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    SSGBIO1 - CM Week 7

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    christine Manuel
    Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed to make glucose. The light reaction involves absorption of light by chloroplast pigments like chlorophyll, which drives electron transport and pumps hydrogen ions to make ATP via chemiosmosis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars like G3P, which can then be converted to glucose. This cyclic process regenerates RuBP to continue fixing more carbon.

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    SSGBIO1 - CM Week 7

    Uploaded by

    christine Manuel
    16 views61 pages
    Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed to make glucose. The light reaction involves absorption of light by chloroplast pigments like chlorophyll, which drives electron transport and pumps hydrogen ions to make ATP via chemiosmosis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars like G3P, which can then be converted to glucose. This cyclic process regenerates RuBP to continue fixing more carbon.

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    SSGBIO1_CM Week 7 (1)

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    Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed to make glucose. The light reaction involves absorption of light by chloroplast pigments like chlorophyll, which drives electron transport and pumps hydrogen ions to make ATP via chemiosmosis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars like G3P, which can then be converted to glucose. This cyclic process regenerates RuBP to continue fixing more carbon.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views61 pages

    SSGBIO1 - CM Week 7

    Uploaded by

    christine Manuel
    Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed to make glucose. The light reaction involves absorption of light by chloroplast pigments like chlorophyll, which drives electron transport and pumps hydrogen ions to make ATP via chemiosmosis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars like G3P, which can then be converted to glucose. This cyclic process regenerates RuBP to continue fixing more carbon.

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    of 61

    PHOTOSYNTHESIS

    Objectives
    • Describe the two stages of photosynthesis: light reaction
    and Calvin cycle.
    • Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other
    pigments.
    • Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP
    • Describe the patters of electron flow through the light
    reaction events.
    AN OVERVIEW OF
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS

    Photosynthesis is the process by which


    autotrophic organisms use light energy to make
    glucose and oxygen.
    Is photosynthesis
    endergonic or exergonic?
    Locations of
    Photosynthesis
    Carbon Dioxide transportation

    The carbon dioxide enters the


    leaf through an opening called
    stomata (sing: stoma). Then,
    goes through the mesophyll
    tissue, and together with the
    water, it diffuses into the cell’s
    chloroplast.
    Water molecule transportation

    The mesophyll is located in


    between the two epidermal
    layers and represents the site
    of photosynthesis in a plant.
    Unlike the epidermal cells,
    mesophyll cells contain
    chloroplasts.
    Water molecule transportation

    Roots absorb water molecules


    then it is distributed by the xylem,
    (vascular tissue) all throughout
    the plant. Finally, reaching the leaf
    through the leaf veins.
    Site of Photosynthesis

    Chloroplasts consist of stroma,


    fluid, and stack of thylakoids
    known as grana. There are
    three important pigments
    present in the chloroplast that
    absorb light energy, chlorophyll
    a, chlorophyll b, and
    carotenoids.
    People Behind
    Photosynthesis
    Jan Baptista van Helmont

    He found out in his


    experiment with a willow
    tree that water
    significantly contributed
    to the growth of plants.
    Joseph Priestley
    He concluded in his experiment that the
    prescence of plant inside the jar “purified
    the air” that allowed the rat to live
    Jan Ingenhousz
    He observed that there
    were bubbles formed
    on the leaves of the
    plant when exposed to
    light and no bubbles
    when exposed to
    darkness.
    The experiment of Priestley and
    Ingenhousz made it clear that plants,
    particularly their green parts depend on
    light, nutrients and energy.
    Reduction-oxidation
    in Photosynthesis
    Oxidation
    Within the plant cell, the
    water is oxidized, meaning
    it loses electrons.

