements:
platform. 6.7.1.1 The minimum specimen diameter (or lateral dimen-
sion) shall be 45 mm.
6.4 Force Transducer—Two suitable transducers: one for
measuring vertical force and one for measuring shear force. 6.7.1.2 The minimum specimen height shall be 12 mm.
Each transducer shall have the necessary capacity, be accurate 6.7.1.3 The height to diameter, or minimum lateral
to 61 % of the applied maximum force for a given test and dimension, ratio shall not exceed 0.4.
have a readability of at least 4 significant digits of the applied 6.7.1.4 The specimen height shall not be less than ten times
maximum force for a given test. The transducers shall be the maximum particle diameter (see 9.4).
insensitive to eccentric loading or installed in a fashion to 6.7.2 Platens—The top and bottom platens of the apparatus
eliminate eccentric loading. The compressibility of the shear shall be constructed of corrosion resistant material and have a
measuring transducer shall not cause the deviation in shear circular, rectangular or square cross-section to match the
displacement rate to exceed6 15 % of the average rate. When specimen. The platens shall be designed to securely hold the

FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Direct Simple Shear Components

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 D6528 − 17
porous disks and provide drainage from the specimen to the frame must allow the trimmed specimen to be transferred from
water bath and transfer shear to the specimen without horizon- the trimming device to the confinement device with a minimum
tal slippage. of disturbance.
6.7.3 Porous Disks—The porous disks shall be brass, silicon 6.12 Water Access System—A method to provide the speci-
carbide, aluminum oxide, or similar rigid corrosion resistant men with free access to water at atmospheric pressure and
material. The disks shall be flat, fine enough to prevent prevent specimen drying due to evaporation. The entire speci-
intrusion of the soil into the pores, and rough enough to men and confinement device may be submerged in a water bath
transfer the shear stress. The disks must be at least ten times or the end platens may be connected to a standpipe by flexible
more permeable than the soil. Disks must cover at least 90 % tubing. In either case, water must be available to both ends of
of the specimen surface and when smaller than the specimen, the specimen by means of the porous disks.
must be recessed into the platen such that the surface in contact 6.13 Miscellaneous Equipment—Including timing device
with the soil is flush with the platen. with one second readability, caliper, distilled or demineralized
NOTE 2—It is sometimes necessary to increase the surface roughness of water, spatulas, knives, trimming blade and wire saws.
the porous disks in order to prevent interface slippage. Short metallic pins 6.14 Balances, in accordance with Test Methods D2216.
cemented into the disks, knife edges and ridges have been used success-
fully but may introduce uncertainty in test results. 6.15 Drying Oven, in accordance with Test Methods D2216.
6.8 Displacement Indicators—Two suitable devices: one to 6.16 Water Content Container, in accordance with Test
measure the change in specimen height and one for measuring Methods D2216.
the shear deformation (vertical and lateral movement of top 6.17 Environment—Tests shall be performed in an environ-
platen relative to bottom platen). These devices shall have a ment where temperature fluctuations are less than 62°C during
range of at least 50 % of the initial height of the specimen and shear, and there is no direct exposure to sunlight.
shall have an accuracy of 0.25 %, or better of full range and a
6.18 Trimming Environment—Trim the specimen in a glove
readability of at least 4 significant digits of the initial specimen
box or room that has a high enough relative humidity to
height.
prevent changes in the water content of the soil.
6.9 Volume Control Equipment—One of the two following 6.19 Specimen Height Measurement Devices—A dial com-
methods may be used to achieve constant volume during shear. parator or another suitable device shall be used to measure the
With either method, the specimen is free to drain and the height to four significant digits and shall be constructed so that
measured change in vertical stress during shear is assumed to its use will not indent or penetrate into the specimen.
be equal to the pore pressure which would develop in a sealed
specimen confined by a constant vertical total stress. In either 7. Sampling
case, the device shall not allow the specimen change in height
to exceed 0.05 % including the equipment deformation deter- 7.1 Intact Samples:
mined in 10.1. 7.1.1 Intact samples having satisfactory quality for testing
by this method may be obtained using procedures and appara-
6.9.1 Vertical Force Adjustment Device—Active height con- tus described by Practices D1587 and D3550. Specimens also
trol requires a mechanism to continuously adjust the vertical may be trimmed from large intact block samples obtained and
force to prevent changes in the specimen height during shear. sealed in the field.
