LESSON 10 - GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY making population size stable, disruptions such as

wars and pandemics cause occasional declines.

AND MIGRATION
STAGE 2
WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?
The condition in most of the least developed
- the Science of population.
countries today, this stage is marked by low death
- the scientific study of the distribution,
rates particularly among children while birth rates
composition, and changes of human
stay high resulting in accelerated population
populations.
growth. Examples are Guatemala, Yemen, and
Afghanistan.
PRE-TRANSITION
STAGE 3
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
True to most developing countries, this is the
- Introduced by Thomas Robert Malthus
condition where the birth rates are decreasing
- A theory argues that the human population
because of any or a combination of the following
tends to outgrow the food supply.
factors: access to contraception, increased
- Human population – exponential grow
participation of women in the workforce, and
- Food supply – arithmetic growth
improved economic conditions. The population is
- He believed that preventive and positive
still increasing at a slower pace.
checks would control the population to
STAGE 4
balance the food supply with the population
This is characterized by low birth and death rates.
level.
The economy has attained growth and
- Positive check- natural forces will correct
development, people are educated and enjoy good
the imbalance between food supply and
health and jobs are available for both men and
population.
women. This is the condition obtained in developed
- Preventive check- Family planning, late
countries.
marriages, and celibacy to correct the
STAGE 5
imbalance.
Demographic theorists include a possible stage 5
where countries have an elderly population that
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
outnumbers the youthful population. This is due to
- The theory states that a country’s total
low fertility that has fallen below what is needed to
population growth rate goes through
replace the population from generation to
cyclical stages as the country develops
generation.
economically.
- It emphasizes the point that the boost in
economy and industrial growth directly
affect the population structure of human
beings.

3 MAJOR DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

1. Birth/ Fertility rate
2. Aging/ Mortality rate
STAGE 1
3. Migration
The condition of the world before the Industrial
Revolution where birth and death rates are high
1. Birth/ Fertility rate REASON FOR FERTILITY DECLINE
Fertility rate refers to the estimate of the average 1. Women empowerment
number of children that would be born to a woman 2. Technological and economic changes
in a country during the course of her lifetime, 3. Changing norms
assuming she lives a full and healthy life. 4. Opportunities for family planning
5. Other factors like decrease in fertility and
separation of couples.

2. Mortality Rate
- Expressed in units of deaths per 1,000
individuals per year. Example:
9.5/1000/year.
- 2012 mortality review: 9.7
- 2016: highest death rate of 14.9 in South
Africa.

- Pre-modern era: fertility rate is 4.5 to 7

children. There is population growth despite
high mortality rate at a young age.
- 1965: fertility rate remained at more than 5
children/ woman
- 2017: world fertility rate is below 2.5
children/ woman.

REASONS FOR POPULATION DECLINE

1. Population aging
- In 2050, there will be twice as many older
citizens than children.
2. Demographic suicide
- Excess of death over birth.
3. Migration
- Movement of people from one place to
another with the purpose of changing
residence either temporarily or
permanently.
Types of migration:
1. Internal migration - within the country
2. International migration - from one country to
another.
2.1 Immigrant: enters a country.
2.2. Emigrant: leaves a country.

CATEGORIES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

1. Immigrants who moved permanently to
another country.
2. Workers who stay for a fixed period of time.
3. Illegal immigrants
4. Petitioned families
5. Refugees or asylum seekers

TOP IMMIGRANT-RECEIVING COUNTRIES

1. USA
2. Germany
3. Saudi Arabia
4. Russia
5. UAE
6. France
7. Canada
8. Australia

REASONS FOR MIGRATION

A. Push Factor- forces you to leave.
1. Social Factor: racism, poor services, abuse and
violence.
2. Political Factor: government decisions, war
3. Economic Factor: job opportunities
4. Environmental factor: natural disasters
B. Pull Factor- forces you to stay.
- opposite reasons for the push factors.
LESSON 9 - THE GLOBAL DIVIDES - It also includes the number of years
GLOBAL DIVIDES attended school regardless of the quality of
- Developed vs. Developing education received.
- First World vs. Third World
- Rich vs. Poor Countries’ Income Per capita (IMF,2020)

Global Divides
- The most striking attribute of the global
economy is its utmost contrast.
- According to the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) (2014), the
richest 5% of the world’s people receive
more than 100 times the income of the
poorest 5% and that the richest 1% receives
the income of the poorest half of the entire
world’s population.
- Moreover, it is believed that the combined
income of the 25 richest Americans equates
the income of the poorest 2 billion in the
entire world

How do we determine which countries are rich and

which countries are poor?
- The most widely status used measure in the
of the socio-economic development is
presented by the UNDP known as the
Human Development Index (HDI) which was
initiated in 1990.
- The Human Development Index (HDI) aimed
to rank all countries and determine the
lowest human development and the highest
level of indicators of education development
based on the basic namely: real income,
health, and education.