    Reduction
    the carbon dioxide is
    reduced, meaning it gains
    electrons.
    The role of NADP+
    Nicotinamide adenine
    dinucleotide phosphate

    • Serves as electron carrier during photosynthesis


    • NADPH is a product of the first level of
    photosynthesis. It helps to fuel the reactions that
    occur in the second stage of the process of
    photosynthesis.
    When the chlorophyll absorbs the photons, or the light
    energy from the sun, the electron become excited then
    the water molecules is split into oxygen, H+ and free
    electron. NADP+ is reduced, accepting 2 e- and one H+,
    which resulted to NADPH
    Two stages of
    Photosynthesis
    Light-dependent
    reaction
    In photosynthesis, the sun’s energy is
    converted to chemical energy by
    photosynthetic organisms through the
    help of light absorbing molecules,
    pigment. However, the various
    wavelengths in sunlight are not all
    used equally in photosynthesis.
    In the diagram, you can see the absorption
    spectra of three key pigments in photosynthesis:
    chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and β-carotene
    (Photosystem).
    If chlorophyll absorbs
    blue and red lights,
    why does it appear
    green in our eyes?
    The set of wavelengths that a
    pigment doesn't absorb are
    reflected, and the reflected light is
    what we see as color.
    STEP 1

    • Light energy is absorbed by the

    pigment molecules of Photosystem II (a

    multi-protein light harvesting complex)

    • The energy will be passed on to other

    pigment molecules until it reaches the

    reaction center where it will be

    absorbed by the P680 pair of

    chlorophyll. (chlorophyll A; electron

    donor)
    STEP 2
    • The electron in the P680 pair of
    chlorophyll is raised to an excited
    state (because of the energy
    received) and is transferred to the
    primary electron acceptor –
    pheopytin.

    • P680 loses its electron and


    becomes positively charged
    (P680+).
    STEP 3
    • The positively charged P680+ molecule

    attracts electrons from a water molecule,

    resulting to the splitting up of H2O into 2

    electrons, 2 hydrogen ions (H+), and an

    oxygen atom.

    • The oxygen atom immediately combines

    with another oxygen atom to form an oxygen

    molecule (O2) which is then released outside

    the leaf through the stomata.


    STEP 4
    • The excited electrons are then

    passed from the primary acceptor to

    the electron carrier molecules

    through the electron transport chain

    until they reach Photosystem I.

    • The electron carrier molecules

    involved here are plastoquinone (Pq),

    a cytochrome complex, and

    plastocyanin (Pc)
    STEP 5
    • At each transfer of electrons,

    they release small amounts of

    energy. This energy is used to

    pump hydrogen ions across the

    membrane.

    • The splitting up of water

    molecules results to an uneven

    distribution of hydrogen ions in

    the stroma and lumen.


    STEP 5

    • The hydrogen ions will equalize

    their distribution by moving from

    the thylakoid lumen to the

    stroma through the aid of a

    membrane protein called ATP

    synthase. This process is

    referred to as chemiosmosis.
    STEP 5

    • The movement of hydrogen


    ions through the ATP
    synthase channel triggers
    the synthesis of ATP from
    ADP.
    STEP 6

    • Light energy is absorbed by the

    pigment molecules of Photosystem I.

    • The energy will be passed on to other

    pigment molecules until it reaches

    the reaction center where it will be

    absorbed by the P700 pair of

    chlorophyll. (chlorophyll A; electron

    donor)
    STEP 7
    • The electron in the P700 pair of chlorophyll

    is raised to an excited state (because of

    the energy received) and is transferred to

    the primary electron acceptor – an iron-

    sulfur protein.

    • P700 loses its electron and becomes

    positively charged (P700+). The electrons

    from Photosystem II that are passed

    through the electron transport chain fill this

    up.
    STEP 8

    • The photo-excited electron from

    the primary electron acceptor of

    Photosystem I enters another

    electron transfer chain, passing

    the electron to an iron-

    containing protein called

    ferredoxin (Fd).
    STEP 8

    • An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase,

    then transfers the electron to

    NADP+ and stabilizes it by adding

    a proton (H+) to form NADPH.