NOTE 3—A variety of devices are used including manual adjustment of 7.1.2 Intact samples to be tested by this method shall be
a worm gear, computer control of a worm gear, and computer control of preserved, handled and transported in accordance with the
a pneumatic cylinder. practices for Groups C and D samples in Practice D4220.
6.9.2 Vertical Displacement Clamp—Passive height control 7.1.3 Intact samples shall be sealed and stored such that no
requires a mechanism to lock the vertical loading ram in place moisture is lost or gained between sampling and testing.
during shear. The vertical force transducer must be moment Storage time and temperature fluctuations should be reduced.
insensitive and located between the specimen and the clamp or 7.1.4 The quality of simple shear test results diminish
the specimen and the slide base. greatly with sample disturbance. No sampling procedure can
produce completely undisturbed samples; therefore, careful
6.10 Specimen Trimming Device (Optional)—A trimming evaluation of the sample and selection of the highest quality
turntable or a cylindrical cutting ring may be used for cutting material for testing is recommended for reliable testing.
the cylindrical specimens to the proper diameter. A wire saw
NOTE 4—Evaluation for sample disturbance, stones or other inclusions,
and miter box or cutting shoe may be used for rectangular and selection of specimen location is greatly facilitated by x-ray radiog-
specimens. The top and bottom of the specimen may be rough raphy of the samples as described in Methods D4452.
trimmed with a wire saw. The flat surfaces must be finish
7.2 Laboratory Reconstituted and Compacted Specimens:
trimmed with a sharpened straight edge and shall have a
7.2.1 Laboratory reconstituted and compacted specimens
tolerance of 60.05 mm.
may be prepared from bulk homogeneous material.
6.11 Specimen Setup Frame—A rigid frame to hold in 7.2.2 Bulk material should be handled and transported in
alignment the bottom platen, the specimen in the trimming accordance with the practices for Group B samples of Practices
device, and expander containing the confinement device. The D4220.

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 D6528 − 17
7.2.2.1 The material required for the specimen shall be 8.4.3 When soil is compacted into an oversize preparation
batched by thoroughly mixing soil with sufficient water to mold, compact using more than three layers and then trim the
produce the desired conditions. After batching, store the specimen using the intact preparation procedures.
material in a covered container for at least 16 hours prior to
8.5 Trim the top and bottom surfaces of the specimen to be
specimen preparation.
flat and perpendicular to the specimen sides. This trimming
8. Specimen Preparation may be accomplished using the rims of the cutting shoe or an
8.1 Reasonable precautions should be taken to reduce the additional alignment device. For soft to medium soils, a wire
potential for disturbance of the soil caused by vibration, saw should be used to rough cut the surface. For stiff soils, and
distortion, and compression. the final surfaces, a straightedge with a sharpened cutting
surface should be used to make sure the surfaces are flat.
8.2 Test specimens and soil processing should be performed
in an environment that prevents moisture change. 8.6 If a small rock particle is encountered in the surfaces
8.3 Intact Specimens—Trim the sample to the lateral dimen- being trimmed, it should be removed and the resulting void
sion of the lateral confinement device to obtain the specimen. filled with soil from the trimmings.
8.3.1 Intact soil collected using sample tubes shall be at 8.7 Obtain two or three initial water content determinations
least 2.5 mm larger in each dimension than the specimen of the soil in accordance with Test Methods D2216 from
dimension except as specified in 8.3.2 and 8.3.3. Trim away the material trimmed adjacent to the test specimen if sufficient
additional material using one of the following methods. material is available or from the excess batched material.
NOTE 5—The degree of sample disturbance is known to increase 8.8 Determine the initial moist mass of the specimen (Mto)
towards the perimeter of the tube sample, and therefore, it is better to use to the nearest 0.01 g by direct measurement or when in the
larger diameter samples where possible.
cutting shoe by measuring the mass of the shoe with specimen
8.3.1.1 When using a trimming turntable and cylindrical and subtracting the tare mass of the shoe.
specimens, make a complete perimeter cut, the width of the
blade, to reduce the soil diameter to that of the confinement 8.9 Determine the initial height ( Ho) of the specimen to the
ring. Gradually advance the specimen into the ring by the nearest 0.025 mm by taking the average of at least four evenly
width of the blade. Repeat until the specimen protrudes from spaced measurements using a dial comparator or other suitable
the bottom of the ring. measuring device.