Basic Indicators of Development

1. Per capita Income
- This refers to the total of all goods and
services produced and provided within a
country’s borders, divided by its population.
FORMULA: GDP/population
2. Health
- Health is measured based on the life
expectancy at birth, the rate of
undernourishment, the under-5 mortality
rate, and the crude birth rate.
3. Education
- Literacy is the number of adult males and
females reported or estimated to have the
basic abilities and capability to read and
write.
 Characteristics of Global North and Global South

Discovering Global South

Brandt Report
- Prior to the HDI there have been moves that
created a literal and visual division among
the different countries in the world. One is
the Brandt Report in the 1980’s which was
written by the Independent Commission
headed by Willy Brandt to review
international development issues in the
1980’s. The result formed the so called
Brandt Line.

Difference between “Global South” and “ThirdWorld”

● The term “ThirdWorld” was used during the
cold war –era referring to non-alignment or
their rejection of colonialism from both the
USSR and USA. The known “Third World”
comprises of the alliance of those countries
● The Brandt line is a clear graphic in Africa and in Asia that became newly
presentation of a North and South division independent after World War 2. Later on
of their economies of the different countries joined by countries from Latin America.
which were based on their GDP (Gross ● First world (the capitalist, industrialized and
Domestic Product) per capita. democratic countries in the West)
● The implication of the Brandt Line is that ● Second World (communist countries). The
the countries in the Northern part of the alliance of the “ThirdWorld” countries was.
world are extremely wealthy while those ● As time passes, after the fall of the Soviet
countries appearing and lying on the Union and the end of the Cold War, the term
southern part of the line are considered Third World has decreased in use.
poor. The introduction of the Brandt line ● It is being replaced with terms such as
initiated the use of the term “Global North” developing countries, least developed
and “Global South” referring respectively to countries or the Global South.
rich and poor countries (Royal Geographical ● Therefore, it is safe to conclude that “Global
Society, 2020). South” and “Third World” are simply the
same; just used in different times.

Other Ways of Classifying Nations

1. World Bank Classification System
- The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) known as the
World Bank (Todaro and Smith, 2012) has a
 very popular way of classifying countries
known as the World Bank’s Classification
System.
- It includes 210 economies with a population
of at least 30,000 which are ranked using
their levels of Gross National Income (GNI)
per capita. The countries are then classified
as low income countries (LICs), lower middle For inclusion, a country has to meet each of three
income countries (LMCs), upper middle criteria:
income countries (UMC’s), and high income 1. Low income. An income criterion, based on a
countries. three-year average estimate of the gross national
income (GNI) per capita. The threshold for inclusion
is $1,018 or below; the threshold for graduation is
$1,222 or above.
2. Low human assets.

- High income countries are members of

OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development). All six indicators are converted into indices using
- It is a unique assembly among governments established with an equal weight. The thresholds for
of 38 member states with established inclusion and graduation are 60 or below and 66 or
market economies working with each other, above, respectively.
as well as with more than 70 non-member 3. High Economic Vulnerability
economies to promote economic growth,
prosperity, and sustainable development.
- The 38 member nations are composed of
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and
the United Kingdom. There are five All eight indicators are converted into indices using
countries from the Americas: Mexico, Chile, established methodologies with an equal. The
Canada, the United States, Colombia, and thresholds for inclusion: 36 or above and for
Costa Rica. The four Pacific members are graduation: 32 or below.
Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea. 3. G7. G8, G20
While there are two countries from the - The G8 and G20 are coalitions of nations
Middle East, which are Turkey and Israel. that address significant international issues.
2. United Countries Nation’s Least Developed - It started as G7, a group of seven nations
- Another widely used classification of nations that joined together in 1975 to resist the 1973
is that of the least developed countries. oil embargo by the Arabs as a protest
- There are currently 46 economies against the intervention of the United States
designated by the United Nations as the and the United Kingdom during the Yom
least developed countries (LDCs). Kippur War.
- These 46 LDCs are distributed among the - The G7 was formally known as the Group of
following regions: Seven Industrialized Nations.
- Its members were Britain, the United States,
France, Canada, Japan, Italy, and Germany.
- The G7 was renamed to the G8 in 1997 when
Russia was added to the original
seven-country line-up.
- The G7 and G8 asserted several political and
economic policies that affected other
countries.
- The latest installment of the G8 is called the
G20, a greater coalition formed in 1999,
which includes the nations of Brazil, China,
Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, France,
Australia, China, Canada, Germany,
Indonesia, Argentina, Turkey, India, Russia,
South Africa, Mexico, Japan, United
Kingdom, United States, and the European.