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    Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals (Part 1)

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    Varun
    The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, water to form hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides, and acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of common metals is summarized in a reactivity series. Ionic compounds form when a metal donates electrons to a non-metal, resulting in oppositely charged ions that bond together. Ionic compounds are usually hard, crystalline solids with high melting points that dissolve in water but not organic solvents.

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    Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Varun
    20 views12 pages
    The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, water to form hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides, and acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of common metals is summarized in a reactivity series. Ionic compounds form when a metal donates electrons to a non-metal, resulting in oppositely charged ions that bond together. Ionic compounds are usually hard, crystalline solids with high melting points that dissolve in water but not organic solvents.

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    The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, water to form hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides, and acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of common metals is summarized in a reactivity series. Ionic compounds form when a metal donates electrons to a non-metal, resulting in oppositely charged ions that bond together. Ionic compounds are usually hard, crystalline solids with high melting points that dissolve in water but not organic solvents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views12 pages

    Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Varun
    The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, water to form hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides, and acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of common metals is summarized in a reactivity series. Ionic compounds form when a metal donates electrons to a non-metal, resulting in oppositely charged ions that bond together. Ionic compounds are usually hard, crystalline solids with high melting points that dissolve in water but not organic solvents.

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    of 12

    CLASS X

    CHAPTER 3
    METALS AND NON-METALS-PROPERTIES
    PART -I

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    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
     Metals are solids. (except Mercury)
     Metals are hard. (except Lithium, Potassium, Sodium)
     Metals have metallic lustre. (shine)
     Metals are malleable. (can be beaten into thin sheets)
     Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into long wires)
     Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and Caesium have low melting
    points. They melt in the palm of the hand)
     Metals are good conductors of heat. (Best conductors are Silver and
    Copper. Poor conductors are Lead and Mercury)
     Metals are good conductors of electricity. (Best conductors are Silver and
    Copper)
     Metals are sonorous. (produce sound when beaten)

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    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NON METALS
     Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. (Solids – Carbon, Sulphur,
    Phosphorus etc. Liquid – Bromine, Gases – Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
    etc.)
     Non metals are soft. (except Diamond which is the hardest natural
    substance)
     Non metals do not have lustre.( except Iodine)
     Non metals are not malleable.
     Non metals are not ductile.
     Non metals have low melting points and low boiling points.
     Non metals are bad conductors of heat.
     Non metals are bad conductors of electricity. (except Graphite)
     Non metals are not sonorous.

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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
    1. Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides.
     Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
     2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
    (Copper(II) oxide)
     2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
    (Magnesium oxide)
     4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 Burning of Magnesium ribbon in air
    (Aluminium oxide)
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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
    NATURE OF METAL OXIDES :
     Some metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with water
    to form bases.
     4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
     Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
     Some metal oxides show both acidic and basic properties.
    They are called Amphoteric oxides.
    Eg :- Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide etc.

     Al2O3 + 6HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O


     Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
    (Sodium
    Click on this aluminate)
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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
    2. Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen
     Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide
     2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
     2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
     Metals like potassium and sodium react violently
    with cold water.
     Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
     Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of
    hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.

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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

     Metalslike Aluminium, Iron and Zinc do


    not react either with cold or hot water.
    But they react with steam to form the
    metal oxide and hydrogen.
     2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
     3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
     Metalssuch as lead, copper, silver and
    gold do not react with water at all.
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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
    3. Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen
     Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
     2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
     Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
     Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute HCl.
     Hydrogen gas is not evolved when metals react with
    nitric acid (HNO3) because it is a strong oxidising agent
    and it oxidises the H2 produced to water and is itself
    reduced to oxides of nitrogen.
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    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
    4. DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
     Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B
    (MORE REACTIVE) (LESS REACTIVE)

     Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

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     K Potassium (Most reactive)
     Na Sodium
     Ca Calcium
     Mg Magnesium
     Al Aluminium
    REACTIVITY  Zn Zinc Reactivity decreases
    SERIES OF  Fe Iron

    METALS  Pb Lead
     H Hydrogen
     Cu Copper
     Hg Mercury
     Ag Silver
     Au Gold (Least reactive)
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    HOW DO METALS AND NON-METALS
    REACT?
     Metals :- lose electrons and become positive ions. So, they
    are electropositive in nature.
     Non metals :- gain electrons and become negative ions. So,
    they are electronegative in nature.

    EXAMPLE- FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE:


     The atomic number of Na is 11, its electronic configuration is
    2,8,1.
     It has 1 valence electron, so it loses 1 electron to form Na+ ion.
     The atomic number of Cl is 17, its electronic configuration is 2,8,7.
     It has 7 valence electrons, so it gains 1 electron to form Cl- ion.
     Then, the attraction between the Na+ ion and Cl- ion results in the
    formation of sodium chloride molecule, NaCl.

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    Properties of Ionic Compounds
     They are formed by the transfer of electrons and
    are made up of ions.
     They are hard crystalline solids.
     They have high melting points and boiling points.
     They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic
    solvents (like petrol, kerosene etc.)
     They conduct electricity in molten state or in
    solution.

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