8.3.1.2 When using a cutting shoe, trim the soil to a gentle 8.10 Use the specimen setup frame to insert the fully
taper in front of the cutting surface with a knife or spatula. trimmed specimen into the confinement device.
After the taper is formed, advance the cutter a small distance to
shave off the remaining soil and form the final diameter. Repeat 8.11 Determine and record the diameter to the nearest 0.025
the process until the specimen protrudes from the top of the mm, such that the cross-sectional area (A) of the specimen may
cutter. be calculated. The diameter and subsequent cross-section area,
8.3.1.3 When using a miter box and parallelepiped of the specimen may be taken as that of the confinement device
specimens, trim each side of soft to medium stiff soil with a or the cutting shoe.
wire saw. Finish each surface with a sharpened straight edge. 8.12 When index properties are specified by the requesting
Stiff soil is best trimmed with a sharpened straight edge. The agency, store the remaining trimmings taken from around the
specimen shall have orthogonal surfaces. specimen and judged to be similar material in a sealed
8.3.2 Fibrous soils, such as peats, and those soils that are container for determination as described in Section 9.
damaged easily by trimming, may be transferred directly from
the sampling tube to the confinement device, provided that the 9. Soil Index Property Determination
device has the same dimensions as the sampling tube.
8.3.3 Specimens obtained using a ring-lined sampler may be 9.1 Determination of index properties is an important ad-
used without prior trimming, provided they comply with the junct to, but not a requirement of, this test method. These
requirements of Practice D3550 and this test method. determinations when specified by the requesting agency should
be made on the most representative material possible. When
8.4 Laboratory Reconstituted and Compacted Specimens—
testing uniform materials, the index tests may be performed on
The method of preparation and specifications, such as water
adjacent trimmings collected in 8.12. When samples are
content, density, and compactive effort shall be stipulated by
heterogeneous or trimmings are in short supply, index tests
the agency requesting the test; however, the specimen must be
should be performed on material from the test specimen as
fabricated using the guidelines specified in 8.4.1 – 8.4.3.
obtained in 11.4.6.2, plus representative trimmings collected in
8.4.1 Compact batched material in layers using a pressing or
8.12. There will not be sufficient soil, however, from the test
kneading action into a preparation mold or directly into the
specimen to meet the minimum sample requirements of the
cutting shoe. The top of each layer shall be scarified prior to
following index tests.
addition of material for the next layer.
8.4.2 When soil is to be compacted directly into the cutting 9.2 Specific Gravity—The specific gravity (Gs) shall be
shoe, the specimen must be fabricated in at least three layers determined in accordance with Test Methods D854 on material
and the compacted material should be thicker than the final as specified in 9.1. The specific gravity determined from
trimmed specimen. another sample judged to be similar to that of the test specimen

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 D6528 − 17
may be used for calculation in 12.1.5 whenever an approximate 10.3.4 Measure and record the shear force to four significant
void ratio is acceptable. digits while displacing the shear piston in the loading direction,
9.3 Atterberg Limits—The liquid limit, plastic limit and and then again while displacing the piston in the unloading
plasticity index shall be determined in accordance with Test direction.
Methods D4318 using material from the sample as specified in 10.3.5 Compute and record the shear force piston friction
9.1. Determination of the Atterberg Limits are necessary for (Spf) as one half the difference between these two values to four
proper material classification and evaluation of test results. significant digits.
Atterberg Limits shall be determined on undried soil. NOTE 6—It is often convenient to include the shear piston friction in the
calibration of the resistance of the lateral confinement device as measured
9.4 Particle Size Distribution—The particle size distribution
in 10.2.
shall be determined in accordance with the Test Method D6913
the minimum sample size requirement may not be met by the 10.3.6 Measure and record the mass of the top platen (Mtp)
portion of the test specimen as obtained in 11.4.6.2. Particle to the nearest 0.01 g.
size may be helpful when visual observation indicates that the
specimen contains a substantial fraction of coarse grained 11. Procedure
material. 11.1 Assembling the Equipment:
11.1.1 The apparatus must be assembled in such a manner
10. Calibration as to prevent a change in water content of the specimen. Dry
10.1 The measured vertical displacements during consoli- porous disks must be used with dry, expansive soils, and may
dation must be corrected for apparatus compressibility. be used for other types of soils. Damp disks may be used with
10.1.1 Assemble the apparatus with a copper or steel disk of soils having low swell potential. Saturated disks may only be
approximately the same size as the specimen. used with saturated soils that have a low affinity for water.