    NADPH is then released to the

    stroma and becomes part of the

    Calvin Cycle.
    The end product of Light-
    independent reaction are ATP and
    NADPH, the by-product is the
    Oxygen
    Two Types of Phosphorylation
    Aside from the usual route of

    electron flow as described in the

    events of the light reactions (i.e.,

    noncyclic or linear electron flow),

    photo-excited electrons may

    take a short-circuited route

    which utilizes Photosystem I but

    not Photosystem II.


    The ferrodoxin goes back to the

    cycle and passes the electron to

    the cytochrome complex and to

    the Pc until it reaches P700

    chlorophyll instead of

    transferring the electron to

    NADP+ reductase. Due to this

    event, no NADPH is produced but

    ATP is still synthesized.


    Light-independent
    reaction
    • In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from Carbon dioxide are

    fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to

    build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and

    dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

    • Six turns of the Calvin Cycle is needed to make 1 molecule of

    glucose.
    Step 1: Carbon dioxide Fixation

    • In this phase, the CO2 molecule is


    attached to a five-carbon sugar
    molecule named ribulose
    biphosphate (RuBP).

    • This process is aided by enzyme


    named rubisco or RuBP
    carboxylase.
    Step 1: Carbon dioxide Fixation

    • The resulting product, a six-


    carbon sugar, is extremely
    unstable and immediately splits in
    half.

    • The split forms two molecules of


    3-phosphoglycerate. (3-PGA)
    Step 2: Reduction
    • A phosphate group (from ATP) is then

    attached to each 3-phosphoglycerate,

    forming 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. (1,3-

    BPG)

    • Each molecule receives two electrons

    from NADPH and loses one of its

    phosphate groups, turning into a three-

    carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-

    phosphate (G3P).
    Step 2: Reduction

    • For every six G3P produced by the


    Calvin Cycle, five are recycled to
    regenerate three molecules of
    RuBP. Only one G3P leaves the
    cycle to form glucose.

    • It will take two molecules of G3P to


    make one molecule of glucose.
    Step 2: Reduction

    • The ADP and NADP+ that is


    formed during this stage will
    be transported back to the
    thylakoid membrane and will
    enter the light reactions. Here,
    they will be “recharged” with
    energy and become ATP and
    NADPH.
    Step 3: Regeneration of RuBP

    • Carboxylation
    Each G3P molecule loses a
    phosphate group and rearranges
    to form a five-carbon compound
    called ribulose-5-phosphate
    (Ru5P).
    Step 3: Regeneration of RuBP
    0
    0

    • Phosphorylation
    The Ru5P molecules are then
    0
    phosphorylated to form ribulose-
    1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) by
    adding another phosphate group
    from ATP to each Ru5P molecule.
    Summary of Reactants and Products

    Three turns of the Calvin cycle are


    needed to make one G3P molecule that
    can exit the cycle and go towards making
    glucose.

    • Carbon = 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP


    acceptors, making 6 molecules of
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
    Summary

    • Carbon = 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP


    acceptors, making 6 molecules of
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

    • ATP = 6 molecules of ATP donates


    their phosphates to convert the 6
    molecules of 3-PGA to 1,3-
    biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG).
    Summary

    • ATP = 6 molecules of ATP donates


    their phosphates to convert the 6
    molecules of 3-PGA to 1,3-
    biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG).

    • NADPH = 6 molecules of NADPH


    donates its electrons to convert the 6
    molecules of 1,3-BPG to 6 molecules
    of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
    Summary

    • 1 G3P molecule exits the cycle and


    goes towards making glucose.

    • 5 G3P molecules are recycled,


    regenerating 3 RuBP acceptor
    molecules by adding phosphate from 3
    ATP molecules.
    A G3P molecule contains three
    fixed carbon atoms, so it takes
    two G3Ps to build a six-carbon
    glucose molecule. It would take
    six turns of the cycle, or 6 CO2,
    18ATP, and 12 NADPH, to
    produce one molecule of
    glucose.

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