10.1.2 Measure the vertical displacement (Dc) to the nearest 11.1.2 Arrange the loading devices, such that no force is
0.001 mm as the vertical force (Vc) is increased from the being applied. Measure and record the vertical force (Vo) and
seating value to its maximum value and then returned to the shear force (So) zero readings to four significant digits.
seating value. 11.1.3 Place the specimen assembly in the loading device,
10.1.3 Graph or tabulate these displacements as a function clamp it in place and apply a small vertical seating stress of
of force. approximately 5 kPa.
10.2 The measured shear force must be corrected for the NOTE 7—The most appropriate vertical seating stress depends on the
resistance of the lateral confinement whenever this value stiffness of the soil. It should be as large as possible to eliminate seating
displacement errors yet not so large as to cause consolidation.
exceeds 1 % of the measured failure value. The resistance of
the lateral confinement can be measured as described below. 11.1.4 Immediately adjust the vertical displacement
10.2.1 Assemble the apparatus with the confinement device indicator, then measure and record the zero reading (Do) to the
and a sealed water bag or frictionless bearing in place of the nearest 0.001 mm. If necessary, add additional vertical stress to
specimen, such that the separation between the platens is equal prevent swelling of the specimen. Conversely, if the specimen
to the typical specimen height. Clamp the lateral confinement begins to compress, reduce the seating stress.
to the top and bottom platens to prevent it from rotating during 11.1.5 Adjust the shear displacement indicator, then mea-
the calibration. sure and record the zero reading (δo) to the nearest 0.01 mm.
10.2.2 Apply the shear displacement (δc) and measure and 11.1.6 Inundate the specimen with water. When using dry or
record the shear force (Sc) as the top platen is displaced relative partially saturated stones, it may be necessary to flush water
to the bottom platen. through the bottom, and top stones separately to provide the
10.2.3 Graph or tabulate these forces as a function of shear specimen with adequate access to water. As inundation and
displacement. specimen wetting occur, increase the vertical stress as required
to prevent swelling. Measure and record the vertical load
10.3 Depending on the apparatus configuration, it may be
required to prevent swelling and the resulting displacement
necessary to correct the measured vertical and shear force for
reading to the nearest 0.001 mm.
the friction in the loading ram and the slide table, respectively.
These corrections are necessary whenever the friction exceeds 11.2 Consolidating the Specimen:
0.2 % of the maximum value for a given test. The friction can 11.2.1 Apply increments of constant total vertical force to
be measured as described in 10.3.1 – 10.3.6. consolidate the specimen to the stress level specified by the
10.3.1 Assemble the apparatus without the confinement requesting agency. The loading schedule shall comply with the
device. guidelines specified in 11.2.1.1 – 11.2.2.4.
10.3.2 Measure and record the vertical load to four signifi- 11.2.1.1 If detailed compression characteristics, including
cant digits while displacing the piston in the loading direction, the preconsolidation pressure, are to be measured then the load
and then again while displacing the piston in the unloading schedule shall conform to Test Methods D2435.
direction. 11.2.1.2 The standard loading shall consist of a load incre-
10.3.3 Compute and record the vertical force piston friction ment ratio (LIR) of unity that is obtained by doubling the stress
(Vpf) as one half the difference between these two values to on the soil for each increment. A LIR as large as two may be
four significant digits. used for stresses below the preconsolidation pressure.

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11.2.1.3 The standard unloading may be selected such that 11.4 Disassembling the Equipment:
each successive stress is one-fourth as large as the preceding 11.4.1 Reduce the access of water to the specimen by
stress. draining the water bath/standpipe and stones.
11.2.2 The time sequence of displacement readings and the 11.4.2 Remove the shear force from the specimen.
minimum load duration shall conform to the following. 11.4.3 Reduce the vertical force to the seating value.
11.2.2.1 Measure and record the vertical displacement (D) 11.4.4 If the requesting agency requires the water content
of the specimen to four significant digits and the time before during shear, then:
each stress increment application. 11.4.4.1 Allow the specimen to swell for the time required
11.2.2.2 If detailed compression characteristics are needed, to reach 95 % consolidation or one hour.
then follow Test Methods D2435. 11.4.4.2 Measure and record the final reading of vertical
11.2.2.3 For stress increments where time displacement data displacement (Df) to the nearest 0.001 mm.
are not recorded, leave the load on the specimen for at least the 11.4.5 Remove the specimen from the equipment and de-
time required to reach 90 % consolidation for the maximum termine the final moist mass (Mtf) to the nearest 0.01 g.
stress increment as determined in 12.2.3.3.
11.4.6 Determine the final water content (ωf) and dry mass
NOTE 8—The time required to satisfy this criteria will not be known of solids according to Test Methods D2216.
until the consolidation phase of the test is complete. Therefore, a 11.4.6.1 If material is not needed for index tests, then use
conservative estimate of the consolidation time should be used to make
sure the test conforms to this requirement. the entire specimen to determine the final water content.
11.4.6.2 If the index tests must be performed on the test
11.2.2.4 For the maximum stress increment, obtain suffi-
specimen, use a representative (pie slice) portion of the
cient time displacement readings to determine the end of
specimen for the water content (ωfp) determination and the
primary consolidation. Keep this stress on the specimen at least
remaining undried soil for the index tests.
ten times longer or 24 hours longer than the time required for
95 % consolidation as determined in 12.2.3.4.
12. Calculation
11.3 Shearing the Specimen under Constant Volume Condi-
tions: 12.1 Specimen Properties:
11.3.1 Measure and record the pre-shear readings of vertical 12.1.1 Obtain the dry mass of the total specimen, by direct
displacement (Dps), shear displacement (δps), vertical force measurement, or when part of the specimen is used for index
(Vps), shear force (Sps) to four significant digits, and time (tps). testing, calculate the dry mass as follows:
11.3.2 Activate either the active or passive height control M tf
Md 5 (1)
system to maintain the current pre-shear specimen height (Hps). 11ω fp
Both methods must maintain the specimen height after ac-
where:
counting for apparatus compressibility to within 0.05 % of its
pre-shear value. Md = dry mass of soil, nearest 0.01 g,
11.3.2.1 Active height control must be performed by adjust- Mtf = final moist mass of total specimen after swelling, g,
ing the vertical force applied to the specimen to counteract any and
ωfp = final water content from wedge of specimen after
vertical displacement of the specimen due to apparatus com-
swelling, decimal form.
pressibility and changes in the vertical force.
11.3.2.2 Passive height control must be performed by 12.1.2 Calculate the volume of solids as follows:
clamping the vertical force application system in such a way Md
that the force can be measured and change in the specimen Vs 5 (2)
G sρ w
height due to apparatus compressibility is less than 0.05 %
during shear. where:
11.3.3 The maximum strain rate shall result in specimen Vs = volume of solids, nearest 0.01 cm3,
failure in a time that exceeds twice the time for 90 % Gs = specific gravity of solids, nearest 0.001, and
consolidation as determined in 12.2.3.3. This is recommended ρw = density of water, g/cm3 mass density of water at 20°C,
for monotonic shear testing. 0.99821 g/cm3.
NOTE 9—Much of the existing data and practical experience have been 12.1.3 Calculate the specimen height at any time during the
developed using a shear strain rate of 5 % per hour. test as follows:
11.3.4 Shear the specimen by displacing the platens relative H 5 H o 2 ~ D 2 D o 2 D c! (3)
to each other using a constant rate of displacement as estimated
in 11.3.3. where:
11.3.5 Take sufficient readings of vertical displacement H = specimen height, four significant digits, mm,
(when using active height control), shear displacement, shear Ho = initial specimen height, nearest 0.025 mm,
force, vertical force and time to define the stress versus strain D = vertical displacement, mm,
behavior. Do = zero reading of transducer at initial setup, mm, and
Dc = apparatus compressibility from calibration curve which
11.3.6 Continue to shear the specimen until the shear strain
depends on the vertical load, mm.
has reached 20 % or the shear force has dropped 20 % below
the maximum value. 12.1.4 Calculate the water contents, in %, as follows:

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M to 2 M d The time for 95 % consolidation, t95, is the intersection of the
Initial water content:ω o 5 3 100 (4)
Md curve defined by the data and this ordinate.
12.2.4 If detailed compression characteristics are required
M tf 2 Aρ w ~ H f 2 H ps! 2 M d
Preshear water content:ω ps 5 3 100 follow the calculation section of Test Methods D2435.
Md
12.3 Shear Characteristics:
M tf 2 M d
Final water content:ω f 5
Md
3 100 12.3.1 Calculate the shear strain, in %, as follows:
δ 2 δ ps
where: γ5 3 100 (9)
H ps
Mto = initial moist mass of specimen, nearest 0.01 g,
A = cross sectional area of specimen, nearest 0.1 mm2, where:
Hf = final specimen height after swelling, four significant δ = shear displacement, mm, and
digits, mm, and δps = shear displacement at start of shear, mm.
Hps = specimen height at start of shear portion of the test,
four significant digits, mm. 12.3.2 Calculate the shear stress, in kN/m2, as follows:
S 2 S c 2 S pf
12.1.5 Calculate the void ratios as follows: τ5 3 1000000 (10)
A
H oA 2 V s
Initial void ratio:e o 5 (5) where:
Vs
S = measured shear force relative to start of shear, kN,
H psA 2 V s Sc = shear resistance of lateral confinement device as a
Preshear void ratio:e ps 5
Vs function of shear displacement, kN, and
Spf = correction to shear force due to slide table friction, kN.
12.1.6 Calculate the initial degree of saturation, to the
nearest 0.1 %, as follows: 12.3.3 Calculate the vertical strain during the shear phase of
G sω o the test, in %, as follows:
So 5 (6)
e0 D 2 D ps 1D ps 2 D c
εv 5 3 100 (11)
H ps
12.2 Consolidation Characteristics:
12.2.1 Compute the vertical strain, in %, as follows: where:
D 2 Do 2 Dc Dps = vertical displacement at the start of shear, mm.
εv 5 3 100 (7)
Ho
12.3.4 Calculate the vertical effective stress during shear, σv
12.2.2 Compute the vertical stress to four significant digits using the equation of 12.2.2.
in kN/m2 as follows: 12.3.5 Calculate the shear induced pore pressure to four
V 2 V pf 1M tp 3 9.8066 3 1026 significant digits, in kN/m2, as follows:
σv 5 3 1000000 (8)
A ∆u s 5 σ ps 2 σ v (12)
where: where:
V = applied vertical force relative to initial setup, kN, σps = vertical consolidation stress at the start of shear,
Vpf = correction to vertical force, due to friction, kN, and kN/m2.
Mtp = mass of top platen, g.
12.3.6 Calculate the secant shear modulus, in kN/m 2, as:
12.2.3 Determine the time corresponding to 95 % consoli-
τ 2 τ ps
dation during the maximum stress increment using the follow- G5 3 100 (13)
γ
ing procedure (see Test Methods D2435 for more details).
12.2.3.1 Plot vertical displacement (or strain) versus the where:
square root of time for the increment. τps = shear stress at the start of shear, kN/m2.
12.2.3.2 Draw a straight line through the points representing
the initial readings which exhibit a straight line trend. Extrapo- 12.3.7 Calculate the average strain rate, in %/s, as:
late this line back to t = 0 and obtain the ordinate (or strain) γ 100 2 γ 50
γ̇ 5 (14)
representing 0 % primary consolidation. t 100 2 t 50
12.2.3.3 Draw a second straight line through the 0 % where:
primary consolidation ordinate such that the abscissa of this
γ50 = shear strain at 50 % of the peak shear stress, %,
line is 1.15 times the abscissa of the line drawn through the γ100 = shear strain at the peak shear stress, %,
data. The intersection of this second line with the curve defined t50 = time at 50 % of the peak shear stress, s, and
by the data gives the displacement (or strain) at 90 % consoli- t100 = time at the peak shear stress, s.
dation.
NOTE 10—Since the strain rate typically increases throughout shear
12.2.3.4 The displacement (or strain) at 95 % consolidation when using screw driven load frames, this calculation provides a nominal
is 1⁄18 more than the difference between 0 % and 90 % values. value for comparative purposes.

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13. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13.4.4 Load duration of the maximum and pre-shear con-
13.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re- solidation stress
corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below, is 13.4.5 t95 for maximum stress increment
covered in 1.6. 13.5 Record as a minimum the following shear results:
13.2 Record as a minimum the following general informa- 13.5.1 The pre-shear readings listed in 11.3.1 and the final
tion (data): displacement reading
13.2.1 Project name and location, boring number, sample 13.5.2 Tabulate the shear strain, shear stress, vertical stress,
number and depth, specimen location in sample. pore pressure, and shear modulus.
13.2.2 Soil description and classification in accordance with 13.5.3 Graph the shear stress versus shear strain
Practice D2488 or Test Method D2487 when Atterberg Limits 13.5.4 Graph the shear stress versus vertical effective stress
and percent passing #200 sieve are available. 13.5.5 Graph the shear induced pore pressure versus shear
13.2.3 Specific gravity of solids “indicate assumed or actual strain
value,” Atterberg Limits, and grain size distribution when 13.5.6 Graph the log shear modulus versus log shear strain
available plus source of such data when not measured on test
specimen. 14. Precision and Bias
13.2.4 Name or initials of person(s) performing the test and
14.1 Precision—Test data on precision are not presented due
the date.
to the nature of the soil materials tested by this standard. It is
13.3 Record as a minimum the following test specimen either not feasible or too costly at this time to have ten or more
data: laboratories participate in a round-robin testing program. In
13.3.1 Average water content of trimmings addition, it is either not feasible or too costly to produce
13.3.2 Initial specimen water content, void ratio, density, multiple specimens that have uniform physical properties. Any
and degree of saturation variation observed in the data is just as likely to be due to
13.3.3 Pre-shear void ratio (and water content when re- specimen variation as to operator or laboratory testing varia-
quested) tion.
13.3.4 Type of Specimen—Intact, reconstituted, or com-
14.2 Subcommittee D18.05 is seeking any pertinent data
pacted
from users of these test methods that might be used to make a
13.3.5 Trimming procedure
limited statement on precision.
13.3.6 Shear strain rate (nominal value)
13.3.7 Specimen height, diameter, initial moist mass, and 14.3 Bias—There is no acceptable reference value for this
cross-sectional area test method; therefore, bias cannot be determined.
13.4 Record as a minimum the following consolidation
results: 15. Keywords
13.4.1 The vertical strain, vertical stress and load duration 15.1 clays; cohesive soils; compacted samples; consolidated
for each consolidation increment (tabulated) undrained test; consolidation test; constant volume test; intact
13.4.2 When applicable, provide consolidation results as samples; recompression; reconstituted samples; samples; shear
required by Test Methods D2435. apparatus; shear strain; shear strength; shear test; simple shear;
13.4.3 Maximum and pre-shear consolidation stress and soils; stress-strain curve; undisturbed samples; undrained shear
strain tests

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D6528 – 07) that may impact the use of this standard. (August 1, 2017)

(1) Moved previous 1.6 to 1.5, including minor editorial (8) 6.2 Changed “normal” to “vertical.”
changes. (9) Changed “axial” to “vertical” in multiple sections.
(2) Added D6913 to list of standards. (10) Re-titled 6.4 with changes to the section for consistency.
(3) Updated 3.1.1 and changed definition to one sentence in (11) Added compressibility of slide table to 6.4 and 6.6.
3.2. (12) Note 3 edited.
(4) Moved 5.6.3 into 5.6. (13) 6.9 added “vertical” in two places and removed “normal.”
(5) Added DSS to 5.6.1 & deleted wording about the top (14) Made 6.10 items optional.
platen. (15) Title change to 6.12 and added 6.19.
(6) Edited 6.1 to reflect the title change to Fig. 1. (16) Editorial changes to Sections 7 and 8.
(7) Added “suitable” to 6.3-6.6 and 6.8. (17) Added clarification to 8.11.

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(18) Removed superlatives and added reference to D6913 in (23) 11.3.5 last sentence deleted.
Section 9. (24) Section 12, removed prime symbol from all vertical
(19) 10.1 Equipment deformation requirement removed. stresses and better defined some terms.
(20) Removed jargon and superlatives, minor editorial (25) Added text to 13.3.2, added 13.3.3-13.3.5, 13.3.8, and
changes, and added guidance on significant digits to Sections 13.5.1.
10-12. (26) Editorial changes to Section 13.
(21) 11.3.2.1 updated regarding apparatus compressibility. (27) Change Cohesive to Fine Grain in title
(22) 11.3.3 First 2 sentences removed.

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